Malam buɗe ido malam buɗe ido - Wannan kyakkyawar rana ce, babbar rana ta gidan dangin jirgi (Jumma'a). Sashin fitsarin maza na makhaon ya kai cm 8, kuma na mace 9-10 cm. Kamar yadda ya zama gama gari ga duk malam buɗe ido na rana, ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwarya kamar ƙwallon ƙafa ne.

A fuka-fukan hular akwai wasu gogaggu, masu kama da kwatankwacin fayiloli, har zuwa tsawon cm 1 launi fuka-fukan fuka-fukin maɓallin kuɗin ciki na rawaya, tare da tsarin baƙar fata, shuɗi da rawaya mai haske na iya kasancewa a cikin fikafikan hular, amma kuma akwai "jan ido" mai haske a cikin kusurwar ciki na reshe.

Idan ka duba hoton wata malam buɗe ido, zaku iya ganin girman inuwar fikafikanta sun bambanta, daga yashi mai launin shuɗi, kusan fari, zuwa rawaya mai haske.

Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa launin malam buɗe ido ya dogara da yanayin da yake rayuwa a ciki. A ɓangaren arewa na kewayon mazaunin sa, launi yafi kyau, launin tsari baƙi ya fito da ƙarfi sosai a fuka-fukan.

Yayinda samfuran kudu na labaitaccen ƙwaƙwalwar fata suna da girma kuma suna da launi mai rawaya mai fiɗa na fikafikan, kuma yanayin launin fata akan su ya fi kyau.

Siffofi da mazaunin malam buɗe ido tare da malam buɗe ido

Butterfly Habitat nutsarwa mamaki sosai. Wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Arewacin Afirka, Arewacin Amurka, ko'ina cikin Asiya, har ma a cikin tsaunuka, a duk Turai, ban da Ireland da kusan dukkanin Ingila, wanda za'a iya samun malam buɗe ido a cikin karamin yanki na Norflock County, har ma a kan duk ƙasashe masu shimfiɗa daga Arewa

Tekun Arctic zuwa Tekun Bahar Maliya da Caucasus. An sadu da malam buɗe ido tare da nisan nisan mita 4,500 tun daga matakin teku a Tibet. Saboda irin wannan shimfidar wurare iri-iri, har zuwa sama da talatin da bakwai an sha bambanta da hadiyar.

Kusan a ko'ina cikin Turai, zaku iya sha'awar ƙananan rarar kuɗi. A kudancin Siberiya akwai wata ƙungiya da ake kira orientis. A cikin wetter Amur da Primorsky muhalli babban hadaddiyar giyar subspepes ussuriensis, wanda ake ganin shine mafi girma a cikin dukkanin ƙananan albarkar kuɗin ciki na malam buɗe ido.

A cikin yankunan tsibirin kamar Sakhalin, Japan da tsibirin Kuril, hijabi suna zaune. Ana samun ƙananan hanyoyin amurensis a duk faɗin ƙananan da Amurns. A cikin dazuzzuka na daji na Transbaikal Territory da kuma tsakiyar Yakutia, aƙalla ƙungiyoyi biyu masu haɗin kai: asiatica - a arewacin waɗannan yankuna, da orientis, suna fifita yanayin ɗan kudu kaɗan.

Biyu daga cikin nau'ikan da aka karance a halin yanzu suna zaune a Japan - mandschurica da chishimana. Masu ƙaunar yanayi mai dumin sanyi - gorganus - ana samun su ne a cikin yankunan tsakiyar Turai, a arewacin Caucasus da kuma a kudancin Rasha.

A cikin Burtaniya, brutannicus da Arewacin Amurka masu tallata aliaska sun fi son yanayi mai laima. Yankunan Caucasus da Tekun Caspian sun zama mafaka ga tsakiya da rustaveli, ƙarshen, duk da haka, sun mamaye wurare masu yawan gaske. Hakanan muetingi ya zama mazaunan Albrus. A cikin Siriya, ana samun yawancin ƙwayoyin buɗe ido na syriacus na sypeacus.

Daga cikin dukkan alamu, kamtschadalus mai ban sha'awa ya fice fiye da sauran - fuka-fukan su suna da launi mai haske mai launin shuɗi, amma yanayin baƙar fata ya fi kyau, kuma wutsiyoyi sun fi gajeru kaɗan.

Sakamakon bambance-bambancen dake tsakanin rubabbun bishiyoyi daban-daban da kuma tabbatacciyar dogara da launin fuka-fukai akan zazzabi mazaunin, tsarin harajin bai riga ya zo da ra'ayi daya ba, kuma yawancin ra'ayoyi sun kasance masu rikice-rikice da rashin sani.

Misali, a yankin Ussuri nutsarwa ƙananan ussuriensis, amma, bisa ga wasu, ba za'a iya rarrabe su azaman tallafi dabam ba, tun da yake kawai amurensis ne da aka haifa a lokacin rani.

Halin hali da salon rayuwar malam buɗe ido

Daidai lokacin bazara na malam buɗe ido na malam buɗe ido yana daga Mayu zuwa Yuni, haka kuma daga Yuli zuwa Agusta, kodayake ana samun wasu ƙananan kudanci a cikin watan Satumba.

Wannan nau'in malam buɗe ido yana haifar da rayuwar yau da kullun kuma ya zaɓi bude sararin samaniya - gefukan daji, makiyaya, filayen fili, lambuna da wuraren shakatawa na birni da furanni da yawa.

A cikin mazaunin halitta, ɗumbin buɗe ido na da yawan maƙiyan da yawa - tsuntsayen kwari, gizo-gizo har ma da wasu nau'ikan tururuwa na iya jefa babban haɗari ga malam buɗe ido.

Hoto wani baƙar fata Machaon ne

A saboda wannan dalili, malam buɗe ido ciwan kwari mai saurin motsawa kuma mai kuzari, harma ya zauna akan fure don cin abinci, waɗannan 'yan ƙusoshin ba da wuya su ninka fuka-fukan su kuma suna shirye don fidda su a kowane sakan. Machaon Maak (jirgi mai saukar ungulu ko wutsiyar Maak) itace mafi girma a Rasha. Tana zaune a Primorye, Kudancin Sakhalin, Yankin Amur, haka kuma a Japan, China da Koriya.

Mafi sau da yawa suna mamaye dazuzzuka masu gauraya da yankewa, wurin girman tsire-tsire na fure. Mata sun fi maza girma, launuka na malam buɗe ido galibi baƙi ne, tare da launuka iri-iri na kore, shuɗi da shunayya.

Abincin Isasshen Abincin Maɗaukaki

Maballin ruwa na Swallowtail fara cin abinci sosai daga lokacin da ya fita ƙwai. A kan wannan tsiro na mashigar ciyawar ita ce ta kasance wacce mahaifiyar malam buɗe ido ta sanya kwai.

Mafi sau da yawa, waɗannan tsire-tsire ne Dill, faski, Fennel da sauran tsire-tsire na dangin laima. Idan irin waɗannan tsire-tsire ba a kusa ba, to, mahaukatan za su iya ciyar da abinci ko, alal misali, tsutsa. A ƙarshen ci gabanta, mataƙiliyar ya daina ciyarwa.

Abincin da aka yarda da shi kawai shine ƙungiyar malam buɗe ido ta machaon, har ma da mafi yawan kuzubba, shine furannin fure, yayin da malam buɗe ido ba su da fifiko a cikinsu.

Sake buguwa da tsawon rai

Lokacin haifuwa mai narkewa sau biyu yana gudana daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu, amma a cikin yankuna na kudu ana iya maimaita shi daga Yuli zuwa Agusta, gwargwadon yanayin yanayin yanayin. Mace sanya mai sihiri na qwai na kodadde launin shuɗi a kan mai tushe ko ƙarƙashin ganyayyaki na fodder.

Oneaya mace a cikin rayuwarta, wanda ya kai kimanin kwanaki biyu dozin, na iya sa ƙwai sama da ɗari, tare da kwanciya biyu ko uku don kowace hanya. Bayan kamar sati guda, qwai sun canza launi su kuma sami tsarin baƙar fata.

Dolly na baƙar fata

Masanan daji sun yi kamari a cikin tsararraki biyu - na farkon su ne matan da suka lalace daga Mayu zuwa Yuni, kuma ƙarni na biyu da suka fito daga ƙwai daga Agusta zuwa Satumba. Kawai sai hadaddiyar giyar ruwan sha wacce take da launi mai launi, babban farin tabo a bayanta da kuma warts baki da ke kewaye da ruwan sanyi.

Yayinda suke girma, launi na masara yana canzawa - mashin ya juya ya zama launin kore tare da rabe-raben baƙi da yake jikinta, gutsirorin suna ɓoyewa, kuma rayuwar ta zama tabarau mai haske akan waɗannan rashi iri ɗaya.

Lokacin da lokaci ya yi, sai matafila suka yi shuka a kan dajin da suka rayu kuma suka ciyar da shi. Walan tsana rubabben tsana An fari suna da haske ko launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi tare da tsari a cikin ƙaramin baƙar fata.

Pupae na ƙarni na biyu denser, duhu mai launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa, wanda aka shirya don tsira da hunturu. Malam buɗe ido zai kyankyasar daga itacen bazara a tsakanin makonni biyu zuwa uku, yayin ci gaba a cikin hunturu pupa yana ɗaukar watanni da yawa.

Saboda irin wannan ɗimbin fa'ida da fa'ida mai sauƙi amma mai ban sha'awa, shahararrun ƙwallan buɗe ido a cikin ɗan adam ya zama mai girma. Bugu da kari, an samar da labaren marmari a cikin Littafin Ruwan Zuma a cikin kasashe da yawa, kuma sau da yawa yana matsayin alama ce ta gwagwarmaya don kiyaye dabbobin daji.

Don haka a cikin Tatarstan “Kwarin Machaon”An sanya shi a matsayin aikin ci gaban mazaunin musamman don kar a cutar da shimfidar wuri mai mahimmanci a tarihi tare da kananan tafkuna. A cikin Latvia a cikin 2013, an sanya shi a kan suturar makamai na Ikklesiya ta Skrudalienna hoton wata malam buɗe ido.

Ina machaon yake zaune?

Gasar mazaunin ruwan shaye-shaye ya haɗa da kusan Turai, Asiya, Afirka da Arewacin Amurka. A cikin yankuna na nahiyoyin da ke sama, malam buɗe ido yana zaune a kusan duk yanayin yanayi. An samo machaons a cikin duwatsun Tibet, a tsawan kilomita 4,5. Kwaro ya fi son sarari, don haka wuraren da aka fi so na malam buɗe ido sune makiyaya, tsummoki, gefunan daji, tundra. A arewa na abubuwan cin abinci wanda zaku iya gani a watannin bazara, a cikin wasu yankuna na kudu, ban da lokacin rani, ana samun malam buɗe ido a watan Mayu da Satumba.

Bayanin

Sailboats ko ladabi - dangi wanda ya haɗu da mafi girma da mafi kyawun kayan adon gado. Mafi yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan ana samunsu a cikin tsaunukan zafi, amma a wasu nahiyoyin zaka iya ganin kwari da ban sha'awa. Iyalin suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan sailboats 700, 20. A cikin Rasha, malam buɗe ido Swallowtail alama ce ta wakilin halittar Papilio tare da wutsiya mai fiɗa da fuka-fukan wuta. Launi na kwari mai launin rawaya ne tare da tsari mai launin baki da ido mai launin shuɗi-shuɗi. Duk da cewa ana samun malam buɗe ido a duk yankin Palearctic, lambar sa ta ragu sosai. Don kare Lepidoptera daga cikakken lalata, an jera jinsunan a cikin Littafin Red.

Sailboat Machaon (Papiliomachaon) yana daya daga cikin mambobin danginsu. Carl Linnaeus ya ba da suna ga jinsin bayan likitan almara na Girka Machaon, wanda ya shiga cikin yaƙin Troy. Girman fuka-fukan namiji shine 65-80 mm, mace ce 75-95 mm. Babban asalin fuka-fukan yana da rawaya. A tsakiyar reshe na gaba akwai abin kwaikwaya na ratsi na baki da aibobi, ginin ya yi duhu. Yankin iyaka mai duhu tare da rawaya maraƙi yana gudana tare da gefen. Babban ɓangare na fikafikan hindu rawaya ne, kusa da gefen akwai wata ƙungiya mai shuɗi tare da kan iyaka baki. Gefen waje yana da jan ido tare da baƙar fata. Hoton ya nuna cewa gefen fikafikan hular inuwar malam buɗe ido mai walƙiya ce, wutsiyoyi suna da tsayi 10 mm.

Papiliomachaon na ƙarni na farko haske ne a launi, wakilan ƙarni na biyu sun fi girma girma, launikan su sun cika da haske.

Jikin asu haske ne, an rufe shi da gashin yashi. A kirji da ciki abune mai ruwan baki mai tsawo. Shugaban yana zagaye, baya aiki. Cikakkiyar idanu wacce ke zaune a ɓangarorin. Gashin hangen nesa yana taimaka wa kwari su shiga cikin sarari, bambanta tsakanin abubuwa da wasu launuka. A cikin gaban gaban akwai dogayen eriyen da ke ƙare cikin mace. Bude baki. Wannan dogon proboscis baƙar fata ne, yana ba ku damar shan ruwan nectar daga furanni. A cikin yanayin kwantar da hankula, an juya shi cikin karkace.

Akwai wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin mace da namiji. Da farko dai, wannan ya shafi launi da girman kwari. Mata suna da launi mai haske da fikafikai manya. Gashin fitsarin namiji shine 65-95 mm, kuma mace ce 75-105 mm.

Biyan kuɗi

Yankin rarraba machaons da yawa ya haifar da ƙirƙirar ƙananan ragi waɗanda suka bambanta launi da girma.

• m. bairdii wani baƙar fata ne mai walƙiya da aka samo a cikin Arewacin Amurka. Siffar duhu tayi kama da ta jirgin ruwan Polyxen. Babban launi baki ne. A fuka-fukan gaba, wani tsarin raunin launin rawaya da aibobi wanda ke kan iyakar baƙar fata. A fuka-fukan hular baya, ban da rawaya mai launin shuɗi da shuɗi, ruwan lemu mai ciki yana kusa da wutsiyoyi.

• m. ussuriensis - suna zaune a cikin Primorye da Yankin Amur, ƙungiyar tana da ɗimbin yawa na kwari. A cikin mata, fuka-fuki shine 95 mm, a cikin maza - 85 mm. Kwayoyin suna cike da launi baki da shuɗi launi.
• m. mahaukacin bakin ciki - wata maslaha ta sauka a kasar Japan da kuma tsibiran da ke kusa, tare da shudi shudi a saman ido mai launin da aka rufe tsakanin su baki biyu.
• m. kamtschadalus - ƙwararrun labartattun launuka na launin rawaya mai haske tare da tsarin baƙi na fata da gajeren wutsiyoyi. Subsarancin endemic suna zaune a Penasar Kamchatka.

• m. gorganus - wani yanki ne wanda aka bazu a kan filayen Rasha, a ƙafafun Caucasus da tsakiyar Turai. Yaya kamannin tabar wiwi da aka samo a yawancin ƙasashen Turai yayi kama? Babbar reshen ba ta wuce mil 60-70, wutsiyoyinsu suna tsawon 6-7 mm. Tushen fuka-fukan yana da launin rawaya mai haske tare da tsararren tsari mai launin shuɗi da launin shuɗi.

Labarin rayuwa mai lalacewa da ake kira nutsuwail

Masana kimiyya da masu binciken duniyar dabba suna lura cewa cinyewa suna da kuzari mai ƙarfi. Ba su tsaya a kan shuka ɗaya na dogon lokaci. Bayan sun sauka, nan da nan sai su tashi sama suyi gaba.

Don rayayyun zabi zabin gandun daji, makiyaya, ciyawar daji. A cikin hunturu, machaons suna ɗalibai. Kafin farko na lokacin sanyi, matafila a cikin rataye rataye cocoons a kan mai tushe na tsirrai da haka hunturu.

Abincin Mallaka Guda Swallowtail

Da zaran mahaukacin ya bar kwai, sai ya fara ciyar da itaciyar da aka sanya wannan kwai. Kwakwalwa suna ciyar da abinci mai yawa. A matsayinka na mai mulki, faski, dill da sauran nau'in laima, da kuma tsutsa, alder da sauransu sun zama ciyawar ciyawar don mashin. To amma lokacin da ci gaban matafila ya isa matakin karshe, yakan daina ciyarwa.

Baƙuwar Swallowtail suna ciyar da nectar na kowane fure, amma nau'in tsire-tsire laima kuma zasu iya ziyarta.

Maƙiyin machaon

Hadarin da ke tattare da waɗannan baƙin labartattun dabbobi, tsuntsaye, gizo-gizo, tururuwa, da sauransu.

Binciken kwayoyin, kama su don dalilan tattarawa, karatu, Hakanan zasu iya shafar lambobin su. Kasancewa a mataki na kwai, matafila ko pupa, Swaltail na iya mutuwa daga gobarar da take ƙonewa.

Kimanin shekaru 80 da suka gabata, machaons har yanzu kwari ne na tsire-tsire masu ciyawar, kuma an lalata su sosai. A halin yanzu, yawan jama’arsu ya ragu sosai, kuma ba su ƙara fuskantar barazanar tsirrai ba. Kuma har ila yau suna buƙatar kariya.

Saboda haka, masana kimiyya a duk duniya suna lura da yawansu, kuma kasashe da yawa sun riga sun lissafa su a cikin littafin Red, galibi kasashen Turai.

Iyaka da Kariya

Adadin lu'ulu'u masu saukar ungulu a Rasha ya bambanta daga ƙara zuwa al'ada a yankuna daban-daban. Ana barazanar jinsunan a yankuna da yawa: Smolensk, Moscow, Vologda. A cikin wadannan yankuna, har ma da Sakhalin, an haɗu da malam buɗe ido a cikin Littafin Lafiya. Abubuwan da ke haifar da mummunan tasiri da ke haifar da yawan ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar fata sune na halitta da tattalin arziki.

• Temperaturearancin zafin jiki, rashin rana a lokacin dattako da oviposition.
• A shan kashi na larvae tare da naman gwari da kuma parasites a cikin ruwa, protracted kaka.
• Sanyi na farko, saboda wanda igiyar ba ta da lokacin da za ta zama chrysalis kuma ta mutu.

• Gobarar daji da ciyawa ta fadi.
• Insecticidal lura da filayen noma.
• Rushewar caterpillars da kama kuliyoyi don tarin.

Rage yawan adadin Papiliomachaon ba kawai a Rasha bane, har ma a kasashen Turai. Kabilar tana ƙarƙashin kariyar hukuma a Latvia, Lithuania, Jamus. A matsayin matakan kariya, haramun ne a tattara matattun bishiyoyi da kuliyoyi. A cikin mazauninsu, an tsara amfani da magunguna, kiwo kiwo.

Bari muyi zurfin bayanin yadda ake samar da malam buɗe ido a gida.

Domin irin wannan kyakkyawa ta samo asali kuma ta haifar a gidanku, kuna buƙatar:

• akwatin kifaye ko terrarium, a cikin adadin 10 l na girma ga kowane waƙoƙi 5
• ƙaramin ganga da ruwa, inda za a sami dill don ciyar da macijin,
• reshe na dalibi na matafila.

A kasan akwatin kifaye - daidai daidai, yanzu kwari zai zama mafi daidai don kira shi - wani yanki na lokacin farin ciki takarda ya kamata a liƙe, aikinsa shine ɗaukar yawan danshi. Danshi, gabaɗaya, shine ɗayan mahimman abubuwan mahimmanci a cikin kiyayewa da kiwon karnuka, daga baya kuma kukan zuma. Kuna iya samun bayanai masu saɓani da yawa game da yadda ake tsara zafi, da kuma ko yakamata a yi. A cikin yanayinmu, ana kiyaye matakin al'ada ta akwati mai buɗewa tare da ruwa, wanda yake a cikin dill.

Hakanan, a cikin maganin kwari, ya kamata a saka rassa da yawa, zai fi dacewa da samun harbe-harbe a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban.Yakamata reshe ya sauka a farfajiya, kuma hanyoyin ya kamata ya tashi saman farfajiyar, ta fuskoki daban-daban. Irin waɗannan rassan za a buƙaci don ilmin ƙwayar mahaifa.

Asalin gani da kwatancin

Hoto: malam buɗe ido mai santsi

Yankunan Papilio machaon suna cikin gidan Sailboats (daga lat. Papilionidae). Baturen Sweden masanin dabi'ar ya gano nau'in halittar ne a 1758 ta Karl Liney. Masanin ilmin halitta ya ba da sunan malam buɗe ido don girmamawa ga tsohuwar likitan Girka da ke Machaon, wanda kwararren likita ne, likita, kuma ya yi yaƙi don Girkawa a Yakin Trojan (1194 BC). Likitan ya kasance dan Asclepius (allah mai warkarwa) da Epiona.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai wani labari da Dr. Machaon ya warkar da sojojin da suka ji rauni a cikin fadace-fadace. A cikin yaƙin na Troy, ya shiga don samun hannun da zuciyar Elena the Beautiful. Amma, lokacin da ya mutu a ɗaya daga cikin fadace-fadace, ransa ya koma kyakkyawa mai walƙiya mai launin rawaya tare da tsarin baƙar fata a fikafikan sa.

Tunda adadin abubuwan da aka hadasu sunada fadi, har zuwa kashin 37 daga cikin asu ake bambanta su. Mafi na kowa daga gare su:

• Orientis - kudu da Siberiya,
• Ussuriensis - Yankin Amur da Primorye,
• Hippocrates - Japan, Sakhalin, Tsibirin Kuril,
• Amurensis - kwari da tsakiya da ƙananan Amur,
• Asiatica - Yakutia ta Tsakiya,
• Kamtschadalus - Kamchatka,
• Gorganus - Gabashin Turai, Caucasus,
• Aliaska - Arewacin Amurka,
• Brutannicus Seitz - Saudi Arabia,
• Centralis - Caucasian bakin tekun Caspian, yankin arewacin Caspian, Kura Kura,
• Muetingi - Elbrus,
• Syriacus - Siriya.

Akwai wasu ƙasƙantattu, duk da haka, masana kimiyya ba su san yawancinsu ba, la'akari da kawai siffofin yanayi na kama da na mutane waɗanda suka zaɓa. Dogaro da launin fuka-fuki a jikin zafin jiki baya barin masu sassaucin ra'ayi su iya zuwa ra’ayi na gama gari, sakamakon wanda ake samun mahawara akai-akai kan wannan batun. A waje, kamannin yayi kama da Jirgin ruwan Corsican da jirgin ruwan da yake tashi Aleksanor.

Bayyanar fasali da fasali

Launi na ɗanɗano yana da haske da kyan gani - rawaya ko m. A saman shi wani tsari ne na layin baki. Girman jikin mutum ya kai santimita 10 a cikin mata kuma 8 a cikin maza. Girman fuka-fukan yana daga 6 zuwa 10 santimita, gwargwadon kari. A saman gefuna fuka-fukan wani lamari ne da alamu masu launin shuɗi.

A kan fikafikan hular tsuntsaye elongated wutsiyoyi ba dab da ciki. Tsawonsu na iya kaiwa zuwa mil 10. A bangarorin fuka-fukan an lulluɓe su da shuɗi da launin rawaya. A cikin fuka-fukan an yi “jan ido”. Tsammani rayuwa har zuwa kwanaki 24.

Bidiyo: Maƙallin Swallowtail

Caterpillars suna kyankyashe kore tare da ratsi baƙar fata wanda akwai dige ja masu yawa. Tsawon jikinsu a lokacin haihuwa shine kimanin milimita 2. A cikin sutturar prothoracic, akwai gurnani mai fasalin launin fari da ke fitowa "kaho".

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: '' Kaho '' suna aiki ne a matsayin kariya daga maƙiyan halitta. Iron yana fitar da wani wari mara dadi wanda yake tursasawa mahara. Kwakwalwa mafi yawan rana ana birge su. Suna rikitar da kansu kamar kwararar tsuntsaye don kar jawo hankalin tsuntsaye.

Pupae na iya zama launin toka ko kore. Generationarshen ƙarni na ƙarshe kullun masu nasara a cikin matakan ɗalibai. An haife wani mutum a cikin bazara, lokacin da duk sanyi suka shuɗe. Rabin farko na farko sun bushe fuka-fuki da narkewa, sannan kuma su tashi a kusa da yankin.

Don haka muka fitar da shi menene kamarar tabarma takeyi. Yanzu gano inda malam buɗe ido Swallowtail yake zaune.

A ina ne malam buɗe ido yake zaune?

Hoto: malam buɗe ido mai santsi

Wannan nau'in yana zaune kusan kowane kusurwar duniya. Kuna iya haɗuwa da kwari a Arewacin Amurka, a Kudancin Indiya, a Arewacin Afirka, a tsibiran Tekun Indiya, a ko'ina cikin Asiya, a Ingila, kwari masu rai suna zaune ne kawai a kan iyakar lardin Norfolk da kan iyakar da suke wucewa daga Tekun Arctic zuwa tekun Bahar Maliya.

Butterfly swetail na iya rayuwa a kusan kowace muhalli, kowane yanayi ya dace da ita. An sadu da malam buɗe ido a cikin duwatsun Tibet a tsawan nisan mil 4,500 a saman teku. Irin wannan yaduwar yanki da yawa kuma ya haifar da irin wannan jerin rarar kuɗi masu yawa.

Kwari suna ƙaunar sararin buɗe ido, don haka sun fi son filayen, gefunan daji, kwari, lambuna, tundra zuwa biranen da ke gurbata. Moths na iya tashi a tsawan mita 2.5 zuwa 4. Na dogon lokaci akan shuka daya ba su bushe, don haka masana ilimin halitta suka kira su da kuzari mai kara kuzari.

A arewa na kewayon waɗannan kyawawan halittun ana iya samun su a lokacin bazara, a cikin yankuna na kudanci ɗan da ke farke daga Mayu zuwa Satumba. Lepidoptera sun gwammace kada su yi ƙaura, amma su tsaya don hunturu a ƙasashensu. Musamman manyan abubuwan tari ana lura da su a gonakin da aka shuka tare da karas, tsaba na caraway, Fennel, da Dill.

Peungiyar Yarjejeniyar Orientis ta fi son yankin sauyin kudu, Asiatica ta fi son ɗan arewa, Gorganus ya zaɓi ɗumi mai zafi. Brutannicus ƙaunataccen yanki ne, yayin da Centralis da Rustaveli suka zaɓi tsaunuka. Gabaɗaya, ra'ayi yana zaɓar yankunan rana da dumbin launuka.

Menene abincin malam buɗe ido ke ci?

Da zaran haihuwar ta faɗa, kwari sai nan da nan ya fara cin ganyen tsire-tsire wanda aka sanya kwan ɗin. Kwakwalwa suna ciyar da aiki sosai, suna samar da wadataccen makamashi a wannan matakin. Mafi sau da yawa, jinsunan laima suna zama abinci don jinsin a tsakiyar layin, kamar:

• Faski,
• Dill,
• Caraway,
• Karas (daji ko na kowa),
• Hogweed,
• Butene
• Mala'ika
• Prangos
• Gorichnik
• Fennel,
• Cutter,
• Seleri,
• Kakakin
• Cutter,
• Girchovnitsa.

Mazaunan wasu yankuna suna ciyar da tsire-tsire na dangin rutov - ashffff ash, Amur karammiski, jinsuna daban na ganye, fili furanni: itacen tsutsa, Birch: Maksimovich alder, Jafananci na alder. A ƙarshen ci gabanta, ciwan caterpillar ya ragu kuma a zahiri ba ya cin abinci.

Manya suna ciyar da ciyawar nectar, kamar sauran namomin kaza, godiya ga dogon proboscis na baki. Ba su da saurin ɗaukar abinci kamar na matafila, saboda haka sun zaɓi ba kawai tsire-tsire laima ba. Don neman abinci wa kansu, kwari masu ban sha'awa suna ziyartar furanni daban-daban.

Ga manya, ba a bukatar abinci mai yawa, kawai suna buƙatar digo na fure na fure, kuma suna ƙosar da ƙishirwa da raɓa da safe. Lepidoptera yana karɓar duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don kula da ƙananan ƙwayoyin daga ƙasa mai ɗauke da gishiri, ko samfuran samfuran sauran dabbobi.

Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa

Hoto: Rufe littafin Swallowtail Swallowtail

Ayyukan labarta suna bayyana kanta da rana. Suna kuma fitar da furanni waɗanda ke yin fure kawai a rana. Manya zaune kawai makonni kaɗan kuma, bayan hadi (maza) da kwanciya qwai (mace), kwari masu rai. Lokacin bazara yana wucewa daga Mayu zuwa Yuni kuma a watan Yuli-Agusta;

Machaons halittu ne masu hannu da shuni. Ko da yayin da suke ciyar da ciyawar, ba sa ninka fuka-fukan su don tashi gaba da kowane sakan na biyu. Mutane da yawa suna yin ƙaura zuwa ƙaura suna tashi zuwa biranen kuma suna zaune a wuraren shakatawa, wuraren shirya lambun, a kan manyan lawns masu tsire-tsire masu fure.

Don nemo mafi kyawun yanayi don rayuwa da wuri mai kyau game da kiwo, kwari a shirye suke don yin balaguro mai nisa. Yawancin mutane suna kawo ƙarni biyu a kowace rayuwa, a arewacin kewayon - ɗaya, a kudu - har uku. Manya sun damu da kiwo kuma suna ƙoƙari su nemi abokin tarayya da wuri-wuri.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tauraruwar wannan nau'in suna da kayan aiki na baka. Sun fara cin ganye daga gefuna. Bayan sun isa tsakiyar jijiya, suna motsawa zuwa na gaba. Suna samun nauyi da sauri. Amma, da zaran ɗalibin ɗalibi, girma ya cika. Moths suna buƙatar makamashi kawai don jirgin da haifuwa.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hoto: Butarƙwarar Butaƙƙwalwa Swararru

Tunda yanayi ya dauki machaons kadan lokacin don wanzu, kawai labarorin labaren nan da aka haifa suna fara neman abokin tarayya. Ma'aurata suna samun juna ta hanyar samar da pheromone, wanda suke fitarwa cikin yanayin.

A lokacin da yake gajeren rai, mace ta kula da kwanciya 100-200. A kowane hanya, yakan shimfida qwai 2-3 na launin rawaya mai haske a ƙarƙashin ganye ko akan mai tsiro. Bayan kamar mako guda, qwai ya yi duhu da canza launin launi zuwa baƙi.

Mace da gangan sa ƙwai ɗaya akan ganyayyaki daban-daban domin samar da abinci ga ɗabbin mahaifa. Bayan kwanaki 8-10, ƙungiyar larvae, wacce da farko ta fara ci. Lokacin da ya kai kimanin makonni bakwai, sai garin mata ya zauna tare da zaren siliki zuwa tushe na shuka, molt na ƙarshe yana faruwa kuma ɗalibai ɗalibai.

A pupae na tsaye a cikin sati 2-3, bayan haka sun juye zuwa babban malam buɗe ido. A cikin ramin, mafi yawan gabobin mahaukacin an lalace, ana juyawa su zama gabobin tsofaffi. Tsarin ya yi kama da narkewar jikin mutum a cikin rago.

Yankin pupae lokacin da yawanci kore ne, wadanda hunturu sune launin ruwan kasa. Malam buɗe ido zai kasance cikin matakin ɗalibi har zuwa kwanakin farko na dumin. Lokacin da rago ya fashe, an haife wata halitta kyakkyawa. Don wani lokaci asu ya zauna a rana ya bushe ta fuka-fukansa, bayan haka yakan tashi neman abinci da abokin tarayya.

Maƙiyi na dabi'a na malam buɗe ido

Hoto: malam buɗe ido mai santsi

A duk matakai na rayuwa, kwari yana cikin hadari. Malam malam buɗe ido na iya zama abincin arachnids, tsuntsaye, tururuwa, dabbobi, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Bishiyoyi a cikin matafila ko matakan ɗalibai sun kasance mafi cutarwa. Kwaro yana sarrafawa don gujewa hare-hare saboda launin kamara.

A lokacin saurayi, guntun yayi kama da tsinkayen tsuntsu. Bayan wata molt, baƙi mai haske da haske mai haske mai haske waɗanda suka bayyana akan jikin. Kyakkyawan kamannin suna ba masu izini damar fahimtar cewa kwari basu dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba. Idan mashin ya ji hadari, to yakan fara haifar da wari mara muni a cikin kaho, yana nuna cewa dandano mai kyama ne.

A kan fikafikan hular suna da shuɗi-shuɗi shuɗi tare da baki mai iyaka, abin tunawa yayin bayyanar ido. Lokacin da fuka-fukan suka bazu, waɗannan wuraren wasan baƙi suna tsoratar da mafarautan da suke son cin abinci a asu. Ana gyara tasirin ta hanyar matakan oblong a kan dabarun fikafikan, suna kama da ponytails.

Shekaru saba'in da suka shude, an ɗauki kwari kamar kwari a sakamakon yawan tsire-tsire da mutane suka yi girma. Mutane sun kashe beraye ta kowane fanni, suna kulawa da filayen da guba da sinadarai. Saboda wannan, adadin nau'in ya ragu cikin sauri kuma haɗuwa da wannan halitta mai rarrafe ya zama matsala.

Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu

Yawan adadin ruwan ɗumi yana da ƙananan kuma yana da alaƙa kai tsaye ga halakar mazauninsu na asali. A Rasha, yawan jama'a ana ɗaukar su ƙanana ne. Peungiyoyin da ke zaune a yankuna masu ɗaukar hanyar jirgin ƙasa da canjin ƙasa na amfani da guba tare da magungunan kashe ƙwari.

Ingone ciyawar kaka, wanda ya sami babban ɗabi'ar bala'i, yana haifar da lalacewa mafi girma. Lokacin ƙona ciyawa a cikin bazara, babban adadin pupae wanda hunturu akan mai tsire-tsire suna hallaka. Hakanan lalacewar lambobi lamari ne da ya haifar da lalacewar ciyawar lokacin bazara a kan manyan hanyoyi.

Laifin laifi ya rage ne ga masu tattarawa wadanda suke son samun nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari cikin haɗarin tarin su. Suna kama mutane ko dai don keɓaɓɓu na sirri, ko don musayar tare da sauran masoya malam buɗe ido daga wasu jihohi daban-daban. Amma ba wanda ya tattara ƙididdiga, kazalika da bayanai game da adadin lalacewar.

Matsalolin zahiri sun haɗa da yanayin sanyi, yanayin zafi, sanyi mai sanyin gwiwa, saboda wanda mutum bashi da lokacin yin ɗalibi, faduwar da ta tsawaita, wanda ke haifar da nasarar lardin ta hanyar naman gwari da cututtukan fata. An lura da raguwar lambobi a ko'ina cikin Turai. A wasu ƙasashe, ana kiyaye karnukan.

Swallowtail Butterfly Guard

Hoto: Rufe littafin Swallowtail Swallowtail

Masana ilimin halitta a duniya sun damu da yawan kwari kuma suna ɗaukar matakan kawar da barazanar lalata. A cikin Tatarstan, an inganta aikin ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sunan "Machaon Valley". An tsara shi ta wannan hanyar don adana shimfidar wuri tare da manyan tafkuna.

Don jawo hankali ga matsalar, a cikin Latvia a cikin 2013 an sanya hoton kwari a kan suturar makamai na yankin Skrudalien. A cikin 2006, Machaon ya zama alama ta Jamus. A cikin kasashen da ke sama, an dauki matakan kariya don kamun karnuka na manya da kuma lalata caterpillars. An hana shi yada kwari da kuma kiwo dabbobin cikin mazauna.

Masu son mazaunin duniyar suna tsunduma cikin kwari kiwo a gida. don wannan, dole ne a samar da garin barkono tare da akwatin kifin, lita 10 a cikin girman don mutane 5, tare da tanki na ruwa, dill da reshe, inda mahaukatan za suyi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da metamorphoses. Maƙasai suna buƙatar ruwa da zuma don ciyarwa.

Waɗannan rayayyun halittun suna faranta mana rai da kyawunsu, da sauƙin tashi, da canji mai ban mamaki. Wasu suna ƙoƙarin kama asu don nishaɗi, ba tare da sanin cewa rayuwarsa ta gajarta ba. Zai fi kyau a ji daɗin ɗaukakarsu a cikin daji, ba tare da rage taƙaitaccen lokacin da aka riga aka ba wa ɗakin baƙaƙen rayuwa ba.

Butullan Mawaƙa: Sanarwa

Swallowtail yana da kusan tallafin 37. Zaku iya bambance bene na malam buɗe ido ta wurin fikafikan sa. A cikin maza yana daga 65 zuwa 80 mm, a cikin mata - daga 75 zuwa 95 mm. Tsawon dattijo ya kai santimita 9. Wingsaƙƙarfan buɗe ido a cikin fikafikan hankaka suke da rauni, zagaye, wavy. Machaons suna da kuzari da gajiya kuma da wuya su zauna tsawon wuri a wuri guda. Ko da sun ci, sau da yawa sukan girgiza fikafikan su ko kusan nan da nan sai su watse.

Malam malam buɗe ido, wanda za'a iya ganin hotonsa a wannan labarin, yayi kyau sosai. Kuma ba kawai manya ba. Saboda launinta, har ma da waƙoƙi suna jan hankalin mutane. Suna da haske sosai da launuka.

Antennae na malam buɗe ido (kamar duk lokacin rana) suna kama da fil. Kwayoyin suna da kafafu shida masu haɓaka. Fuskokin huhun ba su kasance kusa da ciki, saboda suna da ƙananan daraja da “wutsiyoyi” a ciki (tsautsayi tsaf).

Ainihin, abuncin yana haske launin shuɗi mai launi, tare da baƙar fata mai gudana yana ɗaukacin sassan jiki duka. A gaban (babba) fuka-fuki na malam buɗe ido iri ɗaya launi fata ne da ƙananan aibobi. Kuma a bayan - sarƙoƙi na shuɗi launin shuɗi. Ana fentin fuka-fukan a ƙyalli a cikin launi mai haske mai haske. Generationan lokacin bazara na malam buɗe ido yayi sama da na bazara.

Habitat

Malam buɗe ido malam buɗe ido yana zaune a cikin dukkan Turai banda Ireland. Hakanan ana samun su a Asiya, Arewacin Amurka da Afirka. Ana iya ganin wannan malam buɗe ido a cikin tsaunukan teku, kuma a cikin duwatsun Tibet ana samunsa a wani yanki wanda tsayinsa ya ƙasa da mita 4500.

Machaon yana son wuraren bude wurare, saboda haka, galibi yana zaune ne a gefunan makiyaya, a cikin tundra, the steppe, wani lokacin har ma a cikin rabin hamada. A cikin sassan arewacin na malam buɗe ido yana faruwa daga Yuni zuwa Agusta, kuma a kudu - daga tsakiyar bazara zuwa Oktoba. Yaro ya yi kusan sati uku.

Yadda machaon yake yadawa

Dajin danshi na malam buɗe ido yana farawa a watan Mayu. Amma dangane da yankin zama, wannan lokacin na iya bambanta - wani lokacin yana faruwa a cikin Yuli, Agusta ko Satumba. Dabbar ta hanyar canjin yanayi ke faruwa a cikin iska, a yayin da ake kira dabbar ta hanyar canjin kwari.

Bayan ma'aurata ta faru, mace zata sanya kwai daya zuwa uku a lokaci daya. A lokacin kakar, tana iya haihuwar har ƙwai 120. Masarautan sun bayyana a mako guda. Suna da kyau sosai, masu haske. Da farko, kawai baki tare da fari da ja. Daga nan sai suka zama kore, ƙarin ruwan lemuka da rariyoyi baƙi suka bayyana. Suna da hankali sosai kuma nan da nan bayan haihuwa sun fara cin ganye.

Don karewa daga abokan gaba, malam buɗe ido yana da ƙyallen fuska a kansa wanda ba a bayyane idan masarautar tana cikin kwanciyar hankali. Amma a cikin haɗari, sun juya zuwa tsiro na orange, suna yada wari mara dadi mai daurewa.

Bayan haka, kamar sauran namomin kaza, matattarar tsuntsayen sun zama pupae. Ya danganta da lokacin, suna iya samun launuka daban-daban. A lokacin rani, masu launin shuɗi-maraƙi ne; sun girma tsawon sati uku. A cikin hunturu suna launin ruwan kasa. A wannan lokacin, pupae ci gaba na watanni da yawa har zuwa kullun yanayi mai dumama yanayi, lokacin da aka samar da malam buɗe ido na iya rigaya tashi ba tare da tsoron yanayin sanyi ba.

Maƙasai Maƙiyi

Babban abokan gaban machaons sune tsuntsaye, gizo-gizo da sauran kwari. Amma kuma malam buɗe ido yana da matukar rauni a cikin matakan juyawa zuwa ga manya: a cikin hanyar qwai, matafiyu da pupae. Da yawa suna mutuwa saboda gobarar.

Yawan waɗannan baƙin labaren a yankuna daban-daban. Wannan yana tasiri sosai saboda tarkowarsu don tattarawa.A cikin Yankin Ukraine, Jamus, Lithuania da Latvia, waɗannan haƙarƙƙaran sunayen suna cikin jerin litattafan Bookan Adam. Malam buɗe ido malam buɗe ido ba ya cikin ɗimbin dabbobi kuma ba ya cutar da aikin gona. Amma wannan ya zama sananne ba da daɗewa ba, kuma a baya sun yi yaƙin rashin tausayi tare da ita. Idan masana kimiyya suka kasa dawo da yawan wadannan kyawawan halittun, to suna iya bacewa daga fuskar duniya.

Canji

Mallakin ƙarni na farko da daidaikun mutanen da ke zaune a arewacin yankin suna da launi mai ɗimbin haske, haƙarƙarin bishiyoyin bazara sun kasance mafi girma kuma suna da launi mai haske. A cikin samfuran farkon ƙarni na fari, tsarin duhu akan fuka-fukan an faɗo shi sosai. A cikin shekaru masu zafi, bayyanar ƙaramin malam buɗe ido tare da kyakkyawan tsarin baƙar fata.

Yanayin hali

Yayinda Machaons suka zama masu aiki tare da farkon ranar, suna da damar yin furanni da yawa. Wadannan manyan malam buɗe ido suna buƙatar ƙwayoyin lectar da yawa, saboda haka ana iya samun su sau da yawa a cikin wuraren shakatawa da lambuna daban-daban.

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Maza kwari kwari ne. Sun zabi sararin nasu ne ta wani babban tsayi. Hakanan, ba baƙon da zasu tara ba ne a cikin ƙarami, suna zaune a bakin tafkunan tafkunan. Duk mutane suna son zama a kan tuddai da dogaye. Yawancin Machaons suna birgima a tsayi kuma suna nuna rawar da suke yi sama da ƙasa.

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A yanayin, kusan abu ne mai wuya a samu Machaon ta huta tare da dukkan fikafikan fadada, tunda ba a iya ganin fikafikan hular gaba da gaba. Swallowtail na iya shimfiɗa fikafikan gaba ɗaya lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga hasken rana mai haske mai haske.

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Tsawon rayuwa

Lokacin tashi daga cikin waɗannan ɓarayin suna faɗuwa daga bazara zuwa kaka. A wannan lokacin, kimanin ƙarni uku na waɗannan wakilan suna bayyana. Yawancin Machaons suna ba da ƙarni 2 kawai na malam buɗe ido. Matsakaicin rayuwar shekarun malam buɗe ido da wuya ya wuce makonni 3.

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Lokacin kiwo

Femaleaya mace tana yin kusan ƙwai 120. A lokacin masarry, malam buɗe ido ya rataye kan tsire-tsire don sa ƙwai a gefen tushe ko a kan ganye. Matakan kwai a cikin Machaons yana kasancewa har zuwa kwanaki 5, a ƙarshen abin da tsutsa tsintsiya tare da alamun haske ke bayyana. Tare da shekaru, suna canza launi zuwa kore tare da dige orange da ratsi baƙar fata.

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Canza Swallowtail Caterpillar zuwa Pupa

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Larvae suna matuƙar aiki kuma suna ci koyaushe. Saboda wannan, a zahiri a cikin mako guda sun kai 9 mm a tsayi. Abincin da aka fi cin abinci larvae shine ovaries, fure, da ganye. Vaaya daga cikin tsutsa zai iya cin gado na Dill. Amma tare da farawar chrysalis, tsutsa yana daina adana abinci daga abinci. Lokaci na ɗalibi yana faruwa akan mai tsire-tsire. Launi na iya zama kolafiya-kore ko launin ruwan kasa. Ya dogara da lokacin karatun. Lokacin dalibi yana daga makonni 2-3 zuwa watanni da yawa. Saurin bayyanar malam buɗe ido ya dogara da yanayin.

Yankin

Mabudin kallo na duk yankin Holarctic. An samo shi a ko'ina cikin Turai (ba a Ireland kawai, kuma a Ingila yana zaune ne kawai a cikin lardin Norfolk) daga tekun Arctic Arctic zuwa tekun Bahar Maliya da Caucasus. An samo shi a Asiya (ciki har da tropics), Arewacin Afirka da Arewacin Amurka. A duwatsun Turai yakan hau zuwa 2000 m sama da matakin teku (Alps), a cikin Asiya - har zuwa 4500 m (Tibet).

Habitat

Yana zaune a cikin ingantaccen cakuda halittun dabbobi, yawanci yana da wuraren dake da ciyayi inda tsirrai masu ciyawa suke girma. Ana samo shi a cikin nau'ikan tundra a arewacin. A cikin bel na gandun daji - fi son makiyaya iri daban-daban, gefuna, sharewa, tituna, kogunan ruwa. Sau da yawa ana samun shi a cikin agrocenoses. A cikin ƙasa ta Caspian (yankin Astrakhan da Kalmykia a Rasha, a cikin Azerbaijan) Hakanan ana samun shi a cikin busasshen ƙasa da busasshen ƙasa mai bushe. Kadai waɗanda ke da ƙaura daga ƙaura za su iya tashi zuwa manyan biranen biranen.

Fodder tsire-tsire

A tsakiyar layi, tsire-tsire laima daban-daban, musamman, hogweed (Heraclium), karas (Dawuda) - duka daji da na kowa, Dill (Anethum), faski (Petroselinum), mala'ikaMala'ika), butene (Chaerophyllum), gorinik (Peucedanum), prangos (Prangos), Fennel (Foeniculum), abun yanka (Libanotis), gircha (Selinum), gyrnovitsa (Thyselium), seleri (Apium), caraway tsaba (Carum), cinya (Pimpinella), abun yanka (Falcaria) A wasu yankuna, akwai wakilan tushen wadanda ke da gaskiya:Dictamnus dasycarpus), Amur karammiski (Amfaninns na Phellodendron), nau'ikan ganye daban-dabanYankin Haplophillum), Asteraceae: tsutsa (Artemisia) (a cikin matakai da hamada na tsakiyar Asiya), birch: alder Maksimovich (Alnus maximowiczii), Alder Jafana (A. japonica) (na biyun a Kudancin Kuril).

Bayanan Tsaro

An jera shi a cikin Red Books of Ukraine (1994), a Rasha - a cikin littafin Red na Yankin Moscow (1998) - rukuni na 3, Smolensk Yankin - rukuni na 2, Yankin Vologda (2006) - aji 3, Latvia (1998) - 2 rukunin, Lithuania - 3 rukunin, Jamus - rukunin 4, Karelia - rukunin 3, A matakan farko, yana da saurin lalacewa ga gobara (musamman ciyawar daji), ci gaba da motsi, girgizawa, mummunar gurɓatar ciyayi.