Sunan Latin: | Aquila clanga |
Squad: | Falconiformes |
Iyali: | Hawk |
Bayyanar mutum da hali. E ƙaramin gaggafa, mai kaman ta zuwa da mai kaɗa, amma ta fi shi girma. Tsayin Jikin 60-74 cm, fuka-fuki 153-182 cm, nauyi 1.5-3.2 kg. Mace ta fi namiji girma; babu bambance-bambancen jima'i a launi. Dangane da babban dabbar mai farauta, “wando” a kafafu suna dafuwa. Endsarshen fikafikan fuka-fikan tsuntsu mai zaune yakan iya kaiwa ƙarshen wutsiya ko dan ƙarami. Bangaren bakin yana da fadi, kamar yadda yake a cikin gaggafa a sama, kusurwoyi masu launin shuɗi a sasann bakin bakin suna nisa zuwa ido.
Bayanin. Kan hanci ya zagaye, kamar a ƙaramin gaggafa da aka gani, da bambanci da siket-kamar hanci na sauran gaggafa. Bakan gizo mai launin ruwan kasa, ya bambanta da muguwar tabo mai haɓaka. A cikin kayan manya, yana da duhu duhu fiye da mikiya, amma tare da haske karkatar da tabo a cikin gindin yankin gashin firam. Abun da ke ciki na farin ciki ko launin rawaya, sanannen haske ya fi na ciki. Karamin tsuntsu shima launin ruwan kasa mai duhu ne, amma tare da layuka masu dimbin dumbin launuka masu launin teardrop a baya da fuka-fuki, tare da farin farin dabbar a saman jikin fuka-fukan da haske a saman fikafukan fuka-fukan a kasa. Kasa da wuya tare da buffy mottles. Ya bambanta da ƙwararren haɓakar ɗanɗano ta babban haɓaka ta fata wacce take da kyau, da kuma rashin isassun ja a bayan kai. A cikin manyan tsuntsun da ke tashi, idan aka kwatanta da mikiya da kuma mikiya, mikiya sun bayyana girmanta da kuma taqaitaccen abu, tare da kyakkyawan gefen zagaye, kuma wutsiyar takaice ce kuma mai zagaye. Bambancin dake tsakanin gashin tsuntsaye da fuka-fukan tsuntsu a kan bangon reshe ba a fadi shi kwatsam ba, ko kuma daskararre suna da duhu fiye da gashin fuka-fukan. A cikin karami da aka hango mikiya da mikiya, a akasin haka, fikafikan fuka-fukai sun fi fuka fuka-fukan fikafikai.
Ya bambanta da kukan jirgi mai tashi ba tare da fuka-fukansa sama da jikinsa (kuma sau da yawa ana saukar da shi kadan) kuma mafi “kusurwa” tare da ma'anar “yatsunsu”, haka kuma tare da gajeriyar wutsiya, launin duhu mai duhu. A cikin tsuntsu mai tsuntsu mai tashi, layuka masu tsayi a saman fikafikan sun shiga cikin ragar fuka-fuka mai kyau, raunin da ke jikin fika da gefen wutsiya suna da kunkuntar haske. Karamin tsuntsu na nau'in haske mai saurin “fulvescens” yana da kama da na ugo na matashi, amma har ma da haske kuma mafi sabanin yanayi - bambaro-mai-nauyi tare da matattarar duhu, tashi-reshe da kuma manyan fikafikan fuka-fukai. A cikin riguna na tsaka-tsaki na tsaka-tsaki, hasken haske yana ɓoye a hankali, na dogon lokaci kawai wuri mai haske ya kasance a tsakiyar tsakiyar baya. A cikin wuraren maye na kasa manya manya da kuma alamu, tsuntsaye masu tsaka-tsakin yanayi wani lokaci ana samun su.
Kuri'a. Sautin kuka "mai sauri, mai sauri. "Kuma"kyuk, kyuk. ", Babban wasici, tare da damuwa"ki-wik-ki-wik, ki-ki-ki. "(Saboda haka sunan na biyu - kukan gaggafa).
Matsayi na Rarraba. Kusan yanayin karewa ne ga Rasha, kewayon kiwo ya mamaye yankin dajin Eurasia daga Poland zuwa Amur da Primorye da kuma daga arewacin taiga zuwa gandun daji. Masu cin nasara a cikin yankuna masu ƙarfi da ƙasan Asiya, a arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Rarewararrun, masu kariya, mai haɗari iri-iri. Adadin ya ragu sosai a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata sakamakon rashi ƙasa, lalacewa, da damuwa. Yawan mutanen Turai da yawansu ya haɗu zuwa 1000 suna cikin jerin littafi na Red Russia.
Rayuwa. Mahalli na cikin yankunan dazuzzukan daji, tafkuna, manyan kwari. Ba shi da ƙwarewa a abinci - yakan kama ƙananan ƙwayoyi (galibi ruwa), kwaɗi, tsuntsayen, mashaya, macizai, wani lokacin sukan kama kifi a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, suna ciyar da jigilar ruwa. Tafiya ƙasa, ba ƙasa da sauran gaggafa, sau da yawa farauta daga kurkuku ko ƙafa. Ya isa a ƙarshen Maris ko Afrilu. Kamar sauran gaggafa, ana kwatanta shi da haɓakar iska.
Yana nests a kan itatuwa, wanda yake shi ne in mun gwada da manyan ga girman tsuntsu, mafi sau da yawa wani perennial gida tare da wani cakuda sabo ne kore rassan lafiya disguised a kambi, kusa da shi da tsuntsaye nuna hali sosai a sirrance. A cikin ɓoye akwai yawan fararen fata 2 waɗanda suke da shuɗi masu launin shuɗi da launin shuɗi, waɗanda mace ke shiryawa na kwanaki 42-444. Farkon kayan alatu na kajin sune launin ruwan kasa-launin toka, na biyu shine fari. Chickks barin gida yana da shekaru 6 makonni. Fan kwari don yin hunturu a watan Satumba ko Oktoba.
Ina yake zama
An samo katako mai hazaka a cikin gandun daji da yankuna-gandun daji. A Rasha, tana da faɗi a cikin yankin Turai, a kwari na Volga, a cikin Urals, a kwarin Ob da Yenisei, a cikin Prebaikalia, Transbaikalia, a kwarin Amur da Primorye. A waje da Tarayyar Rasha, rabon nau'in ya bazu a yamma zuwa Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia da Finland, kuma a gabas zuwa ɓangaren arewa maso gabashin China.
Don farauta, mafi girma gaggafa tana iya zaɓar gandun daji mai tsayi wanda ke cikin kwarin kogi ko cikin ciyayi. Yana da muhimmanci sosai cewa a cikin kusancin wuraren da ake kera wuraren akwai wuraren kiwo, ciyawar, share-fage, gandun daji ko wuraren bushewa. A nan ne ƙwararren gaggafa take iya samo wa kanta wadataccen abinci da ya dace. Morearin karkatacciyar siyayyun halittu, kodayake, ana iya samun shi a tsaunuka a tsawan tsawan kilogram 1000 a saman teku.
Alamun waje
Babban turɓawar ƙasa alama ce ta wani nau'in. Wannan gaggafa ce mai matsakaici, wacce ba ta da ƙarfi da ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi ga sauran brothersan uwanta. Yana da ƙarfin gani, mai ƙarfi a jiki, kaifi mai kaifi da saurin amsawa. A cikin tsayi, waɗannan tsuntsayen zasu iya kaiwa 75 cm, kuma nauyinsu ya tashi daga 1.6 zuwa 3.2 kg. Ana nuna bambancin jima'i ne kawai akan cewa mace yawanci tana da girma kuma tana da girma fiye da maza. Plwararrun launin shuɗi masu launin ruwan kasa a saman ɓangaren jikin mutum an rufe shi da kwararan fitila kamar haske. Bayan ya isa balaga, manyan idir masu sikila wadanda aka sa musu sutura mai launin shuɗi, kawai ƙarshen wuyan wuyan wucin gadi da ƙasan mara nauyi suna da sauki sosai. Wani lokaci akwai tsuntsayen ba tare da launin ruwan kasa ba, amma tare da launin shuɗar launin shuɗi. Saƙar da aka fentin launin rawaya, amma baki da kafafu baƙi ne, an rufe su da magarya har zuwa yatsun kafa.
Habitat da Bayani
- Tsuntsayen dangi karkashin tattaunawa suna da matsakaici Koyaya, wasu masana kimiyyar suna rarrabe su kamar yadda mutane suka shahara da girman su. Kuma, duk ya dogara da wanda za'a gwada da. Don haka, tsinken gaggafa ya girma zuwa 75 cm a tsawon, nauyin jikin mutum ya bambanta da girman kilogram 1.5-3.
- Abun kulawar jima'i a bayyane yake a bayyane, mace sun fi maza yawan jinsi zama. Har yanzu akwai ƙaramar gaggafa, babban ɗan'uwansa ya fi girma, kamar yadda sunan yake. Amma idan kun haɗu da tsuntsaye a gona, zaka iya rikice musu. Eyewararren ido ne kaɗai zai iya tantance nau'in.
- Da launukan gashin fuka-fukai, mutane suna canza launin monotonously. Suna launin ruwan kasa, duhu. Koyaya, yanki a ƙarƙashin wutsiya, sashin occipital, sternum yana da haske. Fuka-fukin baƙi ko shuɗi mai launin shuɗi ana iya ganinsu. Yana da matukar wahalar samun tsuntsaye waɗanda, a bangon da inuwa mai launin ruwan kasa, suma suke da launin shuɗi.
- A cikin kananan dabbobi, plumage yana da haske, akwai kwararan fuka-fukai a cikin nau'ikan saukad da sashi na sama na jiki. Hakanan zaka iya samun mutane waɗanda babban inuwa shine yashi mai rawaya ko ocher. Abun yatsun hannu da baki suna da launi baki, yanki na hancin hancin da paws ɗin kansu rawaya ne. Gashin fuka-fukai a yatsun kafafu har zuwa hannaye.
- Dangane da rarrabawa, ana iya samun waɗannan tsuntsayen a cikin sassan sanyi na Turai, shin Poland ko Finland. Su ma suna zaune a Mongolia, Hungary, Pakistan, China. A cikin girman ƙasarmu, an gano gaggafa a sama a yankin Kaliningrad har zuwa Primorye.
- Don yin hunturu, tsuntsaye sukan taru suna jigilar kaya zuwa Indochina, Indiya, Iran. Tunda mutane ɗaya daga cikin magabatan gari suke, ana samunsu a cikin ciyayi mai zurfi, a cikin wuraren lalatattun wurare, kusa da koguna, Wuraren ruwa da tabkuna. A wannan yankin ne mikakken hancin yake nema don fitar da abin da ya kama.
Rayuwa
- Wakilan dangin aure, don su sami balaga, sun jira shekaru 4. Wadansu mutane sun balaga a baya, sannan a shekaru 3 da haihuwa zasu iya fara haihuwa.
- Gina gida don zuriya masu zuwa tare. Sannan suna zuwa kowace shekara don kwanciya da ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai. Tun lokacin da ake kiwo ya isa sosai, sannu a hankali iyayen zasu tashi da kawunansu zuwa wurare masu dumin gaske.
- Ta hanyar halayensu na halitta, ana iya danganta tsuntsayen da cannibals. Wato, lokacin da mace ta dage qwai, sai suka tsinci wani lokaci, sannan gwagwarmaya tsakanin kajin ta fara. Dattijon zai ci ƙarami.
- Idan ana yin masonry a cikin Mayu, to, tuni a cikin bazara dangin tsuntsaye tare da replenishment zasu iya zuwa hunturu. Kamar yadda gefuna masu dumi, Afirka, Turai, Asiya aka zaɓi.
Bayanan Ban sha'awa
- Yana da kyau a sani cewa mutanen da ake tambaya suna da yanayin da yalwa. Idan ka duba a wannan bangaren, wata hujja mai ban sha'awa ta rage cewa tsuntsayen da aka wakilta basu da respeation.
- Yawancin bincike sun tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa mutane biyu daga nau'ikan jinsunan da ke da alaƙa suna iya haɗuwa da juna (ƙanana da manya manyannun gaggafa). Sakamakon abu ne mai yiwuwa hybrids.
- Abin takaici, wannan nau'in yana raguwa a duniya. Sabili da haka, an jera tsuntsaye a cikin Littafin Layi. Irin waɗannan mutane da sauri suna ɓacewa cikin mazauninsu. Ana kiyaye Faran gabashin da ke Turai da kan iyakar Tarayyar Rasha.
Eagles mutane ne na musamman da irinsu. Abin takaici, basu da tallafi. Yawan jama'arsu yana raguwa sosai saboda ayyukan mutane. An jera Eagles a cikin Littafin Layi. Yawan tsuntsayen yan kadan ne, duk da yawan mazauninsu.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Dangane da bincike game da jerin mitochondrial jerin manyan gaggafa masu sifofi wadanda aka gudanar a Estonia a 1997-2001, masu binciken sun gano mafi girman nau'in halittar halittar da ke cikin wannan jinsin sama da ann babban samfurin kananan tsuntsayen da aka gani.
Sun ba da shawarar cewa mulkin mallaka na arewacin Turai ya faru a farkon wannan nau'in fiye da yadda gaggafa take, wanda ke zaune a gabashin babban gaggafa. Sun kuma yi zato game da fifikon sa game da yin farauta a garuruwa da katako, wanda ya kara zuwa arewa, kuma ba a cikin bishiyoyi masu ƙyalƙyali ba, kamar yadda ya ke da ƙaramar gaggafa.
Bidiyo: Podorlik
Matsakaicin rayuwar tsinken gaggafa daga shekaru 20 zuwa 25. Barazana sun haɗa da yanayin rayuwa na gida, yalwar ganima, guba da gangan da farauta. Matsakaicin yawan mace-mace na shekara-shekara shine 35% a kowace shekara ga matasa, matasa 20% ga tsuntsaye masu girma da kuma 5% ga manya. Saboda waɗannan barazanar, matsakaicin rayuwarsu yawanci tsakanin 8 zuwa 10 ne.
Eagles sune manyan masu hasashen yanayin halittar su. Suna taimakawa wajen sarrafa yawan mamananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da sauran ƙananan kantuna. Eagles na iya zama da fa'ida ga manoma saboda suna cin zomaye da wasu tsokoki, ƙananan tsuntsaye, kwari da dabbobi masu rarrafe waɗanda ke barazanar albarkatu.
Bayyanuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yaya mikiya ta haɓaka?
Akwai nau'ikan idodi masu hazo:
- Babban fatsi gaggafa
- Erarancin da aka hango mikiya.
Manya manya da ƙananan hatsi sun yi kama iri ɗaya. Fuka-fukan fuka-fukan su shine santimita 130-180. Tsarin tsofaffin mutane ya zama ruwan kasa baki ɗaya, yayin da aka rufe wasu tsuntsayen sararin samaniya da haske zuwa mataki daya ko wata. A waje, tsuntsayen da aka hango sun yi kama da na kowa, kuma daga nesa zaku iya bambance nau'ikan zina kawai yayin jirgin: yayin da mikiya da take cike take tana saukar da fikafikan fikafikanta lokacin da tayi sama, sai ƙarama take tana riƙe su.
Kallon tsuntsaye nesa nesa, mutum na iya lura da cewa mafi yawan tsuntsayen sarakuna sukan mamaye fararen fuka-fukai, yayin da mikakkununnun fari haruffai suke da launin ruwan kasa kuma suke da 'yan fari a gashin fuka-fukan. A yayin bincike mai zurfi, mai sa ido zai gano cewa gashin giwayen da aka gani an rufe su da gashin fuka-fuka zuwa yatsunsu, yayin da kafafuwan baiti kekensu basa da gashinsa.
Dangane da alamuran tumbi, gami da hana fuka-fukai, muna iya saurin cire gaggafa, wacce take da andan kaɗan da wuya rataye a jikin kowane gashin tsuntsu idan aka kwatanta da dabbakan gaggafa.
Erarancin da aka hango mikiya yana da madaidaitan nauyi da fikafikai idan aka kwatanta da mafi yawan dabbarnkara fari fari. Tana da sutura da kuma madaidaiciya madaidaiciya tare da tsawon launinta na fari, yayin da babban dabbar ulu tana da daddaɗaɗɗiyar bakin ciki, wadda galibi tana iyakance zuwa tsakiyar manyan launinta, kuma tukakkunn gashinta kuma ba ta sansu ba. Kamar yadda yake game da sauran manyan gaggafa, mutum zai iya sanin shekarun wannan tsuntsu dangane da alamar tambarin tsumma (alal misali, samari ne kawai suke da sifofin fararen siffofin da suka ba shi suna gama gari).
Abu ne mai wahala sosai gaya banbanci tsakanin jinsunan tsuntsayen hatsi. Yawanci, mikiya mafi girma a sama tana da duhu, girma, da ƙarfi fiye da ƙaramin gaggafa. Hakanan yana da wahalar rarrabe tsakanin su, saboda suna samar da nau'ikan gauraye waɗanda a cikinsu ake haihuwar hybridyan itace.
Ina ne wurin da mikakke yake?
Hoto: Greatan Ashin Siyarwa
Fuskar mikiya a cikin manyan ciyayi masu dausayi masu iyaka da ke da iyaka, da fadama da sauran tsikuna masu nisan mil 1000. A cikin Asiya, tana faruwa ne a cikin gandun daji na Taiga, a cikin dajin-daji tare da ciyayi, a cikin gonaki mai dausayi. An fi son gandun daji a kansu a cikin hunturu. A wasu lokutan ana samun tsuntsaye masu hijirar sanyi da kuma hunturu a cikin wuraren zama a fili kuma yawanci busasshe.
A wurin da ake yin hunturu a Malaysia, waɗannan gaggafa suna zaune shi kaɗai ko a cikin kananan rukuni. Kodayake suna samar da abinci daban, yawancin mutane zasu iya kwanciyar hankali cikin rukuni na kyauta akan filin da tractor yake aiki. Wannan nau'in kuma yana yawan ziyartar filayen ruwa.
A Bangladesh, ana samun yawancin tsuntsaye a gefen manyan koguna da kewayen teku, inda zaku iya kallon su suna tashi sama da kawunansu ko kuma suna kwana a kan filayen koguna ko kuma tsibiran koguna. A cikin Isra’ila, a cikin hunturu, a yanayin yanayin zafi na Bahar Rum, ana iya samun tsuntsaye a cikin kwari da wuraren mara laima, galibi a filayen da aka horar da kuma tafkunan kifi kusa da wuraren bishiyoyi, akasarin bishiyar eucalyptus.
A Rasha, ana samun su a cikin gandun daji, gandun daji-steppe, kwarjin kogi, gandun daji na kwari, dazuzzuka masu kyau a cikin wurare masu laima da kuma fadama a cikin daji. A Kazakhstan - a cikin daji kurmi, a fili steppes da gandun daji steppes.
Me baƙon gaggafa yake ci?
Hoto: eraramin potan Wasa
Mikiya galibi suna farautar ganimarsu ta makiyaya wadanda basu da kariya, haka kuma a cikin fadama, filaye da sauran filayen buɗe ido, kuma galibi koda acikin gandun daji. Yankunan farautarsu galibi suna kusa da nests da suke a nisan mil 1-2 daga wurin da ake farautowa.
Fuskar mikiya yakan farauto abincinsa a cikin jirgin ko kuma ya bi ta a cikin itatuwan da ke kusa da gefen gandun daji da sauran wurare masu girma (bishiyoyin da ba a sani ba, gandun daji, sandunan lantarki). Wani lokacin tsuntsu yakan sami ganima wanda yake a ƙasa. Podorlik din na da matukar farauta game da abin da ya ci, ko yawo ko tafiya idan aka samu ƙarancin albarkatun abinci, amma dangane da wadataccen albarkatu ya zaɓi abin da aka ci.
Babban abincinsu ya ƙunshi:
- maman dabbobi masu shayarwa da girman zomo, kamar voles,
- amphibians kamar kwaro,
- tsuntsaye (gami da waterfowl),
- dabbobi masu rarrafe, kamar macizai, masu luwadi,
- karamin kifi
- kwari mafi girma.
A yawancin yankuna, ganima mikiya da aka zana itace iska ta arewa (Arvicola terrestris). Tsuntsayen hunturu a cikin Malesiya sun ci abinci, galibi matattun berayen da aka yiwa guba a wuraren noma. Wannan nau'in ya shiga cikin kleptoparasitism daga juna kuma daga wasu nau'in kaddara.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Tsuntsu na Mikiya
Mikiya tsuntsaye ne masu ƙaura. Suna hunturu a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Turai, Tsakiya da Afirka ta Kudu. Hijira zuwa da daga Afirka yana faruwa ne ta hanyar Yankin Bosphorus, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kwarin Nilu. Babban gaggafa mikiya ta dawo daga lokacin sanyi a ƙarshen watan Maris, yayin da ƙaramin gaggafa za'a iya hango ɗan lokaci kaɗan - a farkon Afrilu. Dukkan jinsunan guda biyu sun tashi ne a watan Satumba, amma ana iya ganin tsuntsaye guda a cikin Oktoba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ana iya samun Podorliks da guda ɗaya ko a cikin biyun, amma suna tattarawa kusa da manyan hanyoyin abinci kuma suna ƙaura cikin fakitoci.
Mikiya suna zaune a cikin shimfidar wuri inda ake yin musayar daji tare da makiyaya, makiyaya, filaye, kwarin koguna da fadama. Sun fi dacewa da zama a ƙasar noma fiye da manyan danginsu. Tsuntsaye yawanci suna gina mazaunin kansu kuma suna zaune kullun a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, musamman idan basu damu ba. Wani lokaci sukanyi amfani da tsohuwar shugannin sauran tsuntsayen na ganima (ƙaramar baki, arewa shaho) ko baƙar fata. Wani lokaci wasu maɓoɓo masu haɓaka suna da ƙyallin da yawa waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin shekaru daban-daban.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: mikiya ƙasa ce sosai. Za su yi yaƙi da sauran tsuntsayen waɗanda ke da kusancin da mazauninsu. Maza sun fi tsananin ƙarfi da mace, kuma a matsayin mai mulkin, nuna halayen ƙasa ne kawai dangane da wasu maza. Matan kan kasance ziyarci wasu gidajen wasu mata yayin lokacin kiwo.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
HOTO: Babban tsuntsun gaggafa
Mikiya sun fara gina ko gyara gida nan da nan bayan fitowarsu. A ƙarshen Afrilu ko kuma farkon Mayu, ƙwai ɗaya ko biyu (ƙwararrun uku) ƙwai suna cikin cikawa. Mace zata fara kyankyashe su kai tsaye bayan ta sanya kwan farko, wannan shine dalilin da kajin ke tsiyaya a lokuta daban-daban. Tsarin ƙyanƙyallen ya wuce kwana 37-41. Karnuka na iya tashiwa da shekaru 8 zuwa 8, wanda yawanci ya hadu da farkon watan Agusta. Daga kajin, daya, ko kuma da wuya biyu, koya tashi.
Nasarar kiwo da aka hango gaggafa yana da zagayowar shekaru uku, saboda canje-canje a yawan voles, mafi kyawun gaggafa. A cikin mafi kyawun shekaru, yawan samarwa zai iya kaiwa matsakaita fiye da matasa matasa 0.8 waɗanda ke da steamed, amma a lokacin lokutan ƙananan haɓaka wannan adadin zai iya sauka zuwa ƙasa 0.3. Manyan giwayen da suke gani suna da damuwa da damuwa kuma suna da ƙarancin kiwo. Kodayake suna sa ƙwai biyu, yawancin sau ɗaya ƙyan tsuntsu ɗaya ne aka zana.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Inda hauren giwayen ke haɗuwa da matsaloli, yawan su zai iya ƙaruwa sosai ta hanyar tabbatar da rayuwa da kajin biyu a lokacin tsiron su. A vivo, ana kusan rasa ɗayan koyaushe saboda fratricide, wanda aka sani da cainism.
Abokan Hausar Mikiya
Hoto: Tsuntsu na Mikiya
Mwararrun mink na Amurka da sauran mafarautan za su iya cin naman ƙwai da ƙwai na manyann gaggafa. Kyankyasai na iya zama asarar wasu masu farautar ko mujiya. In ba haka ba, manyan gaggafa masu manyan tsuntsaye sune manyan mafarauta, kuma tsofaffi ba sa cin zarafin sauran manyan dabbobin.
Earamin tabo masu haɓaka ba su da masu farauta na zahiri kuma basu nuna madaidaiciyar karbuwa a kansu. Babban barazanar dasu shine mutane. Suna haifar da ha ari ga haɓaka gaggafa saboda amfani da sinadarai kamar azodrine, ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da ake amfani da ita don hana ƙananan dabbobi ciyar da amfanin gona. Mafarauta, gami da ƙananan gaggafa masu saukar ungulu, galibi suna mutuwa daga abinci na waɗannan dabbobi masu dafi. Wani tasirin ɗan adam akan wannan nau'in shine farauta.
Wata hanyar mace-mace a kananan gaggawar ugo itace fratricide. Idan akwai ƙwai biyu ko uku a cikin gida, yawanci zuriya da ke farauta, da farko sai sun kashe wasu ta hanyar fitar da su daga gida, a kashe su, ko kuma cin abinci kafin 'yan uwansu mata su ci. A sakamakon haka, galibin gaggafa sun sami nasarar girma daya ko biyu kawai.
An ba da shawarar cewa sauran dabbobin umo za su iya cinye sauran dabbobi, musamman ma macizai. Koyaya, wannan bai fito fili a rubuce ba. Manyan ƙwai da ke haɓaka ƙusoshin ƙurar Amurka suna cinye. Saboda haka, yana yiwuwa cewa minks kuma iya farauta qwai na ƙananan gaggafa.
Babbar barazanar da ke haifar da nau'in ita ce asarar mazauna (musamman, magudanar dazuzzuka da ciyawa da gandun daji da ke ci gaba) da farauta. Barazanar karshen ta zama sananne musamman yayin ƙaura: dubunnan tsuntsaye ana harbe su kowace shekara a Siriya da Lebanon. An ba da rahoton cewa ayyukan kula da gandun daji suna da mummunar tasiri ga nau'in halitta. Har ila yau yana da matukar rauni ga tasirin tasirin ingantaccen ƙarfin iska. Hadarin da ya faru a cibiyar makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl mai yiwuwa ya shafi wannan nau'in.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Yaya mikiya ta haɓaka?
An sanya jerin ugo mafi girma a matsayin jinsin da ke cikin haɗari a duk duniya. An bayyana yawan jama'arta a cikin duniya daga mutane dubu daya zuwa 10,000, amma akwai shawarwari da ba za a iya sa ran cewa adadin ya karu ba. Dangane da BirdLife International (2009), yawan tsuntsayen manya sun haɗu daga 5,000 zuwa 13,200 mutane. A cewar BirdLife International / Turai Council for Bird Census (2000), an kiyasta yawan mutanen Turai akan adadin nau'i biyu na 890-1100, sannan kuma sai an sake duba su zuwa 810-1100 nau'i-nau'i.
Consideredarancin da aka hango mikiya mafi yawa nau'in gaggafa a Turai. A da, wannan nau'in bai yaɗu sosai kamar yadda yake a yau ba, kuma adadin sa ya ragu sosai a farkon rabin karni na 20 a sakamakon "yakin shaho". Bayan wannan, yawan jama'a suna murmurewa a hankali. A shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970, canji a cikin cigaban yanayin halittu ya kasance: gaggafa farawa kusa da shimfidar al'adu. Bayan haka, a cikin shekarun 1980, adadin ƙananan gaggafa masu hango mayuka sun haɓaka da sauri. Yanzu yawancin mazauna wuraren da aka ɗora mikiya suna a Belarus, Latvia, da Poland.
Erarancin da aka hango mikiya yana da mafi girman kewayo kuma, sabili da haka, ba ya kusanci ƙimar ƙima don ƙarancin girman girman (digon abin da ya faru 30% na shekaru goma ko ƙarni uku).
Girman yawan jama'ar na iya zama daga kanana zuwa na kanana zuwa kanana, amma an yi imanin cewa bai kusanci kimar ka'idodin marasa galihu ba daga masu girman adadin (10% na shekaru goma ko ƙarni uku). Saboda wadannan dalilai, an yanke hukuncin cewa ba karamar barazana ba.
Kariyar Eagle
Hoto: Podorlik daga Littafin Lemo
Duk da cewa babban gaggafar da take kwance tana da yawa fiye da ta karamar, tana da ƙarami a yawan duniya, adadinta yana raguwa a ɓangarorin yamma na kewayon. Abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan yanayin sune canje-canje a cikin mazaunin da ke haifar da gandun daji da ciyawa, bayan ɓarkewar wuraren da aka riga aka noma, kiwo, harbi, ganganci da guba mai haɗari, musamman zinc phosphide.
Sakamakon zubar jini da ƙananan gaggafa ba a bayyane ba tukuna, amma nau'ikan nau'in tsuntsayen suna tafiya zuwa gabas saboda ƙwarjin da ke gani. An tsara shirin aiwatar da wannan nau'in don Turai. An sanya maɓoɓin mafi girma sama a duniya azaman mai rauni. Amma har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a yankin Yammacin Siberiya daga Urals zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya da gaba zuwa Gabashin Siberiya, kuma yana yiwuwa yawanta ya zarce mutum 10,000, wanda yakai matsayin ƙarancin shiga cikin jerin masu haɗarin.
Matakan da ke cikin kariyar kare gaggafa da aka yiwa tsuntsayen kasashe da yawa na gabashin Turai, musamman Belarus sun dauki matakai. Dogo mafi girma da aka gani yana kiyaye ta ta dokar Belarusiya akan kiyaye yanayi, amma ana ɗaukar wannan doka mai rikitarwa don aiwatarwa. Misali, dokar kasa ta ba da izinin cewa daga “yankunan gudanarwa” zuwa “yankuna da ke da kariya ta musamman” ana iya jujjuya wuraren da kawai suka ba da tsuntsayen da aka bincika kuma an tattara su sosai kafin dukkan yarda da hukumomin jihar Belarusiya da abin ya shafa. " Yana iya ɗaukar zuwa watanni tara don kammala wannan aikin.
A cikin Jamus, shirin Deutche Wildtier Stiftung yayi ƙoƙari don haɓaka nasarar kiwo ta cire gaggafa ta biyu (wacce usuallyan fari ke kashe ta) daga sheƙu jim kaɗan bayan ƙyalle da ɗaga ta da hannu. Bayan 'yan makonni, an sake sanya tsuntsu a cikin gida. A wannan lokacin, ɗan fari bashi da tashin hankali, kuma gaggafa biyu za su iya zama tare. A kwana a tashi, kiyaye matsayin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar macijin da aka gani a Jamus.
Podorlik - Wannan gaggafa ce mai matsakaici wanda ke ciyawa a wuraren da aka dasa katako, galibi akan filayen da kuma kusa da wuraren ciyawa, gami da ciyawa, ciyawar peat da fadama. A cikin lokacin kiwo, an shimfida shi daga Gabashin Turai zuwa China, kuma mafi yawan al'umman Turai suna da karancin yawa (kasa da nau'i-nau'i 1000), ana rarrabawa a Rasha da Belarus.
Haraji
Erarancin da aka hango mikiya a baya ya shiga cikin jinsuna ɗaya tare da babban juhurma. A waje, yana da matukar wahala a rarrabe su, kodayake an dade da tabbatar da cewa sun bambanta tsuntsaye. Dukansu suna cikin dangin gaggafa da dangin shaho. Babban gaggafa mai tsayi ya fi “dangi”; suna da wuraren kiwo daban-daban, muhalli, da halayya. Ana samun bambance-bambance tsakanin tsuntsaye ko da a cikin lambar DNA.
Kakanninsu na yau da kullun suna zaune ne a yankin Afganistan na zamani. Kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka shude, suka rarrabu zuwa yamma (rago mafi karanci) da rassa na gabas (mafi girma gaggafa). A yau, jikunansu suna shiga cikin arewa ne kawai a cikin Hindustan da kuma Gabashin Turai. Mai alaƙa da ƙaramar gaggafa ma turɓayar ƙasa ce ta Islama da kuma gaggafa.
Bayanin Mikiya potasa da .asa
Hannunnun gaggafa mikiya ce babba. Jikinsa ya kai santimita 60 a tsayinsa, kuma fikafikan namu ya kai mita 1.4-1.6. Mata suna da girma fiye da maza, amma launinsu baya bambanta. Matan sun yi nauyi zuwa kilo 3, maza kuma sun kai kilogiram 2. Gashin tsuntsu gajere ne kuma zagaye, shugaban kanana ne. Gefen baki a ƙarshen baki ne, rawaya a gindi, mai iko ne da karɓi, kamar kowane dangi.
Tsuntsu yana da haske launin shuɗi mai haske, wani lokacin ma ocher. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ya fi wuta girma fiye da babban gaggafa. A gindin wutsiya akwai layin fari, a cikin wasu tsuntsayen ba ya nan. Extremeawarin fuka-fukai na wutsiya da fikafikai duhu ne ko baƙi. Matasa suna da alamun shuɗi da fari a launuka, kuma akwai wuri mai haske a bangon kai.
Jirgin ƙaramin ƙasa mikakke ya yi laushi; an maye gurbin fikafikon tsari. Sau da yawa yakan zagaya ko'ina a cikin filin neman abinci. Tsakanin bishiyoyi da sauran cikas na halitta, jirgin yana da sauri da sauri.
Habitat
Ana samun tsuntsayen da ke gani a cikin Asiya andarama da Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai. Winll kwari zuwa Afirka. A can, kewayonta ya fara ne daga Sudan kuma ya ƙare da Namibia, Botswana da gabashin Afirka ta Kudu.
A cikin Rasha, tana zaune a yankin kusa da Novgorod da St. Petersburg, ɗayan yankuna na Moscow da Tula, da kuma iyakar Terbarwa. A cikin Ukraine, ana samun tsuntsu a yankuna na yamma da arewa maso yamma. Umo da aka gani yana zaune a Indiya, Balkans, Turkiya, Hungary, Romania da Macedonia.
Tana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka mai gauraye ko muni kusa da wuraren budewa, kwarin kogi. Tana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka na daji kusa da ƙasar noma, da kuma wuraren da gandun daji suke amfani da ciyayi. A cikin Carpathians da Balkans yana iya tsayawa a tsaunuka a tsawan tsawan zuwa 1800, a wasu yanayi - har zuwa mita 2200.
A mafi yawan yankuna, tsuntsu yana da matsayin "kusa da yanayin barazanar" ko "nau'in halittu masu karancin iyaka mai iyaka". Babban dalilan da yasa tsuntsu zai iya zama jinsin dadadden dabbobin shine datsewar daji, wanda ke lalata wuraren da ake farawa. A cikin yankin ƙasa na Krasnodar, an riga an rarrabe mikiya a matsayin mai ƙarancin jinsin. A cikin Ukraine, ana kiyaye shi a cikin wuraren shakatawa na Carpathian, Polessky da Shatsky.
Lokacin fara haihuwa
Umo wanda yake jikin sa yana tashi zuwa wuraren farauta kusa da ƙarshen watan Afrilu, yanzu haka yana zuwa ƙarshen watan Mayu. Waɗannan waɗannan tsuntsayen mata masu aure ne kawai kuma za su zaɓi wa kansu kawai sau ɗaya. A lokacin yin kiwo, suna da'ira tare a cikin iska, maza ke ciyar da mace daga baki. Wani lokaci tsuntsu ɗaya ya kasance yana gudana a cikin tsayi kuma yana yin muryar sauti a kan gida, yayin da ɗayan ɓarukan da ke saman sa suna gudu daga nesa zuwa kilomita.
Ana sanya filayen tsuntsaye akan manyan rassan bishiyoyi, tabbatar da cewa wannan wuri za'a iya tashi dashi cikin sauki. A diamita, sun isa daga 50 zuwa 100 cm. Manya da igiyoyi da rassa suna aiki a matsayin abu, a ciki, a matsayin mai mulkin, ganye, ciyawa bushe da haushi ana liƙe. Mikiya suna amfani da gida ɗaya sau da yawa. Shekaru har ma da shekarun da suka gabata, suna iya tashi zuwa wani wuri da ke da ingantaccen tsari.
A lokacin farauta, tsuntsaye sun ayyana yankinsu a fili kuma suna ba da kariya sosai. Ba su yarda da alamun gaggafa ba kawai, har ma da sauran nau'in halittu. A kan hunturu, su, akasin haka, suna nuna halin salama kuma suna samun saukin sauƙi tare da sauran gaggafa.
A cikin tarin tsuntsayen akwai ƙwai biyu kawai, kuma ɗayan oftenan yakan zama wanda ke cutar da ɗayan. Tsawon kwanaki 45, iyaye a kan sanya mashin. Farin qwai da dige masu ruwan kasa. Ana ciyar da kaji na kimanin watanni biyu, bayan wannan sun bar "gidan". Suna balaga da jima'i ne kawai a shekaru 3-4. Gabaɗaya, ƙananan gaggafa masu saukar ungulu suna rayuwa shekaru 15-20.
A cikin Littafin Red of Russia
Yaduwar babban gaggafa da aka gani yana ko'ina yana raguwa, kuma yana ɓacewa daga mazaunan mazauna da yawa. Popuungiyoyin biyu na wannan nau'in suna ƙarƙashin kariya a Rasha: Turai da Gabashin Gabas. Dukansu an haɗa su a cikin Littafin Red na Rasha tare da matsayi na kariya na biyu. Daga cikin manyan abubuwanda ke iyakancewa, yakamata mutum ya ambaci faduwar bishiyun da suka dace da ciyawar maza, magudanar fadama kwari, dasa ciyawar makiyaya, da damuwar dan adam.
Eagarancin Abun Gano
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Wannan wakilin tare da tsawon jiki a cikin kewayon daga 55 zuwa 65 santimita. Yawan nauyin jiki daga kilo 1.5 zuwa 2. Launin rushewar launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa ne. Yaran dabbobi suna da sifofi masu kyau a bayanansu.
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Mazaunin kananan gaggafa masu saukar ungulu ya watsu zuwa yankuna biyu: yamma da gabas. A yamma, ana iya samo su daga Elbe da Hungary zuwa St. Petersburg, Novgorod da yankuna. A gabashin yankin suna cikin Hindustan.
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Baƙon Indiya da aka gani
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Separateungiyar ta daban ta mamaye gandun daji na Indiya, Bangladesh, Cambodia da Nepal. Tsawon jikin wannan nau'in shine santimita 65. Halittar jiki yana da fara'a: kai babba ne, fuka-fukan suna da fadi da kuma gajeru. Abubuwan da aka hango idodi masu launin ruwan kasa.
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Abinci mai gina jiki
Tunda tsuntsayen da aka hango gaba ɗaya tsuntsaye ne na ganima, abincinsu ya ƙunshi ƙananan tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Yawancin lokaci suna farautar beraye, masu hoto, zomaye, hares, frogs da quails. An bambanta Eagles ta kyawun kwarewar farautarsu. Su na da matukar zaɓa kuma ba za su taɓa cin abinci ba. Wadannan tsuntsayen sune 'yan kaɗan waɗanda suke jin girma a cikin ruwa.
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Wakilan manyan idduna masu hazaka suna iya farautar babban wasa, alal misali, turkey, kaji da kuma baƙar fata. Amma ƙananan gidajen rani ana ziyarta ne a cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
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Kiwo
Yawan nau'in gaggafa-fari masu tsuntsayen aure da tsuntsayen zamantakewa. Suna samar da nau'i mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Suna amfani da gida na shaho ko iska, kuma suna iya gina nasu. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, yi amfani da gida ɗaya don koyaushe.
Lokacin fara'a yana farawa a cikin Maris. Wannan lokacin yana farawa da sabuntar aiki na gida don ƙwanƙwasa sabon zuriya. Matan sun kwanciya tun farkon watan Mayu. Mafi sau da yawa, kwai ɗaya yana cikin kama. A cikin lokuta masu wuya, adadin zai iya zuwa uku. Mace ce ke da alhakin shiryawa, a wannan lokacin namiji yana matukar neman abin da zai ci duka biyu. Lokacin shiryawa yana tsawan kwanaki 40. Tabasassun gaggafa suna tare da mahaifiyarsu. A shekaru bakwai bakwai fara fara tashi, sannan farauta.
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Babban Gizon Chick Eagle Chick
Abokan gaba a cikin daji
Leswayoyin suna da saurin kamuwa da farauta ta wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa. A tsakanin tsuntsaye, kuliyoyi ne kawai kan iya isa zuwa a hurrar ugo. Mafi yawan lokuta, nau'ikan manyan gaggafa sune manyan tsuntsayen abincinsu.
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Yawan nau'in gaggafa da basu gani ba suna da barazanar yanayi kamar haka. Mutane suna cutar da su da yawa. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon aiki mai narkewa na abubuwa masu cutarwa irin su azodrine, da kuma kwari iri daban-daban. Yawancin kananan gaggafa masu saukar ungulu suna mutuwa sakamakon cin dabbobi masu guba. Farauta ta haramtacciyar hanya kuma yana shafar lambobin waɗannan tsuntsayen.Wani muhimmin dalilin da ke haifar da karuwar mace-mace a tsakanin wadannan tsuntsaye shine cin naman mutane. Idan akwai qwai biyu da uku a cikin gida, kukan da aka zana na farko na iya kashe wasu. A saboda wannan dalili, yawancin kaji guda ɗaya ne ke rayuwa.
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Halaye da kuma mazaunin turɓayar da take gani
Wani fasali na wadannan kyawawan mutane maza na hayaniya a sararin sama shine rarrabuwarsu kashi biyu:
Bambanci tsakanin jinsuna girman girman tsuntsaye ne. Babban fatsi gaggafa ya kai fuka-fukai na 170-190 cm, yayi nauyi daga kilogiram 2 zuwa 4, kuma yayi girma zuwa tsawon 65-75 cm. Yawan launukan gashinan, yawanci duhu ne, tare da kunshi haske. Amma wani lokacin akwai tsuntsaye masu haske, wanda yake da wuya matuƙar wuya.
Farar fata, yashi ko tabarau mai launi na fuka-fukin fuka-fuka, manyan umo a wasu al'adu an ɗauke su masu alfarma ne, suna kawo nufin alloli. A ƙarshen zamanin tsakiyar Turai an ɗauke shi babbar daraja a sami irin wannan tsuntsu kamar tsuntsu mai daraja, tafiya farauta tare da shi yana ba da cikakkiyar nasara tare da jaddada matsayin da dukiya.
A cikin hoto, babban gaggafa mikiya
Sarkin Prussia Friedrich, wanda ya yi gwagwarmaya tare da kowa, ciki har da Rasha, yana da irin wannan turɓayar ƙasa mai laushi. Eagarancin Abun Gano Babban kwafi ne, fuka-fuki a yayin walƙiya ya kai 100-130 cm, irin wannan “ƙaramin” tsuntsu mai nauyin kilogram daya da rabi zuwa kilo biyu, tsayin jikinsa ya kai 55-65 cm.
Wadannan tsuntsayen tsoffin abokai ne na Don Cossacks. Ko da a ƙarni na ƙarshe, yana yiwuwa a kalli sararin sama sama da Don, kuma kar a lura gaggafa tana tashi a ciki. Hakanan, wannan nau'in tsuntsayen da suka farauto sun kewaye Volga, da kan Neva, da kuma kan gandun daji kusa da Moscow. Kusan a kan duk yankin Turai na Rasha kuma ba kawai ba.
Dangane da bayanin rubutattun bayanai na tarihi, ƙaramar gaggafa ne dake haɗe da Vladislav Tepes da Malyutu Skuratov. An gabatar da irin wannan tsuntsu a matsayin kyauta ga Otrepiev a wurin bikin aure bayan bikin aurensa tare da Misis Mnishek, amma eraramin da aka hango gaggafa mallakar Darya ce Dmitry ko, har yanzu, ba a san wanda ya fi girma ba.
A cikin hoto, erarancin da aka hango tsuntsayen gaggafa
Mazaunin waɗannan kyawawan tsuntsayen kyawawan tsuntsaye suna da faɗi sosai. Kuna iya saduwa da su, farawa daga Finland kuma ku ƙare tare da latitude na Tekun Azov. Eagles kuma suna zaune a China da kuma wasu yan Mongolia.
A cikin Mongolia, an daɗaɗa su sosai kuma ana amfani da su don farauta da kuma kare yurts daga karnukan kyarketai. A kasar Sin, mikiya ce mikiya ce a cikin tatsuniyoyi da yawa, kuma tatsuniyoyi sun danganta wadannan tsuntsayen da shiga cikin farauta da dawakai da kuma taimakawa wajen sa ido a kan hasumiyar Tumbin Sinawa.
Ungulu masu rarrafe, suna tashi zuwa Indiya, Afirka, kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya - Pakistan, Iraq da Iran, zuwa kudu na Tsakiyar Indochina. Baya ga ƙaura, kama da kowane nau'in waɗannan tsuntsayen, a Indiya akwai wani nau'in nau'in waɗannan tsuntsayen - india da aka hango mikiya.
Shi karami ne fiye da “danginsa”, yana da kafafu masu karfi, jiki mai fadi kuma ya fi son farauta kwaya, macizai da sauran tsuntsayen. Wingspan da wuya ya wuce 90 cm, kuma tsawon jikin - cm 60. Duk da haka, “Baƙin Indiyan” yana da nauyi - daga 2 zuwa 3 kg.
Kamar dai yadda ake saƙa ne kuma, bisa ga bayanan Biritaniya ɗin, waɗanda suka yi nazarin yanayi da yadda rayuwar Indiya ta kasance yayin mulkin mallaka, a waccan lokacin babu Raja, Vizier, ko kawai wani attajiri da ba shi da sihiri mai tururi yana maye gurbin mongooses a cikin manyan gidajen sarauta. galibi suna zaune ne tsakanin Indiyawan masu matsakaitan ƙasashe da wadata.
Da yake Magana game da mazaunin gaggafa, haƙiƙa ya kamata a lura cewa ba sa rayuwa a cikin ciyayi, saboda suna gida ne akan bishiyoyi masu tsayi. Sabili da haka, a cikin steppe ana iya gani kawai kusa da koguna, inda akwai yanayi don nesting. A cikin mafi yawan latitude na arewa, tsuntsaye suna zaɓan gefunan daji kusa da makiyaya da filaye. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar Eagles ba ta yi watsi da farauta ba daga kan ruwa.
Koyaya, akwai alamu da yawa na mafarauta da mafarauta cewa ana iya ganin gaggafa yana tafiya a hankali yana tafiya akan hanyoyi, amma ba'a san yadda gaskiyar wannan tabbacin yake ba.
Halin hali da salon rayuwar gaggafa
Podorlik – tsuntsu musamman zamantakewa da dangi, yayin da sosai m. An kafa wata ma'aura don rayuwa, kamar gida. Tsuntsayen iyali suna iya gina shi da kansu, ko kuma zasu iya mamaye gidan babu komai na ɗakuna, ko sharar tsuntsaye ko sauran manyan tsuntsayen. A kowane hali, daga shekara zuwa shekara za su sake dawowa wannan mazaunin a koyaushe suna inganta shi, gyarawa da dumama shi.
Don tsuntsayen su shirya sabon wurin zama tare da gina wasu “gidaje” wa kansu, wani abu daga cikin talakawa ya kamata ya faru, alal misali, guguwa na iya tashi, ko kuma wani mutumin da ke ɓoye.
Ya lalatar da mutane ne, sanya hanyoyi, fadada birane, sanya layin wutar lantarki - shi ya sanya tsuntsayen suka buge shafukan. Littafin jan, da babban haɓaka Yana kan gab da hallakarwa. Mikiya, bawai tsuntsaye masu hankali ba, suma mayaudara ne, sun iya fahimtar sabbin yanayi da kuma dacewa da su.
Wannan na nuni ne ta hanyar cewa, in zai yiwu, ba don neman abinci ba, alal misali, lokacin da farauta kusa da wani yanki na filayen filaye ko kuma filayen filaye, tururuwa da aka gani bazai yi tsawan tsayin sa na mita dubu ba, amma harin daga wuri, daga bakin ruwa.
Halin tsuntsu yana da kwanciyar hankali, halin yana da nutsuwa, kuma hankali yana da kaifi da kuma son sani. Wadannan halaye ne yasa suka sami damar horar da wadannan tsuntsayen. LABARI hanawa da kirahange gaggafa rubuce sosai a tsakiyar karni na 19 a cikin almanacs na yau da kullun "Yanayi da Farauta" da "Kayan farauta."
Hakanan, wannan tsari, wanda ake kira jagora, yanzu yana horo, amma da gaske shine jan tsuntsu don farauta, ta hanyar kwatancen tare da kare, an yi bayanin shi dalla-dalla a cikin littafin S. Levshin, "Littatta don Mafara," wanda aka buga a 1813 kuma aka sake buga shi har zuwa shekarun 1950s karni, kuma a cikin rubuce-rubucen S. Aksakov, a cikin sashi mai taken - "farauta tare da fatara don ƙuguwa", wanda aka buga a 1886.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, babu abin da ya canza, sai wannan kawai Bashkirs da Mongol suna amfani da waɗannan tsuntsayen don farauta a yau. Amma batun saƙar gaggafa, gaggafa ɗaya kawai take ciki.
Abokin ɗan adam na nan gaba ya kamata ya kasance saurayi, wanda ya riga ya iya tashi ya ciyar da kansa, amma ba zai taɓa tashi tare da garken zuwa gidan hunturu ba kuma yana da biyu. Akwai labarai da suka karɓi tsuntsayen da suka ji rauni, kuma bayan sun murmure, gaggafa ba ta tashi ba.
Wannan mai yiwuwa ne, amma idan har ba a maido da halayen jirgin sama cikakke ba, kuma tsuntsu ya ji hakan, da sanin cikakke cewa a cikin yanayi ba za ta iya rayuwa ba koda kuwa tururin da aka taɓa gani yake. Tabbas tsuntsu dangi zai koma inda yake, a farkon damar.