Hippopotamus yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dabbobi a duniya. Na biyu kawai ga giwayen Afirka. Hakanan Rhino zai iya gasa cikin girma da nauyi. Duk da girman girmansu da nauyinsu mai nauyi, hippos na iya zama mai sauri da dabbobi masu tsufa.
An dauki lokaci mai tsawo, aladu an zama magada da kuma yan uwan rhinos. Koyaya, ba haka ba da daɗewa, masana ilimin dabbobi - masu binciken sun gabatar da wata ka'ida mai ban mamaki game da alaƙar su da whales!
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Hippos wakilai ne na dabbobi masu rarrafe, aji na dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsarin halittar dabbobi, tsarin halittar alade kamar-dango, da dangin amarya.
Masana ilimin dabbobi da dabbobi sun yi karo da cewa ba a fahimci juyin halittar wadannan dabbobin. Masana ilimin kimiyya suna da'awar cewa wakilan dangin hular, wadanda suka yi kama da na hippo na zamani, sun bayyana ne a duniya kusa da dubun-dubun miliyoyin shekaru da suka shude. Tsohon magabatan dabbobi sun kasance ungulates, waɗanda ana kiransu conditioners. Sun yi rayuwa mai kaɗaici, ta dabi'a sun kasance marasa aure.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Dabbobin Hippo
Girman hauhawar tsoho shine kilogram 1200 - 3200. Tsawon jikin ya kai mita biyar. Tsawon wutsiya yakai kimanin 30-40 cm, tsayinsa a ƙasan mayun ya fi mita ɗaya da rabi. A cikin dabbobi, ana bayyana dimorphism. Maza sun fi girma da yawa fiye da na mace. Hakanan, ana bambanta maza ta hanyar tsako.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Mazajen maza suna girma cikin rayuwarsu. Mace sun daina yin girma, har suka kai shekara 25.
Launin fata dabbobi dabbobi masu launin toka-toka, ko launin toka mai launin shuɗi. Abubuwan launin toka-mai ruwan hoda suna fitowa a kusa da idanu da kunnuwa. Babban ɓangaren fata yana da bakin ciki kuma mai ƙanshi, dangane da abin da zasu iya karɓar mummunan rauni da raunin da ya faru yayin gwagwarmaya. In ba haka ba, fatar dabba tana da kauri da ƙarfi.
Abin mamaki, fatar dabbobi ba ta da gumi da zazzaɓi. Akwai glandon mucous wanda ke rufe sirrin ja na musamman. An daɗe yana gaskata cewa wannan jini ne tare da gumi. Koyaya, yayin nazarin mahimman ayyuka da tsarin jikin dabbobi, an gano cewa asirin cakuda acid ne. Wannan ruwan yana kare jikin Harkar daga cikin zafin rana, a cikin Afrika, yana daukar haskoki na ultraviolet.
Dabbobi suna da gajeru amma suna da ƙarfi a ƙafafunsu tare da ƙafafu na yanar gizo. Wannan tsari na gabar jiki yana ba ku karfin gwiwa da sauri motsa duka cikin ruwa da kan tudu. Hippos suna da babba da nauyi. Yawan sa a cikin wasu mutane na iya kaiwa tan. Idanu, kunnuwa da hanci na dabbobi suna kangara sosai, wanda ya basu damar tsayawa cikin ruwa na dogon lokaci. Lokacin da aka nutsar da shi gaba ɗaya, yatsun idanun da idanun hibis ɗin ke rufewa, yana hana ruwa shiga.
Hippos suna da matukar ƙarfi, jaws mai ƙarfi waɗanda suke buɗe kusan digiri 160. Jaws suna sanye da manyan tsumma da incisors. Tsawonsu ya kai rabin mita. Hakora suna da kaifi sosai, kamar yadda ake aiwatar da cincin abinci ana hako su koyaushe.
Ina Hippo yake zaune?
Hoto: Babban Hippo
A matsayin wurin zama, dabbobi suna zaɓar da ƙasa inda jikin ruwan ruwa yake. Zai iya zama fadama, koguna, tafkuna. Zurfin su ya zama ya zama akalla aƙalla mita biyu, kamar yadda dabbobi ke son nutsuwa a cikin ruwa. A lokacin rana, dabbobi sun gwammace su yi bacci ko kwandon rana, cikin ruwa mara zurfi, ko yin iyo a cikin manyan lamuran laka. Da farkon duhu, dabbobi sun gwammace su kasance a ƙasa. Dabbobin suna ba da fifiko ga tafkunan gishiri.
Yankunan yanki na mazaunin dabbobi:
A halin yanzu, dabbobi suna rayuwa ne gaba ɗaya kan yankin Afirka ta kudu, kudu da hamadar Sahara, ban da tsibirin Madagascar. Tun shekarun karni shida na wannan karni, mazaunin dabbobi bai canza ba. Hippos gaba daya ya ɓace kawai daga yankin Afirka ta Kudu. Kawai keɓance cikin yankuna masu kariya a cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da wuraren da aka kare ba su da tsayayye
Hippos suna ƙoƙarin guje wa tekuna. Yana da uncharacteristic a gare su zauna a cikin irin wannan Wuraren. Dabbobin suna buƙatar kandami don zama babba don isa garken garke, haka kuma baya bushewa ko'ina cikin shekara. Hippos suna buƙatar kwarin ciyawa kusa da jikin ruwa wanda ke zama tushen tushen abinci ga dabbobi. Idan jikin ruwa ya bushe lokacin tsananin fari, dabbobi sukan yi yawo don neman wurin wanka.
Menene abin da hipo ke ci?
Hoto: Hippopotamus a yanayi
Babbar dabba da iko sosai garkuwar dabbobi ce. Idan ya yi duhu, dabbobi sukan fita zuwa ƙasa don ci. Bayar da nauyi da girman jikin mutum, suna buƙatar abinci mai yawa. A lokaci guda sun sami damar cinye kilo 50 na kayan shuka. Gabaɗaya, har zuwa uku dozin nau'in tsire-tsire daban-daban ana iya haɗa su cikin abincin dabbobi. Koyaya, tsire-tsire masu ruwa ba su dace da abinci ba don maganin hips.
Idan babu abinci, dabbobi sun sami damar rufe wasu nisa. Koyaya, baza su iya barin dogon da nisa mai nisa ba. Abincin dabbobi ya haɗa da kusan kowane abinci na shuka - harbe na tsirrai, reeds, ciyawa, da sauransu. Ba sa cin tushen da 'ya'yan itatuwa, kamar yadda ba su da abin da za a yi don cirewa da tono su.
A matsakaici, abincin dabbobi ɗaya yakan ɗauki aƙalla awa huɗu da rabi. Yayi yawa, lebe mai kyau daidai yana yin aikin kama abinci. Faɗin lebe ɗaya ya kai rabin mita. Wannan yana bawa kwatankwacinsu kwarin gwiwar yin hawaye ko da ciyayi. Dabbobi masu yawa suna amfani da su azaman wuka don yanke abinci.
Cin abinci yana ƙare da asuba. Bayan an gama cin abincin, sai hibis ɗin ya koma kandami. Hippos kuje ba su wuce nisan mil biyu daga tafki. Yawan abinci na yau da kullun yakamata ya zama akalla kashi 1-1.5 na jimlar jiki. Idan dangin hijibram ba su ci isasshen abinci ba, za su raunana kuma za su sami ƙarfi da sauri.
A cikin banbancin da ba a saba ba, akwai lokuta da cin naman mutane ta dabbobi. Koyaya, masana ilimin dabbobi suna jayayya cewa irin wannan sabon abu shine sakamakon matsalolin kiwon lafiya ko wasu karkacewa daga dabi'ar. Ba a tsara tsarin narkewar narkewa ba don narke nama.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Hippo a cikin ruwa
Hippos sune garken dabbobi kuma suna zama a rukuni. Yawan kungiyoyin zasu iya bambanta - daga biyu zuwa uku dozin zuwa biyu zuwa ɗari uku. Namiji koyaushe yana kan gaba a kungiyar. Babban namiji koyaushe yana tabbatar da shugabancinsa daidai. Maza yawanci kuma suna yin gwagwarmaya sosai don gwagwarmayar neman hakkin mallaka, da kuma 'yancin shiga aure tare da mace.
Guda da ake yi da dako, kan mutu sau da yawa daga raunin raunuka da ƙarfe da ƙarfi. Gwagwarmayar jagoranci a tsakanin maza yana farawa ne lokacin da suka kai shekaru bakwai. An bayyana wannan cikin yadin, yaduwa, watsar da taki da kuma ciccikowar jaws. Don zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a cikin garken, mata ne.
Misali ga kungiyoyi su mamaye wani yanki inda suke rayuwa kusan rayuwarsu. A lokutan hasken rana, galibi suna barci ko wanka a cikin laka. Idan duhu ya yi, sukan fito daga ruwa su ci. Ya zama ruwan dare ga dabbobi suyi alama ta ƙasa ta hanyar baza taki. Don haka, suna alamar yankin bakin teku da yankin kiwo.
A cikin garken, dabbobi suna sadarwa da juna ta amfani da sautuka daban-daban. Suna yin sautuna kama da gurnani, smacking, ko ruri. Wadannan sautikan suna watsa alamu daban-daban ba wai kawai a ƙasa ba, har ma a ruwa. Zama tare da sunkuyar da kansa yana nufin bautar tsofaffin ƙwararrun membobin ƙungiyar.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Hippos suna yin sautikan har ma da nutsar da su cikin ruwa.
Yawancin lokaci idan jikin dabbar yana cikin ruwa, yawan tsuntsaye ke amfani dashi azaman mashin kifi. Wannan hadin gwiwa ne mai amfani, kamar yadda tsuntsaye suke adana kwatancen kwatankwacin kwari da yawa wadanda ke kama jikin jikin su.
Hippos kawai a farkon gani kamar m da m. Suna da ikon yin gudu zuwa 35 km / h. Ba abin mamaki ba idan aka ɗauke su su ne dabbobi da ba a tsammatuwa kuma masu haɗari a duniya. Powerarfin m da manyan fanks suna sa ya yiwu a jimre da babban maɗaukakin lokaci ba tare da lokaci ba. Na musamman haɗarin sune maza da mata manya, kusa da wanda jariransu ne. Gogoron kan iya tattake wanda aka azabtar dashi, da cizo, ko cizo da manyan rijiyoyi, ko kuma a jefa shi ƙarƙashin ruwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Hippo Cub
Hippos ba sa iya samar da nau'i-nau'i biyu. Koyaya, basa buƙatar wannan, tunda kullun garken garken suna da mace ɗaya da ke bincike. Maza sun zaɓi abokin tarayya na ɗan lokaci sosai kuma a hankali. Suna kallonta, sniff. Zaɓin abokin abokin zama da ƙawancen aure ba su da matsala, kwanciyar hankali da nutsuwa. Maza suna ƙoƙarin guje wa rikice-rikice tare da mutane masu ƙarfi. Da zaran mace ta amsa yin nishaɗin a cikin maza, namiji zai jagorance ta zuwa gefe. Nuna daga ƙungiyar, alƙawura suna ɗaukar halaye masu saurin fushi da haushi. Tsarin dabbar ta hanyar canjin yana faruwa a ruwa.
Bayan kwanaki 320, an haifi jaririn. Kafin haihuwar, mace tana da muguwar magana ta al'ada. Ba ta barin kowa ya rufe. Don kada ta cutar da kanta ko ɗanta da ba a haife ta ba a wannan halin, tana neman jikin ruwa mara nauyi. Ta dawo tuni tare da yarinyar makonni biyu. Babiesan jarirai ƙanana da ƙaranci. Yawan su kamar kilo 20 ne.
Uwa tana ƙoƙari mafi kyau don kare katanga, saboda ana ɗaukar su mai sauƙi ne a tsakanin masu hasara waɗanda ba su da ƙarfin hali don kai wa manya hari, masu ƙarfin hippos. Bayan sun dawo cikin garken, manya da maza masu ƙarfi suna kulawa da jariran. Vesan marayu masu shayarwa suna ciyar da har shekara guda. Bayan wannan lokacin, sun shiga cikin abincin da aka saba. Koyaya, hippos suna jagorantar rayuwa daban bayan ta balaga - a kusan shekaru 3-3.5.
Matsakaicin rayuwar dabbobi a cikin yanayin rayuwa shine shekaru 35-40. A cikin yanayin wucin gadi, yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar shekaru 15-20. Akwai dangantaka ta kai tsaye tsakanin begen rayuwa da kuma haƙora haƙori. Idan hakoran hippo sun gaji, begen rayuwa yakan ragu sosai.
Abokan gaba na hippos
Hoto: Hippo a Afirka
Saboda girmanta, ƙarfinta da ƙarfi, hippos basu da abokan gaba a yanayin halitta. Masu yin fitsari na iya zama masu haɗari kawai ga sa ,an, har ma ga marasa lafiya ko dabbobi masu rauni. Kyakyawan haɗari ne ga hippos, wanda a cikin saukin yanayi na iya kai hari ga mambobin gidan hipopotamus, zaki, tsuntsaye, damisa. A cewar kididdigar, daga laifin wadannan mafarautan suna mutuwa daga 15 zuwa 30% na matasa har zuwa shekara guda. Sau da yawa, a ƙarƙashin yanayin cuban garken garken, manya za su iya tattakewa.
Babban tushen haɗarin da dalilin raguwar adadin kwatangwalo shine mutumin da ayyukansa. Dabbobi sun lalata dabbobi da adadi mai yawa saboda nama. A yawancin ƙasashen Afirka, ana ɗaukar jita-jita da aka yi da naman naman alade. Ya yi daidai da alade, da dandano kamar naman sa. Kyan darajar shine fata da kasusuwa na dabbobi. Na'urori na musamman don niƙa da yankan duwatsu masu tamani an yi su ne daga fata, ƙasusuwa ƙwararrun masarufi ne kuma suna da ƙima har ma da hauren giwa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Hippopotamus
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, yawan hippo ya ragu sosai, kimanin kashi 15-20%. A cikin kusan ƙasashe kusan dozin uku, daga mutane 125,000 zuwa 150,000 suka rage.
Babban dalilan rage yawan dabbobi:
- Wayarwa. Duk da haramta wannan haramtacciyar dabba da dabbobi suka yi, dabbobi da yawa suna mutuwa daga mutane kowace shekara. Dabbobin da ke zaune a yankin da ba a ba da kariya ba sun fi fuskantar matsalar farauta.
- Rage yanayin zama dole. Bushewar jikkunan ruwa na ruwa, fadama ruwa, da kuma canji a gefen kogunan na haifar da mutuwar dabbobi, tunda ba zasu iya yin nisa mai nisa ba. Samuwar ci gaban mutum ta yankuna yankuna da yawa, a sakamakon wanda aka rage yanki da samar da wuraren kiwo.
Hippo mai gadi
Hoto: Littafin Hippo
A yankuna da yan hijabi ke zaune a adadi mai yawa, an haramta farautar wadannan dabbobin. Rashin wannan buƙatar ta ƙunshi alhakin gudanarwa da kuma aikata laifi. Hakanan, don ƙara adadin su, ana kirkiro wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da wuraren kariya, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin kariya. Ana kuma ɗaukar dukkanin matakan da zasu yiwu don hana bushewa daga jikin ruwa mai tsafta.
Kawai danshi mai duwa-duwa yana cikin jeri na duniya. An bashi matsayin kasancewa a gefen kare. Bayyanar, girma, tsayin jiki da girman kwarjin beragen mamakin da kuma firgita tsoro. A kididdigar da aka bayar, kididdiga kan yi amfani da mutane sau da sau fiye da sauran masu tsinkayar na Afirka. A cikin fushi da fushi, dabba dabba ce mai zafin kisa.
