Yankin kudu maso Yammacin Tekun Atlantika - daga gefen tekun kudu na Brazil zuwa Argentina. Yankunan ƙasa na iyaka - daga digiri 19. N har zuwa digiri 53 N, kuma daga digiri 68. w.d. har zuwa digiri 38 w.d.
Ya fi son ruwa mai ɗumi, ƙasa mai laushi, ba da damar ɓoye jikin yayin farauta. Mafi yawanci ana samun su a cikin zurfin daga 50 zuwa 400 m.
Bayyanar
Hankula na dabbar sharks. Antennae ƙanana, fleshy. Fata mai taɓarɓarewar fata a cikin kafafen hancin an lasafta su, ba a ba su kaso mai yawa. Abun leken asiri ya fi girma, sau 2.5 girman girman idanu. Akwai jijiyoyi a kai. A tsakiyar kan layi na baya, kashin baya kadan ne, kusan ba zai yiwu ba.
Launin Jiki yana launin ruwan kasa ko ruwan hoda-brown, ventral gefen haske ne. Yawancin ƙananan duhu duhu sun watse a saman jiki.
Loarshen kullen fin fin fin ɗin ya fi tsayi sama da na babba; Rsarfin dorsal ya koma bangar jikin.
Hankalin Shark an gano shi a Argentina
Ranan, wani ɗan ƙasar Argentina mai son yin zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa wanda ya hau jirgi a tekun Pacific na ƙasarsa ya sami damar ganin wata alama ce kawai, amma a zahiri mawuyacin gaskiyar lamari ne.
Yana tsaye a kan jirgin ruwan jirgin Cesar Morales, ba zato ba tsammani ya hango nesa kusa da jirgin ruwan daga ƙwanƙwasa ƙafafun, wanda daga nesa yake kama da ƙyallen ƙifan shark. Kasancewarsa masani ne kuma masani kan farekin ruwa, Cesar ya dauko binocular kuma tsawon awanni bai tashi daga jirgin ba, yana kallon garken waɗannan dabbobin, waɗanda ke kusantowa ko ƙaura daga jirgin. Da farko, ya ba da shawara cewa su mako-mako sharks ne, wanda wataƙila suna iya kasancewa a arewacin yankin tekun Atlantika na Kudancin Amurka, amma bayan wani ɗan lokaci, sai ya ƙarasa da cewa wannan wani nau'in nau'in kifin sharks ne, wanda shine babban kifin shark na Atlantic.
Wata 'yan kifin shark a bakin tekun Argentina.
“Da farko, lokacin da na ga ƙusoshin daga kusurwar idona, sai na ɗauka dabbobin dolfin ne, kuma bayan couplean awanni kaɗan kawai sai na sake kula da su sosai sannan na lura da wasu bambance-bambance. Daga baya na fara kallonsu da kyau, na bar sauran abubuwan da zan yi, amma kodayake ban gane cewa wannan wani sharhin ne ba, wanda na yanke hukuncin haduwa da mako. ” - in ji Cesar Morales.
Yin hukunci da lamba da girman ƙatun, sun kasance sharks uku. Ofayansu ya fi girma, yayin da sauran biyun ke ƙarami. Abin takaici, dan kasar Argentine yachtsman ya gaza yin ingantaccen lura, amma idan da gaske yan 'sharks ne na makiyaya, to wannan za'a iya daukar wannan taron da matukar wahala.
“Na yi matukar bakin ciki da ban dauki abincinta ba, wanda na gyara makonni biyu da suka gabata, amma wanda ya yanke shawarar ba zai dauke ni ba, yana ganin kamar ba zai yuwu a amfanar da ni ba. Ban dauki kyamarar bidiyo ba. Na yi rayuwa fiye da sau daya tare da ruwa ruwa, na iyo a gefen ruwa tare da kifayen kifayen kuma na iya bincika irin nau'in wadannan kifayen mallakar, amma, abin takaici, ba koyaushe yake yin aiki kamar yadda nake so ba. Fiye da shekaru ashirin na yin nishaɗin jiragen ruwa, kun riga kun gani abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ba ku dogara da wani abu na musamman ba, musamman kamar yadda ba kasafai yake cikin waɗannan ruwa ba kamar yadda ake amfani da manyan yankuna. - ya kara da cewa: "Idan ban kula sosai ba, zan iya yin fim din su har ma in yi amfani da kayan sawa don wadannan abubuwan." Ina so in sake haduwa da su wata rana. ”
Gaskiyar ita ce mafi sharrin kifayen mutanen Atlantika suna zaune ne a arewacin hemisphere, yayin da a kudanci za'a iya samun ta a cikin ruwan Tekun Indiya da Pacific. Ya zuwa yanzu, a kudu, Haiti, ba a lura da kifayenn bakin teku na Atlantic ba, don haka yanzu ya rage kawai don tunanin abin da ya sa wannan dabbar ta tafi can kudu daga mazauninta na yau da kullun, waɗanda sune ruwan Arewacin Atlantika. Koyaya, zamu iya ɗauka cewa saboda wasu dalilai sun ƙaura daga Kudancin Pacific ta hanyar Drake Channel.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Haraji
Farkon bayanin kimiyya game da abin da ya samo a cikin Atlantika shine dan masanin dabi'ar Faransawa Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre ya yi a 1788 kan rahoton da ya gabata wanda aka tattara a shekara ta 1769 wanda masanin kimiyyar dabi'ar masanin halitta dan masanin duniya masanin kimiyya Thomas Pennant. Bonnaterre ya kira sabon jinsi Squalus nasus (daga Lat. squalus - “shark” da Lat. nasus - “hanci”). A shekara ta 1816, Bajamushe ɗan asalin ƙasa dan asalin ƙasar Faransa, dan asalin kasar Faransa, Georges Cuvier, ya danganta batun mallakar kifayen Atlantik a wani yanki na daban, wanda daga baya aka mai da shi a matsayin halittar mai zaman kanta.
Etymology na Ingilishi sunan Atlantic herring shark har yanzu ba a fayyace shi game da batun kayan shiga ba An yi imani da cewa shi hade ne da kalmomin Turanci. porpoise - beagle - "beagle", wanda aka bayyana da siffar jikin wannan kifin sharrin da kuma yanayin farautarsa. Dangane da wata lafazin, ya fito ne daga kalmomin masara porpoise - “tashar jiragen ruwa”, “tashar jiragen ruwa” da bugel "Makiyayi." The Oxford English Dictionary ya ce wannan kalma ko dai an aro ta ne daga yaren na Harshen, ko kuma an samo ta ne daga kalmar Kalish ma'ana "tashar jiragen ruwa" da kalmar Turanci "beagle", duk da haka, babu wani daga cikin kalmomin da aka kirkira da tushen harshen Ingilishi da ya dace. Kundin fasinja ya lura cewa babu wata shaida game da alaƙa da kalmomin Fr. baranda - "alade" ko Turanci. porpoise.
Phylogenesis da juyin halitta
Yawancin nazarin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan halittu wadanda suka danganta da halayen halittar dabbobi da jerin DNA na mitochondrial sun bayyana kusanci tsakanin mashin Atlantika na yankin Atlantika da kifin kifin salmon, wanda ke da irin tasirin muhalli a Arewacin Pacific. Halittar kifayen kifayen ya bayyana shekaru miliyan 65-45 da suka gabata. Ba a san lokacin da aka raba jinsunan biyu da suka kasance ba, kodayake wannan ya kasance mai sauƙin sauƙin sau ɗaya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙyallen filaye a cikin Tekun Arctic, wanda ya ware yawan ƙyallen ɗan tekun Pacific daga Arewacin Atlantika.
Burbushin halittun kifin na Atlantic wanda aka samo a Belgium da Netherlands tun daga zamanin Miocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 7.2 da suka gabata), burbushin da aka samo a Belgium, Spain da Chile mallakar na Pliocene ne (shekaru miliyan 5.3-2.6 da suka gabata) ), da kuma ma'adanai na Dutch - zuwa Pleistocene (shekaru miliyan 2.6 da suka gabata - shekaru 12000 BC). Koyaya, burbushin hakoran yankun sharring, sunyi kama da na hakoran sharhin kifayen Atlantika wadanda aka samo a bakin tekun Antarctic Peninsula, kwanan wata daga Yankin Tsakiya ko Late Eocene (50-34 Ma). Rarrabe manyan kifayen makiyaya mai rikitarwa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar yawancin canjin yanayin hakora.
Yankin
Kifen kifayen bakin teku na Atlantic suna tartsatsi cikin ruwa mai tsafta; ba a same su a cikin tekuna na wurare masu zafi. Sun mamaye wata kera mai kamanceceniya da ta kama da tsibirin kifin kifin salmon a arewacin Pacific. Yankin ya kasu kashi biyu. Na farko yana cikin arewacin tekun Atlantika (daga Arewacin Afirka da Bahar Rum a kudu zuwa iyakar Scandinavia da Greenland a arewacin), ciki har da Barents da White Sea (tsakanin 30 ° zuwa 70 ° N). Sharks mallakar jama'ar Arewacin Atlantika ne kawai lokaci-lokaci suna iyo zuwa gabar Kudu Carolina da Gulf of Guinea, duk da haka, mata masu juna biyu da ke zaune a yammacin Arewacin Atlantika suna haifar da zuriya a cikin Tekun Sargasso har ma a cikin ruwan Haiti. Kashi na biyu na kewayon shine ƙungiya a Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin kimanin 30 ° zuwa 50 ° S. w. (ruwa yana wanke bakin tekun Kudancin Amurka, Afirka, Australia da New Zealand). Akwai hango cewa sharki na makiyaya na Atlantic wanda ya mamaye yankin kudu a lokacin glaciation, wanda ya fara a Quaternary (yana farawa daga shekaru miliyan 2.6 da suka gabata), lokacin da yanayin canjin yanayin yake da faɗi sosai fiye da na yau.
Kifayen bakin tekun Atlantika sun gwammace su zauna a cikin tekun budewa a kan bankunan jirgin ruwa na teku mai wadatar ganima, kodayake ana iya same su biyun a cikin ruwa mara zurfi kuma a zurfin har zuwa 1360 m. Sun mamaye dukkan karshan ruwan. Akwai tabbataccen shaidar kasancewar hadaddun kifayen ruwan teku na Atlantic a cikin ruwan teku na Mar Chiquita ru en, Argentina. Yin sa alama a cikin tsibirin Burtaniya ya taimaka wajen gano mahimman bambance-bambancen motsi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na wannan nau'in. Migaura ta kai tsaye yana ƙaruwa cikin zurfafawa kuma ya dogara da yanayin zafin ruwa, cikin ruwa mara tsayayye, sharks suna yin motsi yau da kullun, suna ciyar da rana cikin ruwa mai zurfi kuma suna sauka zuwa dare zuwa zurfin. A cikin ruwa mai zurfi, sharks suna yin ƙaura na yau da kullun, suna amfani da ranar a ƙarƙashin rami mai zafi kuma suna tashi da dare zuwa farfajiya. Kifayen bakin tekun Atlantika sun fi son yanayin ruwa daga 5 ° C zuwa 10 ° C, kodayake yawan zafin jiki na daga 1 ° C zuwa 23 ° C.
Yawan jama'ar yankin ruwan kifayen Atlantika wadanda ke zaune a arewaci da Kudancin hemispheres sun kasance a ware daga juna. A cikin yankin Arewa, akwai wurare biyu - gabas da yamma, waɗanda da wuya su shiga. Shark daya ne kawai aka sani, wanda ya ketare tekun Atlantika daga Ireland zuwa Kanada, bayan ya rufe nisan kilomita 4,260. Hakanan akwai wasu yankuna daban daban a cikin kogin kudu. Sharks na wannan nau'in a cikin Arewacin Atlantika suna da rarrabe a cikin girman da jima'i, kuma a Kudancin Hemisphere, aƙalla girmansu. Misali, yawan adadin maza zuwa ga mata a bakin gabar Sifen shine 2: 1, a Scotland mace mace ce kashi 30% fiye da maza, kuma maza ne sukai fice a Gabar Bristol. Ana samun manyan sharks na manya a cikin manyan wurare idan aka kwatanta da yara.
Harkokin kifayen bakin teku na Atlanta suna yin ƙaura na lokaci a duka yankunan Arewa da Kudancin Hemispheres. A yammacin yankin arewacin tekun Atlantika, yawancin jama'a suna ciyar da bazara a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a kan tsararren yanki na Nova Scotia, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani yana yin iyo zuwa arewa zuwa nisan mil 500-100 a cikin maɓallin ruwa na Babban Bankin na Newfoundland da St. Lawrence Bay. A watan Disamba, manyan mata manya sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu fiye da nisan mil 2,000 zuwa Tekun Sargasso, inda suke haihuwar yara, suna kasancewa a cikin zurfin fiye da 600 m a cikin rana kuma sun tashi zuwa 200 m da dare don zama a cikin ruwa mai sanyi a ƙarƙashin Kogin Gabar Teku. A gabashin Arewacin Atlantika, yankan kifayenn Atlantic suna amfani da lokacin bazara a cikin ruwa mara zurfi na tsararren nahiyar, kuma a lokacin hunturu sukan watsa zuwa arewa a cikin ruwa mai zurfin shuɗi. A lokacin hijira, yan Sharks na iya rufe nesa har zuwa kilomita 2300, duk da haka, yayin da suka cimma burin tafiya, sun gwammace su zauna a wani yanki mai iyaka. Yawan Kudancin Hemisphere a cikin hunturu yana motsawa zuwa arewa sama da 30 ° S. w. A cikin ruwa mai zurfi, da kuma lokacin bazara ya dawo kudu a ƙasa 35 ° S. n., inda ake samun su sau da yawa a tsibiran tsibirin.
Anatomy da bayyanar
Kifayen 'yan kifayen' yan Atlantika suna da tarin yawa, jikinta yana da dumin jiki. Dogon kai na conical yana ƙare da cizon hancinsa, wanda aka goyan bayan yalwata, katuwar katako mai ƙoshin lafiya. Idanun suna da girma, baƙar fata, fatar ido na uku ba ya nan. Noan ƙananan S-dimbin yawa hanci suna a gaban da kuma a gaban idanun. Bakin yana da girma, ya yi kakkausar murya, jaws yana sarrafawa kaɗan. Sharks na Arewacin Atlantika suna da 28-29 na sama da na 26 zuwa 27 a cikin ƙananan haƙoran, yayin kifayen daga Kudancin Hemisphere suna da babba 30-31 da ƙananan 27-29. Hakoran suna da madaidaiciya, amma tare da tushen mai ƙarfi, suna da babban maɗaukakiyar matsayi da ƙananan hakora na ƙarshe, waɗanda suke da haɓaka fiye da kifayen sharri a Pacific (ba su cikin sauran wakilan zamani na iyalin Lamnidae). Hakora na gaba kusan suna da fasali, hakoran baya suna a kwance. 5 nau'i-nau'i na tsalle-tsalle masu tsalle-tsalle waɗanda ke a gaban ƙararrakin pectoral.
Faƙƙarfan filayen suna da tsayi da fadi. Doarshen dorsal na farko dogaye ne babba, babba, zagaye yake, tushe yana bayan ƙashin biyu. Hannun kafa, jijiyoyi da na biyu kashi biyu sun kasance kadan. A gefuna na tukunyar caudal yana zubewa daga gajeruwar gada. A ƙarƙashin manyan keels ɗin akwai keɓaɓɓu na kezim na biyu. Finn-kamar-caudal fines, ƙaramin caudal lobe kusan daidai yake da tsayi zuwa babba. A gindin caudal fin akwai dorsal da ventral precaudal notch. Ararrawar ventral tana zaune a gefen hagu na babba na fin caudal. An rufe fatar fata mai laushi tare da ƙananan ƙwayar placoid mai fasali wanda ke samar da farar fata. Kowane flake yana ɗaukar matakan kwance a kwance guda uku waɗanda ke ƙare a cikin prong.
A baya launin toka ne ko launin toka-toka (har zuwa baki), ciki ya yi fari. Haske mai duhu mai duhu yana shimfiɗa zuwa ƙashin kansa mai wari. Freearshen ƙarshen farkon ƙusoshin fenti mai launin shuɗi ne ko fari, wanda yake fasalin sifar wannan nau'in. A cikin samfurori daga kudanci na bakin ciki, ƙashin bayan kansa yana duhu kuma an hango ciki. Kifayen 'yan kifayen teku a Indonesia sun kai tsawon m 3, bayani game da mutane manya-manyan (kimanin 3.7 m) mai yiwuwa kuskure ne kuma ana amfani da shi ga sauran nau'in kifayen kifayen. Matsakaicin matsakaici shine 2.5 m. A Arewacin Atlantika, mace sun fi maza girma - matsakaicin layin da aka lika tun daga ƙarshen ƙwanƙwasa zuwa cokali mai yalwar kwalliya shine 2.5 m ga maza kuma 3 m na mace. Kifayen bakin tekun Atlantika da ke zaune a kudanci, ƙarami, mata da maza sun yi daidai a girman, sun kai 2.1 m da 2 m, bi da bi (daga ƙarshen hancin zuwa cokali mai yatsa). Aukar nauyin manyan kifayen kifayen Atlantic bai wuce kilo 135 ba. Matsakaicin mafi girman nauyin 230 kg (wani mutum da aka kama a shekarar 1993 a gefen tekun Caithness, Scotland).
Ilimin Halittu da Ilimin Lafiya
Ana samun sharks mai sauri a cikin dutsen Atlanta da ƙarfi a cikin rukuni da kuma iri ɗaya. Jikinsu mai siffa-faifai, karaya mai kara kuzari da ƙyallen siffofin fin-finin ana daidaita su don motsi mai sauri. Ta hanyar, suna kama da tunawa, sito da sauran kifayen da za su iya iyo da sauri. Kifen kifayen Atlantika da kifin kifin salmon suna da mafi yawan jikin mutum a cikin wakilan dangin shark na herring (rabo ne tsayi da kauri ne kusan 4.5), don haka motsin su ba shi da sassauci: suna motsa wutsiyarsu daga gefe zuwa gefe, yayin da jiki kusan ba ya tanƙwara. Wannan salon yin iyo yana ba su iko gaba ɗaya tare da ingantaccen ƙarfin kuzari ga lalata yanayin motsawa. Yankin gill yana samar da kyallen takarda na ciki tare da babban adadin oxygen. Bugu da kari, tare da tarnaƙi suna da ɗan gajeren tsiri na "jijiyoyin jiki", wanda aka rage tare da ƙarancin kuzari ba tare da la'akari da "fararen tsokoki" ba, wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin hali.
Kifayen kifayen Atlantika suna cikin wasu kifayen kifayen da za su iya nuna halayyar wasa. A gefen tekun na Cornwall, an lura da yadda waɗannan kifayen kifayen ke birkicewa kuma a kai a kai suke juya gaɓoɓakin sa a cikin kan babban dogayen algae kusa da ruwa. Wataƙila wannan hanyar yan Sharks suna farantawa kansu rai, suna ciyar da ƙaramin dabbobi da ke rayuwa a cikin algae, ko kuma ƙoƙarin kawar da kwayoyi. Bugu da kari, mun kalli kifayen Atlantika suna biye da juna, suna taruwa cikin garken. Akwai rahotanni da ke cewa suna wasa da abubuwa daban-daban da ke iyo cikin ruwa: tura, girgiza ko cizo guda na fin da kuma kifayen kamun kifi.
Farin kifin sharks da kisa Whales wataƙila zasu iya cinye abincin kifayen shakatawa na Atlantic. An kama karamin samfurin a bakin tekun Argentina tare da alamomin cizo daga kunkuntar yatsa ko makamancin wannan, amma ba a san ko wannan farauta ce ko kuma nuna tsokanar zalunci ba. A kan waɗannan kifin sharhunan ruwan shayin Dinobothrium septaria da Hepatoxylon trichiuri da kuma jimre wa Dinemoura samfurin , Laminifera doello-juradoi da Pandarus floridanus . Yawan mace-mace na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa kaɗan kuma a yammacin North Atlantic yana 10% a cikin mutane masu girma, 15% a cikin maza manya da kuma 20% a cikin mata manya.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Kifayen 'yan kifayen Atlantika sun fi yawa a kan ƙananan kifi da matsakaici na kifi. Kifi na pelagic, irin su Alepizaurus ru en, an haɗa su a cikin abincinsu., mackerel, sardines, herring da saury, har ma da ƙananan kifayen, kamar su kwandon shara, hake, whitefish, sunflower, gerbils, pinagors da flounders. Cephalopods, musamman ma squids, suma suna da mahimmancin abinci, yayin da ƙananan kifayen kifi kamar su kifin ƙwarya ko ɗan ƙanƙanin ɗan gajeren hancin da ke da wuya. Binciken abubuwan da ke ciki na tarkacen sharhin kifayen Atlantika ya nuna cewa suma suna ciyar da mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms da sauran invertebrates, wanda za'a iya hadiye shi kwatsam tare da abubuwa masu rauni (zuriyar dabbobi, fuka-fukai da duwatsu).
A yammacin North Atlantic, kifayen kifayen na bazara a cikin bazara sune ke ciyar da kifayen da squid, kuma a kaka, ƙananan kifin. Wannan shi ne saboda ƙaura yanayi a cikin bazara da kaka daga ruwa mai zurfi zuwa ruwa mai zurfi da kuma biyun. Saboda haka, wannan nau'in shi ne mai sauƙin daidaitawa ba tare da zaɓin abin da ake buƙata na musamman ba. A cikin bazara da bazara a cikin Sifen Sifen a kan matsanancin gefen yankin shiryayye na rufin Scotland ru en Wadannan sharks sun taru a gaban murfin da aka kirkirar ta hanyar Ebb da kwararar ebb don farautar kifayen da ke jawo zooplankton. Yayin farauta, yanyan sharks sun nutse daga saman ruwan zuwa ƙasan kuma ya sake tashi bayan fewan awanni. Zai yiwu ƙaura a tsaye na taimaka musu wajen jan hankalin kansu ta wari. Wani ɗan ƙaramin ɗan shekara Atlantic mai cinye shark 1 m tsawonsa ya ciyar da krill da polychaetes.
Tsarin rayuwa da haifuwa
Lokaci na haihuwar kifayen dabbobin shayin Atlantika baƙon abu ba ne a cikin wannan cewa sun yi kama da juna a cikin mahangar jini kuma ba su da watanni shida. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan zafin jiki da sa'o'in hasken rana basa tasiri sosai lokacin haifuwarsu saboda daidaituwar ilimin halittar halittar wadannan kifin. Dabbar ta hanyar canji yakan faru ne tun daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba. Yayin balaga, maza suna ciji mace kuma suna riƙe haƙoran haƙora da ƙashin ƙyallen hannu a yankin na lardin da kuma gefunan. Wurare biyu ne sanannu a yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Atlantika inda dangin kifayen Atlantika suka mutu - daya a Newfoundland kuma ɗayan a Maine Bay. Matan da suka manyanta suna da aikin ovary guda (dama) da kuma oviducts biyu masu aiki. Wataƙila suna kawo zuriya kowace shekara. A cikin zuriyar dabbobi daga 1 zuwa 5 cubs, yawanci 4. Ciki yakan kai watanni 8-9.
Kamar sauran danginsa, dangin kifayen 'yan Atlantika sune ke haifar da haihuwa ta hanyar fitsari, wato, amfrayo yakan ciyar da qwai da ba a sanya shi ba. A cikin farkon rabin ciki, jikin mahaifiyar yana samar da ɗimbin yawa irin waɗannan ƙwai, waɗanda aka lullube su a cikin kwalin har zuwa 7.5 cm tsayi. ƙwai suna shiga cikin oviducts. Amfrayo ya fara ciyarwa a kan kwayar gwaiduwa ya ƙyallen ƙyallen kai, har zuwa tsawon 3.2-4.2 cm. A wannan lokacin, ƙwayoyin jikinta da kuma bawul ɗin ƙwallawa an riga an kafa su da kyau. Tare da tsawon amfrayo na 4.2-9.2 cm, kwayar gwaiduwa ta zama fanko, amfrayo yana asarar ciki, amma ba zai iya ciyar da ƙwai ba, tunda ba zai iya buɗe su ba. A cikin tsinkayen 10-12 cm tsayi, "fanguna" biyu masu ban sha'awa suna fitowa a kan ƙananan jaw, kuma ƙananan kabad guda biyu suna bayyana a saman muƙamuƙi, tare da taimakon abin da ya soke kwalen ƙwayayen. Ya fara ratsa jiki ya ciyar da gwaiduwa kuma hanjinsa ya shimfiɗa sosai: tsokoki na ciki suna rarrabuwa a tsakiya, fatar jiki na miƙewa sosai.
A tsawon 20-21, amfrayo ya sami launi ruwan hoda saboda karancin kyandir, idanun ne kawai suke duhu. Shugaban da gills a bangarorin suna ƙaruwa da girma kuma suna zama gelatinous. Yawan nauyin ciki na gwaiduwa na iya zuwa kusan kashi tamanin da takwas na nauyin da tayi a tsayi daga cm 30 zuwa 48. Amfrayo yayi duhu, ya kai tsawon 34-38 cm. A wannan lokacin, kwai kwai yana tsayawa kuma gwajin gwaiduwa a cikin ciki ya zama tushen abubuwan gina jiki. Kari akan haka, amfrayo ya ci gaba da cin ƙwayayen da aka kwanto, saƙa da shan abin da ke ciki, ko kuma haɗiye duka. A hankali, ciki ya daina zama ɗakunan ajiya na makamashi kuma yana raguwa a jiki, hanta da take faɗaɗawa tana ɗaukar wannan aikin. Tare da tsawon 40 cm, amfrayo ya riga ya gama canza launin, kuma ya kai tsayin tsinkimin cm 58, zai zama kamar na ɗan fatar ɗana da shark. Abubuwan ciki na ciki suna tafiya tare, suna yin abin da ake kira "umbilical Sc" ko "tabo daga kwai gwaiduwa" (waɗannan maganganun ba su dace ba). Teethanan hakora suna bayyana akan hakoran biyu, waɗanda suke kwana da fareti har lokacin da aka kawo su.
Girman jarirai sun bambanta tsakanin 60 da 75 cm (69-80 cm a Kudancin Pasifik), nauyin kuma bai wuce kilo 5 ba. Girman hanta ya kai 10% na jimlar nauyin, dukda cewa ɗan ƙaramin yolk ya rage a ciki, wanda ke tallafawa jariri har sai ya koyi cin abinci. Girma na wata shine 7-8 cm. Wasu lokuta ɗan guda ɗaya a cikin zuriyar dabbobi yana da ƙananan girma fiye da sauran, wanda ba asirin ba ne. Irin waɗannan 'dwarfs' ana haifuwar su ne saboda kasancewar mafi girman tayi a kusa da abinci, wanda ke samun ƙarin ƙwai, ko kuma a sakamakon mahaifiyar rashin iya wadatar abinci ga dukkanin amfrayo. Haihuwar haihuwa na faruwa ne daga watan Afrilu zuwa Satumba, a Arewacin Atlantika mafi girma yana faruwa ne a watan Afrilu da Mayu, kuma a Kudancin Hemisphere a watan Yuni da Yuli. A yammacin Arewa ta Atlanta, an haife jarirai a Tekun Sargasso a zurfin kusan mil 500.
Kafin ƙaura, maza da mata sun yi girma a kusan daidai lokacin, ko da yake mace gaba ɗaya sun kai manyan girma kuma daga baya sun manyanta. Shekaru hudun farko na rayuwa, yanyan sharks suna kara 16-20 cm a shekara a duka hemispheres. Bayan haka, kifin sharks da ke zaune a yammacin gabar tekun Pacific (Kudancin Hemisphere) yana da saurin magana fiye da dangin Arewacin Atlantic. Maza sun isa ga balaga tare da tsawon 1.6-1.8 m daga ƙarshen hanci zuwa cokali na wutsiya, wanda yayi daidai da shekaru 6-11, da mace 2-2.2 m da kuma 12-18, bi da bi. A kudancin Hemisphere, maza sun girma a tsawon 1.4-1.5 m, shekara 8-11, da mace 1.7-1.8 m da 15-18 shekara, bi da bi. Matsakaicin rayuwar da aka yi rikodin shine shekaru 26, wanda aka yi rikodin shi a cikin zurfin nisan mita 2.6. A ka’idar, rashi na tsawon rayuwar shayin kifayen Atlantika na iya zama a shekaru 30-40 a cikin Atlantika har zuwa shekaru 65 a Kudancin kasa.
Hakanhakan1
Kamar sauran membobin danginsa, kifayen kifayenn Atlantika sun sami damar kula da yawan zafin jiki idan aka kwatanta da yanayin. Aiki don wannan Rete mirabile ru en (daga Latin an fassara shi da "hanyar sadarwa mai ban mamaki"). Wannan wani hadadden tsari ne wanda ya kunshi jijiyoyin jini da jijiyoyin jiki wadanda ke gudana tare da sassan jikin. Yana ba ku damar riƙe zafi saboda gurɓataccen ruwa, dumama da jinin jijiya mai sanyi tare da jijiyoyin jiki, mai dafi. Ta wannan hanyar, kifayen fata suna kiyaye yawan zafin jiki a wasu sassa na jiki, musamman ciki. Kasuwancin kifayen Atlantika suna da yawa sake cikawa: orbital, dumama idanu da kwakwalwa, cutarwa a gefe, tare da damar zuwa tsokoki na yin iyo, suprahepatic da na koda.
Kifar kifayen Atlantika shine na biyu kawai ga kifin kifin salmon a cikin ƙarfin su ɗaga zafin jiki. Abubuwan da ke cikin murfinsu na ja, suna cikin zurfi cikin jikin mutum, suna haɗe da kashin baya, cibiyar sadarwar ta gefen ta ƙunshi sama da ƙananan ƙananan hanji 4000 waɗanda aka tattara a cikin ƙungiyoyi na jijiyoyin jiki. Yanayin zafin jiki na ciki na tsaunukan Atlantic na iya wuce yawan zafin jiki na ruwa da ke kewaye da 8-10 ° C. Yanayin zafin jiki ya ba da damar waɗannan kifayen su kiyaye da saurin zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa, farauta na dogon lokaci a manyan zurfafa kuma yin iyo a cikin hunturu zuwa manyan wurare, inda babu ganima ga sauran kifayen kifayen. Kirkira sake cikawa yana ƙaruwa da yawan zafin jiki na kwakwalwa da idanun shayin sharhin Atlantika ta hanyar 3-6 ° C kuma, a maimakon haka, ya ba da damar ƙirƙirar kariya ga wannan yanki mai ƙarfi daga matsanancin zafin jiki wanda ke rakiyar zurfin teku, watakila wannan tsarin yana inganta yanayin ji da gani da kuma hanzari.
Haɗin ɗan adam
Kodayake ana daukar sharrin kifayen na Atlantic a matsayin hadari ga mutane, da wuya su kaiwa mutane ko kwale-kwale. A jerin Internationalasashen Duniya na Attan harin Shahadar Humyan Adam ru en rajista biyu kawai harin. Sauran bayanan sun ambaci yadda "kifin shark herring ya ciji mutum," amma ana iya rikitar da kifayen 'yan kifayen Atlantika tare da makogwaron mako. Bidiyon da aka yi wanda ya nuna yadda wani bakin kifin na Atlanta ya kai hari ga wani mai ruwa da ke aiki a wata matatar mai a Jar Teku har ma ya sare shi ba tare da haifar da lahani ba. Koyaya, sananne ne cewa baya farauta kuma halin ta shine ya zama sanadiyyar son sani ko amsawa ta tsaro.
A wani lokaci, ana tunanin cewa kifayen kifayen na teku za su cutar da kamun kifayen kasuwanci ta hanyar lalata kayan kamun kifi da aka kafa domin kananan ganima tare da cin kifin da aka kama a cikin sahun layi. Wannan nau'in halittar tana da daraja sosai ta hanyar masu sihiri a Ireland, da Burtaniya da Amurka. Da yake an kama su, waɗannan kifin sharri suna tsayayya da ƙarfi, duk da haka, ba kamar sabanin sharks ba, ba sa tsalle daga ruwa. Sabon shiga sau da yawa yana rikitar da kifayenn Atlantic a cikin sharks.
Kasuwancin Kasuwanci
Kasuwancin 'yan kifayen na Atlantic ana darajarsu ga nama da ƙoshinsa, saboda haka, wannan nau'in an daɗe ana farautar shi. Naman na ci gaba da siyarwa a cikin sabon tsari, mai daskarewa da gishiri. A shekara ta 1997-1998, farashin dabbar naman yankan kifayen ya kasance € 5 € a kowace kilogram, sau 4 farashin farin naman alade. A cikin Turai, yana cikin babbar buƙata, Amurka da Japan su ma suna shigo da kaya. Ana fitar da ƙusoshin zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, inda suke yin miya. Raguna na gawa an zubar dasu don samar da fata, mai da kifin. Cinikin kasa da kasa game da naman dabbobin kifayen teku na Atlantic yana da mahimmanci, amma ba a samun cikakkun bayanai, tunda samfuran da aka samo daga nau'in kifayen kifayen na iya sa hannu. Fiye da tarkokin yaren shakatawa na teku na Atlantic ana kamuwa da su ne ta amfani da dogon layi, kazalika da raga, tarbar raga da kuma trawls. Naman wadannan kifayen suna da tamanin gaske har ana riƙe su har ma da kamun kifi da ba su dace ba, idan aka kama su da kullun. Idan babu yanayin ajiya, sai a yanke farcensu, a jefa gawa a ciki.
An fara kamun kifin kifayen kifayen teku a cikin karni na 30 na karni na XX, lokacin da Norway kuma, har zuwa mafi kankanta, Denmark ta fara sarrafa jiragen ruwa masu dogon zango a Arewacin Atlantika. A Norway, kamun kifin na shekara ya tashi daga tan 279 a shekarar 1926 zuwa tan 3,884 a shekarar 1933 sannan kuma a shekarar 1947, yawansu yakai tan 6,000. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ma'adinai ya sake komawa. Ba da daɗewa ba, adadin kifin kifayen ya fara raguwa: a ƙasar Norway, kamun kifin na shekara yana raguwa sau 1200 zuwa ɗari daga 1953 zuwa 1960 zuwa tan 160-300 a farkon shekarun 70 zuwa 10 zuwa tan 10-40 a ƙarshen 80s da farkon 90s shekaru. Hakanan, a Denmark yawan kamun kifin na shekara ya fadi daga tan 1,500 a farkon 50s zuwa kasa da tan 100 cikin 90s. A halin yanzu, yawancin ƙasashen Turai, ciki har da Norway, Denmark, Faransa, da Spain, suna ci gaba da farautar kifayen 'yan kifayen Atlantika a gabashin Arewa ta Atlantika. Faransa da Spain sun fara kamun kifin wannan nau'in a cikin 70s na karni na XX. Masunta suna Faransawa galibi suna cinyewa a cikin Tekun Celtic da Bay na Biscay kuma suna lura da raguwa a cikin kullun da ake samu daga tan 1000 a 1979 zuwa 300-400 tan a ƙarshen 90s. Matsayin samar da jiragen ruwan kamun kifin na Sipaniya ya yi kama da na masu ƙarancin alkalumma zuwa kama sama da tan 4,000 a shekara, wanda ke nuna canjin ƙoƙarin kamun kifi zuwa ruwa mai tarihi da ba a ƙima.
Tun lokacin da kifayen kifayen tekun Atlantika ba sa iya zuwa gabashin Arewacin Atlantika a cikin shekarun 60s na karni na XX, jiragen ruwan kamun kifin na Norway sun koma yamma - zuwa cikin ruwan New England da Newfoundland. Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka, jiragen ruwa masu tsayi daga tsibirin Faroe suka tare su. Mace ta Yaren mutanen Norway na shekara ta tashi daga tan 1900 a shekarar 1961 zuwa sama da tan 9000 a shekarar 1965. An fitar da kifayen kifayen zuwa Italiya, inda naman su (Ital ne. Smergliosmerglio) ya shahara sosai. A cikin shekaru 6, yawan kifayen sharri sun sake raguwa cikin hanzari: a shekarun 1970, Norway na yin ƙasa da tan 1000 a kowace shekara, masunta na Faris sun lura da wannan yanayin. Bayan kifin kifayen, manyan kamfanonin kamun kifin sun sauya zuwa wasu nau'in kifayen. A cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa, yawan yanyan shark sun dawo sannu a hankali har suka koma kashi 30% na matakin da aka lura kafin fara kamun kifi. A shekara ta 1995, Kanada ta kafa yankin mai tattalin arziki na musamman kuma ya zama babban abin da ake farautar dabbobin kifayen teku a yankin. Tsakanin 1994 da 1998, rundunar kamun kifin na Kanada ta samar da tan dubu 1-2 zuwa dubu ɗaya a shekara, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a zuwa kashi 11 zuwa 17% daga matakin kafin kamun kifi. Ightaƙƙarfan ƙa'ida da rage raguwar kamun kifi a 2000 sannu a hankali rage ƙarancin raguwar, duk da haka, zai ɗauki shekaru da yawa don murmurewa saboda ƙarancin waɗannan kifayen kifayen. Akwai shaidun cewa zabin ɗan adam wanda masunta suka samar ya haifar da dawo da diyya na girma ru en, wato, zuwa haɓaka haɓaka da haɓakar sharks.
A Kudancin Hemisphere, ba a yi rikodin kamun kifi don kamun kifin kifayen Atlantika ba. Da yawa daga cikin kifayen kifayen ana cikin bazata a cikin fislan kifaye masu tsinkaye na kifi masu yawa, kamar su kifin kifi, tunawa a Australia (Thunnus maccoyii) da kifin haƙoran haƙoran ta jirgin ruwa na kamun kifi daga Japan, Uruguay, Argentina, Afirka ta kudu da New Zealand. Thearfafa masana'antar kifayen Atlantika ta Baƙin Longline Fleet ta Uruguay ta kai kololuwanta a 1984 kuma adadinsa ya kai tan 150. Estididdigar kamfani na ƙoƙarin kamun kifi ya nuna raguwar kashi 90 cikin ɗari na samarwa daga 1988 zuwa 1998, kodayake ba a san shi ba, yana nuna ainihin raguwar yawan jama'a ko canje-canje a halayen kamun kifi. Kasar New Zealand ta ba da rahoton kamun kifi na shekara-shekara kimanin 150-300 daga 1998 zuwa 2003, yawancinsu mutane ne masu haɓaka.
Matakan kiyayewa
Saurin rikicewa cikin lambobin yakokin kifayen Atlantika a sassan Arewacin Atlantika misali ne mai kyau na haɓaka da rushewar yawancin kifayen kifayen. Abubuwan da ke haifar da abubuwa kamar su ƙananan lambobin ruwa, tsintsiya mai tsayi da kama mutane daban-daban na sanya waɗannan kifayen kula sosai ga shaye shaye. Unionungiyar Internationalasa ta Duniya don Kula da Yanayi ya sanya wannan nau'in matsayin matsayin kiyayewa na "ularuwa", yawan thean yankin Yammacin Atlantika - "speciesabi'ar dake cikin haɗari" da "Abubuwan haɗari" daga al ofummomin gabashin yankin arewacin tekun Atlantika da Tekun Bahar Rum.
An jera sharks na teku a cikin Shafi na I zuwa Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Bahar da kuma a Shafi na Na Yarjejeniyar Bonn. A cikin Kanada, Amurka, Brazil, Australia, da Tarayyar Turai, an haramta yanka ƙyanƙyallen daga sharks herring ba tare da amfani da gawa ba.
Iyakar abin da aka hana kawai a Kudancin Hemisphere shine keɓaɓɓen kifin kamun kifayen kifayen teku waɗanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2004 a cikin adadin tan 249 a shekara. A gabashin North Atlantic, samarwa bai taba iyakance ba, duk da tarihi ya tabbatar da raguwar yawan jama'a. Tun a 1985, rundunar kamun kifin na Norway da tsibirin Faroe ta sami adadi don kamun kifin shekara a cikin ruwan ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai a cikin adadin tan 200 da 125, bi da bi. Kodayake waɗannan lamuran suna ƙasa da waɗanda aka samo asali a cikin 1982 (tan 500 na Norway da 300 ga tsibirin Faroe), har yanzu sun zarce jimlar kamun kifin na Atlantic a wannan yankin saboda haka basu da tasiri.
A cikin Bahar Rum, sharks na garken Atlantic suna gab da hallakawa, tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20, alƙalumman sun ragu da kashi 99.99%. An rage girman su zuwa ruwa mai wanke Apneynine Peninsula, inda ake da wuraren kiwon dabbobi na halitta. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, mutane sama da dozin da aka ambata a cikin rahoton kimiyya sun kama gabaɗaya a cikin raga, waɗanda aka sanya su a jikin kifin kifayen da masuniyar masunta.
Yawan 'yan kasuwar kifayen' yan Atlantika wadanda ke rayuwa a yammacin Arewacin Atlantika suna da kyakkyawan fata idan aka kwatanta da dangin sa na gabashin. Tun 1995, an tsara tsarin kamun kifinsu a cikin ruwan Kanan, an kafa tanadin 1,500 tan shekara, lokacin kamun kifi, sararin samaniya da nau'in kayan da ake amfani da su ga jiragen ruwan kasuwanci an iyakace, haka kuma ana sa ido a kan kiwon kifi. An kirkiro wani tsari don ci gaban alumma, wanda a ciki abin da keɓaɓɓen yawa na tan 200-250 na shekara zai ba da damar yawan jama'a su yi girma, saboda haka, a cikin 2002-2007, an karɓi irin waɗannan ƙuntatawa. Yankin wuraren samar da abinci na halitta a bakin tekun Newfoundland an ayyana ajiyar wurin A cikin keɓaɓɓen keɓaɓɓen ruwa na Amurka shine tan 95 (kayan sarrafawa) kowace shekara.