Masana ilimin halittu sun gano cewa kwarangwal a cikin daji na iya ci gaba da haɓaka ta hanyar parthenogenesis. Ana lura da wannan sabon abu idan girman yawan mutane ya kai mummunan matsayi.
Masana kimiyya na Amurka daga Jami'ar Stony Brook ne suka yi wannan kammalawa, wanda aka buga labarin nasa a cikin mujallar Current Biology.
A cikin yanayin halitta, "budurwa haifuwa" (parthenogenesis), lokacin da mace ta bar zuriya ba tare da halayen maza ba, a cikin wasu yanayi, kamar cututtukan daji, kamar su aphids da daphnia, sukan haihuwar jima'i.
Daga cikin hanyoyin kwance, ba a san gaskiyar wannan 'canjin' 'zuwa ga parthenogenesis ba. Fewan ƙananan hanyoyin da ke haifar da yanayin halitta ta parthenogenesis koyaushe suna yin wannan kamar ƙuruƙun bulala, wanda babu maza ko ɗaya.
Kodayake, a matsayin banda a cikin bauta, an lura da parthenogenesis a cikin layi tare da haihuwar jima'i - alal misali, cikin sharks, macizai da turkey. Koyaya, masana kimiyya sunyi la'akari da wannan sabon abu a matsayin ilimin cuta. Mawallafin labarin, ta yin amfani da misalin ƙaramin haƙoran haƙora (Pristis pectinata), sun nuna cewa wannan ba haka ba ne - idan ana cikin gaggawa, ƙananan hanyoyin za su iya fara “haihuwa budurwa” a cikin daji.
Sawfish ya gaji da jiran mazaje
Binciken ya samo asali ne ta hanyar hatsari lokacin da masu bincike suka yi nazarin yawan jama'ar Pristis pectinata a gefen tekun Florida. Fishan ƙaramin haƙoran haƙoran da suka ga tsawon mitoci 7, nau'in halitta ce da ba a taɓa samu ba wacce ke gab da hallakawa. Don kimanta rarrabuwarta, masana kimiyya sun ɗauki kayan gado daga kusan wakilan Pristis pectinata 150.
Abin mamakin su, marubutan sun gano cewa mace 7 daga cikin wannan nau'in sunada alaqa da halittar mutum 14 a lokaci daya (wato dukkanin wadannan kwayoyin suna da kama daya). A sakamakon haka, waɗannan kifayen 7 an haife su ne daga mace ta miji ba mazajensu ba, tunda yiwuwar irin wannan haɗarin a cikin batun haifuwar mace na ɗaya daga cikin biliyan 100. Abin ban sha'awa shine, duk matan 7 sun kasance masu lafiya kuma basu nuna alamun lalacewa ba.
A cewar masana, a cikin shekaru ɗari da suka gabata, adadin Pristis pectinata ya ragu da kashi 95%. Wataƙila ƙarancin ƙanƙancin yawan mutane ya sa waɗannan kifayen su sami 'haihuwa ta budurwa' - in ba haka ba mata da yawa ba za su jira haɗuwa da namiji ba. Sakamakon haka, canjin yanayin canzawar yanayin halittar dabi'un halitta ne a kalla ga wasu nau'in halittun karkarwar sel.
Koyaya, a cewar masana, a cikin dogon lokaci, kifin mai karamin hakori ba zai yiwu ya dawo da lambobin su ba saboda parthenogenesis.
10. Cape ƙudan zuma
Akwai nau'ikan ƙudan zuma 20,000 a cikin duniya, amma jinsuna ɗaya ne kawai ke da damar yin takin ba tare da halayen maza ba. Kudancin Cape lat Apis mellifera capensis ) Wani nau'in kudan zuma ne na Kudancin Afirka wanda ke da ikon haifuwa ta hanyar aiwatar da ake kira Telutuks a Afirka. Telotuki wani nau'in parthenogenesis ne wanda ke ba da izinin ma'aikatan kudan zuma su sanya kwai na difloma. A sakamakon haka, ana haihuwar mace koyaushe daga irin waɗannan ƙwai.
Amma 'yan ƙalilan na ƙudan zuma na Cape ne kawai ke da ikon yin takin kansu, za su iya kiyaye yawan heterozygous, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙudan zuma da aka ƙi kwanan nan ba wayoyin iyayen kai tsaye ba. Suna da chromosomes daban-daban, wanda ke sa su sababbi, mutane daban. Esudan zuma yakan sa ƙwayayensu ƙwai lokacin da ake buƙatar sababbin ma'aikata ko kuma lokacin da ake buƙatar sabuwar sarauniya.
9. Jirgin ruwa
Mafi nau'in nau'in ƙumalan ruwa da ake samu a duk duniya shine Daphnia ( lat Daphnia pulex ) Wannan tallafin shine farkon farkon abin da aka samo, wanda ya sami nau'in halittarsa. Suna kuma da ikon haifar da zuriya ta hanyar aiwatar da ake kira parthenogenesis. Wannan tsari yana bada damar juyawa tsakanin hadi na gargajiya da kuma haifuwar haihuwar zuriya.
Abun Lura ga Daphnia pulex ya nuna cewa jinsin zasu shiga cikin abubuwan cyclic parthenogenesis, karkashin yanayi mai kyau a cikin ruwa. Ruwan ƙwaryar da ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar zuriya yana haifar da ƙwai ɗaya na mace, wanda ya ƙunshi mace gaba ɗaya. Lambar kwayar halittar ta kasance iri ɗaya ce da ta mahaifi, wanda ke ba da gudunmawa ga mafi yawan mata don rarraba kwayoyin halittar su. Wannan yana haifar da haɓakar ƙima na yawan jama'a.
8.Goblin gizo-gizo
Idan kamanninku na dare basu da ƙarfin isa, to kawai ku sani akwai ragin gizo-gizo wanda yake da ikon ƙirƙira kansa. Amma kar a yi sayayya don sayan gizo-gizo, gizo-gizo gizo, wanda kuma aka sani da goblin gizo-gizo, suna da girman mil 1 zuwa 3. Parthenogenesis yana da rassa da yawa, gami da biyan kuɗi da ake kira Triaeris stenaspis , wanda ke zaune a Iran, amma wannan nau'in ya riga ya bazu ko'ina cikin Turai. Sun kai 2 mm kawai tsayin daka kuma basa yin barazanar da mutane. Daga cikin su, maza basu taɓa riske su ba, don haka masana kimiyya suka yarda cewa suna haifuwa kawai ta hanyar parthenogenesis.
Mace Triaeris stenaspis a haifesu kamar yadda ake siyar da ƙudan zuma na Cape. Sun sa kwai na difloma, wanda ke haifar da sabuwar mace. Kowane ƙarni na gaba yana nuna ƙananan ƙarancin haihuwa, amma wannan nau'in yana ci gaba da asali tare da isasshen bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin yawan zuriyarsa.
7. Katantanwa Melania
Masu mallakar akwatin kifayen yakamata su saba da karamin katantanwa Tarebia granifera wanda aka sani da suna melania. Wadannan kananan tafarkunan ruwa suna zaune ne a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, amma kuma sun sami nasarar yada a duniya. Ana samun su galibi a cikin ruwa mai dumi, a wurare kamar Hawaii, Cuba, Jamhuriyar Dominica, Afirka ta Kudu, Texas, Idaho, Florida da sauran tsibiran Caribbean.
Waɗannan mutane suna iya haifar da offspringa inan ta hanyoyi biyu: parthenogenetic da babu. Wannan yana nuna cewa tayinsu ba su barin mace har sai sun shirya ƙyanƙyashewa. Sakamakon shine katantanwa da ke haifar da ɗayan zuriya. Wannan yana haifar da fashewar jama'a a cikin kananan jikin ruwa, kamar rarar ruwa. Ana samun maza a cikin yawan jama'a, amma yawancinsu suna da ƙwayar cuta ba ta aiki ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa parthenogenesis sune manyan hanyoyin haihuwa.
6. Marmara crayfish
Abinda yafi kayatarwa a cikin marray crayfish shine ba cewa suna da ikon yiwa kansu takin zamani ba, amma wannan jinsin bai wanzu ba har zuwa 1990. Marmara crayfish ya bayyana saboda maye gurbi daga nau'in iyaye. Wadannan kananan crustaceans sun bayyana a kasuwar Jamusanci a cikin 90s, kodayake akwai wani matsala tare da su, sun kasance kansu cikin ɗaruruwan!
Femaleaya daga cikin marray crayfish na mace na iya sa daruruwan ƙwai a lokaci guda, don haka bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci, sanya shi cikin akwatin kifaye, marmara crayfish cika shi gaba ɗaya. Sakamakon haka, nau'in ya zama abun cin zali, musamman tsibirin Madagascar, inda miliyoyin marmara crayfish ke barazanar dabbobin daji da tsabtace muhalli na cikin gida.
5. Lizard daga New Mexico
A cikin duniya akwai kusan nau'ikan 1,500 sananne waɗanda zasu iya haifuwa ta parthenogenesis, mafi yawan lokuta waɗannan sune tsire-tsire, kwari da arthropods. Ba a samun damar haifuwa kanta da wuya a cikin shinge, amma da yawa nau'ikan alaƙa suna da wannan kyautar.
Lizard daga New Mexico Whippeel ( TuranciWhiptail ), misali mai ban sha'awa, saboda duk nau'ikan wadannan gurbatattun na iya yi ba tare da maza ba. Wannan nau'in wata halitta ce da ke da nau'ikan gizagizai biyu, wadanda ke da maza a cikin jama'a. Tsabtace ire-iren wadannan nau'ikan ruwan shaye-shaye baya barin samuwar zuriya maza masu lafiya, amma wannan baya hana sabon jinsi barin sabon zamani.
A lokacin kiwo, mace tana farawa ta zama ɗaya, ɗayan kuma yakan ɗauki nauyin namiji. Ta wannan hanyar, lizards na iya sa kimanin ƙwai 4. Bayan watanni biyu kuma sabuwar haihuwa ta mace ta haihuwar kenan.
4. Abincin Frogs
Daidai sunan frogs Pelophylax esculentus , su nau'in ruwa ne na Turai da gama gari da kwayayen fure.
Wannan shine babban nau'in kwaroron ƙafafun wanda ake amfani da ƙafafunsu azaman abinci a Faransa. Wadannan kwaɗi sun kasance ta hanyar hybridogenesis, wanda yake aiki iri ɗaya ga parthenogenesis. Mata suna ƙirƙirar zuriyar haɓaka, wanda ya ƙunshi rabin ƙwayoyin iyaye, da rabi na biyu na kwayoyin, waɗanda suke clonal.
A wannan tsari na haihuwa, ana daukar kayan gado daga wurin uba kuma ya sake zama wani sabon abu sabo. Kodayake wannan tsari ba gaba ɗaya ba ne na haihuwa ko haihuwa, amma yana kan wannan jerin ne saboda yanayin zuriyar. Kowane ƙarni na gaba yana ɗaukar DNA na mahaifiya da kuma ɗimbin gado na mahaifin. Iyali na gaba zasu iya samar da maza, amma DNA, a wata ma'ana, ɗayan mahaifiyarsu ne.
3.Varanas - Komodo Dragons
Komodo na lura da masu shayarwa da jan hankalin mutane da girman su da kuma irin kwatankwacinsu ga tsoffin dabbobi masu rarrafe wadanda suka lalace tun da daɗewa.
Su ne mafi girman kasusuwa kuma suna iya girma zuwa mita 3 a tsayi kuma su sami nauyin kilogram 70. Wadannan masu haɗari suna ganima a kan manyan dabbobi, kamar barewa, aladu, kuma a lokuta na musamman na iya kai wa mutane hari. Ciwonsu yana da guba sosai.
Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrabewar, kamar yadda kuka sani, basu fara haifuwa ba har sai 2005, lokacin da a cikin gidan shanun London, macen da bata yi saduwa da namiji ba tsawon shekaru 2. Haka abin ya kasance tare da sauran masu saka idanu wadanda aka kama. Abu mafi ban mamaki shine cewa hatachedan da aka ƙetare ya ƙunshi ba kawai daga mace ba, har ma na maza.
2. Turkawa
Turkawa suna iya samun asali ta hanyar parthenogenesis, lokacin da aka rabu da mace daga maza. Abin sha'awa shine, turkey mace da aka sanya a cikin kunnuwan maza za ta sake haihuwa sosai fiye da lokacin da aka nisanta ta daga gare su. Wannan tsari ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wuraren kiwon kaji fiye da na turkey daji.
Abin sha'awa shine, a cikin parthenogenesis, ana haihuwar zuriya maza koyaushe. Wadannan kajin sune kwayar halittar mahaifiyarsu, banda jima'i. Masu samar da Turkawa sunyi la'akari da wannan gaskiyar lokacin da ake kiwon wannan nau'in, kuma sun gabatar da sabon nau'in turkey tare da manyan nono.