Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes Forsteri) - mafi girman nau'in penguins na mambobi ne na dangi. Penguins halittu ne masu ban dariya sosai, tare da nuna launi iri-iri wanda ke sa suyi kama da maza a cikin tuxedos.
Zasu iya nutsewa zuwa zurfin mil 550 kuma suna riƙe numfashinsu har zuwa minti 20! Penguins galibi suna zaune ne a Kudancin hemisphere, a bakin tekun Antarctica, wani lokacin ana samunsu a bakin gabar New Zealand. Guda ɗaya ne kawai ya kera ɗan arewa na masu daidaita - a tsibirin Galapagos, kuma guguwa ce mai zafi.
Emperor penguins
Wadannan tsuntsayen marasa tashi, gami da manyan jinsunan penguins, kyawawan masu iyo ne. Ingsayoyi, waɗanda a cikin hanyar juyin halitta sun juya zuwa oars na musamman, suna taimaka wa waɗannan tsuntsayen, suyi ƙasa a ƙasa, suyi sauri da tsufa a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Penguins galibi suna ciyar da kifi da squid, wani lokacin crustaceans.
Namiji cikin mani farce, namiji yakan zama ƙwai
Yanayin Rayuwa na Penguin
Penguins suna rayuwa cikin yanayi mai zafi sosai, inda tsananin sanyi da iskar dusar ƙanƙara ke sarauta. Saboda haka, duk da dimbin yawa, yawancin su, har da mafi girman nau'in penguins, yawancin lokaci suna ɓacewa cikin garken kusa. Sun kirkiro dauloli masu yawa, wanda na iya haɗawa da sama da dubu 30. tsuntsaye. Wannan ya basu damar samar wa kansu isasshen zafi. Manyan lardunan kasar sun kai miliyan daya.
Zauren Luxury Whichaway
Camp Whichaway yana daya daga cikin sansanonin ƙarancin kwari a doron ƙasa. Ya ƙunshi tantuna shida na barci da manyan tantuna uku, waɗanda suke da haɗin gwiwa, samar da ɗakin zama da ɗakin cin abinci.
Kowane kabarar bacci yana mai zafi kuma yana sanye da kayan wanki da bayan gida. Kuna iya yin wanka a cikin wani tanti na musamman kusa da yankin gama gari. An tsara kayan barci don saukar da mutane biyu. Zaku iya caji kyamarori, kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka, iPads, da sauransu a cikin tanti ko a cikin falon da aka raba.
Dakin cin abinci na yau da kullun, ɗakin karatu da falo a buɗe suke a kusa da agogo. Giya mai zafi da sanyi, ana amfani da kayan ciye-ciye 24 a rana a ɗakin cin abinci. Za'ayi karin kumallo, abincin rana da abincin dare. A cikin lokacinku na kyauta, zaku iya sauraron laccocin jagororin mu.
Saurari muryar penguins
Penguins suna yin sheƙarsu a cikin fasa da fashewar dutse ko ƙasa. Kajin nan da nan ya zama mai 'yanci kuma bayan watanni 2 tare da wasu babiesan jari sun hallara a cikin abin da ake kira kindergarten. Godiya ga irin wannan ƙungiya, iyaye na iya zuwa farauta ba tare da damuwa da yaran ba. Yara matasa daga cikin manyan jinsunan sarki penguins suna ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsu a makarantan Koko, kuma iyayen sun zo ne kawai don ciyar da kawunansu. Lokacin da jikin matashi ya rufe kansa da "matashi", sai ya fita daga yankin ya tafi bakin tekun neman abinci don kansa.
Shin ko kun san hakan ...
- Wasu nau'in penguins na iya haɓaka gudu a ƙarƙashin ruwa har zuwa 20 km / h.
- Babban penguin mai martaba sarki ya kai tsayin 1.4 m kuma yayi nauyin kilogram 45.
- Wakilan nau'in nau'in penguin mafi girma na iya zama a cikin ruwa na mintina 18 kuma su nutse zuwa zurfin mita 565.
- Lokacin da penguins ta nutse, zuciyar su zata fi karfi a hankali, saboda haka jini yana zagayawa cikin jiki a hankali, kuma jiki yana cin kasa oxygen.
- Fuka-fukan Penguin suna rufe jiki kamar shingles. Fatar jiki baya shigowa da ruwa kuma baya sanyi.
- A lokacin kiwo na penguins na sarki - a watan Mayu, Antarctica yana da ƙananan zafin jiki a duniya.
- Namiji yakan shigo da gidan, sai macen ta nemi abinci.
- Idanun Penguin suna da matukar damuwa ga shudi da kore. Saboda wannan fasalin, penguins zasu iya gani sosai ko da a cikin yanayin haske mai ƙarancin gaske kuma an sami nasarar farauta ko da a cikin zurfin teku.
Su wanene penguins, kuma a ina za'a iya samunsu?
Don haka, mun san cewa waɗannan tsuntsayen teku ne, ba sa tashi, amma suna iyo yadda yakamata kuma wannan yana iya kusan dukkanin abubuwan da muka sani game da waɗannan ƙananan halittu masu ban mamaki da bakin ciki da baki.
Dangane da babbar Intanet, tuni an riga an samar da sigogin 3 na asalin sunayen wadannan dabbobin.
- a cewar farkon su, Penguin mai bibiyar farin tsuntsaye ne, wanda yayi kama da shi a karni na 19, shi ma bai san yadda zai tashi ba, shima ya hau kan tudu, ita ce wacce a da ake kiranta da masinan penguin,
- Dangane da fasali na biyu, sunan tsuntsu yana da alaƙa da fassarar daga Ingilishi azaman asirin gashi, wanda kuma ya kasance ne ga bayyanar maƙiyin fari da aka ambata a baya,
- na uku fassarar fassara daga Latin wani penguin a matsayin "mai."
Kasance kamar yadda ya yiwu, a yau tare da wannan kalmar muna danganta tsuntsu ɗaya kawai, a cikin abin da masana kimiyya ke da kusan nau'in 18. Kuma kafin aƙalla 40! Bayan haka, magabatan penguin sama da miliyan 60 da suka shude (ko wataƙila duk miliyan 100, har yanzu ba a sani ba) ya rayu cikin yanayin yanayi a lokacin da ƙasashensu na Antarctica ba su rufe ci gaba da dusar kankara ba.
Amma ƙarni sun shude, yanayin ya canza, Antarctica kuma ta juya zuwa ga Poan kudu, tana juyawa zuwa babban dutsen kankara. Dabbobi da yawa sun bar, wasu sun zama mara lalacewa, kuma kaɗan ne kawai suka sami damar daidaita da yanayin sanyi na har abada. Daga cikinsu akwai penguins.
A yau zaku iya haɗuwa da iyali na penguin a ko'ina cikin Antarctica, wanda ke rufe Antarctica da muka ambata da kuma iyakar tsibirin na Tekun Atlantika, Indiya da Pacific. Amma kada ku rikitar da Antarctic tare da Arctic, wanda yake ɗaukar Poan arewacin kan ɗayan, kai tsaye sabanin gefen duniyarmu.
Penguins ba sa rayuwa a cikin ruwan Tekun Arctic, amma a can za ka iya samun hatimi da walruses, baleen whales da belar polar.
Don haka, mun fitar da sandunansu: penguins suna zaune a Kudu, cikin Antarctic, inda babban gungu yake. Hakanan zaka iya ganin waɗannan 'yan wasan ruwa a New Zealand, a kudu maso yamma na tekun Pacific, suna da "gidaje" a Australia da Afirka ta kudu, Kudancin Amurka da Peru.
Amma wannan baya nufin cewa penguins suna ƙaunar kwalba a cikin rana. Sun fi son kwantar da hankali, saboda a cikin tsaunukan zafi kawai suna cikin wuraren da akwai igiyoyin sanyi. Wurin da suka fi so da suka zaɓa kawai kusa da mai daidaitawa, a cikin tsibirin Galapagos a cikin Tekun Pacific.
Waɗanne iri ne su?
Duk wakilan dangin penguin daidai suna iyo da ruwa, amma dan kadan sun bambanta a bayyanar da wurin zama. Don haka
- Yankuna 2 ne kawai suka rage a cikin Antarctica:
- Babban sarki, mafi girma duka, ya kai tsayi 1.22m da nauyin 22-45kg, tare da kumatattun lemu mai haske. Ana kuma kiranta tsuntsu na Forster saboda girmamawa ga mai binciken - masaniyar ƙasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya tafiyar sananniyar kyaftin ɗin Cook.
- Adele, wanda ya zama na kowa kuma sananne, wanda masanin Faransa ya nada shi don girmamawa ga matarsa. Babu wani wakilin penguin-kamar halitta a cikin Adele.
- 'Yan uwa na kusa da sarki penguin, dan karami ne mai tsayi da nauyi kuma dan kadan mai haske sosai, masarautar ta zauna a tsibiran kudu - Kerguelen a tekun Indiya, Kudancin Georgia a Atlanta, Tierra del Fuego, Macquarie a Tekun Pacific.
- Matsayin wurin zama na Papuan, yayi kama sosai da na sarauta, shine Kudancin Georgia da tarin tsibiri na Kerguelen. Ana bambanta wannan nau'in ta wani farin fararen fata wanda yake ratsa karamin kai daga wannan ido zuwa wani. Sunanta ainihin abin da ya faru na dabbobi, saboda penguins ba sa zama a mahaifar Papuans a New Guinea!
- An rufe shi, mafi arewa, tare da kunkuntar gira mai rawaya, tare da tassels a ƙarshen, sun ƙaunaci Tasmania da kuma gefen Tekun Kudancin Amurka. Ya tsuguna kan duwatsun a wurin, yana jifar da dutsen tare da pawses biyu tare da fadawa cikin "soja". Abubuwan da ke tattare da fuka-fukai an bayar da ƙarfi ne ta hanyar farawar hancinsa tare da kwaɗawa a gaban idanu.
- Wakilin farin-wakilin, wanda kuma ake kira Victoria penguin, na waje yayi kama da launin rawaya-faranti, wanda aka gwammace kudu da New Zealand da tsibiran Solander da Stewart.
- A cikin Chile da Perú, akwai Humguldt penguins, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna ta hanyar masanin ilimin kimiyar ƙasa wanda ya same su. Wannan nau'in ya tsaya a gaban farar fata a gaban idanunsa a kamannin kamannin dawakai, yana gudana ta bayan kai zuwa kirji.
- Don ganin wakilin wasan kwaikwayo na Humboldt, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da jaki saboda muryar sa da ba ta da daɗi, kuna buƙatar zuwa Namibia ko Afirka ta Kudu.
- A tsibirin Juan Fernandez da ke kusa da Rio de Janeiro na Brazil, zaku iya haɗuwa da kallon Magellans, wanda yayi kama da danginsa guda biyu - gilashin madubi da Humboldt. Yana da raunanan duhu biyu a kirji, ba daya ba.
- Yi magana da nau'in Galapagos, mafi ƙaranci ga Magellan kawai a girman, zai yuwu a tsibirin Galapagos na Fernandin da Isabela. Yana can cikin kaɗaici, babu sauran wakilai a tsibirin.
- A Ostiraliya da Snares, zaku iya haɗuwa da babban soyayyar penguin. Yana al'ajabi koyaushe, kamar yadda girarsa take girma koyaushe.
- Gwal mai launin zinare, tare da gashin fuka-fukai na zinare daga faduwa daga matakin ido har zuwa baya, ya zauna a tsibirin Falkland da kuma Kudancin Chile.
- Penan ƙaramin penguin, mafi ƙarancin girman tsayi - kusan 40 cm, ana kiran shi shuɗi saboda saman monophonic saman. Ana iya ganinta a bakin tekun Kudancin Ostirel.
- Tsarin fararen fuka-fukan shima yana cikin mara girman da ba a gani, da kuma babba. Yana zaune a Canterbury da yamma a New Zealand.
- Shahararren, ko kuma ana kiran shi mai launin rawaya, penguin "ya gina gida" a tsibirin Campbell da tsibiran Macquarie da Bounty. Rawa mai launin shuɗi daga wannan ido zuwa ɗayan.
Dukkanin nau'ikan da ke sama suna da kusan 65-75 cm tsayi, banda watakila na sarki da sarauta. Girman tsuntsu mafi ƙaranci, alal misali, ƙaramar shuɗi, yana farawa daga 1 kg, ƙarancin ɗan adam ya kai kilogiram 3.5-4.
Ta yaya penguins suke rayuwa?
Wadannan hadaddun dabbobin dabbobin da ke cikin ruwa sune daidaitattun ma'auni. Tsarin jikinsu wanda aka suturta shine kawai don motsawa inda zasu iya samun matsakaicin saurin kilomita 10 / h. Koyaya, idan suna cikin sauri, zasu iya hanzarta zuwa duk 20-25 km / h, suna karya duk bayanan don lokacin da aka kashe a ƙarƙashin ruwa.
Don haka, sarki zai iya tsayawa har zuwa mintuna 18-20, nutsewa zuwa zurfin 530 mita!
Thearin aikin mai ginin yana taimakawa duk waɗannan: ƙwayoyin penguin suna haɓaka duk wani mai kishin jiki zaiyi hassada, saboda yin iyo a cikin yanayin juriya ga rukuni na ruwa yana buƙatar ƙonewa sosai.
Waɗannan dabbobin suma sun yi tsalle sama. Kamar kyandirori, suna tsalle daga ruwa zuwa gabar, har tsayin mita 1.8, ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Kuma wãne ne ya ce cewa a kan ƙasa sun kasance jinkiri. Komawa daga gefe zuwa gefe, tsuntsayen suna ajiye makamashi, amma lokacin da suke buƙatar gudu daga dukkan lamuransu, zasu iya shawo kan kilomita 3-6 a awa daya! Kuma sun kuma san yadda za a sauƙaƙe motsawa a kan tafi daga nunin faɗin kankara, har ma a baya, har ma suna kwance akan ciki. Gwada shi, cim!
Wani lokacin farin ciki mai kauri (2-3 cm), da yawa kamar fuka-fukai 3 na ruwa mai hana ruwa, tsakanin su shine matashin iska ke jure zafi, yana taimakawa penguins daskarewa. Suna zubar da "kasuwancin tuxedos" su sau ɗaya a cikin bazara, suna sabunta rigar gashin gashin da aka saƙa daɗaɗa.
Hakanan, don kada su daskare, an haɗa su, suna tara cikin kananan kungiyoyi: yana da daɗi tare! Don kada kowa ya ɓata daga gefuna, waɗanda ke yin wanka a rukunin suna ci gaba da motsawa daga tsakiya zuwa gefen, daga gefen - zuwa cibiyar. Gaba ɗaya, dangin penguin mai ƙauna suna iya ƙidaya daga dubun dubun zuwa miliyoyin tsuntsaye a mazauna ɗaya!
A jerin abincinsu na yau da kullun akwai kifaye da ɓawon burodi, waɗanda suke haɗiye kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin ruwa, ba tare da rarrafe zuwa ƙasa ba, wanda suke yin ruwa kimanin 200 a rana.
Penguins suna rayuwa kusan shekaru 25, idan mutane basu dame su ba.
A yau, a gab da lalacewa, nau'ikan uku - waɗanda aka suturta, masu girma da Galapagos.
Daga cikin manyan dalilan da yasa ake farautar wadannan tsuntsaye sune qwayayensu da kitse mai kauri, wanda daga ciki ake samun mai. Wasu alƙaluma suna taɓarɓarewa saboda rashin abinci saboda canjin yanayin canji.
Na sami bidiyo mai sanyi game da penguins. Duba, murmushi)
Anan suna, penguins mai ban mamaki. Waɗanne abubuwa masu ban sha'awa ne ka sani game da waɗannan tsuntsayen? Raba ilimin ka a cikin sharhin)
Jinsunan Penguin
Duk da shahararrun shahararrun penguins, yawancin nau'ikansu ba sa bambanta shi da matukan jirgin ruwa. Amma cikin adalci, ya kamata a lura cewa wannan lamari ne mai wahala.
Babban penguin shine sarki, ko Forster. Yana zaune ne kawai a bakin gabar Antarctica kuma a cikin ruwa nan da nan kusa da shi. An ambaci wannan penguin din ne bayan D. Forster, masanin dabi'ar halittu a duniya yafiya kyaftin din D. Cook. A cikin yankin mai saurin yanayi, an maye gurbinsa da wani babban sarki na penguin, wanda ke kan tsibiri a tsibiran da ke warwatse a Kudancin Kudancin. Penguin mai martaba sarki ya kai 120 cm, penguin sarki ba kasa da 1 m. Sarki penguin shima yana da launuka masu ruwan lemo a gaban wuya.
Papuan penguin yana da irin wannan rarraba tare da sarki penguin. Bugu da kari, yana da nils a cikin Antarctic Peninsula tare da tsibirin kusa. Wannan penguin ne na matsakaiciyar matsakaici, kusan tsayi cm 75. Ana iya rarrabe shi da sauƙi daga wasu nau'in ta hanyar fararen fararen da ke gudana tare da kambin kai daga ido zuwa ido. A cikin littattafanmu, galibi ana kiran sa da jaki. Amma ainihin sunan Papuan penguin wani lamari ne da ya faru, saboda penguins ba sa zaune a New Guinea. A karkashin wannan sunan ne D. Forster ya bayyana shi, wanda sunan shi ne sarki penguin.
A bakin tekun Antarctica da yankin Antarctic Peninsula, sanannen shahararren penguin - Adélie penguin, mai suna bayan kyakkyawar matar shugaban Antariyar Antarctic ta Faransa, wacce ta gudanar da bincike a cikin 30s na ƙarni na karshe, D`Jurville, wanda girmamawarsa ga ɗaya daga cikin tekuna mai wanke Antarctica mai suna. Adele yana da alamar launi ta penguin: launin wutsiya mai duhu da kai, daskararre-farin ciki da kirji. A kusa da idanuwa wani farin zobe ne. Babu wasu penguins masu kama da Adele.
Penarin Antarctic, wacce ke da mazauni a tsibirin Antarctic da kuma a cikin Tsibirin Antarctic, kuma ana iya rarrabe ta da sauran nau'ikan. Sabanin Adélie penguin, yana da hula mai duhu a kansa, daga inda madaidaicin “duhu” yake zuwa gemunsa.
Galapagos penguins, mai kallo, ko jaki, Magellans da Humboldt, ko penguins na Peru suna da kama sosai da launi. Humboldt Penguin, mai suna bayan fitaccen masanin tarihin ƙasa na Jamusanci, mazauna kusa da tekun Peruvian zuwa kudu zuwa kimanin digiri 38 na kudu maso gabas. A cikin launinsa na toho, fararen dawakai masu launin fari suna bayyane wadanda suke wuce ido ta bayan kai zuwa kirji na sama, da kuma bakin duhu wanda yake kama farin kirji yana ci gaba a bangarorin jikin. A cikin tekun Pasifik na Kudancin Amurka, an maye gurbin shi da penelin Magellanic. Amma tsakanin 32 zuwa 38 digiri Yu. w. wuraren wadannan nau'ikan jinsin sun mamaye, i.e. ana samun nau'ikan biyu tare. Haka ma Magellanic Penguin yana zaune a cikin ruwa mai zafi na Kudancin Amurka daga gefen Atlantic da kuma tsibirin Falkland (Malvinas). Bambancin fari da ratsi mai duhu a cikin wannan nau'in ya kasance cewa ratsin duhu biyu sun mamaye kirji, ba ɗayan ba, kamar Humboldt Penguin.
Humboldt Penguin yayi kama da penguin na jaki, wanda ke rayuwa ne kawai a gabar tekun kudancin Afirka. Babu wanda zai rikitar da shi anan, tunda ba a samo wasu nau'in penguins a cikin ruwan Afirka ba. Kuma suka kira shi jakai don tsananin kuka. Galapagos yayi kama da Penguin na Magellanic, wanda, duk da haka, yana ƙasa da girmansa. Yana zaune ne kawai a tsibirin Galapagos, inda babu wasu nau'in penguins.
Redungiyoyin ƙawancen gaba na gaba sun ƙunshi nau'ikan 6, kuma dukkansu suna da gashin fuka-fukai na zinariya a kawunansu waɗanda ke bawa waɗannan penguins ƙyalli a gefe guda kuma tsayayyen kallo a ɗayan.mafi shahara daga cikinsu ana crested, ko "penguin tsalle a kan kankara." Tana yin nitsuwa a mafi yawan tsibiran ko'ina cikin yanayin yankin na Kudancin Yankin. Gashin fuka-fukai na penguin da aka rufe yana farawa ba nisa daga hanci kuma yana rawar jiki sosai a gaban idanunsu. Da sunan "tsalle kan duwatsu" an lura da yanayin motsin sa - don tura baya tare da ƙafafu biyu lokaci guda. Ya tsalle cikin ruwa daga bakin "soja", kuma baya nutsuwa kamar sauran penguins.
A tsibiran yanayin canjin yanayin Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Indiya na Kudancin tekun kuma a cikin yankin Antarctic Peninsula akwai rayuka mai launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi, ko kuma, gashin fuka-fukai na zinari a kansa sama da furen penguin da aka rufe. Kayansu farawa daga matakin ido kuma kamar yadda gashi yake sauka a bayan idanun zuwa bayansa.
Irin gashin gashi mai launin zinari na Schguel Penguin, wanda ya takaita ga tsibirin Macquarie, kusa da kudu a yankin New Zealand. Abu ne mai sauki a rarrabe a fararen kawunan kai. Sauran jinsunan 3 na wannan rukunin suna zaune ne a yankin New Zealand kudu da Cook Strait. Waɗannan Penguin Snare Crested, Babbar-cajin kuɗi, ko Victoria Penguin da Babban Tsarin Crested Penguin. Na farko jinsunan guda biyun ba su da bambanci. Gashin fuka-fukai a cikinsu suna kama da kaifin gira, masu dan ƙara fadadawa a kan wuya, kuma a cikin babban faifan penguin, “girare” suna haɓaka sama.
A kudancin yankin New Zealand na rayuwa mai ban sha'awa, ko hular launin shuɗi. A kansa yana ratsa kambi daga ido zuwa ido ya shuɗe. Sauran shugaban kuma launin rawaya.
Duk penguins da aka lissafa a sama, ban da na sarki da na sarauta, suna da matsakaitan matsakaici - kimanin 65-75 cm. Allerarami - kimanin 50 cm - kawai ƙungiyar Galapagos. Amma shi ba ƙarami bane. Akwai wasu jinsuna biyu waɗanda tsayinsu ya kai kusan 40 cm Waɗannan Waɗannan shuɗi ne, ko ƙarami da fuka-fuka-fukai. Na farko suna zaune a kusa da manyan tsibiran New Zealand, a tsibirin Chatham da kuma gefen tekun kudu na Australiya, na biyu - gab da bakin gabashin gabashin New Zealand. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran penguins, sun kasance ba za a iya fahimta ba - farin kasa, saman da ke fitowa mai kyau. Tsuntsayen matasa a cikin dukkan nau'in penguin suna da launi mai ƙarancin launi.
Akwai tatsuniyoyi da yawa game da penguins: cewa suna haifar da ma'aurata masu “aure” masu aminci, suna zagaye da juna. Haka kuma akwai mahawara da yawa game da inda penguins ke zaune: a cikin Arctic ko Antarctic. Na ƙarshen za a iya amsa shi ba tare da wata damuwa ba - penguins suna zaune a Antarctica, mafi daidai - Antarctica.
Antarctica
Antarctica shine yankin kudu na theasa. Ya ƙunshi: babban yankin Antarctica, ƙarshen karkarar teku uku:
Yankin wannan yanki na duniya shine kilomita miliyan 52.5. Tekuna da ke nan suna da tsaunuka "iska", raƙuman ruwa na iya isa mita 20 a tsayi. Ruwa a cikin hunturu dole freezes, kewaye Antarctica tare da m Layer kankara, tare da nisa daga 500 to 2 dubu kilomita. Kuma a lokacin rani komai yana canzawa kwatsam, kankara ya tafi arewa. An fara ambatar Antarctica a cikin 1502 lokacin da Amerigo Vespucci ya gano tsibirai da yawa.
A cikin mahimmancinsa, Antarctica shine ɓangaren pola a gefen kudu na Duniya. A ciki, akwai yankin kankara, wanda yake kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 14 a ciki, tsayin mita dubu 2, amma idan babu kankara, babban yankin ba zai sami wannan tsayi ba. Tsarin volcanic bai tsaya ba har yau.
Wannan daskararren da ke da girman mita miliyan 24 shine kashi 90% na ajiyayyen ruwa mai tsafta a duk sararin duniya. Dangane da ƙididdigar marasa ƙarfi, idan duk wannan dusar ƙanƙara ta narke, to, matakin Tekun Duniya zai karu da mita 60.
Penguin mazaunin
Sauyin yanayi yana canzawa koyaushe a duniyarmu, kuma tare da kwararar Antarctica kusa da kusurwar kudu, yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa sun bar wannan ɓangaren duniya, gami da yawancin penguins.
Har yanzu, a ina ne penguins ke zaune - a cikin Arctic ko Antarctic? Har zuwa yau, nau'in dabbobi 2 ne kawai suka rage a Antarctica:
Sauran jinsunan kusan duk sun ƙaura zuwa kudu. Kabilar sarauta suna zaune ne a Kudancin Hemisphere, kusa da Tierra del Fuego, a cikin Kudancin Georgia, Kerguelen, a Tsibirin Sandwich.
An samo nau'in nau'in nau'in a bakin tekun Kudancin Amurka, Tasmania da tsibiran Subarctic. Kuma a kudancin gabar tekun New Zealand na zaune a lokacin farin ciki-da ƙaramin penguin. Babban penguin ya sauka a tsibirin Snar.
A cikin tsibirin Galapagos suna zaune 90% na yawan suna iri guda. Penguin mai farin fuka-fuki ya mamaye gabar kudu ta Australia, wanda kuma aka samu a New Zealand, a kudu.
Inda akwai sanyi a halin yanzu, nau'in kallo suna zaune a Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu. Humbold penguin yana zaune a gefen gabar Peru da Chile.
A wasu wuraren, waɗannan dabbobin ma suna rayuwa, amma ba a cikin Arctic ba. Sabili da haka, tambayar inda penguins ke zaune - a cikin Arctic ko Antarctic za'a iya kiran shi mai magana mai magana. Bayan haka, Arctic shine ainihin arewacin Duniya, inda zafin zafin rana bazai tashi sama da +10 ° С.
Su wanene penguins?
Penguins suna cikin iyalin jirgin ruwan da ke tashi daga cikin jirgin. Wannan dangin yana da nau'ikan 18 waɗanda suke nutse har sau biyu.
Tsarin jikinsu yana kwarara don sauƙaƙewa a cikin ruwa, ƙananan fuka-fukai suna daɗaƙar motsi, a ƙarƙashin ruwan da suke aiki kamar sukurori. Waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da sternum, wanda keel ke bayyane bayyane. Kafafun ruwan penguin suna da membran na iyo, kuma a kan ƙasa da wutsiya ta zama ƙarin tallafi.
Fuka-fukan dabbobi kamar gashinta ce, kuma ciki kusan kowa yayi fari. Yayinda dabbar ke zub da jini, ba zai iya iyo ba, don haka dole penguins ta yunqura har sai sababbi suka yi girma.
Ko da amsa tambaya: "A ina penguins ke zaune - a cikin Arctic ko Antarctic?", Har yanzu ya bayyana sarai cewa suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin tsananin yanayin zafi. Saboda haka, dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da kauri mai kauri (2-3 cm), kuma a saman sa akwai ƙarin ƙarin filayen ruwa 3. Penguins na iya ganin sosai cikin ruwa, amma a kan ƙasa ɗan hangen nesa kaɗan. Kunnen dabbobi ba su da wata ma'ana, kamar yawancin tsuntsaye, kuma kan aiwatar da nutsewa cikin ruwa suna rufe da dumin gashin tsuntsu.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Abin ban sha'awa ne ba kawai inda penguins ke zaune ba - a cikin Arctic ko Antarctic, da abin da waɗannan dabbobin ke ci. A zahiri, abincinsu ya kunshi mazaunan zurfin teku. Da farko dai, kifi ne, kusan duk wani abu da aka samo a cikin mazaunin (sardines, Antarctic silverfish, anchovies).
Sanin amsar wannan tambaya: "Ina penguins ke zaune - a cikin Arctic ko Antarctic?", Kuma menene suke ci, zamu iya ɗauka cewa an haɗa crustaceans a cikin abincinsu. Amma waɗannan nau'ikan dole ne su ci sau da yawa, amma ana amfani da ƙarancin kuzari akan bincike, dipping da cin ƙananan crustaceans.
Kammalawa
Idan ka kalli hoto inda penguins ke zaune - a cikin Arctic ko Antarctic, ba zaka fahimci kai tsaye ba. A zahiri, waɗannan dabbobin sun fi son yanayin yanayi mai zafi ko yanayin zafi. Bugu da kari, ba su kirkira ma'aurata masu aminci sosai ba, suna iya sace yara daga junan su. Penguins bar ba tare da iyaye yawanci ba su yarda da sauran penguins.
Antarctica wata ƙasa ce da ke da yanayin yanayin zafi. Yanayin zafin jiki da yake kan yawancin yankuna basu taba tashi sama da daskarewa ba, kuma duk nahiyar ta rufe kankara. Bayan haka, Yankin Kudancin da ke kewaye da Antarctica shine ɗayan halittu masu ban al'ajabi a duniya kuma shine gida ga halittu da yawa masu ban al'ajabi.
Yawancin dabbobi ƙaura ne, saboda yanayin Afirka yana da wahala sosai ga mazaunin dindindin da lokacin hunturu.
A lokaci guda, yawancin jinsuna ana samun su ne kawai a cikin Antarctica (dabbobin da ke rayuwa a yanki ɗaya kawai ana kiransu endemic) kuma sun sami damar daidaitawa ga mazaunin mummunan yanayin. Tun da aka gano Antarctica ne kawai shekaru 200 da suka gabata, ba a amfani da nau'in gida a cikin rayuwar ɗan adam, wanda ke haifar da ɗayan abubuwan ban mamaki na dabbobin daji na Antarctica: mutane suna da sha'awar su kamar yadda suke da mutane. Ga baƙi, wannan yana nufin cewa mafi yawan dabbobi za a iya kusantar, kuma ba za su gudu ba, kuma ga masu bincike - damar da za a yi nazarin fayel na Antarctica mafi kyau. Koyaya, dole ne a ɗauka a zuciya cewa Yarjejeniyar Antarctic ta hana taɓa dabbobi!
A cikin wannan labarin, mun tattara jerin abubuwa tare da taƙaitaccen bayanin da hotunan wasu sanannun wakilai na fauna na mafi sanyi a duniya - Antarctica.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa
Whales daya ne daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki da halittu masu ban mamaki a duniya. Whale mai bakin ruwa shine dabba mafi girma da ta taɓa rayuwa a doron duniya, mai nauyin tan 100 fiye da ɗari, suna da sauƙi fiye da dinosaur mafi nauyi. Hatta "talakawa" babban dabbar Whale yana da girma kuma ana ɗaukarsa ƙirar halitta mai ban sha'awa da gaske. Whales suna da girma, amma dabbobi masu shayarwa ne, kuma suna da wahalar karatu. Suna da hankali sosai, tare da hadaddun rayuwar zamantakewa da cikakkiyar 'yanci na motsi.
Whales suna cikin tsarin dabbobi masu shayarwa, da ake kira, tare da dabbobin ruwa da kifayen kwari. Su ne dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar mutane, karnuka, kuliyoyi, giwaye da sauransu. Wato, ba za a iya kira su kifi ba. Whales yana jan numfashi sabili da haka dole ya tashi zuwa saman lokaci zuwa lokaci don daukar iska. Sun haifi 'yayansu masu rai waɗanda suke zama tare da mahaifiyarsu har shekara ɗaya kuma suna shayar da madara. Whales suna da jini-dumi kuma suna da kwarangwal irin na mutane (duk da haka an inganta su sosai).
Whales na Antarctica ana kiransu duk kifi Whales da ke cin lokaci akalla na lokaci a cikin shekara kusa da bakin tekun na Afirka. Wadannan sun hada da:
- Blue Whale (Matsakaicin tsararren namiji shine 25 m, mace - 26.2 m. Matsakaicin girman jikin mutum shine 100 - 120 tan),
- Kudancin Kifi Whale (Matsakaicin tsawon 20 m da nauyi 96 t),
- (Tsayin tsawon 18 m, nauyi - 80 t),
- (Tsawon daga 18 zuwa 27 m, nauyi 40-70 t),
- Nama maniyyi (matsakaita tsawon 17 m, matsakaita nauyi 35 t),
- Humpback kifi (Matsakaicin tsawon 14 m, nauyi 30 t),
- (Tsawon - 9 m, nauyi - 7 t),
- Kisa whale (Tsawon Jini daga 8,7 zuwa 10 m, nauyi har zuwa 8 t).
Kerguelen fur hatimi
Kerguelen fur hatimi ne na dangi da aka sani da seals like. (Otariidae) wanda ya haɗa da barkonon tsohuwa da zakuna na teku.
A zahiri da yanayi, waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna kama da babban kare. Suna da ikon jan tsoffin faifai na baya a jiki tare da ɗaga nauyinsu tare da fuskokin gaba, wanda shine dalilin da yasa suke da sassauƙawa akan ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da sauran pinnipeds.
Maza sun kai yawan kilogram 200 da sau 4 fiye da mace. Ba su iyakance galibi zuwa tsibiran submarctic, tare da kashi 95% na yawan jama'ar tsibirin South Georgia.
Damisawar Tekun
Ana kiran damisa teku saboda tsintsaye a jikinsa, yana daya daga cikin manyan mafarauta a Antarctica. Yawan nauyin maza ya kai kilogiram 300, kuma mace - 260-500 kg. Tsawon jikin mace ya bambanta da 2.8-3.3 m, da mace 2.9-3.8 m.
Abincin abinci na damisa na teku ya bambanta sosai. Zasu iya cin kowace dabba da za su iya yanka. Abincin ya ƙunshi kifi, squid, penguins, tsuntsaye da kuma hatimin matasa.
Leopards na teku ba ƙwararrun masani bane idan aka kwatanta da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa. Dogon ruwa mafi dadewa bai wuce minti 15 ba, don haka dabbobin su kasance kusa da buɗaɗɗun ruwa, kuma kada su nisanci nisanci ƙarƙashin kankara mai ci gaba. Sun iya yin iyo da sauri har zuwa 40 km / h.
Hatimi na Crabeater
An yi imanin cewa hatimin kwanyar Crabeater sune manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na nahiyar. Mutanen da suka manyanta sunkai kilogiram 200-300 kuma suna da tsawon jiki kimanin kimanin 2.6 m. Waɗannan dabbobin dabbobi ne kawai, duk da haka, zasu iya yin kwance a cikin ƙananan rukuni, waɗanda ke haifar da sha'awar dangi na zamantakewa. Haƙiƙa haƙiƙa mai yiwuwa ne tsakanin uwaye da jariransu.
Ba sa cin ƙiraje, duk da suna. Abincinsu ya ƙunshi kashi 95% na Antarctic krill, sauran sune squid da kifi. Sun dace sosai da kama krill godiya ga haƙoransu, wanda sune sieve don kama ganima daga ruwa.
Tun da hatimin kayan adon kayan marmari ke ciyar da akan krill, basa buƙatar nutsewa cikin zurfi da dadewa. Misalin nutsewa zuwa zurfin 20-30 m, yana ɗaukar mintuna 11, amma an rubuta su a zurfin 430 m.
Seal Aure
Auren aure na weddell dabbobi ne masu shayarwa da suke rayuwa a kan kankara. Yawan nauyin manya ya bambanta tsakanin kilogiram 400-450, tsayin jikin mutum shine 2.9 m (a cikin maza) da kuma 3.3 m (a cikin mata).
Suna ciyar da akasari akan kifi, haka ma squids da invertebrates a cikin adadi kaɗan. Wakar aure ta weddell tana da kyau kwarai, sun iya nutse har zuwa zurfin mita 600 kuma suna cin ruwa a cikin ruwa har na tsawon mintina 82.
Girman yawan waɗannan dabbobin yana da wuyar kimantawa, tunda suna zaune kusa da Yankin Arctic da kankara mai narkewa.
Kudin giwa
Elean farin giwa Kudancin shine mafi girma daga dukkan hatimin kuma suna nuna alamar ƙarancin jima'i. Yawan nauyin maza ya bambanta tsakanin 1500-3700 kg, kuma mace - 350-800 kg. Tsawon jikin mutum shine 4.5-5.8 m, da mace - 2.8 m.
Yawancin abincin ya ƙunshi squid, amma shima kifi yana nan (kusan 75% squid kuma har zuwa kifi 25%). Maza, a matsayinka na mai mulki, je gaba kudu, suna neman ganima.
Giwayen Kudancin - nau'ikan ban sha'awa, sun nutse zuwa zurfin 300-500 m na minti 20-30. Ana samun su a ko'ina cikin Antarctica, har zuwa kudu kudu.
Antarctic tern
Antarctic tern wani hali ne na dangin tern. Wannan karamin tsuntsu ne 31-38 cm tsayi, mai nauyin 95-120 g, kuma tare da fikafitiyik mai nauyin 66-77. Gefen sa yawanci duhu ne ko baƙi. Umwaya itace mafi yawanci launin toka ko fari, akwai "hula" a baki. Nasihun fikafikan wannan tern suna da launin toka-baki.
Suna ciyar da kifi da krill, musamman lokacin da suke cikin Antarctica. Krachki sun lura da abin da za su cinye daga iska, sannan kuma su nutse cikin ruwa bayan shi.
Antarctic blue-sa ido cormorant
Antarctic blue-eyed cormorant shine kawai memba na cormorant iyali da aka samu a Antarctica. Suna zaune tare da dutsen Kudancin Antilles da Antarctic Peninsula, suna zurfafa zuwa kudu. Wannan halin ana nuna shi da launi mai haske mai haske da launin shuɗi-rawaya a gindi, wanda ya zama babba kuma mai haske yayin lokacin kiwo. Girman jikin mutum shine 1.8-3.5 kilogiram, yayin da maza suke da ɗan nauyi fiye da mace. Tsawon jikin mutum ya banbanta daga 68 zuwa 76 cm, kuma fikafin nisan ya kai mita 1.1.
Suna ciyar da kifi galibi, suna haifar da "tarko" na dubun ko ɗaruruwan tsuntsayen da suke nutsewa cikin ruwa akai-akai kuma suna taimakon junan su. Wadannan masu ba da agaji sun sami damar nutse zuwa zurfin 116 a lokacin yin iyo, suna ɗaure fikafikan su a jiki kuma suna amfani da ƙafafunsu na yanar gizo.
Farar fata
White Plover yana ɗayan nau'ikan halittar yara biyu Chionidae . Ta fi son yanayin rayuwar ƙasa. Lokacin yin tafiya, nods kansa kamar kurciya. Tsarin jikin mutum ya bambanta daga 460 zuwa 780 g, tsayin jikin mutum shine 34-41 cm, da fikafikai - 75-80 cm.
Cape Dove
Cape Dove ya kasance ne a cikin dangin gas. Girmansa ya kai 430 g, tsayin jikin mutum - 39 cm, kuma fuka-fukan ya kai cm cm 8. Launin gashin fuka-fukan wannan tsuntsu baki ne da fari.
Cape Pigeon yana cin abinci a kan krill, kifi, squid, kaya da sharar jirgin ruwa, in akwai. Yawancin lokaci sukan kama ganima a saman ruwa, amma a wasu lokutan ma sai su nutse a hankali.
Dankin kankara
Abubuwan dusar kankara sune fararen tsuntsaye waɗanda suke da baki baki da idanu. Su ne girman kurciya, kuma babu makawa mafi kyau ga dukkan tsuntsayen Antarctic. Tsawon jiki shine 30-40 cm, fikafikai - 75-95 cm, da nauyi - 240-460 g.
Suna ciyar da abinci akan krill kuma yakamata su kasance kusa da teku don samun abinci. An samo su a bakin iyakar Antarctica, kuma, kamar yadda ka sani, mafi nisa a cikin zurfin nahiyar (har zuwa kilomita 325 daga gabar tekun), a cikin tsaunukan da ke kankara a kan kankara.
Gudun albatross
Albatross mai yawo shine tsuntsu mafi tsayi da fikafikai (daga 3.1 zuwa 3.5 m). Wannan tsuntsu na iya yin dogon zirga-zirga na tsawon kwanaki 10-20, a nesa zuwa 10,000 kilomita, ta amfani da dan karamin karfi fiye da lokacin da yake zaune a kan gida.
Matsakaicin matsakaici ya kai kilogiram 5.9 zuwa 12.7; maza sunkai kusan 20% fiye da na mace. Tsayin jikin mutum ya bambanta daga 107 zuwa 135 cm.
Tushen abincin shine kifi, squid da crustaceans. Tsuntsu yana farauta da daddare a saman ruwa ko ruwa a hankali. Gudun bakin ruwa na albatross yana bin kwale-kwale da tasoshin kowane irin inda aka zubar da abinci. Gaskiya ne don jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi waɗanda ke jefa kifayen kifaye.
Kudancin Kudu Skuas
Kudancin pola na kudu suna manyan tsuntsaye. Matsakaicin nauyin maza shine 900-1600 g, kuma galibi suna kanana kadan da kuma wuta fiye da mace. Tsawon matsakaita: 50-55 cm, da fikafikan 130-140 cm. Suna da mazauni a Antarctica na entalasashen Turai kuma suna girma daga kudu. An yi rikodin waɗannan tsuntsayen a Kudancin Kudu.
Suna ciyar da akasari akan kifi da krill, kodayake ƙwai na penguin, kajin da bugun fata za'a iya haɗa su a cikin abincin, gwargwadon mazauninsu. An hango skuas na pola ta kudu yana satar kifi daga wasu nau'in tsuntsayen.
Kudancin ruwa na Kudancin
Gian ƙaramin ɗan kwastan na tsuntsu shine tsuntsu na ganima daga dangin petrel. Girmansu shine kilo 5 5 kuma tsawon jikinsu shine cm cm 8. Tsuntsu ya bambanta daga 180 zuwa 205 cm.
Abincin ya ƙunshi gawawwakin gawa da siran da penguins, ɗaukar kaya, squid, krill, crustaceans, da sharar gida daga jiragen ruwa ko kwale-kwale na kamun kifi.
Mafi sau da yawa, ana samun waɗannan tsuntsaye a tsibirin Antarctic da tsibirin submarctic. Suna zaune a fili a cikin tsibirin Falkland.
Emperor penguin
Emperor penguins shine mafi girman penguins a cikin duniya, yana da matsakaicin nauyin kimanin kilo 30 (amma yana iya kaiwa kilo 40), kuma tsayin 1.15 m. Maza da mata suna da launi iri ɗaya da girman jiki. A baya da kai baƙi ne, ciki ya yi fari, kirji ya yi launin shuɗi, a fannin kunnuwa akwai fannoni masu launin shuɗi mai haske. Kamar dukkan penguins, basu da resuni, suna da jiki mai kauri, fuka-fukan sun watse cikin fikafikan mazaunin ruwa.
Abincinta ya ƙunshi kifayen, amma kuma yana iya haɗawa da crustaceans da cephalopods. Yayin farauta, waɗannan tsuntsayen zasu iya kasancewa a cikin ruwa har zuwa mintina 18 da nutsewa zuwa zurfin 535. Yana da wasu abubuwan daidaitawa don wannan, gami da haemoglobin da aka keɓantacce, ƙasusuwa mai wahala da kuma yiwuwar raguwar metabolism.
Emperor penguin nests a cikin yanayin sanyi. An daidaita yanayin ra'ayoyi ta hanyoyi da yawa don magance asarar zafi: gashin fuka-fukai suna samar da rufin 80-90%, kuma tana da kitsen mai ƙwaya 3 cm mai kauri, gindin ƙarami, haɗe tare da girke-girke, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye tsuntsun yayi ɗumi, tsabtace fuka-fuka Yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da warewa da kuma riƙe raguna cikin ƙarfi da siffofin maimaita ruwa.
Sarki penguin
King Penguin shine nau'in penguin mafi girma na biyu bayan sarki. Height daga 70 zuwa 100 cm ne, kuma nauyi daga kilo 9.3 zuwa 18. Maza sun fi girma sama da mace. Thewararren sarauta ta sarki na da haske sosai fiye da na ɗan'uwan kusancinsu da jinsin na sarki, amma in ba haka ba yana da kama.
Sarki penguins suna cin ƙananan kifi da squid. Zasu iya nutsewa zuwa zurfin mita 100, amma kuma ana ganin su a zurfin sama da m 300. Kifi ya tashi sama da kashi 80-100%, ban da lokacin hunturu na shekara.
King penguins ya haifar a cikin tsibiran submarctic, a arewacin Antarctica, da kuma a Tierra del Fuego, tsibirin Falkland da sauran tsibirai masu tsauri.
Penguin Submarctic
Penguin Subantarctic, kuma aka sani da papuan penguin. Ana iya gane shi da sauƙin farar farar fata yana gudana tare da kai da kuma beak mai ruwan hoda mai haske. Wannan nau'in yana da ƙafafu masu launin shuɗi, kuma dogon wutsiya shine mafi fice a cikin dukkanin penguins.
Penguin papuan ya kai tsayi 51 zuwa 90 cm, yana mai da su jinsin penguin mafi girma na uku, bayan jinsuna biyu masu ban mamaki: sarki da penguins na sarki. Maza suna da matsakaicin nauyin kilogram 8.5, nan da nan kafin yin molting, kuma ƙaramin nauyin kilogram 4.9, kafin canjin. A cikin mata, nauyin ya tashi daga 4.5 zuwa 8.2 kg. Wannan nau'in shine mafi sauri a ƙarƙashin ruwa, yana haɓaka saurin har zuwa kilomita 36 / h. An daidaita su sosai da yanayin matsanancin yanayi.
Penguins na Submarctic suna ciyar da abinci akan crustaceans, kuma kifi ya kusan kashi 15% na abincin.
Antarctic krill
Antarctic krill wakili ne na tsari na Euphausian, na kowa a cikin ruwan Antarctic na Kudancin Kudancin. Wannan karamin crustacean ne wanda ke rayuwa a cikin manyan kungiyoyi, wani lokacin har ya kai ga adadin mutane 10,000 - 30000 a kowace mita mai siffar sukari. Krill yana ciyar da phytoplankton. Yana girma 6 cm a tsayi, yayi nauyi zuwa 2 g, kuma zai iya rayuwa kusan shekara shida. Krill shine ɗayan jigon halittu cikin yanayin halittar Antarctic kuma, dangane da raye-rayen halittu, tabbas yawancin nau'in dabbobi a doron ƙasa (kimanin tan miliyan 500, wanda yayi daidai da mutum tiriliyan 300-400).
Belgica antarctica
Belgica antarctica shine sunan Latin saboda jinsunan kwari masu tashi marasa kwari masu kare kansu daga Antarctica. Tsawonsa shine 2-6 mm.
Wannan kwaro yana da launi mara launi, saboda abin da ya sami damar ɗaukar zafi don tsira. Hakanan yana iya dacewa da canje-canje a cikin salinity da pH, kuma tsira ba tare da oxygen zuwa makonni 2-4 ba. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa - 15 ° C, Belgica antarctica ya mutu.
Penguins (Sphenisciformes) sune shahararrun kuma mafi yawan tsuntsayen da ke zaune a Antarctica. Yawansu kusan kashi 85% daga cikin adadin duk tsuntsayen na Antarctic, kuma mafi yawan penguins sune Adelie penguins. Penguins tsuntsaye ne masu fika, tare da rage fikafikan fins, godiya ga abin da suke motsawa cikin ruwa. A kan ƙasa, suna tafiya a tsaye da madaidaiciyar hanya. Tsawon jikin yawancin penguins shine 60-70 cm, amma akwai ƙari. Mafi girman penguin shine Emperor Penguin, wanda ke da kusan mita daya tare da nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 41. Penguins gida a cikin mazauna da yawa, wanda ya kunshi tsuntsaye 80,000. Makala, kamshi da hayaniya daga waɗannan masarautuwan ba za a iya mantuwa da su ba. Yawancin tsuntsaye suna gina gida daga duwatsu inda suke sa ƙwai ɗaya ko biyu.
Abubuwa na yau da kullun na penguins
Tunda ba shi yiwuwa a sami abinci a Antarctica mai dusar ƙanƙara, ana tilasta penguins don samun abinci a cikin teku, don binciken abin da suke ciyar da yawancin lokacinsu. Dukkan tsuntsaye suna da kyau masu iyo kuma suna iya nutse har zuwa zurfin zurfi, alal misali, Sarki Penguin ya yi zurfin zurfin mita 250. Kafafunsu da wutsiya suna aiki kamar ruri, ƙwallan su kamar na maɓuya. Suna ciyar da akasari kan ƙananan kifi da krill, kowannensu yana kama kansa daban daban. Yawancin abinci yana cinyewa ta hanyar penguin mallaka yayin lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin. Lokacin da ake bincika Adélie penguins, an gano cewa manyan tsuntsaye suna yin kusan kira 40 a kowace rana a cikin teku yayin ciyar da kajin, kuma a duk lokacin da suka kawo tare da rabin kilogram na abinci. Misali, a Cape Crozero, mulkin mallakar penguan 175,000 ya kawo kusan tan 3,500 na kifayen ƙwalla domin kajin. Kuma mafi girma rookery a Cape Adar ya ƙunshi tsuntsaye 250,000.
Penguins na tallatawa na iya iyo cikin sauri zuwa kilomita 15 a cikin awa daya. Wannan yana basu damar tsalle daga cikin ruwa kai tsaye zuwa kan kananun kankara. Da wannan tsalle, da alama suna tashi ne. Yin tsalle sama da mitoci biyu ya taimaka musu wajen tserewa daga ɓarkewar damisa da damisa. Sauran maƙiyan penguin masu haɗari sune kisa kifaye a cikin teku da skuas, waɗanda ke cin abincin ƙansu.
Emperor penguins sune mafi girman duka penguins a cikin girman. Sunada kusan mita daya kuma sunyi nauyi kilo 30-40. Suna da baki, da shuɗi mai launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi tare da tabo mai haske kusa da kunnuwa, da kuma rawaya mai launin shuɗi mai launin fari. Suna kulawa da kajin nasu tsawon lokaci idan aka kwatanta da penguins Adelie. Suna sa ƙwayayensu da wuri, domin lokacin bazara, mai wadatar abinci da yawa, kajin na iya zama mai zaman kansu. A cikin kaka lokacin bazara (Afrilu-Mayu), penguins sun taru a cikin yankuna da yawa kan kankara a cikin hanyoyin kariya. Kwai daya kawai da mace ta shimfiɗa a watan Mayu ko kuma a farkon watan Yuni namiji yakan yi shisshigi a cikin watanni biyu mafi sanyi. Ya daskarar da kwan tare da jaka a ƙasan ciki tsakanin kafafu, wannan wurin yana kunshe da fata kuma gashin fuka-fukai suna iya dumama ƙanƙantar zuwa +50 ° C. A wuraren da ake fara haihuwar maza, maza sukan sami wadataccen abinci, tare da lokacin farin ciki mai ƙiba, wanda aka haɓaka musamman akan ciki. Amma yayin "shiryawa" duk wannan daskararren mai (kimanin kilo 5-6) yana cinyewa. Penguins suna asarar kusan 40% na nauyinsu, rasa nauyi sosai, ƙawancinsu ya zama datti, gabaɗaya asarar haskensu da silikiess. Mace a cikin waɗannan watanni biyu ana ciyar da su a teku, sannan sai su koma mazauna kuma su canza wurare tare da abokin tarayya. Bayan mazan sun ƙoshinsu sun koma wurin mace kuma dukkan iyayen sun riga sun shiga aikin ciyar da kajin tare. A karshen watan Janairu, a farkon watan Fabrairu, kajin na a shirye suke su yi kokarin suwo cikin teku. Suna yin shekaru biyu na rayuwarsu a cikin teku ko kankara kankara.
Penguin na sarki shine keɓaɓɓen tsakanin tsuntsayen Antarctica. Yankuna a cikin hunturu, kan kankara a gefen gabar Afirka kuma a cikin yanki ɗaya cikin mummunan yanayi na Antarctica, kusan cikin duhu mai ci gaba. Yayin lokutan sanyi sosai, tsuntsaye sukan taru a cikin tarin yawa don su kasance da dumama. Kamar manyan ƙwayoyin cuta, penguin na iya rayuwa shekaru 30-40.
Adelie shine mafi girman penguin a Antarctica. Tsawon jikinsa shine 60-70 cm, nauyinsa shine kimanin kilo 5,5. Mata da maza ba sa bambanta da launi, suna da baki, wuya da baya, farin ciki da fararen fata a kusa da idanu. Suna yin hunturu akan dusar kankara a cikin teku, kuma a farkon bazara sukan zo ƙasa don kiwo.
Suna dawowa wuri guda a kowace shekara kuma yawanci zuwa wannan yanki ɗaya. Da farko dai maza sunzo suka fara sheƙan mazaunin, bayan an daidaita a farkon Nuwamba, mace tayi ƙwai biyu sannan ta koma cikin teku tsawon kwanaki 8-15, yayin da maza kuma keyan ƙwai. Makonni hudu, mazan, keyayen qwai, ba sa cin abinci, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin da mata suka dawo, za su yi asarar rabin jikinsu.
A wasu watanni masu zuwa lokacin kajin kuma bayan sun tsamo kajin, sun yi nasarar junan su domin zuwa tekun neman abin da suka fara, sun dawo tare da kifi ko krill a cikin tsirrai suna ciyar da kajin.
Littattafan Penguin
Wadannan tsuntsayen suna da yardar mutane sosai, saboda ba su da magabtansu a Antarctica a cikin shekaru mil. Ee, eh. Labari ne penguins . Waɗannan su ne kawai tsuntsayen da suke iyo amma ba sa tashi.
MUTUM DA KUDI
Farkon Baƙin Turai da ya gan su shi ne sanannen ɗan navigan ƙasar Portugal ɗin Vasco da Gama da matukan jirginsa a 1499. Ba a cikin Antarctica: kafin gano wannan asirin har yanzu ya kasance mai nisa, da kuma bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu - fitattun masu kallo kuma har yanzu suna can. Gaskiya ne, ɗaya daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar manyan 'yan Fotigal ya baiyana su a cikin rubutaccen littafinsa mai ban tsoro: “Mun ga tsuntsaye, sun fi girma kamar geese, kukansu kuma yayi kama da kukan jakuna.”
Penguins na Emperor sune mafi girma
Rubutun shaidar da ya biyo baya ya bar ta a cikin shekarar 1520 ta hannun Antonio Pigafetta, wanda ya raka Fernand Magellan kan balaguronsa a duniya. Ya kuma kwatanta penguins, wannan lokacin an gan shi a bakin tekun Kudancin Amurka, tare da tsuntsayen gida: "Manyan jeese na da karkata kuma basu san yadda zasu tashi ba."
Af, Pigafetta ne ya nuna cewa tsuntsayen marasa aminci suna da wadatar abinci sosai, kuma wannan ya ƙaddara sunan su: a cikin Latin, “mai” - pinguis (penguis), saboda haka penguins.
Gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan tsuntsaye 18 a cikin rukunin penguin, amma zamu mayar da hankali kan biyu kawai - waɗanda ke zaune a Antarctica. Yana da sarki penguins da Adelie penguins .
Sauran danginsu sun sauka a bakin tekun Afirka ta kudu da Kudancin Amurka, da New Zealand da Ostiraliya. Suna zaune koda kusa da mai daidaitawa a tsibirin Galapagos. Amma al'adar penguins "an wajabta" a Antarctica, kodayake akwai biyu daga cikinsu.
Adelie Penguin Colony
Baya ga kitse, jinkirin yana dauke da alamar halayyar sarki penguins. Ba abin mamaki ba: tsayinsu ya kai santimita 120, kuma nauyinsu shine kilo 45. A kan ƙasa, penguins suna motsawa cikin sauri, suna riƙe ma'auni tare da taimakon ƙarancin ƙyallen.
Af, su, kuma ba paws, idan ya cancanta, bauta a matsayin babban injin. Lokacin da kuke buƙatar hanzartawa, tsuntsayen suna kwance a ciki mai narkewa da hanzari da sauri tare da sauri daga dusar ƙanƙara ko daga ƙasa. Waɗannan s are ne al blackawarin baƙi da fari!
Amma a cikin ruwa, penguins suna da matukar tsufa - sun kasance masu iyo ne masu ban mamaki da yawa. Waves sun sare saman da sauri na kilomita 35 a sa'a guda, kuma a "bayan gobara", suna ƙoƙarin kama kifin da wuri-wuri, sun matso duka 50! Bugu da kari, penguins zasu iya nutse har zuwa zurfin mita 20 kuma su kasance a cikin ruwa na mintina 10.
Adelie penguins nutse cikin ruwa
Irin wannan zaman doguwar ruwa a cikin kayan ruwan ba wai kawai abinci bane saboda - wannan wani ɗaki ne na dumama. A cikin sanyi na yau da kullun don Antarctica zuwa ramin digiri 50-60 da iska mai ƙarfi, guguwa ruwa ce a gare su, amma ga mutum mai ɗumi mai zafi: bayan duk, ba zai iya yin sanyi sama da digiri ba.
FADA CIKIN MAGANIN
Me yasa penguins ke tafiya ƙasa? Masu bincike na polar sun yi wannan tambayar sau da yawa lokacin da suka gamu da tsuntsayen da ke bakin teku. Masanin ilmin dabbobi na kasar Ingila Edward Wilson ya rubuta farkon tafiya ta farko a 1911: ya ga alamomin penguins akan shelkwatar kankara Ross, kilomita 110 daga bakin tekun.
Masu binciken polar na Amurka sun yi jerin gwanon na iyakar ranar 1958: sun sami halayen pamguin kilomita 400 daga teku! An ɗauki makonni da yawa don irin wannan tafiya a saurin tafiya na kilomita 5-10 a kowace awa.
Tabbas, irin waɗannan hanyoyi masu tsayi tsattsauran ra'ayi ne. Amma sa'o'i da yawa na tafiya na sarki penguins na gajeren zango a bakin teku da zurfi zuwa cikin ƙasa abu ne gama gari. Suna yin motsa jiki ko dai a matsayin ɗaya ko a cikin nau'i-nau'i.
Penguins suna matukar m
A lokaci guda, suna da kama da mutanen da suke tattauna wasu batutuwa yayin tafiya - yana da alama yana da m. Af, shinge akan hanyar da aka tsara don penguins ba matsala bane: duk da tsinkayuwa ta waje, sun sha kan masu binciken sararin samaniya da ikon hawan dutse ko kuma shawo kan daskararren kankara mai narkewa.
Mai wayo, me zan iya fada. Amma wani lokacin suna yin aiki ba bisa doka ba: ana amfani da lokacin bazara a tekun, kuma a lokacin girbin kudu masu mummunan sanyi a bakin. Haka kuma, a wannan lokacin da yafi dacewa bai dace ba su auri kuma su sami zuriya.
Emperor penguins na matan aure ne: sun sami mata, ba sa kallon kowa. Suna neman amarya lokacin da a watan Afrilu daga 5 zuwa dubu 10 na tsuntsaye suka hallara kan kankara a bakin teku. Wata yarinya mai saurin penguin, tana tafiya a gefen teku, kullun tana fitar da babbar murya wacce mace zata amsa. Wani lokacin ango yakan dauki 'yan awanni don yin irin wannan binciken, amma ma'aurata galibi suna nan a gareshi. Idan penguin a baya yana da budurwa, yakan yi kira ya same ta kawai.
Kulawa da yara zance ne daban, mai koyar da hankali sosai. Lokacin da wata daya bayan bikin, matar sarki penguin ta sanya kwai ɗaya (yana nauyin gram 500 tare da tsawon santimita 12!), Sannan abokan auren sa basu taɓa sauke su kan kankara ba - suna ci gaba da jujjuya hotan a koyaushe (bayan komai, basa samun hurumin dangi).
Haka kuma, farkon watannin hunturu biyu da suka fi tsananin zafin ya hadu da kwan, ko kuma, sautin bugun ya koma kirji. Duk wannan lokacin bazai ci abinci ba - yana zama yana kashe kitse mai tarin yawa a lokacin bazara kuma yana asarar sama da rabin nauyinsa.
Sannan mace ta canza shi, wanda ya hau kitsen cikin watanni biyu. Gaskiya ne, ba lallai ne ta dame tare da kwan ba tsawon lokaci: an haife kaza, wanda mahaifiyarta ke ciyar da ita har tsawon wata guda. Bayan haka mahaifin da aka huta zai zo, yana kula da jariri duk lokacin da ya saura har ya girma.
Nau'in Antarctic na biyu, Adélie penguins (suna ƙarami: har zuwa santimita 80), suna da wata hanyar daban. Ba sa neman amarya da kuka, amma suna gabatar da masoyi ga wanda aka zaɓa.Idan ba ta ba ta yarda ba, sai ta juya baya, kuma angon mara kyau yana neman wata amarya.
Bayan ƙirƙirar iyali, penguins suna gina gida - ƙamus ɗin ya zama kayan gini na farko. Abokan basu da guda ɗaya, amma qwai biyu. An ƙera su akan juyawa - makonni biyu kowannensu.
Hakanan an shayar da kajin tare tare - na kusan wata guda, sannan sai a tura penguins zuwa wani nau'in gandun daji: duk jariran da aka haifa a masarautar an tattara su akan wani kebabben dandamali. Haka suka dage tare, iyayensu suka kawo musu abinci. Komin dabbobi da ke narkewa lokacin da matasa masu penguins suka sami damar cin abincin nasu.
Penguins na tallatawa sun fi na birni girma. Suna son sani kuma suna da abokantaka da mutane. Sau ɗaya, yayin wasan kwallon kafa tsakanin masu binciken polar a tashar Mirny, ɗan penguin har ma ya gudu zuwa filin kuma ya fara gudu bayan kwallon - yana da wuya a kwantar da hankalin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Brotheran uwan ya bambanta kansa daban: ya yi rookery a kan rufin tractor kuma baya son barin komai.
Nemi don hutu
Kadan game da bakin ciki. Wasu suna tambaya: me yasa akwai yawancin penguins a Antarctica, kuma babu wani abu mai kama da haka a cikin yanayin yanayi irin na Arctic? Haƙiƙa, yanayi ya ba da '' iyo, amma bai tashi 'ba kawai zuwa Kudancin Kasa?
A wani lokaci, babban tsuntsu wanda ke da fikafikan fuka-fukai ma sun yi ta yawo a gefen bakin tekun kuma sun yi iyo cikin ruwa a tekun Arctic. Ko da launi don dacewa da penguin na baki da fari ne, banda cewa baki ya kara gaba ya fi karfi. Wannan tsuntsu - lolessless loon .
Har zuwa karni na 17, kuna yin hukunci ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen matukan jirgin ruwa, a cikin yanayin yanayin arewa yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan gama gari - miliyoyin mutane. Amma a tsakiyar karni na 19, ba wani tsuntsu guda daya da ya ragu: an ga karshen abin da yake kusa da Babban Bankin Newfoundland a shekarar 1852.
Abu ne mai sauki mutum wanda aikin sa shine: nama mai daɗi da ƙaramar gari mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin duniya sun sanya fuka-fukai zama ƙyamar mafarauta. Amma idan tsohon mutumin ya iyakance ga yawan tsuntsayen da ake buƙata, to kuwa yawan mashigun teku na Turawa waɗanda suka isa Farfa ta Arewa sun ƙare da tarihin tarihin arewaci na arewacin penguins.
Latterarshen sa'a yana da sa'a: mutanen da ke wayewa sun gano Antarctic wanda suka yanke shawara ta ƙarshe daga mummunan makomar maƙasudin maraƙin mara ƙarfi. A hankali muke koyo don kare yanayi. Koda yake, wasu nau'ikan halittu guda uku wadanda basu da nisa daga na shida na nahiyar (wadanda aka santara, masu ban sha'awa da pengins na Galapagos) suna cikin haɗarin haɗari a farkon ƙarni na 21, kuma an dauki wasu bakwai da suke cikin haɗari.
Da kyau, saboda tunawa da fuka-fukai - na farkon daga cikin tsuntsayen Turai da Amurka da mutum ya lalata gaba daya - an sanya sunan mujallar ofungiyar Jama'ar Ornithologists ta The Auk - "The Eider".
Yunkurin yaɗa lean Arewa da guan penguin
A shekara ta 1936, ɗan ƙasar Norway mai binciken Lars Christensen ya kama fulogin sarki tara daga rairayin bakin teku na Kudancin Georgia kuma ya tura su arewa.
Penguins an zaunar dasu a gefen tekun na Norway, ba amintattu daga masu baƙar fata, inda suka fara sabuwar rayuwa. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, an gabatar da wasu nau'in penguin, ciki har da masu launin zinare.
Amma mazaunin penguins a cikin Arctic ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ƙarshen ya gani a 1949. Babu wanda ya san daidai inda suka tafi kuma idan sun sami damar ninkawa.
A takaice, amsar tambayar "Me yasa ba a sami penguins a Unguwar Arewa ba?" guda daya kawai - ba su canza ba a can.
Antarctica, kamar yadda ka sani, a da, ya kasance wata ƙafiyar ƙasa mai haɓaka, kuma penguins ta gida kuma tayi asali kawai a kan ƙasa mai tauri kuma tana jin girma a Kudancin Hemisphere, inda akwai 'yan ƙaddarar ƙasa.
Wataƙila ɗumbin jita-jita da dawakai da dawakai da bela a arewa, baya ga ambaton waɗannan mutanen, zai sa juyin halitta ya gagara.