Wararfafawar duniya abu ne na dogon lokaci, sakamakon gurɓatar iskar gas, da farko carbon dioxide da methane, yana shafar zazzabi na ƙasa lokacin da suka hallara a cikin sararin samaniya kuma suka riƙe zafin rana. An dade ana tattaunawa game da wannan batun. Wasu mutane suna mamakin idan wannan hakika yana faruwa, kuma idan haka ne, duk ayyukan mutane ne, abubuwan halitta ne, ko duka biyun?
Idan muna magana game da dumamar yanayi na duniya, ba muna nufin cewa yawan zafin rana a wannan bazara ya ɗan fi yadda yake a bara ba. Muna magana ne game da canjin yanayi, game da canje-canjen da suke faruwa a cikin yanayin mu da yanayin mu na wani dogon lokaci, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ba ma kakar wasa daya ba. Canjin yanayi yana shafar ilimin halittu da ilimin halittar duniya - komai ya haɗe, gami da iska, ruwan sama da kuma zafin jiki suna hade. Masana kimiyya sun lura cewa yanayin Earthasan yana da dogon tarihin musanyawa: daga yanayin zafi mafi ƙasƙanci lokacin ƙanyen kankara zuwa matuƙa. Wadannan canje-canjen wani lokaci suna faruwa shekaru da yawa, kuma wani lokacin ma an miƙa su tsawon dubunnan shekaru. Me za mu iya tsammani daga canjin yanayin yanzu?
Masana kimiyya da ke nazarin yanayin yanayinmu suna lura da auna canje-canjen da ke faruwa kewaye da mu. Misali, dusar kankara ta yi kadan kadan fiye da yadda ta kasance shekaru 150 da suka gabata, kuma a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, matsakaicin zafin duniya ya tashi da kimanin digiri 0.8 na Celsius. Tsarin kwamfuta yana ba masana kimiyya damar hango ko hasashen abin da zai iya faruwa idan komai ya faru daidai. A ƙarshen karni na 21, matsakaicin zafin jiki na iya tashi zuwa digiri 1.1-6.4.
A cikin labarin da ke ƙasa, zamu duba mummunan tasirin 10 na canjin yanayi.
10. Matsayin teku
Increaseara yawan zafin jiki na ƙasa ba yana nufin ko Arctic zai zama da dumi kamar yadda yake a Miami, amma wannan yana nuna cewa matakin teku zai tashi sosai. Ta yaya hauhawar zazzabi ke da alaƙa da hauhawar matakan ruwa? Yanayin zafi ya bada shawarar cewa dusar kankara, kankara da dusar kankara ta fara narkewa, wanda ke kara adadin ruwa a tekuna da tekun.
Masana kimiyya, alal misali, sun sami nasarar auna yadda meluwater daga kankara na Greenland ke shafar Amurka: yawan ruwa a Kogin Colorado ya karu sau da yawa. A cewar masana kimiyya, tare da narkewar kankara kankara a Greenland da Antarctica, matakin tekun na iya tashi zuwa mita 21 zuwa 2100. Wannan, bi da bi, yana nufin cewa yawancin tsibiran wurare masu zafi na Indonesia da yawancin yankuna marasa ƙarancin ruwa za su cika ambaliya.
9. Rage yawan glaciers
Ba kwa bu toatar da kayan aiki na musamman domin ku don ganin adadin glaciers ɗin duniya yana raguwa.
Tundra, wanda sau ɗaya ya taɓa permafrost, a yanzu yana cike da rayuwar shuka.
Ana rage girman dusar kankara ta Himalayan da ke ciyar da Kogin Ganges, wanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga kusan mutane miliyan 500, ana rage shi da mita 37 kowace shekara.
Wata mummunar zafi mai zafi wacce ta mamaye Turai a cikin 2003 kuma ta dauki rayukan mutane 35,000 na iya zama mummunar barkewar ci gaban yanayin zafi, wanda masana kimiyya suka fara bibiyarsa a farkon 1900s.
Irin waɗannan raƙuman zafin jiki sun fara bayyana sau 2-4 sau da yawa, kuma adadin su ya ƙaru sosai cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata.
Dangane da hasashen hasashen, a cikin shekaru 40 masu zuwa, za su zama sau 100. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa tsawan zafi na iya nufin karuwa a gobarar daji a gaba, yaduwar cuta, da kuma hauhawar yawan zafin jiki a duniya.
7. Hadari da ambaliyar ruwa
Masana sun yi amfani da tsarin yanayi don yin hasashen tasirin dumamar duniya a kan ruwan sama. Koyaya, har ma ba tare da yin zane ba ana iya ganin cewa guguwa mai ƙarfi ta fara faruwa sau da yawa: a cikin shekaru 30 kawai, yawan ƙarfi (matakan 4 da 5) kusan ninki biyu.
Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi yana ba da ƙarfi ga mahaukaciyar guguwa, kuma masana kimiyya sun daidaita karuwar yawan zafin jiki a cikin tekun da kuma yanayin da yawan hadari. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, ƙasashen Turai da Amurka da yawa sun sha wahala na biliyoyin daloli a asarar da ke faruwa sakamakon mummunar guguwa da ambaliyar ruwa.
A cikin lokacin daga 1905 zuwa 2005, an sami ci gaba a yawan adadin mahaukaciyar guguwa: 1905-1930 - guguwa 3.5 a shekara, 1931-1994 - guguwa 5.1 a shekara, 1995-2005 - guguwa 8.4. A 2005, akwai adadin ambaliyar da aka samu, kuma a shekara ta 2007 Burtaniya ta sha fama da ambaliyar mafi tsananin cikin shekaru 60.
Yayinda wasu sassan duniya ke fama da karuwar mahaukaciyar guguwa da hauhawar teku, sauran yankuna suna ta fama da fari. Yayin da dumamar yanayi ke tabarbarewa, kwararru sun kiyasta cewa yawan yankunan da fari ya shafa na iya karuwa da akalla kashi 66 cikin dari. Fari yana haifar da ragewa a cikin ajiyar ruwa da raguwa ga ingancin kayan aikin gona. Wannan yana kawo cikas ga samar da abinci a duniya, kuma wasu alumma na fuskantar barazanar yunwar.
A yau, Indiya, Pakistan, da yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun riga sun sami irin wannan yanayin, kuma masana sun yi hasashen cewa za a iya rage raguwar ruwan sama a shekarun da suka gabata. Don haka, bisa ga ƙididdiga, hoto mai cike da rudani. Wani kwamiti na gwamnatoci kan canjin yanayi ya ba da shawarar cewa nan da shekarar 2020, miliyoyin 'yan Afirka miliyan 75 zuwa 200 na iya karancin ruwa, sannan kuma kayan aikin gona na Afirka zai ragu da kashi 50 cikin dari.
Ya danganta da inda kake zama, watakila kana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da wasu cututtukan. Koyaya, yaushe ne lokacin ƙarshe da kuka yi tunanin zaku kamu da zazzabin cizon sauro?
Aruwar zazzabi tare da karuwa da yawan ambaliyar ruwa da fari babbar barazana ce ga daukacin duniya, tunda su ne ke haifar da yanayi mai kyau na haifuwar sauro, tatsuniya da beraye da sauran halittun da ke ɗauke da cututtukan cututtuka daban-daban. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da rahoto cewa barkewar barkewar cututtuka a halin yanzu tana karuwa, haka ma a cikin wadancan kasashen da ba su taɓa jin labarin irin waɗannan cututtukan ba. Kuma mafi ban sha'awa, cututtuka na wurare masu zafi sun yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasashe tare da yanayin sanyi.
Kodayake mutane sama da 150,000 suna mutuwa kowace shekara daga cututtukan da suka shafi canjin yanayi, wasu cututtukan da yawa, waɗanda suka kama daga cututtukan zuciya da zazzabin cizon sauro, suma suna kan tashi. Har ila yau, cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta da kuma asma suna tasowa. Yaya alaƙar hay take da dumamar yanayi? Yawan dumamar yanayi na taimaka wajan karuwar sigarin, wanda ke sake cika adadin masu fama da asma, kuma ciyawa suka fara yawaita, wadanda suke cutarwa ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalar rashin lafiyan.
4. Tasirin tattalin arziki
Kudin canjin yanayi yana ƙaruwa tare da zazzabi. Girgizar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa, hade da asarar gonaki, suna haifar da asarar biliyoyin daloli. Mummunar yanayin yanayi yana haifar da matsanancin matsalolin kuɗi. Misali, bayan mahaukaciyar guguwa a shekara ta 2005, Louisiana ta samu raguwar kashi 15 cikin kudaden shiga wata daya bayan hadari, kuma an kiyasta lalata kayan duniya dalar Amurka biliyan 135.
Lokaci na tattalin arziki yana biye da kusan kowane bangare na rayuwarmu. Masu siye da kullun suna fuskantar hauhawar farashin abinci da makamashi tare da haɓaka farashin sabis na kiwon lafiya da na ƙasa. Yawancin gwamnatoci suna wahala daga raguwar yawon bude ido da kuma ribar masana'antu, daga yawan hauhawar buƙatar makamashi, abinci da ruwa, daga tasirin kan iyaka da ƙari mai yawa.
Kuma watsi da matsalar ba zai ba ta damar ficewa ba. Wani binciken kwanan nan wanda Cibiyar Raya Kasada ta Duniya da Cibiyar muhalli a Jami'ar Tufts suka bayar ya nuna cewa rashin aiki a yayin rikicin duniya zai haifar da darajar dala tiriliyan 20 daga 2100.
3. Rikici da yaƙe-yaƙe
Ragewa a cikin yawa da ingancin abinci, ruwa, da ƙasa na iya zama sanadin haddasa ƙarancin haɗarin duniya ga tsaro, rikici, da yaƙi. Masana tsaron kasa na Amurka, suna nazarin rikici a kasar Sudan a halin yanzu, suna nuna cewa duk da cewa dumamar yanayi ba shi ne ke haifar da rikicin ba, tushensa har yanzu yana da nasaba da tasirin canjin yanayi, musamman, ga rage wadatar albarkatun kasa. Rikice-rikice a wannan yankin ya barke bayan shekaru 20 na kusan kammala rashin ruwa tare da hauhawar yanayin zafi a cikin Tekun Indiya da ke kusa.
Masana kimiyya da manazarta soja sun yi daidai da cewa canjin yanayi da illarsa, kamar ruwa da karancin abinci, suna haifar da babbar barazana ga duniya, saboda rikice-rikicen muhalli da tashin hankali suna da alaƙa. Kasashen da ke fama da matsalar karancin ruwa kuma galibi suna asarar albarkatun gona suna fuskantar matsananciyar wahala ga wannan "matsala."
2. Rashin bambancin rayuwa
Barazanar rasa rayuka yana ƙaruwa tare da yawan zafin jiki na duniya. Zuwa 2050, yan adam na iya yin asarar kusan kashi 30 na nau'in dabbobi da tsirrai idan matsakaicin zafin jiki ya hau da digiri 1.1-6.4. Irin wannan rushewar zai faru ne sakamakon asarar mazauninsu ta hanyar lalacewa, guguwar ruwa da kuma ruwan ruwan teku, da kuma saboda rashin iya dacewa da canjin yanayin da ake ci gaba.
Masu binciken dabbobin daji sun lura cewa wasu nau'ikan da ke da juriya da kwayar halitta sun yi ƙaura zuwa dogayen itace, zuwa arewa ko kudu don “ci gaba” da mazauninsu. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa mutane basu da kariya daga wannan barazanar. Tsatsar jeji da hauhawar matakan teku na barazana ga yanayin rayuwar mutane. Kuma yayin da tsire-tsire da dabbobi suka “ɓace” sakamakon canjin yanayi, abincin ɗan adam, man da kuma kuɗin shiga suma sun “ɓace”.
1. lalata halayen halittu
Canza yanayin canjin yanayi da hauhawar haɓakar carbon dioxide a cikin sararin sama babban gwaji ne ga ɗabi'armu. Wannan barazana ce ga reshen ruwa mai tsabta, iska mai tsabta, albarkatu da makamashi, abinci, magani da sauran mahimman fannoni waɗanda ba kawai rayuwarmu ta dogara ba, amma a zahiri gaskiyar ko za mu rayu.
Shaida tana nuni da tasirin canjin yanayi akan tsarin jiki da na halitta, wanda ke nuna cewa babu wani bangare na duniya da zai kubuta daga wannan tasirin. Masana kimiyya sun riga sun lura da zubar da jini da kuma mutuwar murhunan murjani sakamakon dumamar ruwa a cikin teku, kazalika da ƙaura daga nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi masu saurin jujjuya zuwa wurare daban-daban sakamakon hauhawar iska da ruwa, haka kuma sakamakon narkewar dusar ƙanƙara.
Misalan da suka danganci yanayin zafin jiki daban-daban suna hasashen yanayin yanayin ambaliyar, ambaliyar ruwa, gobara daji, shakar teku, da kuma yiwuwar rushewar yanayin kasa, a ciki da ruwa.
Tsinkayen yunwar, yaƙi, da mutuwa suna ba da cikakken hoto game da rayuwar ɗan adam. Masana kimiyya suna yin irin waɗannan tsinkayen ba don hango hasashen ƙarshen duniya ba, amma don taimakawa mutane su rage ko rage mummunan tasirin ɗan adam, wanda ke haifar da irin wannan sakamako. Idan kowannenmu ya fahimci mahimmancin matsalar kuma yana ɗaukar matakan da suka dace, ta yin amfani da ƙarin ƙarfin makamashi da wadatar albarkatu da gabaɗaya zuwa rayuwar rayuwa ta yau da kullun, to babu shakka za mu sami babban tasiri ga tsarin canjin yanayi.
Menene tasirin kore?
Tasirin Green, wanda kowane daga cikin mu ya lura dashi. A cikin gidan katako, yawan zafin jiki koyaushe yana sama da waje; cikin motar rufe a kan rana tana yin abu iri ɗaya. A ma'aunin duniya, komai daidai yake. Partangare na zafin rana wanda ƙasa ta karɓi ba zai iya tsere wa sararin samaniya ba, tunda yanayin yana yin kamar polyethylene a cikin greenhouse. Ba ku da tasirin kore, matsakaicin zazzabi na farfajiyar ƙasa ya kamata ya kasance kusa -18 ° C, amma a zahiri game da + 14 ° C. Yaya yawan zafi ya rage a duniyar tamu ya dogara da tsarin iska, wanda kawai yake canzawa ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwan da ke sama (Me ke haifar da dumamar yanayi?), Wato, abubuwan da ake samu na gas, wanda ya haɗa da tururi na ruwa (alhakin sama da kashi 60% na tasirin), canje-canje carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide), methane (yana haifar da yawancin dumama) da yawa wasu.
Yankunan wutar lantarki mai amfani da wutar lantarki, hayakin motoci, bututun hayaki da sauran hanyoyin gurbata yanayi da dan adam ya kirkiro sun hada da tan biliyan 22 na carbon dioxide da sauran gas a shekara a cikin yanayin. Dabbobin dabbobi, taki, kona mai da sauran hanyoyin suna samar da kimanin tan miliyan 250 na methane a kowace shekara. Kimanin kusan dukkanin gas gas na kore wanda dan adam ya fitarwa yana cikin yanayi. Kimanin kashi ukun uku na duk iskar gas na gas na anthropogenic a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata ana amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da mai, gas da kwal. Yawancin ragowar ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin ƙasa, da farko ƙonewa ƙasa.
Wadanne abubuwa ne ke tabbatar da dumamar yanayi?
Sanadin dumamar duniya a Duniya
Coalonawa da ƙonawa, mai da iskar gas, wayewarmu ta ƙare da carbon dioxide da sauri fiye da ƙasa. Saboda wannan CO2 Yana haɓaka aiki a cikin sararin samaniya da duniyarmu ta ci abinci.
Kowane abu mai dumin rai yana fitar da wani haske a cikin kewayon ganuwa ga tsirara ido, wannan shine zazzage zafin rana. Dukkanmu muna haske tare da radadin zafin rana wanda ba a gani ko da cikin duhu. Hasken da ya ke fitowa daga rana ya faɗi a kan ƙasa, Duniya kuwa tana ɗaukar manyan ɗimbin wannan makamashi. Wannan makamashi yana warkad da duniya kuma yana sanya farfajiya ta haskaka a cikin yanayin.
Amma carbon dioxide na samin yanayi yana daukar mafi yawan wannan sirinjin dumin jiki, yana mai dawo dashi duniya. Wannan yana shayar da duniyar tamu fiye da da - wannan shi ne tasirin kore, wanda ke haifar da dumamar duniya. Mafi sauƙin kimiyyar lissafi na rike ma'aunin kuzari.
Ok, amma ta yaya muka san cewa matsalar tana cikin mu? Wataƙila karuwa a cikin CO2 lalacewa ta ƙasa da kanta? Wataƙila baƙin ƙarfe da mai sun ƙone, yi da shi? Wataƙila waɗannan abubuwa game da waɗannan wutar wuta ce kawai? Amsar ita ce a'a, kuma ga dalili.
Sau ɗaya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan Dutsen Etna a Sicily yana gudana cikin hargitsi.
Tare da kowane fashewa, miliyoyin tan na CO ana shigar da su cikin sararin samaniya2. Toara wannan sakamakon ragowar ayyukan wutar volcanic akan duniyar, ɗauki mafi ƙididdigar adadin kimanin tan miliyan 500 na daskarar carbon dioxide a shekara. Ga alama da yawa, dama? Amma wannan kasa da 2% na tan biliyan 30 na CO2jefa mu kowace shekara ta wayewarmu. Thearuwar carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya ya haɗu da sanannun hayakiyoyi daga lalacewar baƙin ƙarfe, mai da gas.A bayyane yake cewa dalilin karuwar taro carbon dioxide a cikin iska baya cikin dutsen mai fitad da wuta. Haka kuma, yanayin da aka lura da shi yana cikin layi daya tare da tsinkayar da aka danganta da karuwar adadin carbon dioxide
30 biliyan ton na carbon dioxide a kowace shekara, yana da yawa? Idan kun damfara shi da tsayayyen yanayi, to ƙarar zai zama daidai da duk "farin duwatsun Dover" da irin wannan adadin CO2 mu saki cikin yanayi a kowace shekara ci gaba. Abin baƙin ciki a gare mu, babban aikin wayewarmu ba wani abu bane, shine carbon dioxide.
Shaida cewa duniyar tamu tana dumama ko'ina. Da farko, kalli ma'aunin zafi da sanyio. Tashar tashoshin yanayi suna yin bayanan zafin jiki daga shekarun karni na 19. Masana kimiyyar NASA sunyi amfani da wannan bayanan don tattara taswira wanda ke nuna canjin yanayin matsakaici a duniya na tsawon lokaci.
Babban tasiri ga canjin yanayi yanzu yana da, saboda ƙone ƙashin wuta, ƙara haɓaka haɗarin carbon dioxide wanda ke riƙe da ƙarin zafin rana. Wannan karin makamashi dole ne ya tafi wani wuri. Wani ɓangare daga gare shi yana ɗaukar iska, kuma mafi yawansu yana a cikin t andku, sai su kasance suna yin ɗumi.
Increasearuwar zazzabi kusa da saman teku saboda ɗumamar yanayi a duniya yana shafar ci gaban phytoplankton, yana iyakance adadin abubuwan gina jiki da ke fitowa daga zurfin teku zuwa zurfin farfajiya. Rage yawan yalwar phytoplankton yana nufin raguwa a cikin ƙarfin teku don ɗaukar carbon dioxide da ƙarin haɓaka da dumamar yanayi, wanda, bi da bi, zai haɓaka lalacewar yanayin yanayin ruwa.
A bayyane yake, ana ganin dumama a cikin Arctic Ocean da kewayenta. Saboda dumamar teku, muna asarar kankara a wuraren da kusan babu mai shiga. Ice shine mafi sauƙin halitta a doron ƙasa, kuma tsaunin teku shine mafi duhu. Ice yana nuna hasken rana lokacin da ya faru zuwa sararin samaniya, ruwa ya sha hasken rana ya kuma tsaftace. Wanda ke haifar da narkewar sabon kankara. Wanne yana bijirar da mafi zurfin teku, har ma da ƙarin haske - ana kiran wannan kyakkyawar amsawa.
A Cape Drew Point, Alaska, bakin tekun Arctic, shekaru 50 da suka gabata, tekun ya wuce mil da rabi a cikin teku. Gefen ya koma gudun saurin kilo mita 6 a shekara. Yanzu wannan gudun yana mita 15 a kowace shekara. Tekun Arctic suna dumama da yawa. Ga mafi yawan shekara babu dusar ƙanƙara a ciki, wannan yana sa bakin tekun ya zama mafi haɗarin lalacewa saboda guguwa, waɗanda ke ƙaruwa sosai a kowane lokaci.
Yankunan arewacin yankin Alaska, Siberiya, da Kanada galibi ƙasashe ne. Shekaru 1000 na ƙasa ƙasa ta kasance sanyi a duk shekara. Ya ƙunshi yawancin kwayoyin halitta - tsohuwar ganye, tushen tsirrai waɗanda ke girma a can kafin daskarewa. Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa yankunan Arctic suna yin zafi da sauri fiye da wasu, lalacewar yanayi tana narkewa, abubuwan da ke ciki sun fara lalacewa.
Juya iska a daskararre yana haifar da sakin carbon dioxide da methane zuwa cikin yanayi, iskar gas mai karfi. Wannan ya kara habaka dumamar yanayi a duniya - wani sabon misali na kyakyawan sakamako. Permafrost ya ƙunshi isasshen carbon don haɓaka CO2 fiye da ninki biyu cikin yanayi. A halin yanzu, dumamar yanayi na iya sakin duk waɗannan carbon dioxide a ƙarshen wannan karni.
Menene dumamar duniya?
Yawan dumamar yanayi - Wannan hauhawa ne sannu a hankali da jinkirin hauhawar matsakaicin zafin shekara Masana kimiyya sun gano dalilai da yawa da ke haifar da wannan bala'in. Misali, fashewar volcanic, karuwar ayyukan rana, mahaukaciyar guguwa, guguwar tsunami, tsunamis, kuma tabbas ayyukan dan adam ana iya haifar dasu anan. Yawancin masana kimiyya suna tallafawa manufar laifin ɗan adam.
Hanyar Tsinkayar Duniya
Predarfafawar duniya da ci gabanta ana ƙaddara galibi ta samfuran komputa, dangane da bayanan da aka tattara akan zazzabi, tarowar carbon dioxide da ƙari. Tabbas, daidaito irin waɗannan hasashen yana barin yawancin abin da ake so kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, baya wuce 50%; haka ma, daɗaɗa masana kimiyya, bazai yuwuwar siyar da hasashen ba.
Hakanan, ana amfani da aikin haɓakar glacier don samun bayanai, wani lokaci ana ɗaukar samfurori daga zurfin har zuwa mita 3000. Wannan daskararren kankara yana adana bayanai game da zazzabi, aikin rana, tsananin zafin duniyar magnetic Duniya a lokacin. Ana amfani da bayanai don kwatantawa tare da alamomi na yanzu.
Menene sakamakon dumamar yanayi?
Menene haɗarin carbon dioxide a cikin taro a cikin sama kuma menene zai haifar da dumamar yanayi? An annabta irin wannan makomar na dogon lokaci kuma yanzu abin da zai kasance cikin 2100.
Idan babu ayyuka don rage tasirin canjin yanayi, tare da hanyoyi da matakan ayyukan tattalin arziki mai kama da na yau, zamu zauna a duniya mai amfani da kuzari ta hanyar amfani da ƙarancin mai da tsada mai tsada. An Adam zai ɗanɗana manyan ƙalubale a cikin ƙarfin tsaro. Murfin gandun daji a cikin mayukan zai maye gurbin gonakin noma da wuraren kiwo kusan ko'ina. A ƙarshen karni na 21, zazzabi na duniya zai kai ≈ 5 ° C sama da sama kafin juyin juya halin masana'antu.
Bambancin yanayin halitta zai ƙaru sosai. Duniya za ta canza gaba ɗaya tare da taro na carbon dioxide na 900 ppm a cikin sararin samaniya. Canza yanayin canji na yanayin zai faru, sau da yawa ga lalata ayyukan mutum. Kudin daidaitawa da sababbin yanayi zai wuce farashin rage canjin yanayi.
Sanadin Warum Na Duniya
Mutane da yawa sun riga sun san cewa dumamar yanayi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin yau. Zai dace a yi la’akari da cewa akwai irin wadannan dalilai wadanda ke motsawa da hanzarta wannan tsari. Da farko dai, ana haifar da mummunan tasirin ne ta hanyar karuwar iskar carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane da sauran gas mai cutarwa cikin yanayin. Wannan na faruwa ne sakamakon ayyukan kamfanonin masana'antu, aikin motoci, amma mafi girman tasirin muhalli yana faruwa yayin bala'in muhalli: Hatsarori na masana'antu, gobara, fashewar abubuwa da fashewar gas.
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An sauƙaƙe hanzarin dumamar duniya ta hanyar kwantar da tururi saboda yawan zafin iska. Sakamakon haka, ruwan koguna, tekuna da tekuna sun ƙafe sosai. Idan wannan tsari ya sami ci gaba, to tsawon shekaru dari uku, tekuna har ma za'a iya fitar da su sosai.
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Tunda glaciers sun narke sakamakon dumamar duniya, wannan yana taimakawa ƙara haɓaka matakan ruwa a cikin tekun. A nan gaba, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye nahiyoyi da tsibirin, kuma yana iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da lalata ƙauyuka. A yayin narkewar kankara, ana kuma fitar da gas methane, wanda ke lalata yanayin sosai.
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Wadanne matakai ake dauka don dakatar da dumamar yanayi?
Babban yarjejeniya tsakanin masana kimiyya game da canjin yanayi game da ci gaba da karuwar yanayin zafi a duniya ya sa jihohi da hukumomi da mutane da yawa su yi kokarin hana dumamar yanayi ko kuma daidaita da shi. Kungiyoyi da yawa na muhalli suna ba da shawara don aiwatarwa game da canjin yanayi, galibi daga masu amfani, har ma a matakin birni, yanki da kuma gwamnatoci. Wasu kuma suna ba da shawarar iyakance albarkatun man Fetil a duniya, suna danganta alakar kai tsaye tsakanin konewar mai da hayakin CO2.
A yau, yarjejeniyar Kyoto (wanda aka yarda da shi a cikin 1997, ya fara aiki a cikin 2005), ƙari ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Canjin yanayi, ita ce babbar yarjejeniya ta duniya game da magance dumamar yanayi a duniya. Yarjejeniyar ta hada da kasashe sama da 160 kuma ya shafi kusan kashi 55% na iskar gas na duniya.
Europeanungiyar Tarayyar Turai ya kamata ta rage watsi da CO2 da sauran gas na wutar lantarki ta hanyar 8%, Amurka - ta kashi 7%, Japan - kashi 6%. Don haka, ana tsammanin babban burin - rage watsi da iskar gas na gas a cikin shekaru 15 masu zuwa da 5% - zai cika. Amma wannan ba zai dakatar da dumamar duniya ba, kawai zai rage jinkirin ci gabansa kaɗan. Kuma wannan shine mafi kyau. Don haka, zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa ba a la'akari da tsauraran matakai don hana dumamar yanayi a duniya kuma ba a ɗaukarsu.
Abubuwa masu dumamar yanayi
Hakanan akwai irin waɗannan abubuwan, abubuwan halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rage zafi a duniya. Da farko, igiyoyin teku suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan. Misali, Gwanin Gwanin yana sauka a hankali. Bugu da kari, kwanan nan an lura da raguwar yanayin zafi a cikin Arctic. A taron daban-daban, ana tayar da matsalolin dumamar yanayi kuma ana gabatar da shirye-shirye wadanda zasu iya daidaita ayyukan bangarorin tattalin arziki daban daban. Wannan yana rage iskar gas da iskar gas mai illa zuwa cikin sararin samaniya. A sakamakon haka, ana rage tasirin kore, ana sake dawo da sinadarin ozone, kuma dumamar yanayi ke raguwa.
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Sakamakon a cikin teku
Ruwa na Arctic zai iya zama cikakke daga kankara a lokacin rani ta 2050. Matsayin teku zai tashi da mita 0.5-0.8 kuma zai ci gaba da tashi bayan 2100. Yawancin ƙauyuka da kayan aikin rairayin bakin teku a duk duniya suna cikin haɗarin halaka. Za a sami gagarumin ƙaruwa a lokuta masu tsauraran yanayi a yankin rairayin bakin teku (tsunamis, guguwa da raƙuman ruwa masu lalacewa zasu haifar da lalacewa)
Za a sami mutuwar mutuƙar ruwan tabo a sakamakon iskar shaka da dumama cikin teku, hauhawar teku da hauhawar guguwa da ruwa mai zafi. Canje-canje a cikin kamun kifi ba ma faɗi faɗi ba.
Sakamakon dumamar yanayi a duniya
Ana sa ran ruwan sama mai yawa, yayin da yawancin yankuna na duniya zai yi fari, lokacin yanayi mai tsananin zafi zai yawaita, adadin lokacin sanyi zai ragu, adadin mahaukaciyar guguwa da ambaliyar ruwa za ta karu. Sakamakon fari, yawan albarkatun ruwa zai fadi, kayan aikin gona zai ragu. Wataƙila yawan gobarar daji da ƙonewa a kan boyayyun peat za su ƙaru. Kasar rashin zaman lafiya zata karu a wasu sassan duniya, zaizayar kasa zata karu, kuma yankin kankara zai ragu.
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Sakamakon haka ba mai dadi bane. Amma tarihi ya san misalai da yawa lokacin da rayuwa ta ci nasara. Tuna akalla da Ice Age. Wasu masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa dumamar duniya ba bala'i ba ce ta duniya, kawai wani lokaci ne na canjin yanayi a duniyarmu da ke gudana a duniya a duk tsawon tarihinta. Mutane sun riga sun yi ƙoƙari don inganta yanayin ƙasarmu. Kuma idan muka samar da duniya mafi kyau da tsabta, kuma ba a akasin haka ba, kamar yadda muke yi a da, to, akwai damar kowace hanyar tsira ta dumamar duniya tare da ƙaramar hasara.
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Sakamakon ƙasa
Yankunan rarraba Permafrost zai ragu da fiye da 2/3, wanda zai haifar da iska a cikin yanayin da yake daidai da watsi da carbon dioxide a duk tarihin lalata tsire-tsire. Yawancin nau'ikan tsire-tsire ba zasu iya daidaitawa da sauri isa zuwa yanayin yanayi ba. Inaruwar zazzabi zai cutar da girbin alkama, shinkafa da masara a cikin wurare masu zafi da yanayin zafi. Sakamakon haka, za a sami nau'ikan nau'i daban daban na jinsuna. Duk inda abinci zai yi karanci ga mutane, yunwar zai zama ɗayan manyan matsalolin wayewar ɗan adam.
Tasiri a cikin yanayi
Andarfafawa da tsawon lokaci na kwanakin zafi a cikin kullun zai ninka ninki biyu idan aka kwatanta da yau. Yankunan arewa mai sanyi da laima zasu zama ma danshi, kuma yankuna masu yanayin bushewa da yanayin hamada zasuyi bushewa sosai. Cipaukar yanayi mai zurfi zai zama mai zafin gaske da maimaituwa a yawancin wurare masu tsauri da zafi. Za a sami ƙaruwa a duniya gaba ɗaya a ruwan sama, kuma yankin ambaliyar shekara zai ninka har sau 14.
Sakamakon mutane
An kiyasta amincin CO taro2 don mutum a 426 ppm za a samu a cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Imididdigar girma zuwa 900 ppm a cikin sararin samaniya ta hanyar 2100 zai sami mummunar tasiri ga mutane. Rashin nutsuwa da gajiya, jin motsin rai, rashin kulawa, da yawan lalacewar cututtukan asma sune kadan daga cikin damuwar da muke ji a kanmu. Canje-canje na yau da kullun cikin yanayin zafin jiki da yanayin yanayi bazai kawo gawar ɗan adam ba. Yawan aiki shine zai rushe. Cutar annoba da raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi na iya ƙaruwa sosai a manyan biranen.
Hanyoyi don magance dumamar yanayi a duniya
Ba za mu iya magance matsalar dumamar duniya ba ta hanyar canza yanayinmu da amfani da fa'idodin wayewar kai a wannan matakin. Abubuwa da yawa sun haɗa mu da masana'antu da masana'antu. Kuma su, biyun, sune tushen asalin carbon dioxide.
Amma motsawa a cikin wannan shugabanci ya zama dole kuma wajibi ne, idan muka bar komai kamar yadda yake, to menene makomar da za a ba wa jikokinmu da jikokinmu?
A halin yanzu akwai mafita guda hudu:
- Binciko madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi.
- Rage yawan CO2haɓaka samarwa da sufuri.
- Itace dasa.
- Zabin carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya da allura zuwa cikin lamuran karkashin kasa.
Energyarfin rana, iska, raƙuman ruwa da gudana, ƙarfin kuzari na baka na duniya sune tushen mahimmin ƙarfi na muhalli.
Amfani da su, zaku iya samun wutar lantarki ba tare da ƙona mai da gas ba. Kamfanonin masana'antu dole ne su ƙetare ta hanyar keɓancewar kemikal - tsire-tsire masu ɗorewa gas don carbon dioxide. Zai yi kyau a maye gurbin motoci da motocin lantarki don samun nesa da injunan konewar ciki. Yawancin ciyawar itace yakan faru ba tare da dasa sabbin bishiyoyi a waɗannan wuraren ba. Za a yi la’akari da wani mataki da ya zama dole a cikin hanyar kiyayewa da bunkasar gandun daji a matsayin kirkirar wata kungiyar duniya ta dasa shuki a duniya, wanda ke kula da gandun daji.
Girmama da kaddarorin kore na CO2, idan aka kwatanta da sauran gas, shine tasirin sa na dogon lokaci akan yanayi. Wannan tasirin, bayan dakatar da iskawar da ta haifar dashi, ya kasance mafi yawan lokuta har zuwa shekaru dubu. Saboda haka, ya zama dole, a nan gaba, don kafa shigowar tashoshin allurar carbon dioxide daga yanayin zuwa cikin duniyan.
Kammalawa
Abun takaici, kawai wani karamin sashe na kasashe da gwamnatocinsu suke fahimtar hakikanin barazanar da ta addabi duniyarmu. Kamfanoni na duniya, suna cikin masana'antun wutar lantarki kuma suna barin tallace-tallace na mai, gas da kwal, ba zasu inganta aikin su da ƙona su ba. Duk waɗannan halayen ba sa bamu bege game da rayuwa mai zuwa. Mutum - kambi na halittar yanayi, ya zama mai lalata, amma magana ta ƙarshe a wannan takaddama zata kasance tare da mahaifiyarsa - yanayi ...
4. Tasirin tattalin arziki
A cikin sharuddan tattalin arziki, haka ma, komai ba shi da kyau fiye da sauran.
Sakamakon lalacewar labulen, hadari, fari da ambaliyar ruwa, kasashe a duniya dole ne su kashe kudade masu yawa.
A cewar kintace, ya zuwa 2100 lalacewa daga bala'o'i zai kasance dala tiriliyan 20.
3. Rikici da yaƙe-yaƙe
Yawancin yaƙe-yaƙe a tarihin ɗan adam sun faru saboda wani ba ya raba wani abu.
Ba da daɗewa ba, saboda fari da sauran matsaloli na muhalli, a cikin ƙasashe masu fama da rikicin ruwa da albarkatun noma, lalacewa, rudani zai fara, sannan duk wannan zai haifar da rikice-rikice, sannan kuma zuwa yaƙi.
2. Rashin bambancin rayuwa
Ina tsammanin cewa ya zama bayyananne, bisa ga bayanan da suka gabata, cewa tare da irin waɗannan matsalolin muhalli, rashin danshi, ko matsanancin fari, nau'in dabbobi zai fara ɓacewa.
Duk wuraren zama na kwayoyin daban-daban za su canza sosai, kuma dabbobi, kwari, tsuntsaye, gaba ɗaya, duk abubuwan rayuwa, kawai ba za su iya daidaitawa da sauri ba don canje-canje, canje-canje masu lalata.
1. lalata halayen halittu
Carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi yana ƙaruwa, yanayin canjin yanayi ya canza. Waɗannan ƙananan gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci ne ga yanayin mu.
Yawancin lokuta an riga an lura da lokacin da dabbobi suka yi ƙaura zuwa wasu wuraren da aka daidaita da su, saboda narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, fari, suna gudu zuwa wasu wurare.
Ana hada tarin murjani saboda dumama cikin tekun.
Zamu iya rasa su. Abubuwan da ke saita rikodin, gine-ginen halitta waɗanda aka jera su a Littafin Guinness Records, zasu fara ɓacewa.
Dabbobi na dabbobi da tsirrai ma.
Babban tanadi na daftarin
Babban burin sabuwar yarjejeniya, wanda dukkan kasashe masu hannu da shuni suka tabbatar da shi, shi ne cimma wata muhimmiyar rashi ga iskar gas ta haka ne zai sanya karuwar matsakaicin yanayin duniya a cikin 1.5-2 ° C.
A halin yanzu, kokarin jama’ar duniya bai isa ba don dakile dumamar yanayi, in ji sanarwar. Don haka, matakin jimlar iskar gas zai iya kai matsayin girman gigatons 55 a 2030, yayin da, a cewar kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wannan mafi girman alamar ba zai zama sama da gigatons 40 ba. "Game da wannan batun, kasashen da ke cikin yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Paris na bukatar daukar tsauraran matakai," takardar ta jaddada.
Yarjejeniyar ta dabi'ar tsari ce, bangarorinta har yanzu ba su tantance yawan iskar gas ba, matakan da zasu hana canjin yanayi, da kuma ka’idojin aiwatar da wannan takaddar. Amma an riga an yarda da mahimman abubuwan.
Kungiyoyin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar suna aiki:
Adoauki tsare-tsaren ƙasa don rage hayaƙi, sake kayan aiki da karbuwa ga canjin yanayi, waɗannan wajibai na jihohi ya kamata a sake duba su sama a kowace shekara biyar,
• ta hanyar rage gurbataccen hayakin CO2 zuwa cikin yanayi, domin wannan, nan da shekarar 2020, ya zama dole a fito da dabarun kasa don sauyi ga tattalin arzikin da ke fama da matsalar carbon din,
• ware $ biliyan 100 kowace shekara ga Asusun Haɗin Sama don tallafawa waɗanda ba su da bunƙasa kuma galibi ƙasashe masu rauni. Bayan 2025, ya kamata a sake duba wannan adadin zuwa sama "la'akari da buƙatu da mahimmancin ƙasashe masu tasowa,"
• tsayar da musayar kasa da kasa na “kore” fasahar kere kere, masana'antu, gini, noma, da sauransu.
Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama
Yarjejeniyar ta danganta raguwar gurbataccen iska wanda ke yin barazana ga duniyarmu, gami da samar da aikin yi da ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar sanya jari a fasahar kere-kere. Wannan zai taimaka jinkirta ko kuma guje wa wasu mummunan sakamakon canjin yanayi.
Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama
A karshen taron, kasashe 189 sun gabatar da shirye-shirye na farko don rage iskar gas. Countriesasashe biyar ɗin da ke da matukan da ke fitarwa sun ba da waɗannan adadi don rage girman su dangane da 1990:
A hukumance, dole ne kasashe su bayyana alkawuransu na rage iskar gas a ranar da aka sanya hannu kan takardar. Halin mafi mahimmanci shine cewa dole ne su zama ƙasa da manufofin da aka ambata a cikin Paris.
Don sa ido kan aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris da alkawurran da kasashe suka yi, an ba da shawarar kafa wata kungiyar aiki gadan-gadan. An shirya cewa zai fara aiki a shekarar 2016.
Rashin jituwa da mafita
"Dole" aka maye gurbinsu da "ya kamata"
A yayin tattauna yarjejeniyar, Rasha ta ba da shawarar cewa yarjejeniyar ta sabawa doka a cikin yanayi ga dukkan kasashe. Amurka ta yi adawa da hakan. A cewar wani jami'in diflomasiyar da ba a bayyana sunansa ba daga kamfanin dillacin labarai na Associated Press, wakilan Amurkan sun nace cewa ya kamata a sauya kalmar "ya kamata" tare da "ya kamata" a cikin kundin karshe na masu nuna alamun rage gurbata iska.
Wannan tsarin yarjejeniyar ya nisanta da amincewa da daftarin a majalisar wakilai ta Amurka, wanda ke matukar yin shakku kan manufofin muhalli na Obama.
Babu takamaiman wajibai
Wata shawarar da Tarayyar ta Rasha ita ce raba nauyi na abubuwan da ke fitarwa tsakanin dukkan kasashe. Koyaya, kasashe masu tasowa sun nuna adawa da wannan. A ra'ayinsu, galibin nauyin ya kamata ya fada kan kasashe masu tasowa, wanda ya daɗe shi ne babban tushen fitar da hayaki. A halin yanzu, China da Indiya, wadanda ake ganin kasashe ne masu tasowa, yanzu suna kan gaba a cikin manyan kasashe 5 masu amfani da magudanar zabe, tare da Amurka da EU. Rasha tana cikin matsayi na biyar dangane da gurɓatar CO2.
Kamar yadda masanin ilimin kimiyyar kasa dan kasar Faransa Nicolas Hulot ya bayyana, yayin taron, wasu kasashe, kamar Saudi Arabiya, "sun yi duk kokarin da zasu takaita yarjejeniyar yadda suka ga dama sannan kuma a share su daga harshen da bai dace ba dangane da rage rashi da kuma canzawa zuwa sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi a maimakon magungunan gargajiya na gargajiya."
A sakamakon haka, rubutun daftarin ba shi da takamaiman wajibin jihohi don rage fitar iskar gas: an ɗauka cewa kowace ƙasa za ta yanke hukuncin kanta a cikin wannan yanki.
Wannan hanyar ta samo asali ne sakamakon cewa a tsakanin kasashen da ke halartar taron akwai jihohi wadanda suke da kwarewa daban-daban, wanda hakan ba ya basu damar gabatar da bukatu iri daya.
Amurka "ba zata biya komai ba"
Wani batun wanda kasashen ba za su iya cimma yarjejeniya ba na dogon lokaci shi ne batun samar da kudade. Duk da shawarar ci gaba da kason kudaden ga Asusun Green, yarjejeniyar Paris ba ta da ingantattun hanyoyin samar da kudaden da kuma wajibcin kasashen da suka ci gaba.
A farkon taron, Shugaba Barack Obama ya yarda cewa Amurka, a matsayin daya daga cikin 'manyan masu jefa kuri'a' ta sararin samaniya, ya kamata ta dauki nauyin kiyaye yanayi don tsararraki masu zuwa. Koyaya, a gefen taron, wakilan wakilan Amurka sun bayyana a fili cewa "ba za su biya komai ba" kuma suna dogaro kan tallafin kudi na sauran kasashe, kamar manyan masarautan mashigar tekun Farisa.
Nunin gabanin taron taron, Paris, Faransa, 2015
Bambanci tsakanin Yarjejeniyar Paris da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto
• Wajibi ne a rage iskar gas na gas daga shuwagabannin kasashe da kasashe masu karfin tattalin arziki a canji, amma duk jihohi, ba tare da la’akari da matsayin ci gaban tattalin arzikin su ba.
• Takardar ba ta da takamaiman wajibai na rage ko taƙaita fitar hayaki CO2. Jagorar Kyoto ta tanadi raguwarsu da kashi 5.2% a cikin 2008-2012 idan aka kwatanta da 1990.
• Ana kirkiro da sabon kayan aiki na ƙasa da ƙasa na ci gaba mai ɗorewa, yana maye gurbin hanyoyin Kyoto Protocol (a cikin tsarin, musamman, kasuwanci cikin jerin abubuwan da aka fitar game da iskar CO2).
• Sabuwar yarjejeniya tana da wata kasida ta musamman da aka sadaukar don yin la’akari da damar dazuzzuka a sararin samaniya, ba wai kawai masu zafi ba, don shan CO2.
• Ba kamar Dokar Kyoto ba, Yarjejeniyar Paris ba ta ba da tsari ba don tsauraran matakan kulawa da kiyaye matakan aiwatar da shi. Kundin ya ba hukumar kwararrun kasa da kasa damar tabbatar da bayanan da kasashe ke bayarwa kan nasarorin da suka samu a rage fitar da hayaki mai ma'adinin CO2. Batutuwan da ke tattare da karfin doka a cikin takaddun suna da sabani tsakanin lauyoyi. Koyaya, a cewar Alexander Bedritsky, Wakilin musamman na Shugaban Kasa kan Batutuwan Yanayi, Yarjejeniyar Paris "tana da akida: bawai a fitar da ita a ciki ba, amma don karfafa hada hannu da haifar da yanayi ta yadda kasashe ba su da sha'awar amincewa da daftarin ko kuma fita daga ciki."
Sakamakon Taro na Rasha
Koda a yayin bude taron, Shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin ya ce, nan da shekarar 2030, Rasha ta yi niyyar rage masu fitar da abubuwa masu cutarwa zuwa kashi 70% daga matakin ginin na 1990. Putin ya yi bayanin cewa, samar da sakamako ya zama dole saboda hanyoyin warware matsaloli a fannin kiyaye makamashi, gami da ta hanyar sabbin hanyoyin kimiyyar kere-kere. Don haka, fasahar kirkirar kayan maye wanda aka danganta da sinadarin carbon nanotubes a Rasha kadai zai rage fitar da iskar carbon dioxide a shekarar 2030 da tan miliyan 160-180, in ji shugaban.
Putin ne ya ba da shawarar yin la’akari da matsayin gandun daji a matsayin manyan wuraren gas na gas a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman ga Rasha, wanda ke da albarkatu masu yawa.
A karshen taron, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa da Ilimin Tsarin halitta na Tarayyar Rasha Sergey Donskoy ya sanar da cewa nan gaba kadan kungiyar ta Rasha za ta fara aiki kan shiga cikin yarjejeniyar ta samar da wata doka ta tarayya da ta dace.
Donskoy ya kara da cewa nan da shekarar 2035 ana shirin tara dala biliyan 53 don bunkasa hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa.
A cewar masana, an kiyasta yawan wadatattun hanyoyin samun waje da yawansu yakai tan biliyan 3 na mai a kowace shekara. "Nan gaba kadan, sama da GW 1.5 na samar da hasken rana za a fara aiki a Rasha," in ji Donskoy.
Figures da hujjojin dumammen duniya
Daya daga cikin abubuwanda ake iya ganinsu da ke hade da dumamar duniya shine narkewar dusar kankara.
A cikin rabin karni da suka gabata, yanayin zafi a kudu maso yammacin Antarctica, a gabar ruwan Antarctic, ya ƙaru da 2.5 ° C. A shekara ta 2002, dusar kankara da ke da nisan sama da kilomita 2500 ta tsallake daga shingen kankara na Larsen tare da wani yanki mai nisan kilomita 3250 da wani kauri sama da mita 200 da ke Tsibirin Antarctic, wanda a zahiri ma'anar rushewar gilashin. Dukkanin aikin hallaka ya ɗauki kwanaki 35 kawai. Kafin wannan, glacier ya kasance tsayayye tsawon shekaru 10, 10, daga ƙarshen shekarun kankara na ƙarshe. Fiye da ƙarni na mil, da kauri daga cikin glacier rage a hankali, amma a rabi na biyu na karni na 20, da narkewa ta ƙara muhimmanci. Haɓaka glacier ya haifar da sakin dusar ƙanƙara da yawa (sama da dubu) a cikin Tekun weddell.
Sauran glaciers ma ana lalata su. Don haka, a lokacin bazara na 2007, dusar ƙanƙara mai tsawon kilomita 200 da faɗi tsawon kilomita 30 ta ɓoye kantin Ross Ice Shelf, a ɗan baya, a cikin bazarar 2007, filin kankara mai tsawon kilomita 270 kuma tsawon kilomita 40 ya tashi daga yankin Antarctic. Haɗin dusar ƙanƙara yana hana fitawar ruwan sanyi daga Tekun Ross, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin ma'aunin muhalli (ɗayan sakamakon, alal misali, mutuwar penguins waɗanda suka rasa ikon samun zuwa wuraren abincinsu na yau da kullun saboda kankara a cikin Tekun Ross ta dade fiye da yadda aka saba).
An lura da hanzarta lalacewar lalacewar cikin ruwa.
Tun farkon 1970s, zazzabi mai narkewa a cikin Yammacin Siberiya ya karu da 1.0 ° C, a tsakiyar Yakutia - da 1-1.5 ° C. A arewacin Alaska, daga tsakiyar 1980s, zazzabi na saman babban kankara daskararre ya karu da 3 ° C.
Wane tasiri tasirin dumamar duniya zai yi a bayan duniyar?
Zai shafi rayuwar wasu dabbobi. Misali, polar belar, like da penguins za a tilasta musu su canza mazauninsu, saboda wadanda suke yanzu zasu narke kawai. Yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi da tsirrai na iya ɓacewa ba tare da samun damar daidaitawa da mazauninsu mai canza wuri ba. Canza yanayin a duniya. Ana sa ran bala'o'in yanayi zasu karu, tsawan lokaci mai tsawan yanayi zai iya faruwa, za'a sami ruwan sama sosai, amma hakan zai kara saurin fari a yankuna da yawa, da yawaita ambaliyar ruwa sakamakon mahaukaciyar guguwa da hauhawar yanayin teku. Amma duk ya dogara da takamaiman yankin.
Rahoton kwamitin ƙungiyar gwamnatoci kan canjin yanayi (Shanghai, 2001) ya gabatar da samfura bakwai na canjin yanayi a ƙarni na 21. Babban abubuwanda aka yanke a cikin rahoton shine ci gaba da dumamar dumamar yanayi, tare da karuwa da iskar gas na gas (kodayake, bisa ga wasu lamuran, iskar gas na gas na iya raguwa a karshen karni sakamakon haramcin iskar masana'antu), karuwa a zazzabi na iska (haɓaka mai yiwuwa ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 21 zazzabi na sama da 6 ° C), hauhawar teku a teku (matsakaici - da 0,5 m kowace karni).
Yawancin canje-canje a cikin abubuwan yanayi sun hada da ƙarin hazo mai zafi, mafi girman yanayin zafi, karuwa a yawan kwanakin zafi da raguwa a yawan kwanakin sanyi a kusan dukkanin yankuna na Duniya, yayin da yawancin yankuna na entalasashe na zafin rana zasu zama mafi muni, da raguwa a cikin zazzabi.
Sakamakon wadannan canje-canjen, mutum na iya tsammanin karuwar iska da haɓakar ƙarfin haɓakar mahaukaciyar iska (haɓakar haɓaka gaba ɗaya wanda aka lura har zuwa karni na 20), haɓakawa da yawaitar hazo mai ƙarfi, da kuma faɗakarwa mai yaduwar yankunan fari.
Hukumar gwamnatoci ta gano wurare da dama da suka fi fuskantar matsalar canjin yanayi. Wannan yanki ne na Sahara, Arctic, mega-deltas na Asiya, ƙananan tsibiran.
Canje-canje marasa kyau a Turai sun haɗa da ƙara yanayin zafi da ƙara fari a kudu (sakamakon haifar da raguwar albarkatun ruwa da rage ruwa, da rage ayyukan noma, yanayin yawon shakatawa), rage murfin dusar ƙanƙara da koma baya ga dusar kankara, ƙara haɗarin mummunar ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa. a kan koguna, da yawaita lokacin bazara a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Gabas ta Turai, da yawaita tashin gobarar daji, gobara a kan boyayyun peat, rage yawan amfanin gona, da karuwa e Rashin lafiyar kasar Yammacin Turai. A cikin Arctic, wani mummunar bala'i a cikin yanki na glaciation, raguwa a yankin kankara na teku, da kuma karuwa a lalacewar gabar teku.
Wasu masu bincike (alal misali, P. Schwartz da D. Randall) suna ba da tsinkayar ra'ayi, bisa ga abin da a farkon karni na XXI tsalle tsinkaye a cikin yanayi yana yiwuwa a cikin yanayin da ba a tsammani ba, kuma sakamakon na iya kasancewa farkon farkon shekarun kankara na ɗaruruwan shekaru.
Ta yaya dumamar yanayi zai shafi mutum?
Suna tsoro saboda karancin ruwan sha, da yawaitar cututtuka, da matsaloli a cikin noma saboda fari. Amma a kwana a tashi, ba komai bane illa juyin halittar mutum. Kakanninmu sun fuskanci matsala mafi wahala yayin da, bayan ƙarshen lokacin kankara, yawan zafin jiki ya hau zuwa 10 ° C, amma wannan shine ya haifar da ƙirƙirar wayewarmu. In ba haka ba, da tabbas sun nemi mammoth da mashi.
Tabbas, wannan ba dalili bane don ƙazantar da yanayin tare da komai, saboda a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci dole ne muyi mummunan abu. Yawan dumamar yanayi tambaya ce wanda kuke buƙatar biye da kira na hankali, dabaru, kar ku faɗi don kekuna masu arha kuma kada ku bi jagorancin mafi rinjaye, saboda tarihi ya san misalai da yawa lokacin da mafi yawa suka yi kuskure sosai kuma suka yi matsala da yawa, har zuwa ƙona manyan tunani, wanda a ƙarshe ya juya ya zama daidai.
Yawan dumamar duniya shine ka’idar rayuwa ta yau da kullun, dokar walwalar duniya, gaskiyar jujjuyawar duniyar da ke kewaye da rana, yanayin duniyarmu yayin gabatar da ita ga jama'a, lokacin da ra'ayoyi ma suka rarrabu. Wani ya yi daidai. Amma wanene wannan?
Additionallyari a kan taken "dumamar yanayi."