A cikin orderarfin theabi'a, haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin sunan gabaɗaya carnosaurs, ya haɗa da wakilan masu fasa kwabrin na Taz theropods, waɗanda suka rayu a wurare masu yawa na tsohuwar girgizar ƙasa ta Pangea daga ƙarshen Triassic zuwa bala'in da ya faru a ƙarshen Mesozoic da Paleogene, a yayin da dukkan su suka mutu ba tare da wata alama ba, tare da sauran nau'ikan abubuwan dinosaur.
Bayanin carnosaurs
Har zuwa karshen karni na karshe a -ungiyar '' carnosaurs '' ya kasance al'ada ce don gabatar da duk nau'ikan ƙa'idodin bipedal tare da ɗan gajeren wuya. Amma, kamar yadda ya juya daga baya, wakilai da yawa na wannan rukunin suna da bambance-bambance masu yawa da yawa, wanda a cikin wannan ƙungiya an yanke shawarar fansa. Yayin aiwatar da wannan raba-baya, kawai ainihin wadanda suka rage a cikin kungiyar wakilan carnosaurswaɗanda suka cika duk mahimman ka'idojin wannan abin ɓarna. Musamman, waɗannan sune masu farauta, waɗanda ke da manyan girma biyu (gigantosaurus-mita 13) kuma ƙanana kaɗan ta ƙa'idodin lokacin (gasosaurus-mita 5). Dukkan wakilan suna da manyan kwalaye masu kwanyar kwano, kuma kawunan suna sanye da hakoran da ke dauke da sikirin da suke lankwashewa a cikin makogwaron, wanda za'a iya tsinke wanda ya samu rauni sosai. Sun ci abinci na musamman tare da taimakon jaananann jaws, tun da manyan kannoni basa iya taimakonsu a wannan saboda sauƙaƙƙen dalilin cewa an rage su zuwa masu girman kai, kuma galibi suna da yatsun yatsa biyu kawai, masu haɓaka.
Hoto 1 - Carnosaurs
Amma toshewar hanjin carnosaur yayi matukar bunkasa. Tare da wutsiya, suna wakiltar kyakkyawar tallafi ga babban mutum, kuma lokacin da suke motsawa, suna ba da izinin gudu da tsalle. Masana kimiyya sun ce, wasu daga cikin carnosaurs sun motsa gabaɗaya ne, kamar irin wanda aka saba yi a zamanin Jurassic, gwal.
Yana da mahimmanci a sani cewa mulkin zalunci wanda ya rayu ko'ina a cikin wani ko wata a cikin Jurassic da Cretaceous da sauran nau'o'in litattafan, waɗanda waɗanda a baya aka ɗauke su ɗaya daga cikin carnosaurs, an cire su daga wannan lalata kuma an sanya su zuwa coelurosaurids da abelizaurids.
Seasassun na lalacewar abubuwan ƙonawa
Rashin lalacewa na kananan yara ya kasu kashi biyu:
- Allozavroid, mafi kyawun tsibiri, wanda yake dauke da mafi yawan hadaddun dabbobi masu rarrafe wadanda suka wanzu daga shekaru 170 zuwa shekaru miliyan 70 zuwa yau, banda nau'ikan gabbai wadanda suka kasance lokacin Late Triassic da Early Jurassic. Ana iya la'akari da wakilin farko na allosa caridsaurs, alal misali, poquilopleuron.
- CarcharodontosaurusWakilai waɗanda sune sababbin nau'ikan wasu nau'ikan allosaurids, waɗanda mafi girma suka bambanta, suka kuma rayu a ƙasashen Afirka da kuma yankuna na Kudancin Amurka, Australiya da wasu sassan Asiya da Turai na tsohuwar, waɗanda suka shiga lokacin lalacewa na Pangea. Ofaya daga cikin wakilai na kwanan nan da suka gabata da haɓakawa na carcharodontosaurus shine orcoraptor, wanda ya rayu a ƙarshen haɓakar nau'in Cretaceous na nau'ikan halittu.
Stant
Na dogon lokaci, masassarar dabbobi masu rarrafe sunyi ƙoƙarin kama girma na sauropods na herbivorous, waɗanda ke ƙaruwa da girma, saboda sune ainihin abincin su, kuma don cin nasarar cin nasara a gare su suna buƙatar dacewa da girman. Amma, kamar yadda rami ya tabbatar, tsoffin masu farauta, da kuma carnosaurs musamman, sun yanke shawarar daina haɓaka ba zato ba tsammani. Wannan ya kasance saboda salon rayuwa ne. Babban gizon sauropod ya kasance ne saboda abincin da suke ci kuma gaskiyar cewa ya kasance mai sauƙi ne a gare su samun abinci. Don samun isasshen abincin da babu motsi, wanda sune bishiyoyi da sauran ciyayi, basa buƙatar tashin hankali na musamman. Carnosaurs, ya yi akasin haka, ba zai iya rayuwa ba tare da saurin gudu, ƙarfin aiki, da motsi na wuce kima, tun da yake su mafarauta ne, kuma rayuwarsu ta dogara kai tsaye kan nasarar farauta. Kuma don kamawa da wanda aka azabtar, ya zama dole ya zama da sauri, amma a lokaci guda kada ku auna nauyi har nauyi ya zama nauyi. Ya rigaya ba mai sauƙi ba ne don watsa jiki mai girman gaske, kuma irin waɗannan manyan masu farauta, alal misali, allosaurus ɗaya ɗaya, tuni ya sami matsaloli yadda yakamata a dakatar da shi a babban saurin, kuma idan aka yi la’akari da cewa sun motsa a mafi yawan lokuta ta hanyar tsalle, nauyin da ya wuce kima ya cika da kowane nau'in raunin da ya faru da karaya.
Duk da wannan matsakaici Girman carnosaur an yi amfani da shi tsakanin 5-6 tons, tare da tsawon jiki na mita 10-12. Sau da yawa, lokacin da suke hanzari, sukanyi kamar rago, nan da nan sukan fasa kwalayen matasa daga ƙafafunsu, kuma bayan sun tsage shi da haƙoransu masu kaifi kamar na hakora. Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga rami, wannan girman ya ishe su gudanar da farauta mai matukar tasiri. Tare da girma masu girma dabam, sun zama duwawu, yawanci basa iya tserewa daga bi, ko kama ganima, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta, lokacin da suke motsawa cikin babban saurin, zasu iya tuntuɓe su ji rauni, wani lokacin su zama masu asara a gare su.
Fasalin Carnosaurs
Carnosaurus kai ya kasance mai girma musamman saboda, a cikin rashin manyan magabatan ruwa, wadanda a zahiri basu da amfani saboda karamin girman su, ya yiwa wadannan dabbobi aiki a lokaci guda a matsayin makamin kisa da wata hanyar da suke cinye ganima. Amma yawan girman kai ba a rama shi a cikin carnosaurs ba ta hanyar wuce haddi na tsokoki, kamar a cikin sauran abubuwan cin abinci, alal misali, a cikin halayen dabbobi na dabbobi, masu kama da juna ne ga fasalin carnosaur a tsarin. Dangane da batun carnosaurs, madaidaicin wutsiya kai ne aka yiwa kawunansu kai. Musclesarfafa tsokoki na baya na carnosaurs sun kasance masu rauni fiye da wasu nau'ikan, sabili da haka ya bayyana sarai cewa a cikin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe jiki kusan kusan kullun suna cikin wani yanki mai faɗi zuwa ƙasa, a cikin madaidaiciyar hutu jihar sun huta a kan babban wutsiya, kuma a lokacin da ciyar, a cikin wani karkata jihar, sun riƙe matsayin na jiki a Taimakawa cikakken sarrafa wutsiyarka.
Hoto 2 - kwarangwal din carnosaurus
Pwaƙwalwar ƙugu, da bambanci ga baya mai rauni, musamman ma a cikin manyan motoci, kwari Ya wakilci kyakkyawan tsari mai cikakken tsari, tunda motsin wannan babbar jikin ya ginu ne akan ta. Ya kasance mai matuƙar tasiri, sanye take da ƙaƙƙarfan tsokoki, yana ɗaukar cibiyar da dukkanin jikin ke zaune. Dorsal Crest, ba kamar tsokoki ba, an kuma haɓaka shi da kyau. Ya samo asali ne daga kasusuwa na iliac iliac wanda ke haɗuwa sama, yana da rami mai zurfi a gefuna, kuma a cikin wurin fushin ƙasusuwa na ɗigon ɗigon ɗumbin akwai babban guduma-kamar thickening.
Sanannen abu ne cewa ido soket skulls carnosaurs sun kasance a sasannin kwanyar, kuma, kamar dai, an tsinkaye a waje, kuma wannan yana ba da 'yancin faɗi cewa wannan nau'in dinosaur yana da hangen nesa na binocular, kama da abin da yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa da mutane suke da shi. Irin wannan hangen nesa ya taimaka kwarai da gaske ga duk wani magabacin da zai so yin lissafin ainihin yanayin tsalle ko yajin aiki.
Neck na carnosaurs ya ƙunshi madaidaicin ƙarfi, shimfiɗaɗɗar ruɓi da ƙaƙƙarfan cibiyoyin cibiyoyin cibiyoyin, wanda ke nuna cewa matsayin shugaban dabbar yana daidai da matsayin da yake da shi, shi ne, shugaban ya kasance a wani ɓataccen yanayi dangane da babban layin kashin baya. Hatta don wannan tsarin ƙwayar mahaifa, ya zama sarai cewa dabbobi musamman basu iya yin girman kai da juya kai hagu da dama. Wataƙila a yayin farauta ana kawo bugun kai na kai ko dai daga cikakkiyar sassan jikin, ko kuma dabbar tana iya murƙushe wanda aka azabtar, tare da yi mata duka da kafada da kashin ta da sauri. Yawancin masana kimiyya gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa masu farauta irin su allosaurs sun farma ganima daga sama a tsalle, suna murɗe maƙiyan ƙasa da babban nauyin jikinsu. Wataƙila wannan shine dalilin, duk dinosaurs da harsashi da aka haɗu tare da irin kariya daga sama. Dangane da stegosaurs, waɗannan layuka biyu ne na garkuwa mai kaifi mai kaifi ƙaƙƙarfan tsari wanda aka tsara zuwa sama, a cikin yanayin ankylosaurs, nau'ikan ƙashi na tsoka a cikin osteoderms. Abin lura ne cewa yawancin sauropod spins na Cretaceous zamani suna da kariya ta kowane nau'in kariya mai kariya.
Misalin Carnosaurus
Poekloplevron
Ofaya daga cikin nau'ikan abubuwan allozavroids na farko sun kasance poquilopleuron. Ya kasance babban filin saukar ruwa, yana da ingantattun kafaffun kafa, amma ba a cika ɗaukar shi da babban goshin ba, wanda ya kai 60 cm a tsayin tsayin jiki na mita 10. Ya zauna a Tsakanin Tsarin Jurassic a yankin Faransa ta zamani. Haka kuma, poeklopleuron a bayyane yayi amfani da wadannan tsoffin forelimbs azaman “makamai”, wato, sunyi amfani dashi don abinci mai gina jiki da sauran bukatu, sakamakon abin da aka bunkasa su ta ban mamaki ga wannan nau'in allosaurids, wanda a sahun gaba kadan suka zama cikakkun kayan aikin sanarwa. tafiyar matakai. Hakanan abin lura ne a cikin cewa babu wani tsarin aiwatar da cutar ulnar a jikin kashinsa.
Gigantosaurus
Daya daga cikin mafi girma wakilan gidajen wasan wuta da theropods gaba ɗaya. Tsawon mafi girman mutum da aka samu a wannan lokacin a cikin yanayin lokacin Babban Cretaceous daidai yake da 13.2 m. Fiye da gigantosaur a cikin girman sun kasance azzalumi ne kawai da spinosaur, wanda ya kai tsawon 14 da 15, bi da bi.
Ya fito daga cikin adadin carnosaurs masu girman gaske tare da kwanyar, wanda ake ganin mafi tsayi daga cikin tsoffin kwanukan sanannu na tsoffin dabbobi masu rarrafe. Girman kwanyar babban mutum da aka samo shine 2 m, wanda shine 50 cm tsayi fiye da kwanyar mafi girman azzalumai.
Hoto 3 - Carnosaurus Giantosaurus
Yin hukunci da tsarin tsarin kwarangwal din musikikalkeletal na wannan carnosaurus, kuma ya danganta da cewa tsayin tabia da femur kusan iri daya ne, ya taka kadan. Amma tunda masana kimiyyar suna daukar babban ganuwarsa mai ban tsoro ne, saboda haka ya wuce gona da iri, sauropods na wancan zamanin na Titanosaurs, bai bukatar hakan. Wannan katon yana da nauyin tan 8, (a cewar masana kimiyya da yawa, nauyinsa zai iya kaiwa zuwa tan 13), sabili da haka duk wani motsi da ba daidai ba cikin babban gudu zai iya haifar da faɗuwa da rauni mai zuwa.
Kwanyar kwanyar ta gigantosaurus, ban da girman ta, an kuma bambanta ta da cewa tana da tsatsotsayen peculiar da suka fara daga hanci, yaduwa a tsakanin orbits kuma yana ƙarewa a ɓangaren occipital. Wannan kayan ado mai kaifi ya zama azaman kayan aiki a cikin yaƙi, har ma ya ƙara ƙarfin kwanyar kanta.
Kirkira
Wannan nau'ikan carnosaurs sun bayyana a faɗuwar rana na zamanin dinosaur. Duk abubuwan da aka samo na kwalliyar orcharaptors sun kasance ne zuwa ƙarshen Maƙasudin kuma an ƙaddamar da shekaru miliyan 70-65 BC. Ya kasance dinosaur mafi girman girman matsakaici (6 m) a cikin tsarin jiki da tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Tare da yawan kilogiram 500, ya kasance mai tsufa kuma mai kuzari, wanda ya juya shi ya zama na'urar ta kwarai. Idan yayin Cretaceous da Paleogene don dinosaur asalin “Endarshen Duniya” ya kasance asirin masana kimiyya, watakila wannan nau'in dinosaur a cikin tsari ɗaya ko wata hakika zai rayu har zuwa yau.
Carnosaurus - fasali na nau'in
Carnosaurus An rarrabe shi da babban g hind dunya da gajere. A zahiri, bayyanar su tayi kama da kangaroos na zamani, sau goma mafi girma kuma suna shirye su ci nama. Abin da kawai makaminsu shine shugaban, saboda kasalar kwayoyi ba za su iya taimaka wa wadanda aka kashe ba. Wataƙila sun yi tsalle kan wanda aka azabtar, suna murƙushe shi da taro.
Carnosaurs hangen nesa na sitiriyo (mutum yana da irin hangen nesa). Af, kwanyar yana da haɗin gwiwa na ciki wanda ya ba da izinin gabansa ya motsa dangi zuwa bayan. Girman wannan nau'in dinosaur ya kasance kamar haka: tsawon ya kai mita 14, da nauyi - tan 7.
An samo Tendon ossification a cikin kasusuwarsu, wanda ke cewa dinosaur carnosaurus ya motsa a cikin wani lanƙwasa jihar saboda babban kaya a kan kashin baya.
Haka kuma, tsarin kwarangwal din carnosaurus yana da kama da irin kasusuwa na jikin tsuntsu (kamar mutane). Amma akwai bambance-bambance, alal misali, matsayin ma'adini na 4 na femur. Saboda sabon tsarin, wanda ya samar da ƙarancin ƙafafun kafa, carnosaurus ya sami damar haɓakawa da sauri.
Tawagar ta kunshi kungiyoyi 2:
• Allosauroids - yawancin nau'ikan halittu, banda na farkon,
• Carcharodontosauria - ya rayu a zamanin Cretaceous a Asiya, Amurka, Afirka da Ostiraliya.
Carnotaurus
Carnotaurus - "naman mara lafiya"
Lokacin rayuwa: Lokacin al'ada - kimanin 100 - 90 ml. ln
Squad: Lizopharyngeal
Suborder: Kawain
Siffofin yauda kullun:
- tafiya akan ƙafafu masu ƙarfi
- ci nama
- bakin da yake da hakora mai kaifi, mai lanƙwasa a ciki
Bangarori:
tsawon 7.5 m
tsayi 3,5 m
nauyi 2.5 t
Abinci mai gina jiki: Sauran abincin dinosaur
Gano: 1985, Argentina
Carnotaurus wani bangare ne na rukunin abubuwan da ake kira dinosaurs da ake kira carnosaurs. Groupungiyar tana ƙunshe da mashahuran mashahuran masu ba da shawara na jini (azzalumi, tarbosaurus, allosaurus da sauransu). Dukkanin carnosaur suna da babban kai da gajere. Amma carnotaurus yana da wasu halaye daban-daban. A cikin dangi, ƙaho suna kan saman idanu.
Narrowuntataccen ƙanƙan da carnosaurus ya faɗaɗa zuwa sama, har idanun suka juya don jujjuya gefen zuwa gefen, wanda ke nufin dinosaur zai iya samun hangen nesa na binocular, kamar mai ikon magana.
Siffar halayyar carnotaurus ya kasance gajere, lebur, ƙahoni wanda ke zaune kai tsaye a saman idanun. Ana kakkawo ƙaho nan gaba. Ba kamar dinosaurs na tsoro ba, kamar su triceratops, carnotaurus ba zai iya amfani da waɗannan ƙananan ƙaho ba azaman makamai. Babu bukatar hakan. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan kahon an rufe su da matattakala, wanda da gani ya ƙaru da su. Mai yiyuwa ne ƙahonin ke yin aiki don "gano" dinosaur a cikin irin nasu. Mai yiyuwa ne 'ya'yan maza na carnotaurus suna da ƙaho mai tsayi fiye da mace, kamar barewa na zamani.
Tsarin Jikin:
Carnotaurus yayi nauyi kamar mota kuma yana girma kamar giwa. Ya taka kan kafafu biyu. Dogon baya, kamar katako, ya riƙe nauyin jikin babban mutum. An samar da ƙarin ƙarfin ƙarfi daga haƙarƙarinsa, ɗaure cikin nau'i-nau'i zuwa kowane vertebra daga kafadu zuwa kwatangwalo. Dogon ƙwaƙwalwar tsoka ya ba da izinin carnosaurus yayi sauri fiye da sauran wakilan kungiyar ƙungiyar carnosaur. Nan gaba kadan kananan yara, kamar sauran carnotaurs. Lokacin motsi, tsayi da wutsiya mai jijiyoyi suna taimakawa wajan kwanciyar hankali daidaituwa. Tail yayi aiki
Farauta:
Farauta da manyan dabbobi, Carnotaur ya jefa kansa cikin haɗarin ma'anar kalmar. Don kare kanta, abokan gaba zasu iya ruguza shi ko su kwance shi. Wannan yana nuna cewa carnosaurus bai taba kaiwa dabbobi hari ko girman su ba. Wataƙila, ya zaɓi ƙarami ko fiye da aka azabtar da wayar hannu, yana amfani da kyakkyawan hangen nesa da kuma ikon iya aiki da ɗan nesa kaɗan. Carnosaurus nan da nan ya kai wa wanda abin ya shafa rauni, ya doke shi ko ya caka shi da kaifi, kuma cikin hanzari ya tsage naman tare da hakora.