Keklik - Garken tsuntsaye, wanda yake tuno da al'adunsa na samari masu son aiki, masu aiki da hankali. Aƙalla wannan shine yadda yawancin matafiya da mafarauta suke magana game da wannan nau'in tsuntsaye. A cikin wannan labarin, zaku iya samun masaniya da kwatancen kwandunan, hanyar rayuwarsu, gano cikakkun bayanai game da farauta da ɗaurin waɗannan tsuntsayen.

Tsuntsu Keklik - wasa mafi so ga mafarauta. Duk da shahara tsakanin mafarauta, wannan nau'in kayan marmari ya bazu sosai a yankuna da ba a san inda duniya take ba. Yawancin masu hasashen ba su daina ba da abincin rana ba, galibi sanyi da rashin abinci sun same su. Koyaya, kofinan ya sha kan duk wata wahala.

Bayanin da fasali

Jakar dutse ko mullet ƙaramin tsuntsu ne in an kwatanta shi da takwarorinsa masu tsufa. Tsawon jiki ba ya wuce 40cm, nauyi ba kasafai ya kai 900g, a mafi yawan lokuta ya bambanta a yankin rabin kilogram. Wingspan kimanin rabin mita.

Muryar Keklik Ana iya jin safiya da safe, lokacin da maza suka shirya "kiran yi". Idan ana jin sautin, yakan yi kama da fuskar ke-ke-face. Ana kiranta jigon dutse don kamanninsa ga tsuntsu da wurin zama dashi.

Ilasa da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire sun ƙayyade launi na jinsin. Yawancin gashin fuka-fukai na chamomile a cikin inuwar yashi daban-daban. Grey yana haifar da inuwa. Ruwan hoda da shudi mai haske shugabar tsarmar dushewa. Shugaban ya fi canza launi fiye da jiki: cheeks na rawaya da makogwaro, an lasafta shi da layin baki mai ba da haske, gashin fuka-fukan orange a kusa da kunnuwa.

Wani digo na giya yana qawata gaban ta baya. Ja zobba yana hada idanu. An kwantar da ciki na Keklik a cikin ocher mai haske, an hada fuka-fukan launin shuɗi a cikin wutsiya, amma ana iya ganin su yayin tashin. Maza suna da yaji a ƙafafunsu. Keklik a cikin hoto Yayi kyau da kyau. Ya dace da yanayin farko na tsaunin dutsen tare da gashin fuka-fukai masu haske.

Kankin Asiya

Tsubin Asiya shine mafi yawan nau'in tsuntsayen tsuntsaye. Mafi yawan lokuta, bayanin shi ne wanda ake amfani dashi azaman gargaji don dukkan nau'ikan, kuma ana kiran shi ƙan sha. Asiatic Keklik yana da yanki mafi girma: daga Caucasus zuwa Pamirs. Wannan hujja tana tantance shahararrun tsuntsaye dangane da zaman talala.

Inda yake zama

Dangane da tsarin jikin, sashin dutse na Asiya yana kama da launin toka mai launin toka, yafi girma girma.

Keklik yana zaune a cikin dutsen a kudu da ƙasar, tun daga Caucasus kansa har zuwa Tuva da Altai. An samo tsuntsu a cikin vivo a Tsakiyar Asiya, Transcaucasia, Gabashin Kazakhstan, Altai Territory da Tuva mai cin gashin kansu na Soviet. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje game da ɗaukar nauyinta da nasarar yin kiwo a yankuna na Transcarpathian da Crimean. Keklik na zaune a gabar teku ta Balkan, a Tsakiya da Kudu maso Yammacin Asia, kazalika a Arewacin China.

Ana iya samun irin waɗannan tsuntsayen a cikin gorges na wuraren tsaunuka, a kasan wacce akwai koguna. Yayin fara kwanakin rani mai zafi, tsuntsayen suna hawa kusa da layin dusar ƙanƙara. Idan cikin tsaunuka akwai dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa da ke faɗuwa, keklik ya zaɓi ya yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasa zuwa inda yake ƙasa. A cikin Tien Shan, tana zaune a tsawan sama da kusan 2500 m, kuma a cikin Caucasus ɗin ta hau kan tsauni - tsawan mita 3000. Amma mafi yawan yawan tsuntsayen suna zaune a wuraren da suke da amfanin gona na hamada.

Menene kamarsa

Tsubin Asiya yana da launin fuka-fukin furen fulawa fiye da launin toka. Yana da launin toka ash, yana da launuka mai haske-ruwan hoda. Tsuntsu yana da tsiri mai duhu daga goshi zuwa kunne, wanda a wuyansa ya zama rabin zobe. Goshin kansa ana zanen launin baki. Ana san tsuntsu da wani irin abu mai launin zoben dake zaune a yankin ido. A tarnaƙi zaka ga alamun duhu mai canzawa, ana bambanta ciki da launi ja. Keklik yana da cikakke na launin jan launi, ƙaramin baki. Maza suna da haɓaka mai kyau sosai, wanda ba za a faɗi game da mace ba. Tsawon jikin wannan nau'in muffins da aka fi sani shine 35 cm, yawanci yana nauyi daga 350 zuwa 800 gram kuma yana da fuka-fuki a cikin kewayon 47 - 52 cm.

Baya ga Asiatic Keklik, an san sauran nau'in, alal misali, Turai. Tsawon jikinsa daidai yake da na nau'in Asiya. Kiba ta Turai tana da faɗin jiki na 50 cm zuwa 55. A cikin irin wannan tsuntsu, ana yin zane a saman jikin da kirji a wani launi mai launin shuɗi. Chamomile na Turai yana da farin makogwaro tare da fararen baƙi wanda yake zaune a kai. Turai Keklik tana da halayyar bangarorin launuka masu launin fari, launin toka, launin ruwan hoda da launuka masu launin fata, waɗanda ke yaduwa da canzawa. Keklik na Turai ya sami dabi'un idanu masu launin ja, launin baki da kuma inuwa ɗaya na kafa.

Jumlar ja ta yi kama sosai da yanayin Turai - wani nau'in mullet, kalar Barbary. Larabci Keklik na gani shine abin tunawa da Asiya.

Kiwo

A farkon bazara, tsuntsayen Asiya, irin kiwo wanda ake aiwatar da nasu gonakin, nau'i biyu a cikin bazara. Maza galibi suna shirya gwagwarmaya don mace mai ƙauna. A cikin lokacin mating, namiji, tare da babbar kukan da gajere, suna ƙoƙari don jawo hankalin mace. Shi da ita suka gina gida. Wani lokaci tsuntsaye sukanyi tarayya a rukuni ɗaya, inda akwai mata da yawa.

Irin wannan tsuntsu lays ba fiye da qwai 16 tare da yumbu fari-farin harsashi launi tare da wajabta gaban launin ruwan kasa aibobi. Wani masanin halitta ya sami ɓarna a wasu ɓangarorin juzu'in dutse wanda a ciki yakai guda 24. Lokacin shiryawa shine makonni 3.

Bayan kawai ya sami damar bushewa bayan an haife shi, ƙananan muffins sun fara neman abinci - kwari, larvae, slugs. Thewararrun dabbobin ƙaramin suna da launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi, kodayake lokacin da suka kai watanni 3 da haihuwa, sun kama kan mutane manya. A lokacin da ya kai watanni 4, Kekliks yana fuskantar matsalar rashin jima'i, kuma daga wannan lokacin yana iya bambancewa tsakanin maza da mata. Lokacin da watannin kaka ke zuwa, kajin sukan zama garken da damuna da lokacin hunturu ke zama. Da safe da maraice, tsuntsayen sukan samu abincinsu, sai su yi ta birgima a tsaunuka - ana jin kururwar “ke-ke-lek”. Sun zama dalilin sunan tsuntsu. Yawan matan da suka manyanta sune 370 - 500 grams, da maza - 500 - 630.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Abincin Asiya na dutse, na kiwo wanda yawancin manoma ke kiwon kaji ke aiwatar da shi, yana cin abincin tsiro. Tana son cin berriesa berriesan itace da fruitsa fruitsan itace, ganye, hatsi, ganye. Asiatic Keklik kuma yana samar da kwararan fitila da yawa daga ƙasa. Wani sashi mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin yau da kullun na tsuntsaye ya ƙunshi kwari da sauran abincin dabbobi - kamar gwoza, katako, gizogizo.

Lokacin hunturu lokaci ne mai wuya ga tsuntsaye, tunda murfin dusar ƙanƙara yana sa motsi yayi wahala kuma abinci bai isa ba. Sabili da haka, ƙoƙon kifin yana tashi a wannan lokacin zuwa ramin kudu, inda babu ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara, sannan ya gangara zuwa filayen. Lokacin da lokacin dusar kankara ta faru, adadi mai yawa na tsuntsaye suna mutuwa saboda rashin abinci.

A cikin hanyar rayuwa, duk nau'ikan ƙaraman ƙoƙo daidai suke. Da safe suna ta kira, sai a je neman abinci da ruwa. Da farko zafin rana ya fi son yin iyo a cikin yashi ya shakata. Da yamma, sun sake tashi don neman abinci kuma su tafi ruwa. Idan akwai haɗari, sai su fara gudu da sauri, daga baya su kawar da ƙasa sama da ƙasa suna tafiya a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban.

Ana yin irin wadancan dabbobi a gida domin samun naman kyawawan inganci. Kiwo tsuntsaye a gida yana faruwa a cikin yanayin salula ko aviary. Abincin yau da kullun na tsuntsaye ya ƙunshi kwari, abinci kore, abincin kaza.

Keklik Przewalski

Przewalski Keklik ana kiransa tsibirin dutsen Tibet. A zamanin yau ba abu ne mai sauki ka sadu da wani mai sha a Tibet ba. Babban mazaunin ta shi ne lafuzzan lardin Qinghai. Ba shi da wuya a rarrabe shi da Asiya Keklik na Asiya: yana ba da launuka na gashin fuka-fukan, babu tsinkayen baƙar fata a wuya.

Abincin Turawa a zahiri ba shi da bambanci da sauran nau'ikan gama gari. Don bambance bambancen tsuntsaye, dole ne ku yi zagi da yawa, bincika da hankali kuma ku saurari mutane. Bawai kawai plumage ke ba da bambancin su bane, kowane nau'in yana da yare.

Red jaka yana zaune a onasar Iberian. Ya sami sunan ta saboda dalili. An ƙaddara shi da launi na plumage. A shekara ta 1992, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta dakatar da hada cokalin Asiatic da kuma jan jigon kayan masarufi don adana fasalin na karshen a matsayin dukiyar kasa.

Kudancin Arabiya

Arab Keklik na rayuwa, kamar yadda sunan nau'in ya nuna, a yankin Larabawa. Sunan na biyu na wannan nau'in shine mullet mai launin baki. Ba mai haɗari bane. Mafi banbanci mafi banbanci daga sauran nau'ikan raunin dutse - baƙar fata da kambi

Habitat

Wadannan tsuntsayen ba za a danganta su da su ba. Ba sa tashi don hunturu, suna fifita wannan kewayon. Don haka, ana iya samo su a yankin daga shimfidar Alps da yankin Balkan zuwa China, da kuma Himalayas. Yawancin lokuta ana samun giya a cikin Altai, Caucasus da Asia ta Tsakiya. Tsuntsayen suna sauka a ƙasa, sun gwammace tsaunin dutse, hamada, gefun daji ko ramuka tare da ciyayi marasa tsayi da ciyawa.

Ba da nisa daga gida mai dutse mai hakoron dutse koyaushe zaka iya samun wasu nau'in kandami. Danshi mai ba da rai yana da matukar muhimmanci a gare su a lokacin zafi. Yawancin lokaci sukan tashi sama don shan ruwa. A cikin hunturu, lokacin da ruwa ke daskarewa, tsuntsayen kan sanya dusar ƙanƙara ko kankara.

Fitowar tsuntsu

A kwatankwacin sauran wakilan dangin muffins mai ban tsoro - karamin tsuntsu. Yawan nauyin jigon dutse ya kai 300-800 g. Tsawon jikin tsuntsayen yana kan matsakaitan 35 cm, kuma fikafin nisansa ya kai 47-52 cm.

An bambanta dutsen tsakaninta da danginsa ta hanyar launi na asali. Launin gashin fuka-fukai shine inuwa mai launin toka mai launin shuɗi tare da alamun haske. Goshi, da nisan daga sashen gaban kai zuwa kunne, ana fenti baki. A bangarorin akwai raunin madaukai na sautin duhu, amma don yankin na ciki, sautin launin fata zai zama mai halayyar. A ƙarƙashin idanun, waɗanda suke baƙi, akwai launuka masu haske na launin shuɗi. A cikin girma, mace sau da yawa sunfi maza. Wata alama da ke nuna fifiko ta jinsi ita ce kasancewar ciyar da tagwayen maza.

Iri Cupcakes

A cikin yanayin, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan shinge na dutse guda 7, wanda Asiatic chamois ke da matsakaicin iyaka. Wannan jigon ne wanda aka tsare a cikin bauta a cikin Caucasus, Western Asia da Tajikistan.

1. Yankin dutsen da ke jikin Asiya ya shimfida daga Caucasus zuwa Pamirs, saboda haka akwai yuwuwar a sami damar samin chan Asiya don ci gaba da zama a cikin gidan.
2. A cikin jihar Tibet, yankin Asiatic Keg yana da dangantaka da mazaunin tsaunin Przewalski ko Tibet.
3. A yamma, mazaunin Asiatic Keblik kan iyakokin Turai, wanda ya bazu ko'ina cikin Kudancin Turai, ban da kudu-maso-yammacin Faransa da kuma Iberian Peninsula. Dukkan nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri uku suna da alaƙa da juna.
4. Nau'in nau'in dutse na dutse na zaune a cikin Yankin Iberian: jan jakar. Ya riga ya banbanta da sauran ukun a launi na alkalami.
5. Ta hanyar Strait of Gibraltar a arewa maso yammacin Afirka, zaku iya samun barbary dutse na kayan ruwa. Wannan nau'in ma yana da wuyar rikitar da wasu.
6. Shekarun sauran nau'in muffins biyu suna iyaka da juna, amma an yanke shi daga sauran hamada biyar na larabawa. Waɗannan nau'ikan biyu suna zaune ne a kudu maso yammacin ƙasashen Larabawa. Arab keɓaɓɓe yana da kama da launuka iri-iri da tutocin Turai da Asiya, amma kuncin baƙar fata ba zai yi kuskure ba.
7. Keklik mai launin baki - baƙar fata da kuma rashin “kibiya” a idanunmu ba zasu ba mu damar rikitar da wannan ra'ayin tare da wani ba.

Rayuwa

Yana zaune cikin ƙaƙƙarfan yanayin ƙasar, ƙauyukan hamada da hamada. A lokaci guda, yana da filastik lokacin zabar wuraren zama. Daga cikinsu akwai tsaunin tsaunuka da tsaunukan ciyawa tare da ciyayi mai ban sha'awa da ciyayi, filayen noma, tsaunin tudu da sauransu, galibi a tsauni daga 500 zuwa 2,000 mita sama da matakin teku. Ba kamar Ular ba, yakan tashi zuwa wani wurin shayarwa ko kuma yana tafiya dashi a ƙafa, a cikin hunturu tana cin dusar ƙanƙara.

A cikin dusar ƙanƙara da zurfin dusar ƙanƙara, ya kan makale, ya zama mai sauƙin karnuka Yana ciyar da mafi yawan shekara a fakitoci, kawai ana ajiye shi a nau'i-nau'i yayin lokacin kiwo. Lokacin da ma'aurata ke ciki, namiji yakan matso kusa da mace da da'ira kewaye da ita tare da sunkuyar da kai da fikafikansu suna taɓa ƙasa.

Gida, wanda karamin rami ne wanda aka lika shi da ciyawa bushe da fuka-fukan, yana cikin ciyawa, a gindin daji, a karkashin kwarin dutse ko dutse, yawanci a wuraren bude kofunan kudu. Ma'aurata maza suna da mace ɗaya kaɗai kuma suna ɗaukar kariya daga wuraren farauta, wasu lokuta suna shiga cikin tatse masonry. Girma na kama daga 7 zuwa 20 qwai. Sanannen magunanne lokacinda namiji ya sanya mace ta farko, sannan mace ta biyu, sai a hada broods. Chican mutum ɗaya ana yin sa da kaji. A cikin shekarar, yana haihuwar zuriya sau ɗaya. Abincin yana tattarawa a ƙasa.

Tsaro

Tsawon lokaci an sami raguwar adadin mullet na Turai: ga alama cewa tun farkon shekarun 1950 a cikin Alps, wannan mummunan halin ya yadu daga gabas zuwa yamma. Akwai dalilai da yawa game da hakan: rage ƙasar da aka noma, sakaci da ciyawar makiyaya da manyan wuraren kiwo, ƙarancin garkunan dabbobi, cututtukan annoba, poula. A wani lokaci, an yi ƙoƙari don haɓaka wannan nau'in don dalilai na kasuwanci, wanda aka yi amfani da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da tsabtar jinsi da kuma wani nau'in mullet (Alectoris chukar) (a wasu lokuta ana ɗaukar su ƙananan rauni), wanda ya haifar da kawai lalacewar yanayin.

Daga ra'ayi na masanin ilimin halitta, jigon dutse shine kaza. Gaskiya ne, kaza tare da halin mara hankali. Saboda haka, ana iya ciyar da ƙoƙon a cikin daidai yadda kaji talakawa, amma ba za a iya kiyaye su tare da sauran tsuntsaye ba. Lokacin da aka kiyaye su da quails, juzu'ai za su doke kwalliya, kuma idan aka kiyaye su da kaji, kaji za su fara bin ƙoƙar, tunda kaji sun fi yawa yawa. Kari akan haka, kaji ba su banbanta da rashin jituwa ga abokin gaba mai rauni.

Duk da cewa ba sanannan kayan abinci bane a Rasha, duk da haka, akwai wadatattun masoya na wadannan tsuntsayen duniya da zasu gudanar da aikin kiwo akan nau'in namun daji. A cikin kamun kai dauke da dutse ba kawai, har ma yashi. Bambancin launuka na wannan nau'in an riga an samo su. Wani lokaci wani maye gurbi na kwayoyin halitta da ke da alhakin launi yakan faru sannan kuma zaka iya samun farin barbashin.

Wani maye gurbi mai ba da launi mai launi (melanism) ba shi da yawa. Ciyarwa iri ɗaya ne da na kaji, amma yin la’akari da ƙara yawan buƙatar furotin. Za'a iya ba Keklik abinci gaurayawa don dillalai.

Lokacin da aka ajiye ta a cikin ɓoye a ƙarƙashin yanayi kusa da na halitta, jigon mace na iya yin sheke da zama. Lokacin da aka sa a cikin keji, barikin gado basa ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai, wanda a ciki ana amfani da injin ɗin don kiwo. Qwai na mace Keklik fara fara qwai daga watanni 4. Weightaƙar ƙwai ba ta wuce g 15. Partridge na iya sa ƙwai 40 zuwa 60 a kowace kakar.

Yin sarrafawa tare da walƙiya, zaku iya samun barbashi kwance kwan uku 3 cikin 48. A cikin tsuntsayen da suka girma a sel ba tare da tafiya ba, lokacin balaga ya faru a baya fiye da wanda suka girma kusa da yanayin halitta.

Shiryawa da kuma kiwon kaji kajin

Ana iya adana ƙwai na Keklik har zuwa makonni 3 kafin shiryawa, idan aka kiyaye cewa yawan zafin jiki a cikin shagon yana cikin kewayon 13 - 20 ° C kuma zafi shine 60%. Irin wannan ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo a lokaci guda zai bayyana qwai tare da microcracks kuma bai dace da shiryawa ba. Matsakaitan ƙwayoyin matsakaici ba tare da lahani bayyane a kan kwasfa ana zaɓa don shiryawa.

Yawan sanya kwayar Keklik tsawon kwanaki 23 - 25. A farko, ana kiyaye yawan zafin jiki a cikin incubator a 37.6 ° C a cikin zafin rana na 60%. Daga ranar 22, ana rage zafin jiki zuwa 36.5 ° C, kuma an ninka zafi zuwa 70%.

Kajin suna da hannu sosai, don haka bayan an kyankyashe su ana kama su kuma an sanya su cikin tsintsaye masu zazzabi daga 31 zuwa 35 ° C. Amma tare da zazzabi ya fi kyau a mai da hankali kan halayen kajin. Idan kajin huddle tare, suna da sanyi. Ko da kananan kofuna-matasa sun rikice sosai kuma cikin yanayi mai daɗi sun gwammace su rabu da juna. Idan kun haɗu, to, kuna buƙatar ƙara yawan zafin jiki a cikin maɓallin tsalle.

Matasan gadoji suna aiki sosai da sauri suka zama masu zaman kansu. Sakamakon rikici, ya zama dole a tsayar da kiyaye ka'idojin wuraren da suka wajaba ga kowane kuli. A wani yanki na 0.25 m², ba fiye da 10 sabon tsinke kajin za'a iya kiyaye su tare. Yakamata tsuntsaye su sami isasshen sarari domin idan rikici ya rasa mai zai tsere. Kodayake tare da isasshen yanki na tsare a cikin ɗakin za ku iya kasancewa tare har ma da kajin na shekaru daban-daban.

Ciyarwar abinci

A cikin yanayi, yara dabbobin suna ciyar da kwari, waɗanda suke da isa sosai don kama kansu. A cikin littattafan horarwa wadanda suka shafi tsarin noman dutse don samun matsuguni a filayen farauta, an ba da shawarar ciyar da kajin da ciyayi, kwari, kwari, tururuwa da sauran kwari. Idan akai la'akari da cewa kowane gidan da ake buƙata zai buƙaci aƙalla kwari 30 a rana, irin wannan nau'in abincin ba a yarda da shi ba yayin da ake kiwon muffins a farfajiyar gona.

Amma kuna buƙatar la'akari da karuwar buƙatun ƙananan ƙwayar matasa a cikin furotin na dabbobi. Sabili da haka, ana ba kajin farawa don karen dillali, suma suna da bukatar furotin mai yawa a lokacin girma. Kuna iya ƙara yankakken yankakken yankakken, cuku gida, jini da nama da ciwan ƙashi a cikin abincin.

Idan kana son kajin su yi hora, ana ciyar da su daga hannayensu. A wannan yanayin, ya fi dacewa don ba da kwari ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin matasa, tun da farko an cire sassan mai wuya (ƙafafun ciyawa, elytra na ƙwaro).

Yadda ake bambance namiji daga mace

Har zuwa watanni 4, ba shi yiwuwa a rarrabe tsakanin namiji Keklik da mace. A watanni 4, maza sun zama babba a fili, kuma tabo mai ruwan hoda ya bayyana akan metatarsus - wurin da gurnani ya fashe. A watanni 5, launin ya canza kadan. A cikin maza, bandungiyoyi 11 sun bayyana a tarnaƙi, cikin mace, 9-10.

Idan namiji yayi kama da mace sosai, yana buƙatar cire shi daga garken kiwo. Wannan tsuntsu ne wanda ba a sami ci gaba ba, ba zai iya ba da zuriya ba. Amma yana da tabbacin cewa zaku iya tantance jinsi na tsuntsu lokacin da maza suka fara ci gaba.

Gabaɗaya halaye da halayen filin

A cikin bayyanar yana kama da abin ɗanɗano launin toka, amma mafi girma. Launi mai launin shuɗi-saman, saman ƙananan sassan jikin mutum da kuma raɗaɗɗen ramuka a cikin bangarorin suna sa tsuntsun ya kusan ganuwa a ƙwanƙolin tsaunuka. Ya ciyar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa a fakitoci kuma ana ajiye shi a nau'i-nau'i kawai a lokacin kiwo. Limitedarancin gani a cikin ƙasa mai wahala yana sanya wahalar sadarwa tsakanin garken mutum da daidaikun mutane, sabili da haka sigina masu sauti sune tushen sadarwa, daga cikin mafi yawan halayen shine ke-ke-lek (saboda haka sunan onomatopoeic na jinsunan shine “kelik”). A lokacin bazara, cikin nau'i-nau'i, suna magana cikin sauti mai natsuwa, jin daɗin jin daɗi wanda za a iya ji daga nesa ba fiye da m 20. Inda akwai katako da yawa, ana iya jin sautinsu a duk rana. Sai kawai a lokacin haila kuma a farkon lokacin da aka haife su matasa ba su yi shuru ba.

Idan hatsari ya taso, da sauri su hau kan tudu ko kuma su gudu, a wasu halayen da suke ɓoye. Gudun tsuntsaye a sauƙaƙe shawo kan ƙanƙanunun duwatsu da sassan duwatsu. Yi gudu zuwa gangara ƙasa ba sau da yawa. Ana amfani da jirgin sama idan ya zama dole don hanzarta zuwa ƙarshen kwazazzabo ko tserewa daga haɗari kwatsam. Ana cirewa daga gangara, tsuntsun ya canza zuwa saurin yin saurin sauka. Takeoff yana farawa ne da sauyawa, wanda zai iya canzawa tare da tashi akan fikafikai marasa motsi. Matsakaicin nisan da Kekliks zai iya tashi daga saman dutsen shine kusan kilomita 2 (Popov, 1960).

Suna motsawa tare da wahala a cikin dusar ƙanƙara da zurfin dusar ƙanƙara kuma a cikin masu dusar ƙanƙara ta zama sauƙi ga masu farauta iri daban-daban. A wuraren da aka bi su, abubuwan ɓarnar suna da hankali, amma idan ba su damu ba, galibi suna rayuwa kusa da mutane.

Suna ciyarwa a ƙasa, suna cin abincin dabbobi da yawa kuma, a ƙarancin yanayi, dabbobi masu rarrabuwa. A lokuta da dama sosai, zasu iya ciyar da bishiyoyi. Hanyoyin cire abinci suna da bambanci. Gashinan sassan tsire-tsire da 'ya'yan itatuwa suna farawa da beak, sannan kuma su zo. Abubuwan da ke karkashin karkashin tsuntsayen tsuntsayen da ke cikin matattarar ƙasa na sama suna haɓaka ta hanyar juyawa daga hanyoyin. An cire ƙananan kwararan fitila da ke ƙasa cikin ƙasa gabaɗaya, yayin da manyan aka cire su a cikin sassan, buɗa tare da baki a cikin ƙasa, ramuka a tsaye 8-10 cm zurfi.

Babban mahimmancin rayuwar Kekliks shine wuraren shayarwa, wanda galibi suke amfani dashi a watannin Yuli da Satumba. Yawan lokutan ziyarar ya dogara da yanayin yanayi da lokacin shekara. A cikin bazara, lokacin da kore sassan tsire-tsire suka fi yawa a abinci, ba safai ake samun tsuntsaye kusa da ruwa ba, kuma a cikin hunturu basa yin ruwa, suna share dusar ƙanƙara.

Tsarin da girma

Fuka-fukan sun yi laushi, zagaye, wutsiya madaidaiciya tsawo, dan kadan zagaye. Maza sun bambanta da mace ta gaban guraben. Nunin hangen nesa na mullet 329 da aka girbe a kudu maso Kazakhstan, bugu da sexari da buɗe jima'i, ya nuna cewa cikin maza 191, ana samun maza da zina a cikin mutane 187 daidai (kashi 97.8%) kuma tsuntsaye 4 kawai waɗanda ke da balagaggu suna da mace. A lokaci guda, cikin mata 138, saboda rashi ba spurs, an shigar da kasan daidai a cikin tsuntsayen 125 (kashi 90.6%), kuma tsuntsaye 13 ba tare da spurs maza ba ne. A cikin mata masu balaga 56 na mata waɗanda aka yi nazari a wannan, an samo masu zuriya cikin 10, kuma a cikin 7 an samo su akan ɗayan paws ɗaya kawai.

Tsawon reshe na maza shine 152-175, mace 142-162 ne. Tsawon wutsiya a cikin maza da mata shine 80-90, metatarsals 43 47. A taro na maza ne 450-700, mace 360-55.

Miƙa

Wani chamomile bashi da kayan kwalliya na zamani. Tuni a cikin kajin kajin 2 na rana, kututturar ƙwararrun kayan farawa na 7 na farkon, ana iya ganinsu, kuma da shekara ɗaya wata tsintsiya ta ƙunshi kayayyaki 3 - ragowar abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa, haɓaka fuka-fukai da kuma fuka-fukan farko na wani balagaggu (wani kututture na 9 na farkon flyworm, wanda tuni ya shafi tsoho, ya bayyana tare). A rana ta 6 ta rayuwa, kaya masu nauyi na farkon farawa guda biyar na farko sun fara bayyana, 2-10 sakandare flywheels suna wakiltar tassels. A lokaci guda, tassels na gashin gashin jela, manya manyan matsakaitan juyi A cikin makonni 4 na farko, tashi, jela da gashin tsuntsu a wani bangare mai muhimmanci na jikin yayi girma sosai. A karshen mako na 4, kayan alkadarin sun sauka ne kawai a kai, ciki da kaura - nan da nan gashin jikin ya maye gurbinsu, yana wucewa da matakin juji na kananan yara.

A cikin tsuntsaye manya, wata bazara-kaka molt ne aka bayyana a sarari, da tsawon abin da yake 4-4.5 watanni. Lokacin sa ya dogara da shiga cikin shiryawa. An raba mutanen da basu shiga ciki ba ko kuma aka rasa masarar da aka hada su cikin garke kuma sun fara motsi. Tsuntsaye masu ƙyanƙyashe fara molt kawai 10-15 days bayan hatching. A kan tsakiyar tsakiyar ciki suna da babbar hanyar hemp, kuma bayan 'yan kwanaki sai suka bayyana a garesu na wuya, baya da kirji. A lokaci guda, tsintsar ƙaƙƙarfan kwandon shara da injin tuƙi a ciki. Canjin farko yana canzawa zuwa hanyar nesa daga 1st zuwa na 10. Oran ƙaramar flywheels sun fara canzawa bayan da farkon ƙahon tsarke na farko sun girma sosai. Ana lura da karkatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane a cikin motsin ƙananan fuka-fuka-fukan - canjin gashin fuka-fukai na iya farawa da kowane ɗayan huɗuba na farko na fari.

Don haka, a cikin mutane 19 daga Dzhungarskiy Alatau, an gano farkon canjin tsuntsayen sakandare daga 1 ko daga gashin tsuntsaye na 1 da na 2 a cikin mutane 2 (10.5%), daga na 2 ko daga na 2 da na 3 a cikin 6 (31.5%), daga 3rd ko 4 - a cikin mutane 3 (15.8%). A cikin tsuntsaye 8, gashin fuka-fukai sun riga sun girma sosai har ya yiwu ba a samar da tsarin canzawa ba. A cikin mutane 5 (26.4%), na 2, na 3 da na 4 sun yi daidai, kuma a cikin mutane 3 (15.8%) na 1, 2 da na 3 sune mafi tsawo. Shedding na ƙananan ƙanƙan fari na kwari yana faruwa ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Mafi sau da yawa yana farawa daga alkalami na 10, amma wani lokacin daga 9th kuma yana zuwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, a cikin kwatance 2 - distal da kusanci.

Lokaci na wasu jinkiri da zartar da gashin gashin kafaɗa an lura. Gabaɗaya, ƙarin ƙarin abubuwan da ba a san ainihinsu ba suna cikin molt na tsuntsaye manya. A cikin hunturu da bazara, akwai mutane waɗanda keɓen kututture da tassels dabam a cikin wuya da baya (Dementiev, 1952, Kartashev, 1952, Kuzmina, 1955). A cikin tsaunukan Chu-Ili, a cikin watan Fabrairu, daga cikin samfuran 50 da aka bincika, an rubuta molting a cikin 5, kuma a watan Afrilu a cikin tsuntsaye 28 daga 40 (70%), kuma yanayin wannan molting ba a bayyana shi ba (Kuzmina, 1955).

Abubuwan fasalin peculiar da mazauninsu

Keklik - tsuntsu karami idan aka kwatanta da sauran yan uwa. Yaro yayi nauyi daga 300 zuwa 800 g, tare da tsawon jikinsa yakai 35 cm da fikafikan nisan kusan 50 cm.

Kankin Asiya, nau'in kayan kwalliyar dutse wanda aka fi so, yana da kyawawan abubuwa masu kyau na sikelin-ocher. Daga tsakiyar jan baki mai kaifi a idanunsa ya zama wani bakon abu mai banbanci wanda ya rufe kusa da wuya, ya zama abun wuya. Umwan itace a cikin wannan zoben na fure yana da sauƙi fiye da ragowar plumage, launi na madara mai gasa.

Wings, wutsiya, ciki, baya - launin toka-m, wani lokacin tare da ɗan ƙaramin ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda. Gaban bangarorin giyar an zana su a cikin wani haske, kusan fararen launi, tare da rawanin launin duhu mai juyawa. An taƙaita ƙananan ƙananan idanu masu duhu a cikin ja mai haske - wannan ya cika kallon da ba zai iya jurewa ba kaya.

Hoton tsuntsu ne na Keklik ko kuma jigon dutse

Mata suna da matsakaicin girma kuma ba su da wata fargaba. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna da nau'ikan 26, waɗanda suka bambanta galibi a cikin mazauna da ɗan launi.

Kekliks rayuwa a tsakiyar Asiya, Altai, dutsen Caucasus, Balkans, Himalayas, da arewacin China. Haɓaka cubs fi son gangaren tsauni tare da ciyayi mara kwari, kuma zai iya tashi sosai - har zuwa 4500 m sama da matakin teku.

Halin hali da hanyar rayuwa

Kekliki yana yin rayuwa mai tsayi, a hankali yana motsa ko dai sama ko ƙasa akan gangara dangane da kakar. Kamar kaji, kayan gado basa son tashi da yawa, dukda cewa sun san yadda ake yin shi da kyau.

An bambanta ƙwan ƙoƙon kwalliya ta hanyar musayar fuka-fukan fuka-fukai da kuma gajeran lokaci na soaring, don haka tsuntsu na iya rufe nisan kusan mil 2. Ko da akwai wata matsala ta hanyar reshe ko dutse a hanyar Keklik, zai yi tsalle sama da shi, amma ba zai tashi ba.

Ba kasafai ake ganin Keklik yana tashi ba, ya gwammace ya gudu daga abokan gaba

Ganin hatsarin, kofinan yayi kokarin gudu, yawanci akan tsauni yake, to idan akwai gaggawa sai sun dauke. Aaukar keklik da ke tashi sama da ƙasa matsala ce mai wahala.

Abubuwan gado na dutse suna magana sosai. Muryar Keklik, a cikin wuraren da suke zaune, an ji su daga sanyin safiya, lokacin da tsuntsayen suke yin wani irin yi magana, suna magana da nau'insu.

Suna aiki da safe da maraice maraice, suna jiran zafin rana a cikin matsananciyar inuwa da shan ɗakunan shan yashi don kawar da cututtukan fata. Kekliki yakan kasance a kowane lokaci a farke, yana tafiya tare da rami mai zurfi a cikin neman abinci da kuma wurin yin shayarwa, yayin da yake yawan tattaunawa da danginsu cikin matsanancin hali na girgiza kai.

Kudin shiga haraji

Bambancin yanki na yanki ne na asibiti kuma ana nuna shi cikin bambance-bambancen launuka na launuka daban-daban na rukiyya kuma yana da ƙima a cikin girma. Daga cikin sanannun 15 da aka sani a cikin yankin USSR, 6 (Stepanyan, 1975) A. k. kurdestanica Meinertzhagen, 1923 an rarraba shi a kan Babban Caucasian Range, a Transcaucasia da Talysh. A. k. shestoperovi Sushkin, 1927, wacce take da launin launi fiye da wacce ta gabata, ana samun ta ne daga gabar gabashin tekun Caspian zuwa gabas zuwa gabas. Gyaz-Gedyk, arewa zuwa Tsarin Mangyshlak da kudu zuwa iyakar jihar na USSR. A. k. koroviakovi Zarudny, shekara ta 1914, ya bazu zuwa gabas na farkon zuwa wajan Kugitang da Baysunsky.

Omwararrun A.an ƙasa A. k. kakelik (Falk, 1786) (A. k. falki Hartert, 1917 - wani lafazi ne na tsarin zaɓin, - R.P.) yana zaune da tsarin Pamir-Alai (ban da na Kudancin Badakhshan) da Tien Shan. A. k. pallescens Hume, 1873, mai haske da mara nauyi, yana zaune a kudu da Badakhshan kudu na kwarin kogin. Vanc. A. k. dzungarica Sushkin, 1927 an rarraba shi a cikin Dzungarian Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur, Western da Kudancin Altai, Western Tannu-Ola. A cikin iyakokin, iyakar ta haɗu.

Rarraba

Yankunan rarraba Keklik yana da faɗi sosai - daga Balkan Peninsula, tsibiran Tekun Aegean, Crete da Asiya eastan gabas zuwa Altai da Arewacin China. Iyakar arewa tana biye da Manyan hanyoyin, tekun kudu na Bahar Maliya, gangaren arewa na Babban Kasuwar Hanci, Tsarin Mangyshlak, Kudancin Chink na Ustyurt. Kara-tau, tsaunin arewa na tsaunin Tien Shan da Chu-Ili, Dzungarian Alatau, Tarbagatay, Saur, Kudancin Altai, Yammacin Tannu-Ola, Hangai, tudu. Hurhu. Yankin kudu ya ratsa yankin kudu maso gabas na yankin Balkan Peninsula, Asiya orarama, kudu maso gabas, gabas ta Iran, Pakistan, arewacin Indiya, da kuma sassan arewa maso yamma na lardunan China - Sichuan da Shanxi.

Hoto na 12. Rakarin Chamomile

A cikin USSR, ana rarraba chamomile tare da Babban Caucasus Range, a Transcaucasia (ciki har da Talysh), a yamma da tsakiyar Kopetdag, Bolshoi Balkhany, yammacin Uzboy, a kan hanyar Ustyurt, a kan Mangyshlak Peninsula, a kan Tudun sama kuma, mai yiwuwa, tare da tsaunin manyan kanun Kogunan Tedjen da Murghab. Yana zaune a cikin tsaunuka na tsaunin Kyzylkum (Aristanbeltau, Kuygentau, Aktau, Tohtatau), tsaunin Khoja Baba, Baysuntau. Yana zaune a tsaunukan Pamir-Alai (banda tsaunin Pamir, duba: Potapov, 1966), tsarin Tien Shan, tsaunukan Chu-Ili, Dzungarian Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur, Yammaci da Kudancin Altai, Yammacin Tannu-Ola.

Hoto na 13. Keklik ya bazu a cikin USSR
1 - Alectoris kakelik caucasica, 2 - A. k. laptevi, 3 - A. k. shestoperovi, 4 - A. k. kakelik, 5 - A. k. pallescens, 6 - A. k. dzungarica. (Alamar tambaya ce tabbatacciyar shaidar gano.)

Ba a fahimci iyakar arewa da arewa maso gabas ba. Akwai abubuwan da suka faru game da wannan nau'in a yammacin gabar Tekun Aral a kudu da Keratamak (tarin tarin Burachek wanda aka ƙaddamar da 21 IV 1924, col. ZIN na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR) da kuma cikin Sayans (tarin tarin A. Ya Tugarinov daga 24 IX 1908 kusa da ƙauyen Turbota, kilomita 30 daga kogin Kemchik, tarin S. I. Snigirevsky daga kogin Abakan III 1936, col. ZIN, USSR Academy of Sciences). Haka kuma akwai wasu korafe-korafen da aka karɓa daga ofishin siyar da kayan aiki na Abakan a watan Janairu-Afrilun 1936, waɗanda za su iya zuwa nan daga yammacin Tannu-Ola. Har yanzu, tambaya game da mazaunin Keklik a Mugodzhary (Zarudny, 1888), Ulutau (Pavlov, 1934), a kusa da Semipalatinsk da kuma a Semeytau (Khakhlov, Selevin, 1928) yana buƙatar a fayyace su.

Kasancewa cikin tsaunin Crimea.

Cin nasara

Lokacin sanyi shine lokacin da yafi wahala a rayuwar kofuna. Faduwar dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi tana hana motsi na tsuntsaye kuma yana rage yankin ƙasa mai kiwo. Lokacin da yake tafiya cikin dusar ƙanƙara, nauyin nauyi akan waƙar yana yin 43-51 g a cm2 don Keklik, sakamakon abin da tsuntsu ya zama mai zurfi sosai (Kuzmina, 1955). A cikin neman abinci, an tilasta wa tsuntsaye su matsa zuwa gaɓar kudanci, inda murfin dusar ƙanƙara ba ta da zurfi kuma akwai wuraren da aka share ta da sauri. Yawan dusar ƙanƙan da ke faruwa tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa yana haifar da mutuwar muffins daga matsananciyar yunwa. Wani lokacin, a cikin irin wannan yanayi, ana ganin yadda ake yin abubuwan da ake yin gasa daga tsaunuka zuwa filaye. Idan hunturu ba ta da matsananciyar zafi, to abubuwanan giya sun fi so su tsaya a wuri guda. Misali, a cikin tsaunukan Chulak (Kazakhstan), a cikin hunturu, an yiwa wasu tsuntsaye 128 alama a filayen ciyarwa, daga cikinsu an sake kama su 15 bayan kwana 2-10, 13 aka rubuta ko aka kama su bayan kwanaki 62-422, kuma 2 kawai aka motsa a nesa daga 300 da 1 500 m. Alamar tsuntsaye ma ya ba da damar tsayar da musayar tsuntsaye tsakanin garke daban-daban.

A cikin hunturu, rayuwar yau da kullun na chamomile ta sauko don samun abinci. Sai kawai a sararin sama, kwanaki masu ɗan zafi ana iya ganin su zaune marasa motsi a saman duwatsu. Ko da a cikin daddaɗan predewn daga wuraren ciyar da dare murfin giya ana jin sa.Kiran sauyi yakan dauki 'yan mintoci. Yayinda rana ta fito, an sake rake garken kuma tsuntsaye su fara tashi zuwa gindin gangara kuma zuwa gorges, inda akwai wuraren da babu dusar ƙanƙara. Anan ne tsuntsaye suke kwana. Da yamma sukan tashi zuwa wuraren da suke kwana, suna ƙarƙashin tuddunan duwatsu ko kuma a gefen bushes. Wani lokaci, a duk lokacin hunturu, garken yakan yi barci a wuri guda, wanda an rufe shi da matsanancin ɓoye na zuriyar dabbobi. Wasu dabbobin ba sa barin wuraren 200 zuwa 200 a girma yayin rana.Ba yawan ziyartar wuraren ruwa a lokacin hunturu ba, kwatsam, sukan biya bukatar ruwa ta share dusar ƙanƙara. Dusar kankara mai ɗorewa na jira a cikin tsirrai ko ƙarƙashin tuddai na duwatsu. A yanayin yanayi na tsawan yanayi, zasu iya fama da matsanancin kwanaki 2-3. Kafin dusar ƙanƙara sai su ciyar da mai tsananin har sai dusar ƙanƙara ta rufe filayen ƙasa. Rahoton ban sha'awa wanda R. G. Pfeffer, wanda ya lura a cikin hunturu na 1974/1975, ya tashi baya. a cikin Hanyar Halittar Alma-Ata, a bayan karamin garken tsuntsaye na 10-15, ana ciyar da su kullun a rana a ƙwanƙolin gangara a tsakanin busassun ciyawar tatarnik. Anan, wani dandamali mai zurfi na 15X15 a karkashin wani dusar ƙanƙara an saka shi tare da wurare, wani lokacin idan ya kusanto ya zama dole don tsoratar da tsuntsayen da suka tafi daga kan dusar ƙanƙara. A cewar R. G. Pfeffer, kicin din ya yi wurare a cikin dusar ƙanƙara don neman ƙwarin tatarn.

A karshen watan Fabrairu, lokacin da aka sami karin wuraren da dusar ƙanƙara, to, an daina gano cummon a cikin manyan garken tumaki (wani lokacin a cikin hunturu 100-150 tsuntsaye sukan fi yawa a wuraren kiwo) kuma a farkon Maris sukan fara zuwa kashi biyu.

Habitat

Keklik tsuntsu ne mai tsallake-tsallake-ƙasa na yanki mai tsayi, yanki-jeji da kuma hamada na Palearctic. Girman sa ya ƙunshi yankuna waɗanda suka bambanta sosai a cikin taimako, yanayin damina da ciyayi, waɗanda ke jaddada yanayin yanayin halittun. A cikin USSR, tana zaune a cikin wurare daga filayen Turkmenistan, inda take zaune a tsawan tsaunukan yumɓu (Dementiev, 1952), zuwa ga wuraren kiwo na Pamirs a tsawan sama har zuwa 4,000 m saman matakin teku. m. (Stepanyan, 1969). Mafi na kowa da yawa su ne kofin kicin a cikin girman kewayon 500-2,000 m sama da matakin teku. m Ba a san inda ya ke a cikin yankin yankin mai tsayi ba. Mafi yawan nau'ikan jinsin sune ƙananan rukunin dutsen da ke zaune a cikin hamada da kuma kwari, kazalika da steppe, gandun daji-makiyaya-steppe da subalpine bangarori na manyan tsaunin tsaunin.

Tare da keɓantattun wurare da keɓaɓɓun wurare, Keklik har yanzu yana son gorges tare da fashewar dutse da gangara inda dutsen talus yake canzawa tare da wuraren ciyawa, wasu lokuta sun cika ciyawa tare da shuki. Ana taka muhimmiyar rawa ta kasance a gaban wuraren shayar da ruwa (kogunan dutse, koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa), a lokuta na musamman, tsuntsaye na iya amfani da ruwa mai-ɗaci. A wasu wuraren, ana samun kicin a cikin yanayi na gaba ɗaya - alal misali, a kan tuddai a tsakanin yashi a wani ɗan nesa nesa daga tsaunukan da ke kusa (Serzhpinsky, 1925, Molchanov, 1932, Schnitnikov, 1949, Ishadov, 1970).

A cikin Caucasus, Keklik yana zaune da rayayyun halittu iri daban-daban daga busassun tsaunuka da tsaunukan har zuwa 3,500 m sama da matakin teku. m., inda yake zaune a kan akwatunan kusa da dusar kankara (Satunin, 1907). Tare da sassan dutse marasa tsayayyen tsauni, yana gangarowa zuwa ƙasan kwari, inda aka samo shi a kan shimfidar wuri a tsakanin tsirrai tare da ƙuruciya. Koyaya, wannan nau'in yana ba da fifiko ga gangarawar ƙafafun ƙafa ko gorges na koguna mai tsaunuka tare da tsawan dutse da dutsen, inda ciyayi ke da wuya. Lessarancin mafi yawan lokuta, yana mamaye filayen arewacin gangara tare da gandun dazuzzukan juniper, gujewa, a matsayin mai mulkin, yankuna masu laushi tare da ciyayi.

A cikin Kopetdag, Keklik yana zaune a cikin ƙananan gorges a tsawan 500-600 m, wani lokacin yana tashi zuwa mafi girman tsayi (tsayin 2,000 m sama da matakin teku), amma yana manne wa wuraren da akwai wuraren ruwa. Lowerarshen ƙasa mai rarrabawa ya shimfiɗa anan cikin wormwood-ephemeral Semi-desert, ɗayan na sama yana da alaƙa da wuraren dutsen xerophytes. Bugu da kari, ana kuma samun chamomile a tsakanin ciyayi, daga bishiyoyi na tsaunuka har zuwa kololuwansu - a cikin bishiran juniper, da ciyawar tragacanth astragalus, sauran tsintsayen da suka girma a cikin bishiyoyi da kankara, a tsakanin lokacin farin inabin gwari, blackberries da bishiyoyi iri daban daban da shukoki (Fedorov, 1949). Hakanan yana zaune a cikin tsaunukan yashin ƙasa na Uzboy a cikin yankin wuraren tafkuna masu kyau, inda aka samo shi a tsakanin saxaul da sandacic acacia (Molchanov, 1932).

Keklik ya kai mafi girma a USSR a Badakhshan. A cikin kwarin Shahdara, iyakar yankin da ya bazu ta wuce nisan nisan mil 4,000 a saman matakin teku. m Ana samun Keklik a cikin kogin kogin, amma wadatarta ya ƙanana, an lura da mafi yawan ƙima a cikin nisan mutum 2,300-2,600 a saman teku. A cikin wannan yanayin mai tsinkaye, tsuntsaye suna rayuwa mai tsaka-tsaki kuma suna kasancewa a lokacin farauta da kuma hunturu a kan tsaunin dutse da moraines tsakanin scree (Stepanyan, 1969).

A cikin Tien Shan, ƙananan rago a tsaye na rarraba chamomile ya kai girman 300 m, yayin da babba ya kai matakin 3,600 m sama da matakin teku. m. Anan tsuntsaye suke zaune, suna yin ƙananan motsi. Rowanƙolin dutsen yana zaune ta hanyar mashigar xerophytic da bishiyoyi bushes (cherries, cotoneaster, honeysuckle, ephedra). A cikin manyan lamuran dutse, ana samun kekliks daga gwanayen tsalle-tsalle har zuwa 3,600 m, kuma a cikin dutsen Kyrgyz a cikin adadi kaɗan ana samun su a dusar ƙanƙara mai ƙoshin gaske (Spangenberg, Sudilovskaya, 1959), amma ba su nan a kan silic, a cikin tafkin Lake. Sonkol da sauran kwari masu tsayi na Tsakiyar Tien Shan (Yanushevich et al., 1959).

A cikin Kyrgyz Alatau, kuliyoyin Keklik a cikin shinge na daji, a gefen gandun daji masu rikicewa, da tsakanin dutse da talus. A cikin kaka, ana samun wadatar tumaki a cikin dasa ciyawar a gefen tsaunukan dutse ko kuma koguna. A cikin Talas Alatau, yana zaune daga bel din al'adu zuwa ga subalpine (1,000-3,000 m sama da matakin teku). Mazaunin bushewar dutsen mai kwari tare da ciyayi mai ban sha'awa da ciyayi masu tsayi. Sanannen gama gari a cikin itacen katako. Wani lokacin ma yakan sauka a gindin duwatsun a wuraren da ba a sami ɓarnar dutse tare da ciyayi na makiyaya ba maimakon yanayin mai ƙarewa (Kovshar, 1966).

A cikin Zeravshan, Turkestan da Gissar sun mamaye inda ke zaune tare da dutsen da ke da tsaunuka, ƙarancin ya kan huta akan dutsen da talus, har ma ƙasa da ƙasa akan tsaunukan ciyawa. Iyakokin rarraba ƙasa a cikin waɗannan jeri sune 1,200-3,500 m sama da matakin teku. m

A cikin duwatsun Alazana na Dzungarian, Keklik yana da yawan gaske a wurare masu zurfin 500-1,500 na sama da matakin teku. m., inda yake zaune a cikin jeji, steppe da gandun daji-makiyaya-steppe yankin. An samo shi a adadi mai yawa a cikin yammacin yamma (Dutsen Chulak da Malay-Sary), da ke kan iyaka da hamada. Yana zaune a cikin dutse mai cike da duwatsu tare da faffadan duwatsu masu zurfi da faci na ciyayi da ciyayi, a tsakanin ciyawar mullein, ephedra, meadowsweet, hens of lanceolate da hawthorn.

A kan tsaunin tuddai na Malay-Sary, Keklik yana zaune kunkuntar gorges kusa da plateau, wanda ake amfani dashi don shuka amfanin gona na hatsi. Bayan mun girbe, tsuntsayen ke kiwon ragowar hatsi. A hr. Altyn-Emel Keklik ya tashi zuwa nisan mil 2,000 daga saman teku. m., inda tsire-tsire yana da ɗan dandano na arewa kuma wakilcin bishiyoyi masu raguwa, suna haifar da gefen kogunan urey na Birches, Willows da bishiyoyin ceri. Tare da rafi akwai wurare tare da murfin ciyawar kullun. Babban adadin tsuntsayen da ƙananan canzawa cikin lambobi suna faruwa a cikin ƙananan bangarori na babban tsauni har zuwa 2,000 m sama da matakin teku. m. A nan, tsuntsaye suna samun yanayi mafi dacewa don rayuwa.

Ayyukan yau da kullun, hali

An bambanta ayyukan yau da kullun na Keklik zuwa kashi biyu - dare da rana. A lokutan hasken rana, tsuntsaye suna aiki musamman da safe da maraice. A lokacin bazara tare da fitowar rana, ana samun abincinta sau da yawa yana ciyarwa, kuma a cikin lokutan zafi na rana suna hutawa a cikin inuwar bushes ko kankara. Tare da farkon sanyi na maraice, ayyukansu sake ƙaruwa da ciyarwa, sannu a hankali suna tashi zuwa ɓangaren ɓangaren gangara, inda suke kwana. Ruwan sama sama sosai yana rage ayyukan tsuntsaye, kuma suna jira shi a cikin daji, kuma tare da ƙarshen yanayin suna ciyarwa kusa da waɗannan wurare.

Kyakkyawan fasalin rayuwar rayuwar kofuna a ƙarshen bazara da farkon kaka shine ziyarar yau da kullun zuwa wuraren shayarwa. A safiya, garken suna gangarawa zuwa maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da koguna, galibi suna shawo kan nesa ta cikin iska. Wuraren rami na ban ruwa sassa ne na bude koguna na koguna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, ko talus suna gangarawa zuwa ruwa. A kan kwanakin zafi, sau da yawa suna hutawa a cikin bushes kusa da rami na ruwa, inda suke wanka a cikin turɓayar wanka kwatankwacin filayen gida ba tare da kayan gini ba.

Kekliks sune tsuntsayen jama'a kuma suna ciyar da mafi yawan shekara a fakitoci. Kawai a lokacin kiwo, har ma sannan ba duka ba, a sa nau'i-nau'i. A ƙarshen lokacin kiwo, mutanen da ba sa shiga cikin matsalar ɓarke ​​da ɗumbin yara an haɗa su a makarantu. Bayan kyankyasar, broods na zaune ko dai a cikin garke dabam, ko kuma a haɗe a cikin manyan garken, waɗanda yawanci ba sa bambanta cikin girma. Misali, a ƙarshen watan Agusta da farkon Satumba, ana samun garken tumaki kusan 100 a wurare daban-daban na wuraren kiwo tare da gangarawar dutse, amma akwai damuwa, suna iya rarrabewa cikin sauƙi. Fuskokin tsuntsayen manya, wanda aka ware a watan Yuni kuma ya ƙunshi mata da suka rasa maƙarƙashiya, da kuma mazajen da ba su da hannu cikin kyankyasar, lalata kawai lokacin bazara mai zuwa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da kama tsuntsayen tagwayen. A cikin irin waɗannan garken, yawanci basu wuce mutane 8-12 ba.

Takaitawa

Keklik, ban da nama mai daɗi da ƙwai, suna da bayyanar ado waɗanda zasu iya ba maƙwabta da abokai mamaki. Tsuntsaye masu tsinkaye zasu jawo hankalin su, kuma kiyayewa da kuma kiwon waddannan ba su da wahalar wahalar tsuntsaye ko tsuntsu. Kayan kwalliyar kwalliya ta zama faduwa yanzu, watakila son likitocin kaji na gaba za su lashe ta da kofi.

Darajar tattalin arziki, kariya

Farauta don giya a cikin tsaunukan Caucasus, Tsakiyar Asiya da Kahastan sun shahara sosai. A cikin 30s. a cikin karni na yanzu, girbin kasuwanci na wannan nau'in wasan mai mahimmanci, wanda ya shigo ba kawai cikin gida ba har ma kasuwannin waje. Sai kawai ta hanyar tashar fitarwa ta Leningrad a cikin 1927-1928. 166.7 dubu guda suka wuce (13.6% na jimlar wasan da aka sarrafa a can), hunturu na gaba - 198,1 dubu (17.9%), kuma a kan masu zuwa yan sahun gaba - sama da dubu 70 a shekara, tare da matsakaicin adadin tsuntsaye a lokacin hunturu (1930-1931). yawansu ya kai dubu 233.2 (Rudanovsky, Nasimovich, 1933, - Grachev, 1983 ya buga). Dangane da bayanan da basu cika ba, Keklik a shekarar 1962-1963. sun mamaye matsayi na biyu a Kazakhstan bayan ma'adinan ma'adanan, kuma a shekarar 1965 - farko.

A cikin lokutan farauta na 1962-1965. daga 16 zuwa 53 dubu guda aka haƙa kowace shekara (Kondratenko, Smirnov, 1973). A cikin '' '' '' '' '' shekaru masu girma, chamomile ya zama babban nau'in wasan dutsen da aka kama a cikin jumhuriyar Tsakiyar Asiya da Kazakhstan kuma yana da babban nauyi a cikin jimlar yawan tsuntsayen da aka farauta. A halin yanzu ba a aiwatar da lamuran blanket. Yawancin hanyoyin samarwa marasa amfani waɗanda aka bayyana a baya a cikin wallafe-wallafen (Buturlin, 1932, Naumov, 1931, Popov, 1956) sun rasa ƙimar su ko basu dace ba saboda yawan lalacewar da aka yiwa jama'a. Babban layi don amfani da chamomile a halin yanzu farauta ne na neman bindiga.

Kashi na biyu na Nuwamba - rabin farkon watan Disamba, lokacin da tsuntsayen ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin (maza 613 g, mata manya 504, saurayi maza da mata 553 da 475 g, bi da bi) yakamata a gane su azaman mafi kyawun lokacin chamois.

Ilimin halittar ɗan adam na Keklik yana ba da gudummawa wajen riƙe ɗimbin yawa a cikin shekaru masu jin daɗi kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ga haɓaka mai haɓaka cikin adadin mutane bayan mutuwar mutane. La'akari da mahimmancin tattalin arziki na Keklik a matsayin ɗayan manyan wuraren farauta a cikin duwatsun kudu na USSR, yakamata mutum yayi taka tsantsan game da ajiyar sa. Wannan yana nuna aiwatar da adadi na yawan dabbobin, matakan farko na ilimin halittu a lokacin tsananin tsananin dusar kankara (galibi ciyarwa) da kuma haramcin farauta na akalla shekaru 3 bayan tsananin sanyi.

Kiwo na giya a gida

Keklik da gaske ba komai bane illa karen gida. Don haka, tabbatarwarsa ba ta da rikitarwa fiye da samar da kaji. Yawancin gonaki suna aiki Keklik kiwo. A lokaci guda, abubuwan gado ba su da kyau tare da wasu nau'in tsuntsaye: jinsin kaza guda ɗaya ko ƙyallen fata ya fara bugun wani.

Kekliks ke hulɗa da mutane sosai. Bawai kawai farauta suke ba. Ana kiyaye gadoji don nishaɗi: suna yin ado gidaje ko yin faɗa a cikin filin tsuntsaye. A cikin Tajikistan, Keklik na iya zama mallakar ƙauyen gabaɗaya!

Matsalar kiɗa ƙararrakin itace cewa a cikin keji, mace bata zama akan ƙwai. Za a iya cire karnuka kawai tare da taimakon mai yin incubator. Kwai Keklik don shiryawa, zaka iya adana kamar makonni uku! A wannan lokacin, zaku iya zaɓar ƙwai masu inganci, ba tare da fasa ba.

Ana sanya ƙwai a cikin akwati na tsawon kwanaki 25. Lokaci-lokaci, kuna buƙatar canza yanayin zafi da zafin jiki na iska. Nan da nan bayan ƙyanƙyashe, kajin suna aiki, saboda haka ana ziyarta su cikin ƙaho na musamman, wanda ake kula da zafin jiki mai ƙwanƙwasa - kusan 35 ° C.

Halin da ke cikin brooder yana da sauƙin sarrafawa ta hanyar lura da ɓoyayyiyar gado. Tunda wakilan wannan nau'in suna da muni, sun gwammace su rabu da juna. Sabili da haka, yanayin lokacin da kajin ke manne da juna yakamata ya kasance yana shakkar juna - wannan yana nuna kajin suna da sanyi, ya zama dole su tashi da zazzabi.

Yayin aiwatar da girma, wuraren wasan kifin-kullun sukan shirya fada. Don irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwar tsuntsaye kada su haifar da lalacewa, ya zama dole a kiyaye dokar kiyaye kajin: ga mutane 10 - kwata na murabba'in mita. Idan yankin ya ba da izini, har ma za'a iya kiyaye broods daban-daban a cikin alkalami ɗaya!

Matasa da aka kamo daga cikin bauta, kamar dangi na kyauta, suna bukatar furotin daga asalin dabba. A cikin rayayyun yanayi, inda ake yada yaduwar tsuntsayen don dalilai masu zuwa kiwo a yanayi, ana ciyar da kajin tare da kwari: ciyayi, kwari da katako.

A gida da kuma a gonakin kaji wannan ba zai yiwu ba. Sabili da haka, manoma masu kiwon kaji sun haɗa da abincin broiler da abincin kashi a cikin abincin. Har yanzu ana bada shawara don ciyar da mutane tare da kwari, tun da farko an cire duk sassan da ke da wuya: fuka-fuki da kafafu.

Chamois farauta

Ana kama Kekliks da taimakon tarko. Farauta da bindiga bai zama ruwan dare ba. Versaunar masu harbe-harben bindiga suna amfani da garkuwar garkuwa ta musamman da ake kira chordak.

An yi na'urar ne da burlap, an shimfiɗa shi a jikin sandunan ƙetare. An zana launuka masu duhu akan garkuwa, fuka-fukan muffins, fatun sauran kayan wasa an haɗe su. Chordak tana taimakawa maharbi kusancin kicin-kicin. Ingantaccen amfani da na'urar danna farauta wanda ake iya shakkar aukuwarsa saboda kofin kyankyasai suna jin kunya.

Takaitawa, zamu iya cewa mullet ko jigon tsuntsu ne mai ban mamaki. Tana da kyau, tana da sauƙin kai, mai hankali kuma mai hankali da nama. Haɗin dukkan halayenta sun ƙayyade hanyar rayuwa da halayyar mutum, wanda ba tare da wanda kowa ba zai iya rayuwa a cikin yanayin, inda masu farauta, tsuntsaye, mutane, da yanayi suna haifar da babban matsaloli.