Daphnia tana nufin don cladocera, wannan asalin halittar kananan crustaceans yana da nau'ikan 150. Duk wani mai kishin ruwa mai mutunta kansa ya san yadda suke. daphnia crustaceanskamar yadda suke sanannen abinci ne ga yawancin nau'ikan kifin kifayen kifaye.
Siffofi da mazauninsu na daphnia
Ya danganta da irindaphnia, girman su na iya kasancewa daga 0.2 mm zuwa mm 6, don haka yi nazari tsarin daphnia mai yiwuwa ne a karkashin wani madubin likita. Jikin waɗannan crustaceans yana da sihiri mai kyau, an rufe shi da garkuwa ta musamman na fuka-fukai biyu (carapace), wanda ke kiyaye gabobin ciki.
An kuma rufe kan kansa da kwandon chitinous kuma yana da kakkarfar kama-da-baki (rastrum), a ciki akwai wadatattun eriyoyi waɗanda ke yin aikin ƙwaƙwalwa.
Girman antennas na baya ya fi ban sha'awa idan aka kwatanta da na gaba, babban aikinsu shi ne motsin daphnia. Daphn duka biyu a lokaci guda, Daphnia ta tsallake daga ruwan kuma ta iyo, ta yi tsalle-tsalle. Don wannan fasalin gama gari daphnia galibi ana kiranta "ƙuma mai ruwa."
Fuskokin ido suna kan saman ɓoyayyen rai - tsohuwar ƙwayar da ba ta da alhakin daukar wahayi. Yawan fuskoki sun dogara da nau'in halittu kuma daga 22 zuwa 300. A cikin wakilan annabta, tsarin ido yana da rikitarwa kuma akwai ƙarin fuskoki. Kadan daga facet shine nauplius.
Daphnia ƙirjinan rufe shi da yawancin bristles suna aiki azaman irin matattara wanda ta crustacean ta wuce algae wanda ba a suttura da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa. Kafa suna yin bugun 500 har minti daya.
Hotunan Daphniasanya a babban girman sa ya yiwu a bayyane ganin tsarin tsintsiyar ciki. Godiya ga membrane translucent, zuciya, hanjin cikin bayyane suke bayyane, kuma a cikin mata - jakar brood tare da tayi.
Za'a iya samun Daphnia iri ɗaya ko wata a kusan kowace tafki mai tsaye - daga ƙaramin tafki zuwa tafki mai zurfi. Akwai wasu wakilai game da wannan dabi'ar crustaceans a Eurasia, Ta Kudu da Arewacin Amurka, har ma a Antarctica.
Muhimmin abu a rayuwarsu ta al'ada shine ruwa mai tsafta, a ciki akwai wadataccen adadin ƙwayoyin ƙasa. Da zarar cikin ruwa mai gudana, daphnids yana tace ƙasa tare da algae kuma a hankali sanɗa hanjinsu.
Harshen hatsi da aka ci suna tarawa kuma yana hana ɓacin rai motsawa kullum, kuma da sannu zai mutu. Daphnia yana da matukar tasiri ga gurbatar muhalli, saboda haka ana yawan amfani dashi lokacin da aka bincika ƙimar ruwa a cikin tafki.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
An bayyana halittar Daphnia a cikin 1785, wanda O.F. ya yi. Muller. Kimanin nau'ikan 50 suna daga cikin jinsunan Daphnia, kuma yawancinsu suna da bambance banbanci daga wasu. A matsayin nau'in nau'in, ana amfani da Daphnia longispina, Muller ɗaya ya bayyana shi.
An rarraba Daphnia zuwa manyan ƙananan subgenera biyu - a zahiri Daphnia da Ctenodaphnia. Latterarshen ya banbanta ta hanyoyi da yawa, alal misali, kasancewar hutu a garkuwar kai, kuma gabaɗaya suna da ingantattun tsarin halitta. Amma wannan baya nufin sun faru tun farko: burbushin halittu suna danganta asalin su zuwa kusan lokaci guda.
Bidiyo: Daphnia
Wakilan farko na cinyoyin mutane sun bayyana ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 550 da suka gabata, daga cikinsu akwai magabatan Daphnia. Amma da kansu suka tashi daga baya: mafi tsoffin burbushin mallakar suna cikin ƙananan lokacin Jurassic - wato, sun kai kimanin shekaru miliyan 180-200.
Waɗannan ba zamanin da ba ne kamar yadda mutum zai iya tsammani daga abubuwa masu sauƙi - alal misali, kifi da tsuntsaye sun bayyana da wuri. Amma, kamar sauran wakilan ƙungiyar 'yan ɓarna da keɓaɓɓu, a wancan lokacin Daphnia ya yi kama da na yanzu, kuma wannan ya bambanta da ƙungiyoyi masu tsari na tsohuwar tarihi.
A lokaci guda, bai kamata mutum yayi tunanin cewa Daphnia ba ta canzawa: akasin haka, suna da babban canjin canji na yanayin canji da daidaitawa, kuma suna haifar da sabon nau'in halitta. Samuwar halittar karshe ta halittar Daphnia ya faru ne nan da nan bayan an lalata shi a karshen Cretaceous.
Wasu Labaran Dry Game da Daphnia
A zahiri, babu wani tabbacin cewa gwarzonmu shine Daphnia pulex, yana yiwuwa hakan shine, misali, D. magna, amma kaɗan ya dogara da ainihin rarrabuwa, dukkansu suna da asali iri ɗaya.
Don haka sunan almara daphnia (Wikipedia):
Wani nau'in: arthropods Gilashi: rustamara, Fasali: gill kafafu Squadron: kalanza Squad: Daphniiformes Suborder: Anomopoda Iyali: Daphniidae Jinsi: Daphnia
Don haka, ta kalmar "Daphnia" muna kira ga dukkan ma'abutan wannan dabi'ar, basu fahimci jinsinsu ba.
Bayyanuwa da fasali
Hoto: Daphnia Moina
Nau'in daphnia na iya bambanta ƙwarai: siffar jikinsu, da girmanta, an ƙaddara su ta yanayin da suke zaune. Koyaya, za'a iya fifita wasu abubuwa na gama gari. Don haka, jikinsu an rufe shi da kwandon chitinous tare da bawuloli bayyane - gabobin ciki suna bayyane. Sakamakon bayyanar da ruwa, daphnia ba ta da tabbas sosai.
Harshen bai rufe kai ba. Yana da idanu biyu a kanta, kodayake sau da yawa suna haɗu zuwa ido ɗaya hadaddun yayin da suke girma, wani lokacin kuma Daphnia tana da na uku, amma yawanci hakan yana a bayyane kuma yana da ƙarami kaɗan. A ɓangarorin antennae, Daphnia koyaushe tana tayar da su, kuma da taimakonsu suna motsawa cikin tsalle-tsalle.
A kai, rostrum wani yanki ne mai kama da baki, kuma a ƙarƙashinsa akwai nau'i biyu daga antennas, kuma masu baya suna da girma kuma suna da bristles, saboda yankin su yana ƙaruwa. Yin amfani da juzu'an waɗannan antennas, ana aiwatar da motsi - lokacin da suke daphnia, suna tashi gaba sosai, kamar yin tsalle. Waɗannan antennas suna da haɓaka kuma suna da ƙwayoyin tsoka.
Jikin ya lalace daga bangarorin, kafafu sun lalace kuma ba a samun ci gaba, saboda ba a amfani da su don motsi. Da farko amfani da su, don fitar da ruwa mai kyau zuwa ga gills da abinci barbashi ga bakin. Tsarin narkewa abu ne mai matukar wahala ga irin wannan karamin crustacean: akwai cikakken esophagus, ciki da hanji, wanda a ciki hanjin hanji yake.
Daphnia har ila yau yana da zuciya wacce ke yin kwangila a cikin babban saiti - 230-290 ta doke a minti daya, wanda hakan ya haifar da hauhawar jini a jikin ƙwarƙwasa guda biyu. Daphnia yana numfasawa tare da daukacin murfin jikin, amma da farko tare da taimakon kayan ciwan numfashi a kewayen.
Kayan aiki
Don haɓaka crustaceans, an tanadar da tanki mai kayan aiki. Ana buƙatar tashin hankali idan dap da aka haɗu da gida a gida.
Tare da taimakon irin waɗannan na’urorin, ruwa mai cike da ruwa mai cike da iskar oxygen, wanda ke da nasaba da haɓakar phytoplankton. Oxygen yana hana ci gaban fim.
An zaɓi kayan aiki na aeration don akwatin kifaye, wanda nauyin halayen yake da shi. Tabbas, adadin kumfa mai yawa yana tsoratar da haɓakar daphnia a saman ruwa.
Ina ne daphnia take zama?
Hoto: Daphnia Magna
Ana iya samun wakilan kwayoyin halittar a zahiri a cikin Duniya. An samo su har ma a cikin Antarctica a cikin samfuran samfuran da aka dauka a cikin tabkuna masu kankara. Wannan yana nufin cewa Daphnia zai iya kasancewa kusan kowane yanki na waɗanda ke wakiltar duniyarmu.
Koyaya, idan ƙarni ɗaya da suka gabata an yi imani da cewa duk nau'ikan halittunsu suna da yawa, to an gano cewa kowannensu yana da nasa tsarin. A cikin jinsuna da yawa, sunada fa'ida kuma sun haɗa da nahiyoyi da yawa, amma har yanzu babu wani da yake yaɗu ko'ina.
Suna zaune a Duniya ba da daidaituwa, suna fifita yanayin yanayin ƙananan ƙasa da yanki mai tsafta. Da alama babu kaɗan daga cikinsu a sandunan duniyan, da kusa da mai daidaitawa, a cikin yanayin dumama. Shekarun wasu nau'o'in sun sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci a kwanan nan saboda gaskiyar cewa mutane sun rarraba su.
Misali, jinsunan Daphnia ambigua sun fito ne daga Burtaniya zuwa Amurka kuma cikin nasara sun samo asali. Akasin haka, nau'in Daphnia lumholtzi an kawo shi cikin Arewacin Amurka daga Turai, kuma ya zama ruwan dare gama wuraren reshen na wannan nahiya.
Don daphnia, wuraren ajiye ba tare da na yanzu ba, kamar su tafkuna ko tabkuna, an gwammace. Yawancin lokaci suna zaune a cikin manyan puddles. A cikin koguna masu sannu a hankali, akwai ƙarancin su, kuma da wuya ka same su cikin ƙoƙar sauri. Yawancin nau'ikan suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai tsarkak .wa.
Amma ikon daidaitawa da kansa ya bayyana a nan ma: daphnia, da zarar an samo shi a cikin yanayin bushewa, inda kawai ruwan gishiri na ruwa yake da su, bai mutu ba, amma ya sami kwanciyar hankali. Yanzu, nau'ikan da suka samo asali daga garesu ana san su da fifiko don wuraren ajiya tare da abun gishiri mai yawa.
Mafi kyawun duka, suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai tsabta - yakamata ya zama da ƙarancin ruwan ƙasa kamar yadda zai yiwu. Bayan haka, daphnia suna ciyarwa ta hanyar tace ruwa kuma, idan ya kasance datti, barbashi ƙasa kuma zasu shiga ciki tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke nufin cewa suna mutu da sauri da sauri a jikin ruwan da aka gurɓata saboda ruhun ciki.
Don haka, da adadin daphnia a cikin tafki, mutum na iya yin hukunci game da tsarkin ruwan da ke ciki. Suna zaune galibi a cikin ruwa ruwa, kuma wasu nau'in suna gaba ɗaya a ƙasan. Ba sa son walƙiya mai haske kuma suna zurfi yayin da rana ta fara haskaka kai tsaye akan ruwa.
Girma daphnia a gida
An bambanta kiwo na Daphnia a gida ta hanyar sauƙin sauƙi da sauƙi, don haka ko da aquarist mai novice na iya bunkasa crustaceans. Mataki na farko shine tantance akwati wanda abincin kifi na gaba zai bunkasa. Don samun nasarar girma daphnia a gida, shawarwari masu zuwa game da iya aiki ya kamata a bi:
- Don girma ɗan ƙaramin adadin, zaɓi babban jirgin ruwa mai ƙarfin nauyin 15-20.
- Abubuwan da aka girka kwandon dole ne su kasance masu ƙaunar muhalli. Lokacin zabar akwati na ƙarfe, an fi son karfe.
- Idan kuna shirin haɓaka crustaceans a cikin daidaitaccen tanki, to yankin da ke haɗuwa da iska ya kamata ya zama babba sosai.
- Lokacin adanar ganga a cikin hasken rana kai tsaye, ƙarar kwandon ya zama akalla lita 40.
- Salinity - ruwa don girma crustaceans ya zama sabo.
- Oxygen - crustaceans ba sa son matsanancin ƙarfi ko ƙarfi a cikin ruwa, saboda haka kuna buƙatar saita alamar wutar lantarki a matsayin matsakaici.
- Yawan ammoniya da acidity alamu ne na 7.2-8.5 pH.
- Mafi kyawun zafin jiki shine 18-22C.
Menene daphnia yake ci?
Hoto: Daphnia a cikin akwatin kifaye
- ciliates
- tsiren ruwan teku,
- kwayoyin cuta
- detritus,
- sauran kwayoyin halitta masu iyo a ruwa ko kwance a kasan.
Suna ciyarwa, suna tace ruwa, abin da suke motsa kafafunsu, yana sa ruwa ya gudana. Performedwararrun magoya baya na musamman suna ɗaukar ruwa zuwa matattarar ruwa mai shigowa. Sannan barbashin da aka kwashe ya manne tare a dunƙule saboda ɓoye kuma ana aika shi zuwa tsarin narkewa.
Daphnia ya zama abin lura ga yadda ya dace: a cikin rana guda kawai wasu nau'ikan dabbobi suna cin abinci sau 6 nauyin nasu. Sabili da haka, tare da rage adadin abinci, adadinsu a cikin tafki ya zama karami - wannan yana faruwa lokacin da yanayin sanyi ya shiga, Daphnia kuma ta zama mafi girma a ƙarshen bazara da bazara.
Detritus yana ciyar da irin waɗannan nau'ikan daphnia waɗanda ba sa hibernate a cikin hunturu. Suna ciyar da hunturu a ƙasan tafki kuma a yadudduka na ruwa kusa da shi - abu ne mai ɓacin rai da ke cin abinci, wato, ƙyallen nama ko ƙasan sauran halittu masu rai.
Su kansu ana amfani da su azaman abinci don kifi a cikin akwatin kifaye - suna da amfani sosai saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin hanjin su akwai yawancin shuka abinci. Daphnia an ba shi bushe kuma an ƙaddamar da shi da rai a cikin akwatin kifaye. Latterarshen yana da amfani idan ruwan da ke ciki ya zama gajimare: daphnia ku ci ƙwayoyin cuta, saboda abin da ya faru, kuma kifi, bi da bi, ku ci daphnia.
Menene daphnia
Common Daphnia karamin crustacean ne. Godiya ga motsin ta hanyar rawar jiki, ta karɓi suna na biyu - ƙuma mai ruwa.
Dangane da nau'in, masu girma dabam na iya kasancewa daga 0.2 mm zuwa 6 mm. Babban nau'in ya isa girman karamin fis kuma ana iya kallon sa ba tare da microscope ba.
Tare da karuwa, tsarin crustacean a bayyane yake. Jikin Daphnia yana daɗaɗɗen fuska a hankali kuma yana da sihiri. Daga sama an shirya shi da kwandon kwalliya na fata-fata - carapace, wanda ya ƙare da allura wutsiya kuma yana kare gabobin ciki.
Shugaban
An rufe kansa da murfin chitinous mai wuya. Yana da fashewar baki-mai kama da dutse - rostrum, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa akwai gajeriyar gaban gaban - antennules waɗanda suke yin aikin ƙoshin saboda gajerun gaɓoɓinsu da ke kan su tare da ƙirar zaitun. Antennas na baya sun fi tsayi, an rufe su da fittattun abubuwa. Suna taimakon Daphnia don motsawa a cikin ruwan ruwa, suna yin tsalle-tsalle.
Crustaceans suna da nau'i biyu kafafu na hadaddun tsarin. Jikin Daphnia yana yin babban aikin numfashi da abinci mai gina jiki. Suna kan kai. A cikin minti daya, ƙwayar ɓawon burodi tana yin bugun jini har 500 tare da su, suna wucewa da ruwan algae da ba a kwance ba kuma ƙwayoyin cuta da aka dakatar cikin ruwa. A wata gabar jiki akwai 'gill sacs', wadanda ke cike da iskar oxygen yayin juyawa.
Organ na hangen nesa
Daphnia yana da nau'ikan hangen nesa mai hade, wanda ya ninka biyu cikin manyan mutane. Babban falon ido ya kunshi fuskoki 22. A cikin wasu nau'in, adadin fuskoki na iya kai ɗari uku. A karkashin idon farine shine oupell na oliellus.
Tare da haɓaka daphnia, gabobin ciki suna bayyane a bayyane a cikin hoto. Canjin hanji zai fito ne daga bakin budewa. A gefe na baya yana mai jan zuciya. Mace suna da ɗakin murfin tsintsaye wanda ke tsakanin ƙwai tsakanin tsoka da ƙwarƙaba.
Bayani, tsari, salon rayuwa da mazaunin halitta
Daphnia nasa ne ga tsarin halittar jari-hujja kuma kwayar halitta ce. Sunan na biyu, Fake na Ruwa, wanda aka karɓa saboda tsarin yana kama da waɗannan kwari, da kuma ikon yin tsalle-tsalle a cikin ɓangaren ruwa. Idan ka duba karkashin wata madubin likita, zaka iya yin irin kwatancin bayyanar:
- zagaye jiki 2-6 mm dogon aka lullube shi a cikin jirgi mai ma'ana na chitin,
- akwai wasu nau'ikan eriyoyi masu ɗauke da kan kai wanda ke taimakawa don motsawa ba tare da bata lokaci ba cikin ruwa,
- fatar ido na wadanda suka manyanta daya ne, amma akwai karin ido kusa da shi,
- a gaban kai ya fito da wani irin girma mai siffar baki da ake kira rostum, kuma a ƙarƙashinta akwai eriyoyi tare da zaitun mai zaitun,
- Nau'i-nau'i na kafafu biyu na ciki suna rufe da bangaye da yawa kuma suna ɗauke da kayan gill da aka tsara don numfashi da kuma ɗaukar abinci,
- a bayan jikin akwai wutsiya mai sanye da falmaran da aka haɗa da dubura don tsarkake jikin manyan barbashi na waje,
- a cikin farjin kwai, qwai ya girma a baya.
Girma da launi Daphnia ya dogara da tsarinta. Don haka, a cikin ɗakunan ajiya mai tsabta tare da isasshen adadin oxygen da abubuwa masu amfani masu haske launin toka ko masu launin kore suna zaune, kuma a cikin ƙarami da ƙazantattun madatsun ruwa sun sami launi mai ruwan-ja.
Tsarin ciki yana da halaye masu zuwa:
- kwakwalwa da sarkar jijiya a cikin peritoneum suna da alhakin tsarin juyayi,
- tsokoki tsokoki suna taimakawa motsin eriya, wutsiya da ƙafafun kafa,
- tsarin narkewa ya kunshi bude bakin, karamin hanji da na wucin gadi, cututtukan hepatic 2 da kuma hanji na baya tare da dubura,
- kusa da baya akwai zuciya, daga wacce 2 ostia, cike da jini, tashi,
- ba a bayyana sashin jiki na numfashi, iskar oxygen ta shiga jiki ta cikin membrane kuma daga ci gaban kafafu,
- a garesu biyu na hanji wata mace ce da ke cikin mace ko gwaji a cikin maza.
Daphnia suna zaune a cikin jikunan ruwa da ruwa mai tsafta. Suna da wadataccen yanki, gami da lakunan Antarctica. Don cin nasara cikin kiwo, suna buƙatar kawai tsabtataccen yanki tare da ƙaramin adadin silt da ƙazanta a ƙasa. In ba haka ba, akwai haɗarin tara abubuwa masu gurɓataccen abubuwa a cikin hanjin kansa, wanda ke kaiwa ga mutuwarsu.
A cikin rukunin ruwa suna wanzu kamar plankton, suna gudana da yardar kaina tare da rafi. Sukan ɓoye a ƙasa lokacin da rana take yin haske sosai, sauran ragowar kuma suna iyo ne a kan bene. Matsayin rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai dacewa shine kwanaki 22, kuma a cikin babban mutum ya kai kwanaki 110-150.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
Ana lura da babban tarin crustaceans a cikin Wuraren na wucin gadi - rami, ramuka, ƙananan tafkuna tare da ruwa mai tsafta. Sau ɗaya cikin ruwa, har ma tare da rauni mara ƙarfi, daphnia tace dakatar da barbashi na ƙasa kuma rufe gidan hanji. Wannan yana rikitar da motsinsa kuma yana haifar da mutuwar su.
Cwararrun ɓarayin suna cinye yawancin rayuwarsu a cikin jerin ruwa. Wasu nau'in, tsaftace ruwa, suna ciyar da mayukan ƙwayar cuta, waɗansu suna zaune kusa da gindin suna cin mutuƙar plantsa plantsan tsirrai da invertebrates. Wasu nau'in, halophiles, sauƙin jure fari, rashin tsari.
Waɗannan halittu suna da wata ƙaƙƙarfar magana. Yawan abinci na yau da kullun na abincin da ake tunawa zai iya kaiwa 600% na nauyinsu. Babban abincin dapakiya shine ƙwayoyin cuta, yisti da algae mai launin shuɗi. Ana lura da mafi yawan jari na crustaceans a cikin wuraren ajiya tare da ruwa "blooming", inda suke asali musamman.
Daphnia tana mai da martani ga haske. A cikin haske mai haske, ta yi ƙoƙari ta kasance kusa da ƙarshen tafki.
Tsarin Daphnia
Ina so in dan yi magana kadan game da yadda ake shirya wadannan nau'ikan gargajiyar, da muke kira Daphnia. Jikinsu yana daɗaɗa ƙarfi daga ɓangarorin, ɗayan ƙarshen an rufe shi da harsashi na bicuspid chitinous. Yawancin lokaci daphnia suna da idanu biyu, waɗanda suke kan kai, amma wani lokacin mazan da suka manyanta sun bambanta a gaban hadaddiyar ido ɗaya, kusa da wacce za'a iya samun ƙarin ƙananan ido. A kan karamin kai, akwai kuma nau'i biyu na eriyoyi. Rearayan biyu (na biyu) yana sanye da kayan bristles kuma yana da girma. Godiya ga bugun wadannan eriyoyin da Daphnia ke motsawa cikin wani irin tsalle. Saboda haka, mutanen da ake kiransu "fleas na ruwa."
Mista Tail ya ba da shawarar: Daphnia azaman abincin kifi
Yawancin masana cikin ruwa da kwastomomi sun gwammace su bunkasa ruwa mai kamar ruwa don amfanin gona don ciyar da ƙananan kifi. Hakanan zasu iya samun crustaceans ta kowane nau'i:
- rayuwa don kiwo gida,
- ice cream kunsasshen a blisters,
- bushe a matsayin gama abinci.
Irin wannan abincin yana da halaye masu yawa kuma yana da tasiri mai kyau a cikin akwatunan akwatin kifaye da fauna.
Banbancin jinsi
A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, Daphnia ba ta da maza. Mata suna haihuwar irin nasu. A karkashin canji, wani ɓangaren mace yana haihuwar maza.
Mata da maza suna da wasu bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin waje da na ciki:
- mace sun fi girma
- a kan garkuwar kai da murfin mata akwai wani tsari na rhombuses da polygons, wanda a bayyane yake lokacin da aka zo da shi,
- nau'i na biyu da na biyu a cikin maza suna da ire-iren ƙugiya waɗanda ke ba su damar manne wa mata yayin matsu.
Mamayar Daphnia
Bayan wasu 'yan kwanaki a cikin akwatin ruwa da yawa wasu kananan Daphnia sun yi tsalle cikin farin ciki - babba, ga alama, sun sami zuriya. Ioa'idodin sun kuma girma, don haka gabaɗaya duka sun yi kama da abin ba'a daɗaɗawa: ko'ina akwai wani abu yana motsawa, motsi, tsintsiya, tsalle. Kallon wannan tarzoma ta rayuwa ta kasance mai ban sha'awa.
Bayan wani lokaci kuma, duk Daphnia ta bace ba tare da wata alama ba. Ko dai wannan ya faru ne saboda sauya wani ɓangare na ruwa, ko kuma ɓangarorin uku sun yi girma har da za su iya gasa cikin ƙarfi tare da ƙaramin ɓoye-rikice kuma cikin sauri an kashe ɗumbin jama'a.
Darajoji da Amfana
Daphnia yana haɓaka tare da Jigilar jini, Gammarus, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tsuntsaye, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tsuntsaye, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tsuntsaye, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tsuntsaye, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tsuntsaye, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tsuntsaye, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tsuntsaye, ƙwararrun tsuntsaye, ƙwararrun tsuntsaye, ƙwararrun abubuwa. Ta hanyar darajar caloric, dukansu daidai suke, amma tsohon yana da haɓakar furotin. Amino acid din da masunta matasa suka samu suna da fa'ida ga amfanin ci gaban su da ci gaban su. A saboda wannan, ana amfani da Daphnia don dalilai na kasuwanci, yana ƙara da yawancin bushewar bushewa. A wannan tsari, sun kai kashi 50% na adadin sunadarai.
Abinci mai rai yana da matukar mahimmanci a cikin abincin kifi. Yana rage girman su, yana da sauƙin narkewa idan akwai rashin lafiya kuma yana sauƙaƙe dacewa da sabon yanayin.
A cikin crustaceans, ciki yawanci cike yake da barbashi na tsire-tsire, saboda haka sun fi dacewa da abinci ta Guppies, Danio, Fiery Barbuse, Karasi, Carps da sauran mazaunan ruwa na ruwa. A cikin akwatin kifaye, irin wannan abincin yana da amfani musamman ga kifin da ba shi da abinci na zahiri. Harshen chitinous, wanda ba a narke ba, yana kunna hanjin kuma ya fara tsarkakewa.
Haka kuma, sun kasance unpreentious a cikin kulawa da kuma asali da sauri isa. Suna amfana da dukkanin akwatin ruwa ta hanyar tace ruwa a ciki. A rana, mutum ɗaya yakan ci abinci sau 6 fiye da yadda yake awo da kansa. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kawar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kandami ko tanki.
Daphnia magna
Ana amfani da wannan nau'in abincin azaman abinci don kifin kifaye, tunda yana da darajar abinci mai girma. Tsawon jikin mace shine mm 3-5, namiji bai wuce 2 mm ba. Newa Newan jarirai masu ƙwaƙwalwa ne a cikin girman. Babban launi na murfin waje shine rawaya ko ruwan hoda-orange. Wannan nau'in zai iya sauƙaƙe saukar da zafin jiki. Yana da wuya a yanayi, amma a wuraren da yake zama yana da yawanci. Samfuran rayuwar manya ne 3 watanni.
Zamancin mutane
An bambanta Daphnia ta hanyar da ta dace - don haifar da zuriya ba tare da hadi ba. Matan wannan nau'in suna da ɗakin rufin katako. An kiyaye shi ta gefen matattarar ruwa kuma yana kan bangon baya. A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, dattijo na iya sa ƙwai 50 zuwa 100 waɗanda ba a saka su ba. A cikin rami suna haɓaka, kuma mata kawai, kuma suna barin shi da kansu. A cikin mace, bayan wannan, molting fara.
Bayan 'yan kwanaki, tsarin haifuwa ya fara maimaitawa. Mutanen da suka riga sun girma suna da alaƙa da irin wannan sake zagayowar, don haka komai yana faruwa da sauri. Wata mace sama da tsawon rayuwar ta sami damar haihuwar har zuwa sau 25. Saboda wannan, a lokacin bazara zaka iya lura da launi mai launin shuɗi a cikin tafkunan inda Daphnia ke zaune. Yana kawai yana jan ciki tare da babban adadin plankton.
Da farkon kaka, maza suna da alaƙa da tsarin kiwo. Bayan hadi, da kwasfa akan qwai ya zama mai yawa. 'Ya'yan gaba suna iya jure sanyi, kamar yadda bushewa jikin ruwa, suka yaɗu da ƙura. Lokacin da bazara ta zo, sake zagayowar kiwo kumatunda mata suka bayyana. Sabuwar yawan mutane daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban na shekara na iya bambanta a jikin mutum.
Daphnia pullex
Tsawon mace mai girma bai wuce mm 4 ba, namiji - 1.5 mm. Launin launuka na waje ya sha bamban daga haske zuwa rawaya zuwa ja. A waje, murkushe suna kama da Daphnia magna. Bambancin ya ta'allaka ne kan karami da kuma tsammanin rayuwa, wanda bai wuce wata daya da rabi ba. An bambanta iri-iri ta hanyar haihuwa mai ban sha'awa. Mace na sa ƙwai kowace kwana biyar. Kowane kama yana ƙunshe da ƙwai 15.
Amfanin da illolin akwatin kifaye
Waɗannan halittun ne masu amfani waɗanda ke tace ruwa kuma suna daidaita microflora na akwatin kifaye. Suna zama abincin abinci don yawancin mazaunan cikin gidan tafki.
Rufe ƙwarya ba ta da ikon cizon mutum ko cutar da kifin kifin, tunda bakakken ƙwayar cuta ba ta da baki mai daskarewa. Jayayya game da kwari jita-jita ce.
Babban cutar da keɓaɓɓen maye yana da alaƙa da babban rashin lafiyar su. Halin rashin lafiyan shine lalacewa ta hanyar ƙura da ƙura da aka samo ta bushewa don amfani dashi azaman bushe bushe.
Idan barbashi na ƙura yana shiga mutum, rashin lafiyan mutum na iya farawa, tare da bushewar tari, jan ido, zubewar hancin hanci, sanyi ƙura, tsananin kumburin fuka. Bayan wani lokaci, fitsari ya bayyana a fatar, ƙoshin fata, yana ƙonewa.
Don magance cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, ya kamata ku nemi taimakon likita nan da nan ko ku sha maganin rigakafi.
Darajar abinci kamar kifi
Sau da yawa ana amfani da ƙamshin ruwa a matsayin abinci ga mazaunan akwatin kifaye. Crustaceans ya ƙunshi furotin har zuwa 70%. An ba shi kifi a bushe, sabo ko mai sanyi. Ana kama ƙwayar Crustaceans a cikin ruwa ko bred a gida.
Yadda zaka sami kansu da kansu daga tafkuna
Ana kama Daphnia daga ƙarshen bazara har zuwa ƙarshen kaka, har sai an rufe jikkunan ruwa da kankara. Ana ba da shawarar zirga-zirga da safe ko da yamma a cikin girgije, yanayin sanyi. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, suna matsowa kusa da saman ruwa. Don kamun kifi, zaku iya amfani da yanar gizon yau da kullun.
Ya kamata a sa samfuran da aka sa a cikin kwandon shara kuma a girgiza su lokaci-lokaci. Ya kamata a tuna cewa a babban yawa a lokacin sufuri za su iya mutuwa. Ana wanke gidajen crustacean kuma an wuce ta sieve don daidaitawa da girman.
Saitunan muhalli
Daphnia za a iya girma a kusan kowace muhalli.
Cwararrun daskararru suna jin dadi sosai a cikin ruwa tare da sigogi masu zuwa:
- Zazzabi. Ruwa ƙuƙwalwar ruwa yana jin daɗi a cikin tafki tare da kewayon yawan zafin jiki. Matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri 18-24.
- Salinity. Daphnia yana nufin ruwan ɓawon tsabtataccen ruwa, don haka ruwan da ke cikin tanki ya zama mai sabo.
- Oxygen. A karkashin yanayi na dabi'a, daphnia na iya zama a cikin tafkuna tare da datti na ruwa, don haka matakin oxygen zai iya kasancewa daga sifili zuwa cikakken dawwama. Wannan jimiri na kwayoyin halitta yana da alaƙa da ikon su na samar da haemoglobin. Crustaceans ba su yi haƙuri ba tare da babban adadin kumfa ba. Lokacin da ƙarfin oxygen ke cike da sannu a hankali, kumburin ɓullo yana fitowa akan farfajiya, wanda zai yi muni.
- Amoniya. Koda karamin adadin ammoniya yana da mummunar tasiri a jikin Daphnia kuma yana iya shafar tasirin haifuwarsu.
- Ma'adanai.Crustaceans suna da ƙarfi ga canje-canje a cikin tsarin sinadaran ruwa. Increaseara kaɗan a cikin adadin zinc, magnesium ko potassium a cikin yanayin ruwa na iya zama cutarwa a gare su. Don haka, ƙaramin ƙara ƙarfe a cikin adadin ƙarfe yana rage ayyukan Daphnia, kuma phosphorus na iya haifar da mutuwar matasa.
Talakawa
Enarin haɓaka ruwa tare da oxygen yana da kyawawa lokacin girma wasu nau'in. Aeration yana haɓaka haɓakar phytoplankton kuma yana hana ƙirƙirar fim a saman ruwa. Ya kamata iska ta kasance cikin tsananin matsakaici don kada ta haifar da matsala.
Abin da za a ciyar
A vivo, daphnia yana ciyar da microplankton, ƙwayoyin cuta, da yisti.
Don samun ƙwayoyin cuta, jiƙa peels banana a cikin ruwa mai ɗumi kuma nace tsawon kwanaki 6-7. Lokacin da ruwa ya zama girgije, ana iya ƙara matsakaicin abincin a cikin akwatin kifaye a farashin 0.5 a kowace lita 20 na ruwa.
Don ciyarwa, zaku iya amfani da yisti mai bushe ko rigar, mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki. Ana amfani da abinci a farashin 28 grams da lita 20 na ruwa kowace rana.
Ana amfani da Chlorella azaman microscopic algae, wanda ke zaune kusan dukkanin jikin ruwa. Don samar da irin wannan algae, kawai sanya karamin adadin ruwa daga akwatin kifaye a cikin wurin mai dumin rai. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, algae fara haɓaka da ƙarfi.
Don ninka abincin da ake amfani da shi na crustaceans, ana bada shawara don ƙara karamin adadin gwoza, kabeji ko ruwan karas a cikin ruwa, wanda zai zama ƙarin tushen bitamin.
Yadda ake kara haɓaka kayan aiki
Girma daphnia a gida ba shi da wahala ko da farawa.
Don haɓaka yawan aiki, yi amfani da jagororin masu zuwa:
- don girman tanki a lokacin da ake kiwon ɓawon burodi, yi amfani da matattarar iska da aka yi amfani da ita cikin ɗakuna tare da soya,
- an maye gurbin ruwa don yin la'akari da abincin da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma girman tanki, idan akwatin kifin yana da girma, to sai a maye gurbin zuwa 30% na ruwa sau ɗaya a kowace kwana 7-10,
- a kai a kai daphnia, wannan zai taimaka wajen kula da haihuwar akai, da haɓakar crustaceans,
- Ya kamata hasken rana ya zama aƙalla awanni 18, madaidaicin hasken wutar lantarki na kewaye.
Yanayin da ake bukata
Daphnia na rayuwa ne kuma ana haifuwa ne kawai a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa na daɗin sani. Oƙarin haifar da crustaceans a cikin famfo ruwa zai kasa.
Matsayi mai dacewa shine akwatin kifaye tare da yawan zafin jiki na ruwa har zuwa digiri 25, ingantaccen haske da kasancewar abinci a cikin busasshen yisti mai narkewa ko algae unicellular.
Daphnia baya jure wa manyan yankuna kuma yana iya mutuwa sakamakon karancin iskar oxygen. Tare da ci gaban da yawan crustaceans ya kamata a dasa a cikin wani akwati.
Tsawon rayuwa
Rayuwar rayuwa ta dogara da nau'in kuma yana daga ranakun 22 zuwa watanni 6. Yawancin nau'ikan suna rayuwa kadan fiye da ƙananan.
Yawan rayuwa yana shafar zafin jiki. A cikin rami mai ɗumi, tafiyar matakai na rayuwa suna gudana cikin sauri, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar haɓakar jiki da mutuwa mai sauri.
Farashin daphnia a cikin hanyar abinci
Daphnia ya ƙunshi babban adadin furotin, don haka a kowane nau'i yana zama abinci mai kyau don kifin kifaye.
Bugu da kari, mai araha ne. Fakitin busasshen daphnia mai nauyin gram 100 yana nauyin 30-50 rubles, daskararre - har zuwa 100 rubles. Sau da yawa a cikin kantunan dabbobi za ku iya samun abincin da ba shi da rai. Suna da rayuwar rayuwa ta gajeru kuma basu da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki ga waɗanda ke da sanyi.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Kiwo mai ban sha'awa daphnia - aji Crustaceans yana da alaƙa da wannan fasalin kamar parthenogenesis. Wannan shine damar haihuwar zuriya ba tare da hadi kai tsaye ba.
Lokacin da yanayin rayuwa na wannan ƙwayar crustacean ta kasance kyakkyawa ne, Daan matan Daphnia sun haɗu ta hanyar parthenogenesis, suna haihuwa kawai ga mata.
A matsakaici, mutum ɗaya yana bada zuriya a cikin adadin 10 nauplii, wanda hakan zai iya zama mai iya ɗaukar haihuwa a rana ta 4 bayan haihuwa. A duk tsawon rayuwarta, mace daphnia takan kawo zuriya har sau 25.
Lokacin da yanayin muhalli ya tsananta, ana haihuwar maza, kuma ƙarni na gaba na crustaceans zasu haihuwar ƙwai waɗanda suke buƙatar haɗuwa. Qwai Daphniawanda aka kirkira a cikin irin wannan lokacin yayi girma zuwa kananan amfrayo, an rufe su da kwandon kariya ta musamman kuma suna shiga cikin rashin himma.
Ta wannan hanyar, tayi Daphnia zata iya rayuwa fari da tsananin sanyi. Lokacin da yanayin muhalli ya dawo daidai, suna girma a cikin manya. Zamani na gaba zai sake haifuwa ne kawai matan da zasu sami damar parthenogenesis.
Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na daphnia shine cyclomorphosis. A lokutan yanayi daban daban na shekara, ana haihuwar mutane dabam dabam dabam dabam.
Don haka, zamanin bazara na Daphnia suna da allurar wutsiya wutsiya da fitowar kan kwalkwali. Daga cikin maganganu da yawa game da cancantar irin waɗannan canje-canjen, babban abin shine kariya daga masu hasara, waɗanda suka fi ƙarfin aiki a lokacin rani.
Tsawon rayuwar daphnia gajere ne kuma yana bambanta tsakanin makonni 3 zuwa watanni 5 dangane da jinsin. Manyan manya kamar Daphnia Magna suna rayuwa fiye da ƙananan takwarorinsu.
Yawan rayuwar daphnia kuma ya dogara da yawan zafin jiki na ruwa - wanda yafi shi girma, tafiyar matakai na sauri da sauri, jiki ke girma da sauri, tsufa kuma yana mutuwa da sauri.
Nau'in Daphnia
Asalinsu ya hada da sama da nau'in nau'ikan nau'ikan crustaceans, waɗanda ke da kusan iyalai 10. A cikin Rasha, akwai nau'i uku:
- Ana daukar Magna mafi girma, yana kai tsawon mm 6 a cikin mace, 2 mm a cikin namiji da 0.7 a cikin tsutsa. Ripens a cikin kwanaki 12-14 kuma yana ba da tsinke a cikin makonni biyu, yana kwanciya a matsakaita 20-30, kuma har zuwa qwai 80 (ephippias) a lokaci guda. Yana zaune game da kwanaki 110-150.
- Motocin matsakaici ne a matsakaici, mace tayi girma zuwa mm mm 3-4, kuma namiji bai wuce 1-2 mm ba. Yaduwa kowane kwanaki 3-5, suna ba 10-25 testicles. Tsarin rayuwa shine kwanaki 26-47.
- Moina ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta, tana da kwasfa mai laushi kuma ta dace da ciyar da soya. Yana girma ba fiye da mm 1.5 ba, kuma jarirai suna 0.5 mm. Balaga yana faruwa a cikin rana guda, kuma litters suna bayyana kowace rana 1-2, har zuwa 53 ephippias kowannensu. Yana zaune kusan kwana 22.
Wadannan nau'ikan guda uku za'a iya barnatar dasu koda yan koyo, ba tare da buƙatar kulawa ta musamman ba. Amma fasalin kulawa da su da hulɗa tare da sauran mazaunan har yanzu suna da kyau a sani.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Daphnia crustaceans
Mafi yawa ana cikin shafi na ruwa, yana motsawa tare da taimakon tsalle-tsalle, wani lokacin kuyi rarrafe tare da ƙasan tafki ko ganuwar akwatin kifaye. Yawancin lokaci suna motsawa gwargwadon lokacin da yake kwana: lokacin da yake haske, suna shiga zurfi cikin ruwa, kuma da dare suna kan iyakar bakinsu.
An kashe makamashi mai yawa akan waɗannan motsi, saboda haka dole ne su sami dalili. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a sami damar gano ainihin ita ba. Akwai zato da yawa da zato. Misali, wannan babban daphnia ana tilasta shi nutse cikin zurfin lokacin rana don zama ba shi da masaniya ga masu hasashen - bayan haka, zurfin ruwa ya haskaka.
An tabbatar da wannan zato ne ta hanyar cewa a wuraren da ba a sami kifi da ke ciyar da Daphnia ba, irin waɗannan ƙaura suna faruwa ba kaɗan bane. Akwai bayani mai sauqi - cewa daphnia kawai tayi qoqarin zuwa waccan ruwan, inda zazzabi da haske sunada inganci akansu, kuma yayin rana yana motsawa sama da kasa.
Daga wani nau'in zuwa jinsuna, tsammanin rayuwarsu ya bambanta sosai. Yawancin lokaci tsarin yana da sauƙi - mafi girma kuma ya fi tsayi. Daaramin Daphnia yana da kwanaki 20-30, mafi girma har zuwa kwanaki 130-150.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A kan daphnia al'ada ce don gwada matakin yawan guba na magunguna daban-daban. Har ila yau suna amsa ƙarancin maida hankali - alal misali, suna iya zama da hankali ko nutsewa a ƙasa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Daphnia yana da matukar tasiri sosai, kuma haihuwarsu tana da ban sha'awa a matakai biyu - suna haifuwa ne da biyun da kuma jima'i. A farkon magana, mata na musamman suna shiga ciki kuma ana amfani da parthenogenesis. Wato, suna haihuwar kansu ba tare da hadi ba, kuma zuriyarsu ke samun iri ɗaya kamar wanda mahaifin ne kaɗai. Yana da godiya ga parthenogenesis, lokacin da kyawawan yanayi suka zo cewa adadin su a cikin tafki yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin mafi ƙarancin lokacin da zai yiwu: yawanci ana amfani da wannan hanyar haihuwa a Daphnia a ƙarshen bazara da bazara, lokacin da ake da abinci mafi yawa.
Sake haifuwa a wannan yanayin shine kamar haka: an sanya ƙwai a cikin rami na musamman da haɓaka ba tare da hadi ba. Bayan haɓaka aikinsu sun ƙare kuma gangar jikin sabuwar Daphnia ya bayyana, ƙwararar mata, kuma bayan kwanaki 3-6 ne kawai, za'a sake fara sabon yanayin. A waccan lokacin, matan da suka bayyana a ƙarshe su ma suna shirye don yin kiwo.
Ganin cewa da yawa daga cikin sabbin Daphnia sun bayyana a cikin kowace karamar ganuwa, adadin su a cikin tafki yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri, kuma cikin 'yan makwanni kaɗan ana iya cika - wannan ya zama sananne ta ƙarshen inuwa ta ruwa. Idan abinci ya zama kaɗan, maza suna fitowa a cikin yawan jama'a: sunada ƙanana da sauri fiye da mace, haka kuma suna da wasu sifofin tsarin dabam. Suna takurar da mace, sakamakon abin da ƙwai ke fitowa a cikin abin da ake kira ephippia - ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar chitinous mai ƙarfi wanda ke ba da damar tsira daga yanayin haɗari.
Misali, basa kula da sanyi ko bushewar tafki, ana iya kwashesu ta iska tare da kura, basa mutu lokacin da suke wucewa ta hanyar narkewar dabbobi. Ko kasancewar kasancewar salts mai guba a cikin mafita ba shi da mahimmanci a gare su, harsashirsu yana da abin dogara.
Amma, idan Daphnia ta haifeshi ta hanyar parthenogenesis kawai, haifuwar bisexual yana buƙatar ƙoƙari sosai, kuma a cikin yawancin jinsin mata har ma sun mutu bayan sun saka ƙwai. Bayan faduwa cikin yanayi mai kyau, ƙarni na gaba na daphnia yana fitowa daga ƙwai kuma an sake yada shi ta hanyar parthenogenesis. Haka kuma, mace kadai ke bayyana, tunda maza basa rayuwa masu illa.
Yanzu kun san yadda ake kiwon Daphnia. Bari mu ga irin haɗarin da ke jiran Daphnia a cikin daji.
Abinci mai gina jiki
An taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin narkar da crustaceans ta hanyar ciyarwa. Kwakwalwa na ruwa suna ciyar da ƙwayoyin cuta da plankton, kuma don haɓakar crustaceans a gida, masu binciken ruwa suna ba da waɗannan abinci mai zuwa abincin kifi:
- Yisti - don ciyarwa, zaɓi samfurin bushe ko rigar, wanda aka ƙara zuwa yanayin ruwa na ruwa a cikin 28 g / 20 l na ruwa, wanda shine tsarin abinci na yau da kullun don crustaceans.
- Smallestan ƙaramin algae - ana fitar da samfurin a cikin tafki na dabi'a, ɗora ruwa a cikin tafkin fure da sanya akwati da ruwa a ƙarƙashin hasken halitta, ko a wurin mai zafi.
- Ruwan ganyayyaki - ƙarar ita ce 1 tsp / 5 l na ruwa. Ruwan 'ya'yan itace na kayan lambu yana yalwata abinci mai gina jiki, kuma yana kawo mahimmancin bitamin don ci gaba.
- Kwayar cuta - a gida, ana samun kwayoyin cuta daga konkoma mai ayaba, feces da sharar abinci, wanda aka tsinko cikin ruwan dumi kuma ya rage tsawon kwanaki 5-6. Ruwa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke aiki a matsayin kayan abinci don daphnia an ƙara su a cikin akwati a ƙimar 450 g / 20 l.
Abokan halitta Daphnia
Hoto: qwai Daphnia
Irin wadannan kananan halittun da basu da kariya suna da makiya da yawa - mafarauta suna ciyar da su.
- karamin kifi
- soya,
- dodunan kodi
- kwaɗi
- larvae na sababbin da sauran amphibians,
- wasu masu asalin filayen wuraren tafki.
Manyan kifayen ko daphnia masu matsakaici ba su da sha'awar - don ƙanana ne ƙanana, wanda ke buƙatar mai yawa da saturate. Amma karamar karamar magana wani al’amari ne, ga karamin kifi, idan akwai da yawa daphnia a cikin tafki, suna zama ɗaya daga cikin tushen abinci mai gina jiki.
Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga manyan nau'ikan, saboda ga ƙananan daphnia girmansu yana aiki a matsayin kariya - har ma da ƙananan kifaye ba za su kori crustacean a rabin milimita ba, wani abu ma manyan mutane ne na 3-5 mm. Kifi ne babban magabaci wanda ke kashe Daphnia, haka kuma suna kan manyan kifin da aka soya. A gare su, daphnia kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin abinci.
Amma ko da babu kifi a cikin tafki, har yanzu suna fuskantar haɗari masu yawa: kwaɗaɗɗa da cin abinci suna cin manyan mutane, larva ɗinsu kuma suna cin ƙananan. Katantanwa da sauran mollusks na kwari suna ciyar da daphnia - kodayake daphnia na iya ƙoƙarin "tsallake" daga wasunsu, sabanin kifayen da yawa masu ƙarfi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bayyana halittar Daphnia ta bayyana abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa ga masana kimiyya: kusan kashi 35% na samfuran halittar da aka samo a cikin halittar sunada banbanci, yayin da suke mai da hankali ga kowane canji a cikin yanayin. Saboda haka ne Daphnia ta daidaita da sauri.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Daphnia a ruwa
Ba za a iya lissafta adadin Daphnia da ke zaune a jikin jikunan duniya ba - a bayyane kawai cewa tana da girma sosai kuma babu wani abin da ke barazanar wannan rayuwar. Suna zaune a duk faɗin duniya, a cikin yanayi daban-daban, suna canzawa da daidaitawa har da waɗanda ba za su iya rayuwa a da ba. Ko da cire su da gangan zai iya zama aiki mai wahala.
Don haka, suna da matsayin mafi ƙarancin barazana kuma doka ba ta ba da kariya ba; ana iya kama su da yardar kaina. Misali, yawancin masu mallakar kifayen suna yin wannan. Tabbas, idan ka sayi busassun daphnia don abincin kifi, ana iya kama su a cikin ƙazantar har ma jikin ruwan mai guba.
Yawancin lokaci ana haɓaka su don siyar da ruwa a cikin datti a tsire-tsire na shara - babu kifi a ciki, sabili da haka ana shayar da su sosai. Wannan ya sake nuna irin karfin da suke da shi, amma yana sa ka zabi inda zaka neme su, in ba haka ba kifin zai iya guba. An kama Daphnia a cikin tafki mai tsabta kuma aka ƙaddamar da shi cikin akwatin kifin zai zama kyakkyawan takin a gare su.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tsarin yanayin daphnia zai iya bambanta sosai a cikin jikin mutum gwargwadon lokacin da suke girma. Misali, tsararrakin rani galibi suna da kwalkwali a kai da allura a wutsiya. Don haɓaka su, kuna buƙatar ciyar da ƙarin kuzari, a sakamakon, yuwuwar mutum ya ragu, amma wannan yana tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa fashewar garkuwa ta kare daga masu hasara.
A lokacin rani, akwai ƙarnuka da yawa musamman, kuma saboda waɗannan fashewar, wasu daga cikinsu suna da wuyar kama Daphnia, wani lokacin ma sai su karya allurar wutsiya, saboda Daphnia na iya zamewa. A lokaci guda, fashewar ta kasance a bayyane, sabili da haka ba ya zama da sauƙi a lura da shi saboda su.
Daphnia - karamin karami wanda ba shi da masaniya a cikin tafkuna, tafkuna har ma da murda, yana yin ayyuka da yawa a lokaci daya, ban da nazarin su yana da matukar muhimmanci ga masana kimiyya. Haka ne, kuma sun san masu abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa - ba za ku iya ba Daphnia bushe kawai ga kifi, amma kuma fara waɗannan abubuwan ɓoye da kansu domin su tsabtace ruwa.
Daphnia a cikin akwatin kifaye
Don cire crustaceans a cikin tankuna masu rufewa, dole ne ku samar da wasu yanayi don wanzuwar su:
- zaɓi akwati mai tsabta wanda aka yi da gilashin ko plexiglass, da farko tare da ƙarfin 1-3 lita, maye gurbin shi da karuwar yawan mazaunan, la'akari da girman 0.3-1 kg / m³,
- yi amfani da tsarkakakken ruwa ko ruwan famfo, tare da taurin 6-18 ° da tsaka tsaki pH na 7.2-8, ba tare da chlorine da illolin kemikal ba, wanda za'a iya tacewa,
- sanya shi daga hasken rana kai tsaye, kamar yadda crustaceans ba sa son hasken wuce kima,
- shigar da fitilar W W mai fitila mai 20 W, tana samar da hasken wutar lantarki na tsawon awanni 14-16 a kowace rana,
- samar da zazzabi a cikin kewayon + 20 ... + 24 ° C don Daphnia vulgaris da + 26 ... + 28 ° C don Moin, a cikin yanayin sanyin sanyi yawan haihuwa zai ragu,
- samar da abinci mai inganci, gusar da kayan miya sama da ruwa har sai ya zama mara nauyi, kuma ya kara sabon yanki bayan fadakarwa,
- kamar yadda ya cancanta, tsaftacewa da canza ruwan don kada zuriyar dabbobi da silt kada su tara a kasan, kazalika plaque a bangon,
- yi amfani da rauni mai rauni don cire fim a farfajiya, haɗa abinci, samar da iskar oxygen mafi ƙarancin 3-8 mg / l da oxidizability na 14.8-26.2 mg O2 / l.
Don farawa, ya kamata ku sayi ƙwai crustacean kuma ku gudana su a cikin akwati da aka shirya. An riga an kama mutanen da suka balaga tare da tarun don ciyar da su, bushe ko daskarewa nan da nan.
Yanayin kiwo
Mutane da yawa suna haihuwar daphnia a gida, wanda yake mai sauqi ne. Koyaya, yakamata ayi la'akari da wannan tsari. Babban rawa ana kunna shi da launi na ruwa a cikin akwati. Ya kamata ya zama launin kore ko launin ruwan kasa.
Kar ku manta da ƙara yisti a cikin abincinku
Sauran wakilan sassan jikin ruwa, alal misali, masu fasa kwauri, bai kamata a basu izinin shiga cikin jirgin ruwa na Daphnia ba. A gida, abincin crustaceans ya ƙunshi busassun letas ko inabi. An saka yisti na Baker a cikin abinci. An murƙushe su da jihar foda sannan kuma a tace ta hanyar ɗai ɗai ɗai. Don fara su a gida, kuna buƙatar ɗaukar ruwa tare da ɓawon burodi 50 daga tafki na ɗabi'a tare da tanadin abinci sannan kawai sai ku shiga cikin jirgin ruwa da aka shirya.
Wasu karin hotuna da lura
Na kawo 'yan karin hotunan nasara na Daphnia Puleks.
Fati na gaba a fili yana nuna ƙyallen nauplii da farin gemu na ciliates, yana rufe saman ɓawon burodi.
Daphnia a cikin hasken da aka nuna, an rufe shi da mazaunan ciliates
Duk da haka, daphnia a cikakken gani yana da ban mamaki. Wannan baƙon abu ne! Ko jirgin ruwan baƙi, tabbas:
Daphnia a cikakken gani - jirgin ruwa na baƙon
Daphnia pulex cikin digo na ruwa
Kama Daphnia
Ana iya tattara ƙoshin ruwa a cikin gida a cikin ƙananan tafkuna, tafkuna tare da ruwa mai ruwa, rami, rami da sauran jikin ruwa tare da mafi ƙarancin yawan mazaunan ruwa. Ba su yi kiwo cikin yanayin kogin ba, amma a cikin ruwa mai tsafta. Abu ne mai sauki a gano su ta hanyar rufe kauri a cikin launin toka-kore ko launin ruwan kasa.
Bai kamata ku neme su a cikin wuraren wahalar ruwa ba, tabkuna da kifaye masu yawa da masu farauta. Kasancewar karshen zai shafi yawan plankton ba kawai, har ma da ingancin sa, haka kuma zai kara hadarin yada cutar zuwa kifin kifin kifin.
Don kama bioplankton, kuna buƙatar ɗaukar raga-raga ko tagar murfin muslin. Motsa jiki yakamata ya bibiran takwas kuma yayi jinkirin. Yin saurin saurin kai kai yana haifar da matsin lamba a kan crustaceans kuma zuwa ga mutuwarsu.
Mafi kyawun lokacin don wannan shine lokacin furanni, lokacin da haɗuwa da algae a ciki ke ƙaruwa. Kuma ya fi sauƙi a yi wannan a cikin wurin da ke da inuwar ruwa mai zurfi, da yamma ko a ranar girgije. Bayan haka, rabo na crustaceans zuwa hasken rana mai haske mara kyau ne, a ƙarƙashinsu plankton-kamar yana kusan zurfin ƙasa.
Habitat
Daphnia galibi ana samun ta cikin dukkan tsauraran ruwa na ruwa, tun daga kandami zuwa wani tafki mai zurfi. Wadannan crustaceans ana samun su har cikin Antarctica. Babban yanayin da garin daphnia yake shine tsaftataccen ruwa tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙwayar ƙasa.
Lokacin da daphnia ta shiga cikin ruwan karkashin kasa, sai su tace kasa kuma a hankali su tara hanjin su da algae, su rufe shi. Wadannan crustaceans ba sa son ragunan da ke ƙazanta, saboda haka, ana iya amfani da shi don yin hukunci game da tsarkakar kogi, tafki ko kandami.
Suna zaune kusan kwana 22
A cikin wuraren rami inda Daphnia ke zaune, yawancin rayukansu suna wucewa a cikin ruwa. Wasu nau'ikan za su iya rayuwa a gindin, suna cin abubuwan mutu na abincin shuka a can, ragowar abubuwan da ke cikin kwari. Hakanan ana iya samun su a wasu wurare - raƙuman ruwa, rami tare da ruwa. Crustaceans suna da hankali sosai ga hasken wuta, kuma idan ya yi haske sosai sai su je zurfafan zurfafa. Babban Daphnia yana rayuwa tsawon kwanaki 110-150. Tsarin rayuwar wasu nau'in ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma zai iya zuwa kwana 22.
Kiwo na asali da kuma kiwo na Daphnia
Fleas na Ruwa ba halittu bane na rayuwa, wanda ke tabbatar da kasancewar mace-mace a cikin mace da gwaji a cikin maza. Hakanan sun bambanta da girman da sifar eriya. Amma a cikin su, kamar duk nau'in shayarwa na asali, haihuwa tana faruwa ne ta hanyar sinadarin cyclic parthenogenesis. Haihuwar jinsi ɗaya yana da mahimmanci musamman yayin da mata kaɗai suka rage cikin jama'a. Haka kuma, a lokacin bazara mai dumin yanayi matasa mata kan ci gaba daga qwai wanda ba a sanya su ba. A cikin kaka da kuma lokacin da tafkunan bushewa, maza sun bayyana daga irin wannan nau'in eippippias. Amsar jikinsu ta tashi a karkashin motar da ke jira da molts da yawa, sannan ta fita waje.
Tare da cikakken hadi, ƙaramin maza da sauri tare da mace, suna danganta ga ƙarshen alƙalin. A yayin parthenogenesis, duk litter din suna da jinsi daya. Bayan sanyaya da raguwa a cikin tsawon lokacin hasken rana, haifuwar bisexual yana faruwa. A lokaci guda, maza ana haihuwar su a wasu mutane, yayin da wasu suna jinkirta ephippias, waɗanda ke hutawa har zuwa hadi. Sun yada tare da iska, akan ƙafa ko gashin tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, a cikin hanun kifi. A cikin hunturu, suna located a kan ruwa saman ko a cikin babba yadudduka na silt. Su masu jure yanayin sanyi ne ko bushewa, idan kuma sun shiga yanayi mai kyau, ci gaba tayi tayi.
Don namo, ana ɗaukan ƙwai bushe kuma an sanya shi cikin matsakaici mai dacewa. Suna girma da haɓaka cikin hanzari, wanda ke sa ya yiwu a sami 30-50 g na crustaceans daga 1 m3 na eppippies. Ciyarwar tana da hanyoyi biyu:
- Haɗin kai, wanda aka gabatar da abinci a cikin tanki tare da Daphnia. Rashin daidaituwa shine gurɓataccen saurin cuta da kuma buƙatar canje-canje mai sauyawa na ruwa.
- Raba dace da taro dilution. A wannan yanayin, algae yana girma a cikin akwati daban, wanda aka gabatar dashi cikin tanki 1-2 sau a rana yayin ciyar.
Yanzu masana'antar masana'antu na ciyar da crustaceans a cikin manyan wuraren waha da madatsun ruwa ya shahara. A wannan yanayin, mai samarwa yana canza ruwa sau ɗaya kowane 'yan makonni ko watanni kuma ya sake ba da rancen amfanin gona don hana tsufa.
Hadari ga mutane
Ta hanyar yin tarayya da kwari, mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa Fan Fleas na ruwa. Amma basu da gabobin da suka dace, wanda ke nufin cewa an cire irin waɗannan kwari. Daphnia na iya haifar da lahani kawai ta hanyar haifar da rashin lafiyan jijiyoyi a cikin mutane sun yanke tsammani. Ta hanyar shan abinci, suna kuma tara sinadarin pollen masu haɗari, yawan haɗuwa wanda ke ƙaruwa a cikin abubuwan da ke bushe.
A cewar kididdiga, kusan daya daga cikin mutane hudun na rashin lafiyar crustaceans. Yana bayyana kanta a cikin irin wannan alamun:
- fata mai ƙushi, kamar amya,
- bushewar hanci da hanci, hanci,
- yawan jan juna a jiki
- rashin lafiyan conjunctivitis tare da hauka,
- wahalar numfashi saboda matsalar hanji
- asma.
Don gano yanayin, likitoci sun bincika gwajin fata. Game da sakamako masu inganci, an sanya magungunan antihistamines da wariyar haɗin kai tare da Daphnia.
Kiwo a cikin yanayi
A cikin watanni na bazara, ana samun daphnia a cikin tafkunan furanni da tabkuna, wanda akwai babban adadin algae. Yawan haihuwa daphnia abu ne mai matukar ban mamaki, wanda ake dangantawa da aiwatar da aikin parthenogenesis.
Parthenogenesis shine ikon sake haifuwa ta kansa ba tare da bukatar hadi ba, lokacin da zuriyarta ke sake maimaita irin yanayin mahaifin, kuma duk wasu bambance-bambance a cikin ilimin halittar jiki an tantance su ta yanayin muhalli. Parthenogenesis yana ba da damar daphnia ninka cikin sauri a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, jim kaɗan bayan fitowar su daga ƙwai. A yanayi, a ƙarshen bazara, bazara da farkon kaka, gwargwadon zazzabi, wadatar abinci da kasancewar samfuran samfuri, daphnia yana haɓaka parthenogenetically, yana ba da matsakaita na 10 nauplii a kowace girma. A wannan lokacin, mata ne kaɗai ke cikin wannan kandami. Mahaifa ne mai tasowa galibi ana iya ganin sa a cikin kwayoyin halittu masu juna biyu ba tare da microscope ba. Matan da ke zuwa na gaba suna iya parthenogenesis bayan kwanaki 4 na haɓaka, tare da haihuwar yana faruwa kowace kwana uku. Lokacin rayuwarsa, mace na iya samun lokacin haihuwar sau 25, amma a aikace wannan lambar tayi kadan kuma mace zata haihuwar zuriya sama da 100.
Tare da rashin abinci, wasu ƙwai suna girma a cikin maza, kuma mace ta fara fitar da ƙwai da dole ne a hadasu. Latterarshen yana haɓakawa zuwa ƙananan tayi, wanda sai ya sanya hibernate, an rufe shi da harsashi mai duhu / baƙi mai duhu, wanda aka sani da ephippia. A wannan nau'in, daphnia na iya jure yanayin matsanancin muhalli, bushewar tafki da ma daskarewa. Matan da suka haihu don samar da ephippia suna da sauƙin rarrabewa daga nau'ikan halittar mutum domin ephippia mai tasowa yanzu yana matsayin wuri na baƙi a ƙarshen ƙarshen jikin. Yayin da yanayin muhalli ya sake zama mai kyau, tsararraki ya bayyana daga ƙwai, wanda, a cikin biyun, yana haihuwa ne kawai ga mata, yayin da dukkan maza ke mutuwa kafin a fara masifa.
Tsarin ruwa
Don haɓakar ma'adanan Daphnia mai nasara, ana buƙatar takamaiman sigogin ruwa:
- Kasancewar gishirin. Tunda wadannan halittun halittar dabi'a suna zaune a cikin ruwa mai kyau, akwatin kifayen yakamata a cika da ruwan da ya dace.
- Oxygen. Crustaceans suna rayuwa cikin ruwa, wanda yanayin oxygen ɗin ya bambanta. Ciyarda na dindindin a na wulakanta cigaban crustaceans. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, suna ninka muni.
- Wuya. An tallafawa a matakin 7-8 raka'a.
- Zazzabi. Ya dace da matakan zafin jiki girma ya bambanta a cikin kewayon digiri na 18-22.
Daphnia a karkashin microscope (bidiyo)
A cikin hoto zaku iya ganin babban lebe babba babba wanda yafi rufe bakin ruwa fleas. Duk wani gabobin da za a yi amfani da cizo a ciki to ba ya cikin daphnia. Lebe yana da wadatattun gland na salivary, wanda ya haɗa da manyan ƙwayoyin polyploid. Asiri na yau da kullun shine gluing barbashi abinci a cikin dunƙule guda. Wani dattijo yana cin kusan kashi ɗari shida na nauyin kansa kowace rana.
SAURARA! Don hanzarta kawar da fleas, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka uku masu tasiri:
- Kiran sabis na rarrabuwa (tsada),
- Siyan mai siyarwar lantarki (1390 rubles),
- Chemicals (sakamako mai tasiri).
Hakanan zaku iya sha'awar labarin a kan motar dawakai.
Kulawar tankunan ruwa / Daphnia
Wajibi ne don maye gurbin ruwan (aƙalla 25% na ƙara) tare da ruwa mai ɗumi irin zafin jiki iri ɗaya a cikin kwanaki 2-3. Yana da kyau a hada sauyin ruwan tare da tsabtace kasa, inda tarkace iri iri da kuma matattun sassan da zasu mutu. Ana zana ruwa ta amfani da siphon - sau da yawa ana yin rawar sa ta hanyar tohon talakawa na ƙananan giciye (a cikin cm 1) tare da bututu a ƙarshen ɗaya. Ya dace don fitar da bututu a kasan, tsotsa shara. Kamar yadda tare da akwatin kifaye na al'ada, akan lokaci lokaci bangon zai rufe tare da saka kwayoyin halitta. Abu ne mai sauki cire shi tare da scraper, kuma za'a iya cire barbashin da ya fadi tare da siphon.
Idan ruwa ne kawai zai maye gurbinsa, to yana da kyau a saka kyakkyawar tagulla a ƙarshen magudanar siphon, wanda dubun dubatan daphnias zasu zauna cikin tilon. Crustaceans da aka kama ta wannan hanyar za su dace da abincin kifi.
Daidai da mahimmanci, kuma mai yiwuwa yanke hukunci, shine gaban katantanwa a cikin tafki, katantanwa da yawa. Wadanda suke yadu amfani a cikin aquariums. Suna da kyau a matsayin tsabtataccen tsabtataccen tsabta kuma suna da hadari don Daphnia An cinye ragowar abinci da sauran kwayoyin, kuma llsa'ikan su suna zama wuri ne na haɓaka lardunan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na nitrifying da ke cikin zagayen ƙwayar nitrogen. Godiya garesu, farashin ma'aikata don kiyaye akwatin kifaye tare da ɓawon burodi ya ragu sosai kuma an rage haɗarin haɗarin haɗarin nitrite da nitrate zuwa dabi'un haɗari.
Daban-daban na crustaceans a sassa daban-daban na duniya
A Turai da Amurka, akwai nau'ikan kusan 150. Yawancinsu sun fadi akan wasu nahiyoyi. Kuma sau da yawa wannan ya faru ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
Crustaceans dabbobi ne masu ban mamaki. Masana kimiyya suna ba da misali: idan waɗannan halittun sun bayyana daga zuriyar dabbobi ɗaya, amma suna rayuwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban da mazauna, zasu iya girma sabanin juna.
Daphnia (ko crustaceans) za'a iya bred a cikin tafkunan. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani dasu azaman abinci don soya da kifi.
Jirgin ruwa ko akwatin kifaye don girma
Don namo "abinci mai rai" wani akwati na lita 15-20 yana da kyau kwarai. Game da zabin jirgin ruwa, la'akari da waɗannan umarnin:
- Yi zaɓi cikin yarda da kayan da ba ya saki abubuwa masu haɗari cikin ruwa (alal misali, ƙwayoyin murƙus ɗin haɓaka). Abun da ya dace shine gilashin jirgin ruwa ko akwatin kifaye,
- idan kun yi amfani da jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi, yankin da ke haɗuwa da iska ya kamata ya zama babba sosai. Ana buƙatar wannan yanayin don musayar gas na halitta da wadatar da ƙananan crustaceans tare da oxygen,
- idan kuwa ka zaɓi akwati na ƙarfe - ya kamata ba za a yi da bakin karfe ba,
- idan kuna shirin adana jirgin ruwa tare da ɓawon burodi a cikin ɗaki tare da fitilu masu haske ko akan titi a ƙarƙashin hasken rana - ɗauki akwati tare da ƙaramin ƙarfin 40 lita.
A cikin jerin ruwayoyin ruwa, zaku iya haifar da kifi kamar su guppies, kifin tiyata, arovanu, tattauna, gourami, pecilia, astronotus, kifin cockerel, veiltail, kifin kifaye, lalius, ancistrus, pecilia, catfish, barbs and parrots.
Yanayin jiki
Na gaba, la'akari da yanayin jiki da ake buƙata don nasarar kiwo na Daphnia.
- Zazzabi. Crustaceans sun dace da yanayin zafi mai yawa. Babban yanayin zazzabi shine + 18-22 ° C. Pan wasan Daphnia yana tsayayya da hawa da sauka sama da 10 ° C. Don magna crustaceans a cikin yanayin, mafi yawan zafin jiki ana kaiwa sau ɗaya a shekara.
- Salinity. Daphnia halittar ruwa ne mai rai. Halin halittar crustaceans na planktonic, wanda yake nasa, bai ƙunshi wakilan ruwa ba. Kashi 99% na crustaceans ruwa ne mai kyau, yayin da ragowar ke rayuwa a cikin ɗaukar hoto da kuma ruwan teku. An samo samfurori daban-daban a cikin ruwa tare da ƙanshin ruwan sama a kan 0.004 ppm.
- pH da ammoniya. Mafi kyawun ma'anar bayanan hydrogen (pH) na 6.5-9.5. Amoniya, har ma da ƙarami mai zurfi, mai guba ne ga dukkan abubuwan rayuwa. Koyaya, a cikin yanayin alkaline, matakin mai guba na ammoniya yana ƙaruwa sosai, wanda ba shi da illa ga lafiyar daphnids, amma mummunar tasiri ga haifuwar mutane. Don haka, ƙarancin pH da ammoniya ba su haifar da wata barazana ba ga nasarar kiwo daphnia. Significantara mai mahimmanci a cikin ma'aunin hydrogen yana haɓaka mai guba na gas da ma'adinai.
- Oxygen. Crustaceans suna jin daɗi a cikin ruwa mara datti. A wannan yanayin, mai nuna alamar oxygen na narkarda zai iya kasancewa daga kusan sifili zuwa matakan da suka dace. Wannan juriya ta al'ada ta kasance ne saboda iyawar haɓakar haemoglobin. Crustaceans ba sa tsayayya da musayar iska mai ƙarfi tare da ƙananan kumfa. Wadannan kumfa suna iya kashe ƙananan mutane. Koyaya, sosai aisislyly aeration na iya kashe ƙananan ɓarna. Sannu a hankali iskar musayar iska ta samar da wani abu mai cike da laushi ga wadannan halittu masu rai a saman ruwa.
- Narkar da ma'adanai. Crustaceans suna da matukar haɗari ga canje-canje a cikin tsarin sinadaran da ke kewaye da su. Suna mutuwa lokacin da aka ƙara magnesium, potassium, zinc, sodium da alli. Contentarancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin phosphorus yana kunna tsarin haifuwa, kodayake, jin daɗin nauyin 0.001 ppm yana da ƙima ga matasa dabbobi. Koda mafi ƙarancin farin ƙarfe yana haifar da raguwa a cikin motsi na waɗannan kwayoyin. Organanan kwayoyin ma suna da matukar saukin kamuwa da sinadarin da ke narkar da gubobi (magungunan kashe guba, amai, kayan maye). Bi da bi, nitrogen, wanda ke tayar da haɓakar algae, baya tasiri daphnia. Don cire chlorine a cikin akwatin kifaye, dole a yi amfani da aeration ko dechlorination. Hakanan zaka iya ƙara karamin kashi na tuff dutse (a cikin foda). Birane ko ruwa na yau da kullun suna ƙazantar da kansu.Ba zaku iya amfani da ruwa mai narkewa ba, saboda ba shi da ma'adanai da ake buƙata. Don daphnia, zai fi kyau a sha ruwa, wanda aka ɗora daga kan akwatin kifaye tare da kifi. An kuma yarda da amfani da tsaftataccen ruwan tafkin ko ruwan sama.
Gida don kifin kifayen da sauran mazaunan ruwa na ruwa suna buƙatar tsabtataccen ruwa mai tsafta, saboda in ba haka ba gidajen dabbobi na iyo ba za su yi farin ciki sosai ba kuma galibi ba za su zauna tare da ku ba. Karanta yadda za a zabi matattara, tsirrai da bango don akwatin kifaye, kazalika da yadda ake amfani da kwandunan kwalliyar methylene blue.
Me fleas na ruwa ke ci?
A cikin mazauninsu na halitta, ƙwaryar akwatin kifaye suna ciyar da ƙwayoyin cuta, ciliates, algae da spores fungal. A lokacin rani, ana samun su cikin ruwa, wanda ke cike da phytoplankton. Tushen wutar lantarki a cikin hunturu abu ne mai ƙyama. Crustaceans suna yin motsin motsa jiki da ƙafafunsu. Don haka suka kirkiro da magudanan ruwa. Suna da bristles a kan kafafu na kirji, wanda ya zama dole don tace abinci. Abinci yana cikin tsagi, kuma daga nan sai ya hau zuwa esophagus. Sau da yawa, daphnia ana shuka shi musamman a cikin akwatin kifaye don su tsabtace shi daga ruwan algae.
TARIHI
Kawai DAPHNIA magna, daphnia pulex, daphnia mion sune ke kiwo daga masoya. Amma su ma suna buƙatar kulawa, kulawa ta dace, abinci mai gina jiki. A wannan yanayin, daphnia zai haɗu da cikakke kuma ya girma don ya zama abinci mai kyau ga kifi.
Neman Daphnia don gyaran gida yana da sauƙi: zaku iya siye ko tattarawa a tafkin. Wuraren da ke da ruwa mai ba da ruwa, tafkuna inda babu kifi ko babu (duka biyu daphnia da cututtuka za a kama su tare da kifin) kuma tankuna tare da ruwan da suke zaune suna da kyau don kamawa. An zuba ganima a gida a cikin jirgin ruwa mai laushi, zai fi dacewa da fari. Don haka ya fi dacewa a sake tace abincin gaba, kamar Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasashen waje za su zauna a ƙasan ko haɗe zuwa fararen bangon, inda a bayyane suke.
Idan daskararrun da aka tara sun tafi kifi don abinci, ruwan da yake cikin abincin da yake rayuwa ba a zuba shi a cikin tafkin gama gari ba. An zaɓi Daphnia tare da raga na yanar gizo don kada ya cutar da mazaunan akwatin kifaye. Daphnia Wakilan cladocera ana tsare su a wuri mai inuwa, saboda suna ɗaukar wuta mara kyau. Zazzabi na ruwa na yau da kullun don rayuwa shine kewayon daga 20 zuwa 24 ° C (ga nau'in daphnia moin - 26-27 ° C), aeration matsakaici ne mai rauni.
Ana ciyar da Plankton: yisti mai yisti mai yisti, ruwan nama (ruwan 'ya'yan itace, an wanke shi da ruwa), chlorella. Yisti yana daskarar da launin ruwan kasa, ana dafa gram 3 a cikin lita 1 na ruwa mai ɗumi. yisti, wannan shine madaidaicin rabo. Ruwan nama suna ba daga 0.5 zuwa 2 cm3 kowace lita na ruwa. Madadin ingantaccen chlorella, zaka iya ƙara kogin ruwan kifin kore. Domin kifin ya sami abinci mai inganci, ana ƙara taki da dawakai da ammonium nitrate a cikin abincin.
Yadda ake yin ruwan kore don ciyar da Daphnia
Don samar da Daphnia tare da abinci na halitta, zaku iya shirya ruwan kore da kanku. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar ƙaramin akwatin kifin ko wani tanki cike da ruwan akwatin kifaye. Me yasa ruwa ya zama daga akwatin kifaye? Gaskiyar ita ce cewa ruwan kifin yana kama da ruwa daga tafki na asali.
Irin wannan ruwa ya riga ya ƙunshi ƙaramin adadin algae mai ɗaci, wanda, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri yanayi mai kyau a kansu, zai fara ninkawa sosai, kuma abubuwan da ke narkar da abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan akwatin kifaye zasu zama abincinsu. Don yaduwar algae na kore, zaku buƙaci karin haske ta musamman a cikin abin da ya dace da haske, wanda yakamata ya mamaye hasken rana.
Fitila mai fitila mai nauyin 40-60 watts ya dace sosai don wannan dalili. Ya kamata awannan hasken rana na cigaban algae a kalla 8-12. A cikin bazara da bazara, don adana wutar lantarki, ana iya sanya mai girbi tare da algae a cikin hasken rana kai tsaye, misali akan windowsill.
Amma koyaushe zai zama mafi hikima don yin hatsi da daphnia a lokaci guda a cikin akwatin kifaye. Zaka iya sarrafa maida hankali a cikin maharbi ta hanyar yawan hasken da adadin sa'o'in hasken rana. Koyaya, ya kamata a tuna cewa daphnia baya yarda da ruwa tare da babban abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta, kuma algae, akasin haka, koyaushe yana inganta mafi kyau a cikin irin wannan ruwa.
Idan yayin narkar da daphnia akwai wasu lokutan da algae yayi yawa kuma daphnia bata ninka, wannan yana nuna cewa ruwan ya tsufa, ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa da ke narkewa kuma lokaci yayi da za'a maye gurbinsa da sabo.
Siffofin Karfi
Crustaceans suna yawan cin abinci. Babban abincin Daphnia shine ke wakilta ta ƙwayoyin cuta da algae wanda ba a suturta su ba. Ga nau'in da ke fuskantar lokacin hunturu a cikin yanayin tashin hankali, wurin ciyarwa shine yadudduka ƙasa da zurfin ramuka mai zurfi. A karkashin irin wannan yanayin, detritus shine babban abincin abincin kare.
Hanyar abinci mai gina jiki shine tacewa. Babu ƙaramin mahimmanci shine ikon ƙirƙirar raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar motsa jiki wanda ƙafafun gwal ke gudanar da shi. Don tace abinci, ana amfani da fansan fansho na musamman akan ginin-matatun mai. Irin wannan gatanan yana cikin shafukan endopodites daga nau'i-nau'i na uku da na hudu na kashin thoracic.
Idan manyan barbashi suka makale a cikin matattara don yin tacewa, ana kunna sashin jiki na musamman, wanda bayansa ne da sauran sassan jikin sa. Magoya bayan bayanan suna aiki azaman hanyar rarraba abincin zuwa ramin abincin ciki, daga abin da ta motsa zuwa maxilla da mandibles. Matsayi na ƙarshe don lalatar da abubuwan abinci shine esophagus.
Daphnia Allergy
Daga jikin fleas na ruwa, an sanya abinci ga mazaunan aquariums. Sun bushe, sun zama gari. Wannan samfurin shine mafi ƙarancin ƙwayar cuta don sama da rabin yawan mutanen duniya.
Ruwa Allengy
Lokacin da ƙananan ƙwayar ƙura ke shiga cikin tsarin numfashi, rashin lafiyan ya bayyana:
- lacrimation
- jan idanu
- hancinsa
- bushe tari,
- hanci
- yakasance,
- matsalolin numfashi
- fuka-fuka.
A nan gaba, kasancewar akwai wani abu a cikin jini na haifar da bayyanar bayyanar yanayin rashin lafiyan. Rashes akan fata sun bayyana, wanda ke tare da matsanancin ƙoshin ciki, ƙonewa, rashin jin daɗi. Idan babu ingantaccen taimako, yanayin zai iya zama da rikitarwa.
Ana kula da cutar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwalba tare da magungunan ƙin jini, wakilai na waje. Tsawon likitan yana ƙaddara da likita, gwargwadon rikicewar halin da ake ciki.
Daphnia kiwo
A mafi yawancin lokuta, lokacin da yanayin rayuwa ke da kyau, daphnia kawai suna haihuwar mata ne. Amma idan crustaceans suna fama da matsananciyar yunwa, to maza sun bayyana.
Maza suna da yawan jimrewa fiye da mace. Zasu iya tsira daga yanayin mummunan yanayin, koda hunturu bazai dame su ba.
Matar tana da tayi. Yin haifuwa yakan faru ne a kowace kwana ukun. lokacin da ake lura da crustaceans, akwai irin wannan sanarwa cewa mace zata iya haihuwa sau 25 a cikin rayuwarta gaba daya, amma a zahiri wannan yakan faru ba akai-akai. Amma idan akwai kyawawan yanayi don daphnia, to, zata haihu zuwa 30-40 gram na crustaceans a rana ɗaya kawai.
Yadda fleas ruwa yake shayarwa
Don samar da kifin kifayen tare da abinci mai cike da wadataccen abinci, Daphnia tana girma musamman. Da farko, ana buƙatar shirya tanki wanda ya dace don haifuwar crustaceans. Akwatin filastik wanda ya dace da abinci ya dace. Sau da yawa masu ruwayen ruwa suna amfani da kwalabe na ruwa na yau da kullun. Abubuwan crustaceans ba su da matukar buƙata a kan abun da ke ciki na ruwa. Abin mahimmanci kawai shine bai ƙunshi ƙarfe da gyada ba. Ana ciyar da crustaceans tare da yisti da algae kore. Don haɓaka algae, kuna buƙatar sanya kwalban kwalba kuma ku sa a cikin al'adun microalgae. An tsabtace ganga a cikin wurin dumi. A cikin makonni biyu kacal, za a sami cikakken abinci wanda Daphnia yake ƙauna sosai. Don haɓakar aiki na crustaceans, ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar yanayi mai dacewa: zazzabi iska daga digiri 23 zuwa 25 da sa'o'i 24 na sa'o'i 24 a rana. Lokaci-lokaci, ruwa da al'adun Daphnia suna sabuntawa.
Yaushe, a cikin wane adadi da yadda za'a tattara daphnia
"Harvest" an yarda da girbi kawai lokacin da yawan crustaceans ya kai 10-15 ko fiye da 20 ml. A wannan yanayin, manyan mutane ne kawai ya kamata a kama, ta yadda ƙananan da matsakaita ke ci gaba da girma kuma suna ba da sabon zamani. Da zaran maida hankali ya kai 10 ko lessasa da crustaceans a cikin 20 ml, kamawa ya tsaya. Ana iya aiwatar da tarin a cikin tsohuwar hanyar tare da yanar gizo tare da girman sel wanda ya isa ya kama manyan mutane, ko amfani da sabbin abubuwa - tarko na musamman don daphnia. Ƙarin cikakkun bayanai a cikin bidiyon da ke ƙasa.
Anan akwai sauki algorithm don tunawa: ciyar, ciyarwa, maye gurbin ruwa, girbi ... da kuma, ciyar, ciyar, maye gurbin ruwa, girbi ...
Me suke da kyau ga kifi?
Me yasa masoya kifayen kifayen ke ƙoƙarin ciyar da su daphnia? Komai yana da sauki. Ba tare da la’akari da ko a daskarar da shi ba ko sabo, sabo, cikinsa yakan cika da kayan shuka, kuma wannan yana da amfani ga kifin kifayen da ba su da ƙarancin abinci. Shi yasa daphnia a cikin akwatin kifaye dole ne. Duk da gaskiyar cewa harsashi na Daphnia bai narke ba, ya kasance abu ne mai matukar mahimmanci. Godiya gareshi, hanjin kifin ya zama mai aiki, wanda bashi da ikon motsawa gabaɗaya a cikin akwatin kifaye. Wakilai na ƙaramar daphnia - birin, wanda akafi sani da "mai ɗaukar kaya" - cikakke ne ga kifin kifayen da ba su yi girma ba.
Idan kuna shirin kama crustaceans da kanku, dole ne a ɗauka a hankali cewa inda Daphnia ke zaune, yawan crustaceans yana canzawa a jere. Don kamun kifin suna amfani da leɓar nama, sel waɗanda dole ne su dace da abin da ake so. Wasu ƙwararrun masunta "masunta" suna ba da shawara su kama raga tare da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin, sannan kawai sai a raba abincin ta hanyar girma ta sieve tare da sel daban-daban. Kuna iya tsunduma cikin kamun kifi, farawa daga bazara kuma har sai ɓacin dusar ƙanƙara ta bayyana a kan tafkin. Yawancin lokaci suna zaɓar wani tudu wanda ke da kariya daga iska don irin wannan taron a cikin yanayin kwanciyar hankali da safe ko da yamma. Zai fi kyau idan hasken ya yi rauni. Daga nan sai Daphnia, mazaunin da ta wannan hanyar ta samu karɓuwa, zai tashi zuwa babba.
Kyakkyawan yanayi don crustaceans
Aeration zai sami sakamako mai kyau akan daphnia. Yana bada gudummawa ga cigaban halittu. Anan ana fitar da oxygen, wanda zai daidaita ruwan. Kuma wannan fim da yake son bayyana a saman ruwa zai gushe. Kuma duk wannan godiya ga aeration.
Amma kuna buƙatar ikon zama matsakaici. Powerarfi mai ƙarfi zai rikitar da dabbobi. Hakanan waɗannan kumfa za su shiga cikin kwarin Daphnia, bayan wannan halittu suna tashi.
Yadda ake kama-kai a cikin tafkuna
Mafi yawanci ana kama Daphnia ne daga lokacin bazara har zuwa ƙarshen kaka, har sai an samar da kankara a kan tafkunan.
Zai fi kyau a kama ƙananan ɓoyayyen abu tare da yanar gizo mai kullun. Bayan haka ana wuce su ta hanyar wuce gona da iri, ana rarrabe mutane da girma.
Tafi kamun kifi a cikin yanayin kwanciyar hankali da yanayin hadari. Yawancin lokaci ya kamata ya kasance da safe ko lokacin maraice. A cikin irin waɗannan yanayi, crustaceans suna tashi kusa da saman ruwa.
Lokacin aiwatar da kamun kifi, Daphnia tana girgiza shi lokaci-lokaci cikin wani jirgin ruwa na musamman. A cikin gwangwani guda na crustaceans sannan safarar su. Kar ku manta cewa a cikin tsauri mai girma, mutane zasu iya mutuwa yayin jigilar su.
Mahimmanci!Kafin amfani da daphnia a matsayin abincin kifi, yakamata a yanke wa kowane mutum wanka kuma a wanke shi a ruwa. Ba za a yarda a gabatar da “abinci mai-ƙazantaccen ba” a cikin jirgin ruwa tare da kifi ko kuma, mafi muni, a zuba shi tare da ruwa. Kuna haɗarin gabatar da kamuwa da cuta da kwayar cutar cikin ruwa.