A cikin tatsuniyar tatsuniyoyi na kasashe daban-daban, dabbobi suna sadarwa da juna ta amfani da kalmomi. Kuma ta yaya suke magana da gaske? Tambayar da yawa daga likitan ilimin dabbobi - masu bincike game da halayen dabbobi. Shin dabbobi suna da yare? Tabbas, kallon garken tururuwa, zaka iya gani cewa mutane da yawa basa cin ciyawa, amma suna zagaya a faɗake. A mafi ƙarancin haɗari, suna ba da alama ga danginsu. Kuma dukkan garke farawa. Shin wannan alamar faɗakarwa cewa tururuwa suna da harshe? Ko kuma kawai sauran mutane a cikin garken suna amsawa game da alamar firgita game da masu aiko da sakon? Masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar gano alamun sautin magana ta nau'ikan halittu masu tasowa daga cikin duniyar dabbobi - dabbar biri, dabbobin ruwa, kifi Whales. A cikin wannan labarin, mun taƙaita gwaji a kan birai. Waɗannan su ne chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas da sauran nau'ikan haɓaka. Shin mutane sun sami damar shiga cikin tattaunawa tare da su, karanta a ƙasa.

Labaran farko

An yi imani da cewa harshe shine mahimmancin inganci wanda ke bambanta mutum daga duniyar dabba. Amma irin waɗannan 'yan uwan ​​marasa murya marasa ƙarfi ne? A baya an yi imani cewa sautunan suna nuna motsin zuciyar dabba. Don haka, kare yana nufin tsoratarwa, haushi yana nufin ɓatar da hankali, yin kururuwa - jin zafi, jin kunya - buƙatu, da dai sauransu Duk wani mai shi ya fahimci karen nasa har zuwa mafi girma ko ƙasa. Amma alamun sauti suna isar da motsin rai fiye da bayani. Amma harshe dama ce ta tattaunawa. Shin birai suna musayar bayanai? Lura da su, zamu iya cewa wadannan dabbobin suna yin magana da juna sosai. Idan ka ɓoye wasu abubuwa domin mutum ɗaya ya san inda yake, to dayan biri, da aka sanar da farko, za su same shi. Amma ta yaya suke yada bayanai? Da farko, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar hakan ta hanyar sauti. Kuma suka fara nazarin su. Sakamakon haka, aka tattara kamus ɗin.

Yanke hukunci

An shirya littafin gajeriyar magana ta farko a cikin 1844 daga masanin kimiyyar Faransa Piercon de Gembloux. Ya ƙunshi dama kalmomin gajere. Amma ba bayani bane, amma alamomin sakonni ne. Masanin kimiyyar su yayi rikodin yayin kallon biran Kudancin Amurka.

A ƙarshen karni na XIX, wani farfesa daga Amurka L. Garner ya tafi daidai. A cikin nazarin sauti an taimake shi ba da daɗewa ba ta hanyar rubutun da aka ƙirƙira ba. Masanin ya sanya na'urar a cikin keji tare da wasu birai. Rikodin karara sun rubuta yadda suke sadarwa da juna. An canza shi zuwa keji, an baiwa namiji damar sauraron jawabin matar. Kuma ya amsa kamar yana jin bayani. Sautin da birrai ke yi suna da wahalar fassara a haruffa. Rikodin da aka yi ta karara ya ba Garner damar sadarwa tare da dabbobi. Masanin ilimin masanin ilimin kimiyya ya lura cewa yayin da yawancin zamantakewar jama'a ta hanyar nau'ikan birai suke, to ya inganta harshen su yake. Koda yake, masanin kimiyyar ya yanke hukuncin cewa kalmomin dabbobi ba su da yawa. Kuma masanin ilimin dabbobi na Alfred Brem ya kare ra'ayin cewa dabbobi suna yin sauti, suna bayyana motsin rai da ji, kuma baya yada bayanai.

Magana da birrai

Har ila yau, akwai masana kimiyya da suka ci gaba da tattaunawa da magabata ta wata hanyar daban. Bai kamata mutane su koyi yaren birai ba, amma akasin haka. Idan wasu tsuntsayen na iya furta kalmomi, to me zai hana magabatansu? Amma tsarin koyar da manyan birrai zuwa harshen mutane ya gaza. A cikin 1916, W. Furniss ya koya wa orangutan ta faɗi kalmomi biyu: kofin da baba. Amma ba kamar tsuntsaye ba, biri bai yi amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗa ba amma, game da abubuwa. Masanin kimiyyar ya lura cewa mafi kyawun orangutan an ba shi kalmomi a cikin hanyar magana wanda harshe da lebe ba su shiga ba. A cikin karni na 50 na karni na 20, masana kimiyya sun gudanar da jerin gwaje-gwaje a ciki inda aka haɓaka ƙaramin ƙwayar chimpanzee, wata mace Vicki tare da takwarorin mutane. Kuma a cikin warware wasu matsalolin ma'ana, biri ya bar yaran. Amma game da magana da baki, Vicki ya sami damar koyan kalmomi huɗu.

Ta yaya birai ke sadarwa da juna?

Nasarar da karamin chimpanzee ke samu cikin ma'ana ya tilastawa masana kimiyya yin tunani akan tsohon lokacin cewa dabbobi ba su da bambanci da yare. A cikin 1966, ma'auratan Gardner, masu ilimin halin dan adam daga Amurka, sun kalli fim game da Vicki kuma sun lura da wani abu wanda ya gagare idanun masana ilimin dabbobi. Chimpanzee, yana furta kalmomin da aka koya a hankali, tare da nuna alamar nuna hannu. Kallon birai suna hulɗa da juna, Lambuna sun kammala cewa ba sautin da yafi mahimmanci a cikin sadarwar dabbobi. Ma’auratan sun sami ƙaramin gidan chimpanzee mai suna Washo kuma suka fara koya mata yaren kurame. Sun nuna mata wani abu kuma sun sanya yatsunsu a cikin nuna alama, suna nuna shi akan Amslena. Washo ya nuna kwarewa mai ban mamaki. Ba wai kawai ta fahimci kalmomi ɗari da sittin ba, wanda ta sami nasarar aiwatar da sadarwa tare da mutane. Ta fara hada sharuɗɗa. Misali, ganin hasken wuta da kuma fahimtar yadda take aiki, sai ta kirkiri wata sabuwar kalma-kalma: kwalban wasa.

Horar da Jawabi

Coarfafa da nasarar nersan Aljannar, masana kimiyya sun ci gaba da gwaje-gwajen tare da magabatan humanoid. A shekarar 1972, an horar da birai da dama a Amslena a Jami'ar Oklahoma. An gudanar da binciken ne tare da mafi yawan nau'in zamantakewa - gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos. Birai sun nuna sakamako mai ban mamaki. Namijin Bonobo Kanzi tana aiki ne da kalmomi sama da 160 (kuma ya gane fiye da dubu uku ta kunne). Ya kuma shahara kwarai da gaske cewa ya kera kayan aikin. Da zarar yana son buɗe kofa yana raba shi da gidan budurwarsa, dwarf chimpanzee Tamuli. Amma mabuɗin ba tare da mai bincike S. Savage Rambo ba. Ta ce: “Tamuli yana da mabuɗin. Bari ta ba ni, ni kuwa zan buɗe mata. ” Kanzi ya kalli Tamula kuma ya yi wasu 'yan sauti. Bayan haka, dwarf chimpanzee ya ba mabuɗin don mai binciken. Ganin yadda birai ke hulɗa da juna, zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa suna amfani da fuskokin fuskoki, isharar da kuma sautin sauti a lokaci guda.

Ra'ayoyin wayo

A bayyane yake, tsarin tsarin makogwaro ne kawai yake hana magabatan magabci sanin ma'anar maganganun mutane. Amma wannan ba kwata-kwata alama ce ta nuna cewa ba su da yare, ko kuma kwakwalwar tasu ba za ta iya ɗaukar wasu halaye masu ma'ana daidai da hankalin mutane ba. Humanoid magabata suna iya gina jumla da ƙirƙirar neoplasms na fi'ili. Ganin yadda birai ke sadarwa da juna, a bayyane yake cewa suna da halin walwala. Don haka, gorilla Coco, da ta ga mutum mai asari, ya ce: Barefoot kai. A dabi'ance, birai suna samun canje-canje a ma'anar jumla daga sake daidaita kalmomin ("Ina ciyar da ku" da "Kuna ciyar da ni"). Musamman sanannen shi ne nau'in mace na Bonobo, wanda ya koyar da ɗan ƙabilar signan harshen da alama, ba tare da sa hannun ɗan adam ba.

Matsayin IQ

Rashin hankali ne ka danganta matsayin ci gaban ilimi da ƙamushin mutum. Bayan haka, 'yan adam sun inganta gwaje-gwaje da yawa da ayyuka don sanin matakin IQ. Da zaran komfutoci suka bayyana, masana kimiyya sun fara gudanar da gwaje-gwaje domin gano yadda birai suke magana ta amfani da maballin linzamin kwamfuta da linzamin kwamfuta. Bonobo namiji Kanzi da muka riga muka ambata sun ƙware da sabuwar fasahar. Lexigrams (alamun joometric) an amfani dasu a kan keyboard. Daga cikin wadatattun kalmominsa, Kansi ya yi aiki da irin waɗannan alamomin ɗari biyar. Dangane da gwaje-gwaje, jinsunan da suka fi girma sune Bonobi pygmy chimpanzee. Matsayinsa yayi daidai da yaro yana da shekaru uku. Kusan kamar yadda wayo suke gorillas. Tuno Coco, an ƙware kusan haruffa dubu.

Me yasa aka dakatar da ci gaba?

Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam wadanda suka lura da yadda birai ke sadarwa, sun yanke cewa a cikin yanayin halayen wadannan dabbobin suna zama yara. Suna son wasa, wasa. Dangane da batun samun abinci, biri suna nuna ƙarancin hikima har ma da dabara, tare da barin yaran ,a leavingan shekara biyu zuwa uku. Amma a cikin neman ilimi, ‘ya‘ yan Adam sun fi himma. Kuma wannan haqqi ne ga ci gaban mutum. Yara suna girma, kuma tare da su matakin IQ. Kuma magabatansu sune yara har abada.

Me yasa harshen birrai yayi kadan?

Kamar yadda kuke gani, magabatan gari suna da babbar dama don fahimtar magana. Amma me yasa, yayin sadarwa da juna, basa amfani da karamin hade sauti da isharar magana? Masana kimiyya sun kammala da cewa a matakin ci gaban al'ummarsu, sadarwa ba ta buƙatar ƙarin. Alamar hatsari mai gabatowa, rahotannin abinci na kusa, kira don haɗuwa ko ƙaura zuwa wani yanki - wancan duka musayar bayanai ne. Koyaya, akwai wasu ra'ayoyin. Mutum ba kawai ya fahimci matakin sadarwa na magabatanta ba. Idan kayi nazarin harshen birrai a hankali, to, zaka iya samun mabuɗin fahimtar shi.

Unsplash.com

Kari ga haka, wasu dabbobi, musamman birai, suna da alaƙa da harshe mai kyau na kakanninmu. Wannan ya faru ne saboda halayen dabi'un dabbobi da fasalin fasahar kere kere, da kuma yanayin mu'amala da sadarwa tsakanin mutane a cikin kungiyar.

Sauti na motsin rai yana da alaƙa da asalin magana. Ana nazarin alamuran mutane da dabbobi ta hanyar masana halayyar dan adam, masu ilimin halitta da kuma masu ilimin harshe, kuma waɗannan karatun sun tabbatar da kamancin sautin ɗin birai tare da alamun motsin rai a cikin maganar mutum. Amma me yasa hakan ke faruwa kuma ta yaya masana kimiyya suke samun wannan bayanin?

Sadarwar sauti

Sauti, sauti mai amo yana da matukar mahimmanci a cikin canjin rayuwa a duniya, tunda yana aiki a matsayin “mafi kyawun tsari” ta hanyar yada bayanai a duniyar halittu, wanda yake tabbatar da gaskiyar bayyanar magana da tsinkaye a cikin mutane. Duk da cewa dabbobi ba sa magana a tsakanin junan su cikin fahimtar mutum, yaren sauti wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci a gare su don sadarwa. Yanzu babu wanda ya musanta cewa sadarwa mai kyau, tare da sauran tashoshi, yana yaduwa a masarautar dabba, kuma halayen motsin rai, har ma da masu sauki, halaye ne ba kawai na mutane ba, har ma da yawancin dabbobi, ba don ambaton birai ba. Maganar dabbobi tana da juyin halitta: a tarihi, sauti ya sanya hanyarsa daga sautin “na’ura” zuwa muryar “gaskiya” ta amfani da kwararar iska.

Tare da taimakon muryoyin gyaran murya (an san manyan nau'ikan talifofi guda uku - amplitude, mita da lokaci) dabbobi na iya sanya bayanai iri-iri cikin sautunan da suke yi sannan su rufe babbarn sa a cikin gajeriyar sigina. Misali, A. A. Nikolsky 2012 a cikin siginar sauti na dabbobi masu shayarwa sun samo bambance-bambancen girma guda biyar na yanayin girma: rashinsa, ci gaba, rarrabuwa, rikice-rikice iri-iri. Guda iri ɗaya na yanayin amplitude na iya faruwa a layi daya a cikin sautikan da wakilai daga mambobin dabbobi daban-daban suka yi. Haka kuma, ana samun nau'ikan sa a cikin alamun da ke yin aikin iri ɗaya.

A lokaci guda, a cikin birai na zamani, hanyoyin sadarwa da sadarwa sun banbanta ba kawai a cikin bambance bambancen su ba, har ma a cikin bayanin da aka bayyana da kuma cika aikin da ke motsa rai da nufin canza halayen membobin garke. Fabry, 1999 Waɗannan sautunan suna da ma'ana, kamar yadda binciken N.I. Zhinkin ya nuna na sadarwa mai kyau ta biranen biri na Sukhumi. Yana ɓoye bayan wani babban dutse a cikin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, Nikolai Ivanovich ya yi sauti kamar "yare biri" sautuka. Hankalin shiru na mazaunan aviary ba da daɗewa ba ya fara katsewa ta hanyar ihu, ko dabbobin sun gudu. Wadannan halayen da ake nufi suna nufin cewa sauti da mutum ya yi zai fahimta, wato, an kafa sadarwa. Hunturu, 2001

Hakanan an lura cewa, har zuwa wani yanayi, waɗannan sautikan sun isa kansu kuma ana jin su daidai koda a cikin rikodin. Irin wannan misalin lura ne galibi. Morozov, 1987 A wata rana mai haske mai haske, garken birai masu sanyi a cikin wurin. Ba zato ba tsammani girgije ya zo ya fara ruwa. Birai masu ihu suna ɓoye a karkashin wata shuru. An yi rikodin saututtukan su akan mai rakoda tef. A wata rana da rana, lokacin da babu ruwan sama ko kaɗan, waɗannan biran da daskararre ne ke haifar da wannan kaset ɗin. A sakamakon haka, birai, da jin kukansu, suka ruga a guje a karkashin wata alfarwa. Amma ya kamata mutum ya ƙarasa daga wannan, kamar NI Morozov, cewa a cikin "ƙamusai" na yare biri akwai sauti da ke nuna “ruwan sama”? Morozov, 1987 Ko dai kawai gargaɗin faɗakarwa ne kawai ya tilasta ku ɓoye? N.I. Tikh ya yi imanin cewa, ba kamar mutane ba, birai suna da hanyoyin sadarwa: sautsi da motsin jikin mutum ba su da aikin maimaita kalma don haka ba sa amfani da kayan tunani. Fabry, 1999

Halayen Sadarwar Sadarwar Birai

Sadarwar a cikin manyan birai ba takamaiman ba ne: alamun acoustic ba su da takamaiman, kuma an rage zanga-zangar da aka shirya. Friedman, 2012 Misalin ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa mai nasara wacce ake kira "kuka da abinci" na Ceylon macaques (Macaca sinica) Tushen tausayi na kuka yana daɗaɗawa, wani nau'in cutar daji ce ta motsa sabbin hanyoyin samo abinci ko nau'ikan abinci. Tabbacin tabbacin rashin siginar siginar shine gaskiyar cewa bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin sakewar ma'amaloli suna da tasiri sosai kan tasirin ayyukan sauti da halayen mitar da kansu. Haka kuma, alamun siginar ba ta dogara da takamaiman halayen kayan abinci ba, ma'ana, sashin abincin macaques bashi da ma'ana. Irin wannan kukan takamaiman kayan abinci duk da haka yana aiki a zaman ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa. A cikin yanayin da ya dace, an rubuta kukan a cikin 154 daga cikin shari'o'i 169. An samu ingantacciyar amsawar wasu mutane a cikin 135 daga cikin 154. Membobin garken da suka ji kukan sun gudu zuwa gare shi daga nesa na 100 m. Dittus, 1984

Don haka, mutum zai iya lura da irin bayyanar da nau'ikan hanyoyin sauti na sadarwa na birrai (musamman, a cikin dukkan biran da ke daurewa, sauti yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sadarwa), da kuma kamannin saututansu tare da hanyoyin sadar da tunanin mutum a cikin mutane. A lokaci guda, matsalar fassarar siginar dabbobi zata kasance: daidaitaccen sanin su da mutum yayi ya dogara da kansa "hankali" da kuma nasa fassarar lamarin (wanda bazai yuwu daidai da tsinkayen wannan halin ta dabbobi ba). Amma menene gaskiyar abin da mutum ya san tunanin zuciyar dabba ta hanyar kukan da take nufi? Wataƙila kawai saƙo ne kawai na darikun kuka da kuma yanayin da ya ƙirƙira shi bisa ga ra'ayoyin sa (wanda kuma yana da mahimmanci), amma ba daidaiton motsin zuciyar da dabbobin za su dandana tare da irin motsin zuciyar da mutum zai ji a wannan yanayin ba.

Wato, yana juyi da mummunan yanayin yayin da axalin farko cewa mutum zai iya rarrabe yanayi kuma sautunan da suka dace da su akan asalin halayen nasu ya zama sanarwa - an danganta su da dabbobi ne. Tambayar ta kasance har yanzu a bayyane har sai an samar da hanyar haƙiƙa don kwatanta alamomin sauti masu dacewa tare da ƙididdigar dacewar motsin zuciyar mutum ga waɗannan siginar sauti. Hakan ne kawai zai yiwu a tabbatar da kamancin sauti na mutane da dabbobi kuma a tabbatar da zaton da C. Darwin ya gabatar a game da alakar zuciyar mutum da biri.

Game da kwarewar magana da nau'ikan birai, an tabbatar da rashin yiwuwar koyan harshensu mai ma'ana akai-akai. Fabry, 1999 Ta yaya mutum zai sami magana idan ya fito daga magabata na yau tare da birai? Me ya canza mutum yayin da ya sami iko don faɗakar da magana? Ko kuma menene nau'ikan birai na yanzu suka rasa, saboda abin da suka rasa irin wannan dama?

Game da ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin sauti da birai

Idan aka kwatanta da mutane, maƙogwaron yana da wuri sosai a cikin birai (musamman, a cikin chimpanzees). Zhinkin, 1998, Lenneberg, 1967 Wannan ya dace sosai saboda yana ba ku damar cin abinci da numfashi kusan lokaci guda. Lowarancin matsayin maƙoƙin buɗe ido yana buɗe zarafi don bayyananniyar bayyanar sautikan harshen mutum. A cikin jariran ɗan adam, maƙogwaron, kamar na kwayan yaɗo, yana da girma (wannan yana ba ka damar tsotse da numfashi a lokaci guda). Kimanin shekaru uku larynx yake lowers, kuma wannan yayi daidai da lokacin cikakken iko na sauti na harshen. A cikin adalci, ya kamata a faɗi cewa matsayin maƙogwaron ba ya canzawa a cikin rayuwa ba kawai cikin mutane ba: a cewar ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar Jafananci, ana kuma lura da raguwar maƙogwaron a cikin chimpanzees. Burlak, 2011

Game da abin da ƙananan matsayin larynx yake don, akwai maganganu da yawa. Dangane da wanda yake kamar mafi yawan misalai ne, wannan ya zama dole ga ma'anar sauti mai kyau, tunda yana bawa harshe damar motsawa a cikin faifan magana - a sararin samaniya da kuma tsaye, wanda, bi da bi, yana ba ka damar ƙirƙirar jigon abubuwa da yawa na rami na bakin da pharynx kai tsaye da da haka ne yake fadada saiti mai yiwuwa na wayar hannu, wanda ya bambanta ta yadda ake kara fadada sauti sannan kuma akasin haka, yana murƙushewa. Wannan raguwar larynx yana sa ya yiwu a haifar da ƙananan sautuna. Don haka, ƙananan matsayin larynx za'a iya ɗauka azaman alamar jinsin - wannan shine ɗayan na'urorin don yin magana da sauti. Burlak, 2011

Baya ga waɗannan sifofi irin na mutum, Barulin, 2012 za a iya ambata game da rashi abubuwan ɓoye na ɗabi'a a cikin mutane (rata tsakanin hakora wanda aka sanya ƙugiyoyi, alal misali, a cikin chimpanzees), da kuma birai na Lenneberg, 1967, wanda ya bambanta da tsokoki na fuskokin mutum, kuma ƙarami ne idan aka kwatanta da Heidelberg mutum, paleoanthropic da neoanthropic diamita na kashin baya a cikin yankin na thoracic, wanda ke nuna rashin iyawa sosai don sarrafa sararin iska da aka tura zuwa ga muryoyin, i.e. rashi na sp a cikin al'umma, yanayin magana na numfashi a birai. MacLarnon, Hewitt, 1999 Hakanan yana da mahimmanci cewa birai masu daidaituwa da kwanciyar hankali suna yin sauti duka a kan exhale da kuma a kan numfashi Kelemen, 1961, Lenneberg, 1967, Deacon, 1997, yayin da daidaita yanayin halittar mutum ya sami damar yin aiki ne kawai a kan exhale Lenneberg, 1967, Deacon, 1997.

Sauti a cikin birai da mutane: gabaɗaya kuma daban-daban

A cikin wasu nau'ikan halittar magabata, gami da mutane da chimpanzees, ban da babban fayaɗan muryar na gaskiya, akwai couplean iska biyu na muryoyin muryoyi masu rauni, waɗanda ke da rauni sosai. A lokaci guda, chimpanzee, ba kamar ɗan adam ba, na iya amfani da nau'i-nau'i biyu na ligaments a cikin samar da sauti daban-daban, kodayake kunnawarsu na buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfin iska. Lenneberg, 1967 A cikin mutane, ana iya amfani da igiyoyin muryoyin ɓarna ne kawai bayan shirin horo na musamman, alal misali, tare da maƙogwaron makogwaro ko sakamakon magani daga likitan magana, lokacin da sautin muryoyin gaskiya suka kasa. Dukkanin hominoids, ban da na mutane, suna da abin da ake kira jakunkuna (ko laryngeal) jaka de Boer, 2011, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin ƙararraki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi a cikin samar da sauti, saboda abin da aka sauya jigon asali na asali da kusanci, wanda hakan ba shi da tasiri a kan rarrabe sautuna ta hanyar katse lokaci.

Tsarin “daidai” da kuma aikin injin na iya zama da mahimmanci ba kawai don samar da magana ba, har ma don tsinkaye. Rashin yarda tsakanin sigogi na yanayin muryar mutum da tabbataccen kwanciyar hankali na tsinkayen abubuwan magana na mutum ta hanyar haifar da nau'ikan ka'idojin motsa jiki na magana. Sorokin, 2007 Tunanin cewa idan aka fahimci magana a wasu hanyoyi yana amfani da bayani game da ka'idodin tsarin samuwar magana, ya danganta ne da ikon mutum na koyan magana. Sabuwar abin da ake kira magana ta ciki, wato, wani lokacin furta “a hankali” ga rubutun da ake karantawa, su ma sun taka rawar gani. Abun lura da biyan bashin bala'o'in halitta da na wucin gadi yayin aiwatar da ilimi ko tsinkayar magana shima ya tara kudi.

Masana ilimin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma likitocin magana sun daɗe da sanin cewa tare da paresis (inna) na fuskokin mutum ɗaya ko tsokoki na ciki, ba zai iya tasiri cikin fahimtar magana ba. Misali, tare da paresis na tsokoki wanda ke sarrafa motsi na ƙananan kashin, ƙarar sauti na labial ya faru ne saboda girman girman motsi na lebe. An fara sanya tsoka da lafuzza masu wucin gadi, a wasu yanayi, mutane sun riƙe hikimar maganarsu. Wasu lokuta marasa lafiya tare da cire maƙarƙashiya da aka cire gaba ɗaya a cikin maganarsu ba kawai bambanci tsakanin muryar magana da kurma ba ne, har ma da madaidaicin fassarar kalmomin Sorokin et al., 1998 kuma suna iya raira waƙa. Akwai tabbaci cewa maye gurbin harshen da aka cire tare da rigar filastik ya ba wa mai haƙuri damar kiyaye magana mai sauƙin magana. Sorokin, 2007 Duk waɗannan bayanan suna nuna hanyoyi da yawa na daidaita kayan magana da kwanciyar hankali na tsarin ji da magana gaba ɗaya.

Ina magana ta fito

Ka'idar tsarin cikin ciki wanda V. N. Sorokin 2007 ya gabatar ya hada hanyoyin samar da magana da tsinkaye kuma yana bamu damar fahimtar tsarin kwanciyar hankali da aka bayyana a sama. Tsarin ciki shine asalin tsarin kulawa da ma'amala, yana ba da iko na yanzu da gyara siyayyar ɗan adam don cin zarafi daban-daban ta hanyar warware matsalolin da ake ciki: "farfadowa - sarrafawa" da "acoustics - control". Don samun nasarar aiki, samfurin na ciki dole ne ya dogara da bayanan makanikai, iska, fasahar magana da harshe na harshen. An gano cewa lokacin da akwai wani bayani game da damuwa, babu buƙatar auna gaba ɗayan nau'ikan maɓallin magana - isasshen ilimin game da matsayin lebe, ƙananan jaw da gaban harshen. Saboda haka, lokacin da ake warware matsalolin gyara fasahar mutum ko ragi na keta haddi, abubuwan da ake buƙata don daidaitattun alamomin siginar rarrabuwa.

Wannan yana ƙaruwa da alama cewa tsarin sarrafawa na iya magance matsalolin juzu'ai don sarrafa ingancin siginar magana da aka haifar da kuma yarda da ka'idodin ƙa'idar sauti a cikin wannan harshe. Sorokin, 2007 Ta amfani da gwaji na gwaji, an kuma nuna cewa nau'in filin magana, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar magance matsalar juzu'I ta amfani da bayanan yanayin motsa jiki da kuma bayanan fasahar, yana cikin kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da sakamakon da aka samu akan tsarin sigogi na musammam shi kadai. Wannan yana nufin cewa irin wannan tsari na hangen nesa da kuma zurfin magana ta hakika mai yiwuwa ne. A yayin aiwatar da waɗannan karatun, an kuma gano cewa don samun nasarar warware matsalar jujjuyawar, zaku iya amfani da hanyoyin kawai ba kawai ba, har ma da abin da ake kira littafin kundin. Atal et al. 1978 Tunaninta shine gabatar da jerin takaddar daidai tsakanin ma'aunin sassan ma'aunin sigogin articulatory sigogi da kuma ma'aunin sigogi na sigogin murdiya. Ana iya ɗauka cewa, farawa daga lokacin da ake magana, ƙirar ciki, ta amfani da gwaji da hanyar kuskure, yana sa ido kan aiwatar da canza yanayin yanayin murfin kuma yana daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin littafin "code code" daidai.

Misalai na dawo da asalin muryar bayan cirewar larynx kuma suna nuna ban mamaki banbancin tsarin sarrafa magana, wanda ba zai iya bin sauye-sauye masu dangantaka da shekaru ba kawai a cikin sigogi na hanyar magana, amma kuma canza ainihin tsarin tsarin ciki. A wannan yanayin, aikin mai maye gurbin muryar yana kasancewa ne daga sphincter, wanda mahaifa da tsokoki-mahaifa suka tsara, wanda ke yada kyawawan ayyuka na tsokoki na maƙoƙin nesa. Sorokin, 2007 Duk wannan yana magana ne don yarda da cewa "aiki", wato, buƙatar magana, ya ƙaddara “tsarin” - hanyar sarrafa kayan magana. Saboda haka, gardi game da rashi a cikin birai har zuwa wani matsayi a cikin magabatan mu na kayan aiki da ya dace da magana yayin da dalilan rashin maganarsu ba daidai bane. Maimakon haka, akasin haka, rashin buƙatar magana ("ayyuka") baya haifar da canje-canje na tsarin. A bayyane yake, magana tana iya fara farawa tun kafin canje-canjen ɗan adam ya faru, waɗanda a bayyane suke a bayyane lokacin da suke kwatanta mutum da birai marasa magana kuma waɗanda tuni sakamakon (da kuma nuna alama) na ci gaban magana, kuma ba yanayin zama ba.

Motsin rai da asalin harshe

Mutumin yanzu da kuma birai na yanzu sun banbanta ta tsarin kayan magana da kuma yiwuwar sadarwa mai ma'ana. Amma menene yaren, magana mutum, lokacin da mutum ya fara fito daga duniyar dabbobi? Menene banbanci da kamanci tsakanin sautukan da dabbobi na zamani ke yi a yanayi daban-daban, har da waɗanda ke da kusancin ɗan adam - birai, daga sautin kalaman mutane? Tambayar asalin harshen ta ƙunshi manyan masana masu tunani, amma an samo shi kuma an sha bamban dashi daban. Daga cikin ra'ayoyi da yawa, mutum zai iya ambaci ka’idar asalin tunanin harshe da kuma ka’idar taɓarɓarewar haɓaka. Magabacin wannan ka’ida shi ne Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). A cikin rubutun nasa game da asalin yaruka, Rousseau 1998 ya rubuta cewa yaren farko na mutum, ya fi kowa duniya, magana da baki kawai, kukan halitta ne. Tunda wannan kukan ya fashe a cikin mutum kawai ta hanyar wani yanayi na ilhami a cikin lokuta na bukatar gaggawa don neman taimako idan akwai babban haɗari ko kuma wahala mai wahala, da wuya a yi amfani da su a rayuwar yau da kullun, inda ma'anar matsakaici ke sarauta.

Lokacin da tunanin mutum ya fara faɗaɗawa kuma ya zama mafi rikitarwa, lokacin da aka kafa sadarwa ta kusa tsakanin mutane, sai suka yi ƙoƙarin neman alamu da yawa da haɓaka mai haɓaka. Sun kara yawan canje-canjen murya da kara nuna musu kwatankwacinsu, wanda a dabi'ance su suke kara bayyana kuma wanda ma'anarsa ba mai dogaro da shi ba. Russo, 1998 Aka kirkiro ka’idar Russo ta ruhaniya kuma ya zama sananne a matsayin ka’idar shiga tsakanin mutane. Daya daga cikin masu kare wannan ka'ida, masanin ilimin harshe na Rasha D. N. Kudryavsky (1867-1920) ya yi imanin cewa tarnaki wata irin magana ce ta mutum. Tattaunawa sune kalmomin da suka fi motsa rai wadanda mutane na asali ke sanya ma'ana daban dangane da wani yanayi. Stepanov, 1975 A cewar Kudryavsky, a cikin sautin hirarraki da ma'anoni suna da ma'anar hadewa har abada. Bayan haka, kamar yadda ake musayar maganganu ya zama kalmomi, sauti da ma'anoni sun rarrabu, kuma wannan sauyi na shiga cikin kalmomi yana hade da bayyanar magana mai ma'ana. Stepanov, 1975

Harshen magabata

Koyaya, harshen motsin zuciyar dabbobi na zamani, gami da birai kuma, ga alama, magabatan mutane, sun isa sosai domin su iya magance duk matsalolinsu na hulɗa cikin gungun, gami da yau da kullun, baya buƙatar matsananciyar damuwa. Barin tambayar abubuwan da ke haddasawa ko haifar da karfi na samuwar harshe wanda ya haifar da bayyanar magana da dan adam, bari mu koma kan batun hanyar da “fasahar” tushen ci gaban magana mai kyau. Shin mutum ya kiyaye tsarin rayuwa na ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa mai ma'ana cikin aminci, ya ci gaba da zama tare a matsayin tsarin bayyanar da ji, a layi ɗaya da tsarin sauti mai zaman kansa na magana mai ma'ana? A cikin sautin magana na yau da kullun na mutanen zamani, abubuwan da ke motsa rai wani abu ne sananne. Godiya gareshi, ana iya fahimtar ko mai magana yana da farin ciki ko haushi, fushi, tsoro, mamaki, da dai sauransu. Ana iya fadada wannan bangaren ko da ba zai yiwu a kalleshi kalmomin ba saboda dalili daya ko wani.