Damans shine mafi kusancin dangi na giwaye na zamani.
Damanovye - dangin ƙaramin, mai shaye-shaye, dabbobi masu shayar da dabbobi, keɓaɓɓu 4.
Iyalin dangin monotype ne kawai Hyracoidea.
Suna zaune a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Duk da bayyanar mediocre na damina ta zamani, suna da asali ta asali.
Damans shine mafi kusancin dangi na giwaye na zamani.
Bayani Gabaɗaya
Waɗannan dabbobi sune girman cat a cikin gida: tsayin jiki daga 30 zuwa 60-65 cm, nauyi daga 1.5 zuwa 4.5 kg.
Wutsiyar tana da laushi (1-3 cm) ko bata nan.
A bayyanar, damin yayi kama da dirkoki - marmots mara wutsiya ko manyan aladu - duk da haka, sun kasance dabbobin da ke kusa da giwaye.
Abubuwan jikinsu mai laushi ne, ba makawa, tare da babban kai a kan ɗan gajeren lokacin farin ciki da gajere amma kafafu masu ƙarfi.
Guguwar gajeran gajarta ce, tare da lebe na sama da aka zana.
Kunnuwa suna zagaye, karami, wani lokacin kusan a ɓoye a cikin mayafin. Rewayoyin dakatarwa suna motsawa.
Hannun yatsun yatsun hannu 5-da yatsun hannu masu yatsu masu kama da juna.
Hagu guda biyu yatsun hannu uku ne, yatsa na ciki yana dauke da dogon ƙusa mai tsayi, wanda zai taimaka wajan magance gashi, da sauran yatsun - yatsun da aka yi da hoofu.
Hannun kafafu ba su da tsayi, an rufe shi da karen roba-kamar bakin ciki, duwatsun gland wanda yake buɗe a farfajiyar su, wanda ke sanya fata a koda yaushe.
Za'a iya ɗaukar ɓangaren tsakiyar ɓangaren ƙafafun ƙafa ta tsokoki na musamman, ƙirƙirar nau'in sucker. Rigar fata yana inganta tsotsa.
Godiya ga wannan na'urar, madatsun ruwa na iya hawa tsaunin tsaunin tudu da ramuka na bishiyoyi tare da tsafta da sauri kuma har ma sun gangara daga saman su.
Jahilcin damans yana da kauri, an yi shi da taushi da laushi. A launi yawanci launin ruwan kasa launin toka ne. Bunches na tsoka mai tsayi yana girma a jikin mutum (musamman akan mucks a saman idanun da a wuya).
A tsakiyar bayan akwai wani yanki na gashi mai santsi, mai haske ko duhu, a tsakiyar wanda akwai ɓangaren ɓoye.
A farfajiyarta, dupe na filin glandular musamman ya buɗe - glandar glandon 7-8 lobes wanda aka kafa ta glandon hypertrophic da gland gland.
Theamala ta ɓoye ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen da ke ƙosar da ƙarfi a lokacin kiwo.
A cikin madatsar ruwa matasa, ba a haɓaka baƙin ƙarfe ko mara kyau, a cikin mata yana ƙasa da na maza.
Tare da tsoro ko tashin hankali, gashin da ke rufe glandon yana tashi a tsaye. Ba a san ainihin dalilin glandon ba.
Hakadai hakora a cikin manya manya 34, madara - 28.
Abun da ke cikin babban muƙamula tare da haɓaka girma, yaɗuwar sararin samaniya kuma yana kama da abubuwan da ke lalata sarƙoƙin tsoka.
Fananka suka ɓace Gyaran motsi da motsi suna kama da hakoran ungulates.
Kwanyar tare da jujimai marasa galihu Kannoni: 1 biyu na thoracic da 2 nau'i biyu na inguinal ko 1 nau'i na axillary da 1-2 - inguinal.
Rayuwa
Aka rarraba shi a yankin kudu da Sahara, har ma a gabar Sinai da larabawa, a Siriya da Isra'ila.
Wakilan haihuwar Procavia da Heterohyrax - Dabbobin da ke kusa, suna zaune a cikin wurare na mutane 5-60 a cikin savannas mai tsauri da kuma kan tsaunukan dutse, suna hawa zuwa tsaunuka zuwa tsaunin 4,500 m sama da matakin teku.
Wakilan kwayoyin Dendrohyrax - dabbobin daji na dare, suna zaune shi kaɗai kuma a cikin iyalai. Duk madatsun ruwa masu motsi ne, masu iya gudu da sauri, tsalle da hau kan dutsen da bishiyoyi. Tunani da ji suna bunkasa sosai.
Damans sun banbanta da ƙarancin zafin da ke ci gaba sosai - da dare sukan taru su dumama kansu, kuma yayin rana, kamar dabbobi masu rarrafe, sukan girka cikin rana na dogon lokaci.
A lokaci guda, suna tayar da soles na paws wanda glandar gumi take.
Wani sanannen gigi mai ƙarfi yana taimaka wa ruwan damsas hawa.
Damans suna da hankali sosai kuma kamar iran tudu na Turai a gaban haɗari suna haifar da babban kukan, suna tilasta duka mallakarsu ta ɓoye a mafaka.
Herbivorous. Suna ciyar da abinci akan tsire-tsire, lokaci-lokaci suna cin kwari da lardin su.
A cikin neman abinci, za su iya zuwa mil 1-3. Ba sa bukatar ruwa.
Ba kamar yawancin wuraren kiwon dabbobi ba, madatsun ruwa ba su da abubuwan ɓoye kuma, lokacin ciyarwa, suna taimakon kansu da juji.
Cingam, ba kamar artiodactyls ko kangaroos, ba a tauna shi ba, abincin yana narkewa a cikin hadaddun su, ɗakuna masu ciki da yawa.
Yanayi a yanayin haifuwa a bayyane yake.
Ciki yakan kai watanni 7-7.5. Mace na kawo sau 1-3, wani lokacin har ya kai cubaya 6, wani lokaci a shekara.
Cubs an haife su da haɓaka, tare da buɗe idanu, suna iya gudu da sauri.
Bayan makonni 2, sun fara cin abincin shuka.
Bayyanar
Girma na dabba mai shayarwa: tsayin jiki tsakanin 30-65 cm tare da matsakaicin nauyin kilogram 1.5-4.5. Caangaren kitse na mai shine tayi, babu tsayi sama da 3 cm, ko kuma gaba ɗaya ba ya nan. Bayyanar madatsar ruwan damarta tayi kama da dabino - marmots mara wutsiya ko manyan aladu, amma ta alamomin dabbobi irin wannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna kusa da proboscis da sirens. Damas suna da jiki mai kauri, ana ji shi da jijiyoyin wuya, babban-iri-iri, har ma da kauri da gajeriyar wuya.
Foreayar hannu biyu wani nau'in motsi ne, mai ƙarfi ne, kyakkyawan tsari kuma, yatsotsu huɗu da manyan yatsun hannu waɗanda suka yi kama da falmaran. Gashin gwiwar hannu wani nau'in yatsu mai yatsu ne uku, tare da kasancewar yatsan ciki yana da dogon tsutsotsi mai tsinkaye don haɗa gashi. Hanyoyin da ke kan ƙafafu ba su da isasshen fata, tare da ƙuraje mai kauri da ƙuraje mai ɗumi da yawa da kuma ɗamara na gumi, wanda ya zama dole don fata na yau da kullun. Wannan fasalin fasalin paws yana bawa daman damar hauhawar dutsen dutsen da kuma bishiyoyin bishiyoyi tare da saurin ban mamaki da kazanta, gami da gangara kasa.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! A tsakiyar ɓangaren baya akwai wani yanki wanda ke wakiltar elongated, wuta ko duhu mai duhu tare da tsakiyar fallasa yanki da glandular gumi wanda ke haifar da ƙamus musamman na musamman lokacin haifuwa.
Guguwar gajeran gajarta ce, tana da lebe na babba. Kunnuwa suna zagaye, ƙanana kaɗan, wani lokacin kusan a ɓoye gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin gashi. Jawo mai kauri ne, wanda ya kunshi fulawa mai taushi da launin toka mai launin shuɗi. A jikin, a cikin yanki na mucks da wuya, har ma a sama da idanun, su ne abubuwan haɗin gwiwar dogon fahariya.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
Iyalin Damanov sun ƙunshi nau'i huɗu, biyu waɗanda ke jagorantar rayuwar yau da kullun, da ma'aurata - ba safai ba . Wakilan halittar Procavia da Heterohyrax sune dabbobi masu shayarwar rana da ke zaune a cikin mazauna, suna hade da mutane biyar zuwa shida. Dabba na daji na dare na iya zama loner ko zama cikin iyali. An bambanta dukkanin damina ta hanyar motsi da ikon gudanarwa da sauri, tsalle tsayi sosai da hawa sauƙin hawa kusan kowane saman.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Dukkan wakilan wannan lardi suna ziyartar “bayan gida” ɗaya, kuma fitsarinsu akan dutse yana barin halayen lu'ulu'u masu launin fararen fata.
Wakilan dangin Damanova suna kasancewa ne ta kasancewar hangen nesa mai karko da ji, amma mummunan talauci, sabili da haka, irin waɗannan dabbobi da daddare suna ƙoƙarin haɗuwa don dumama. A cikin rana, dabbobi masu shayarwa tare da dabbobi masu rarrafe sun gwammace suyi gasa da dadewa a rana, suna ɗaga wadatansu tare da gemun gumi. Daman dabba ce mai tsananin kulawa wanda idan aka gano hatsari, yakan haifar da kaifi da kuka mai karfi, da tilasta duka mazaunan suyi sauri a cikin mafaka.
Damans nawa suke rayuwa
Matsakaicin rayuwar daman cikin yanayi na dabi'a bai wuce shekaru goma sha huɗu ba, amma na iya bambanta dan kadan dangane da yanayin mazauna da nau'ikan jinsin. Misali, dan wasan na Afirka na kan matsakaiciyar shekaru shida ko bakwai, kuma madatsar ruwan Cape zata iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru goma. A lokaci guda, an kafa tsari na al'ada, wanda a koyaushe mata ke rayuwa kaɗan tsawon lokaci fiye da maza.
Nau'in Damans
Idan aka duba kwanan nan, dangin Daman sun haɗu da kusan goma zuwa goma sha ɗaya waɗanda suka mallaki huɗu. A halin yanzu, akwai mutane huɗu kawai, wasu lokuta biyar:
- Dangin Rosavidae sune D. arboreus ko Tree Daman, D. dorsalis ko Western Daman, D. validus ko Gabashin Daman, H. brucei ko Bruce Daman, da Pr.sarensis ko Cape Daman,
- Gidan Ріоhyrсідас ya hada da janareta da yawa - Кvаbеbihyrах, Рliоhyrах (Lertоdоn), har da РsСsСizСizСоСthСеСеСriumС, С, С S, Sоgdоhyrаh da Titanоhyrаh,
- Tsarin Iyali,
- Iyalin Myohyracidae.
Dukkanin dam daman an raba su ne a babban rukuni uku: dutse, uwa uba dabbobi masu shayarwa . Yawancin damina suna wakilta guda ɗaya, ciki har da kusan nau'ikan tara da ke rayuwa a Afirka, gami da itace da daman dutse.
Habitat, mazauni
Rashin tsaftar tsaunin dabbobi dabbobin mulkin mallaka ne da aka rarraba a Gabas ta Kudu da Afirka ta Kudu, daga kudu maso gabas na Masar, Habasha da Sudan zuwa tsakiyar Angola da arewacin Afirka ta kudu, gami da lardunan Mpumalanga da Limpopo, inda mazauna tuddai suke zaune, tuddai da tsaunuka.
Dam din Cape ya bazu sosai daga yankin Syria, Arewa maso gabashin Afirka da Isra'ila zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, kuma kusan ana samun su ko'ina a kudu da hamadar Sahara. An lura da yawan jama'a a cikin tsaunukan wuraren Algeria da Libya.
Madatsar ruwa ta yamma tana zaune a cikin dazuzzukan daji a kan iyakar Kudu da Afirka ta Tsakiya, kuma ana faruwa ne a kan tsaunin tsaunin har zuwa nisan mil 4,5.5 bisa matakin teku. Ruwan madatsar bishiyoyi na kudu ya yaɗu a cikin Afirka, har ma da yankin gabar kudu maso gabas.
Gasar mazaunin wannan nau'in ya yadu zuwa yankin kudu daga Yuganda da Kenya zuwa iyakar Afirka ta kudu, da kuma daga sassan gabashin Zambia da Kongo, a yammacin gabar gabashin tekun. Dabbar tana zama a cikin tuddai na dutse da gandun daji na bakin teku.
Me Damomin Bruce suke ci?
Waɗannan ƙananan dutsen suna cin abincin yau da kullun na tsire-tsire. Suna jin daɗin ci harbe-harbe, ganye mai kyau, 'ya'yan itatuwa, har ma da haushi. Babban tushen shuka na madatsar ruwan Bruce shine allophius (wani nau'in Acacia). Irin wannan nau'in dabba ba zata buƙatar sha ruwa ba, tunda duk danshi mai mahimmanci don kula da mahimman ayyuka yana fitowa ne daga abinci. Af: damina masu dutsen suna cin abinci, an taru a cikin kananan kungiyoyi.
Ko ta yaya, waɗannan dabbobi dabbobi ne masu mulkin mallaka. A cikin rukuni ɗaya na iya rayuwa daga mutum 30 zuwa 34, waɗanda mazan suka manyanta ke jagoranta. Jagora yana alamar yankinsa, yana nuna iyakokin abubuwan mallaka.
Wadannan dabbobin suna aiki da rana. Komawa rana, tsoffin dutsen suna lura da ajalinsu, ladarsa kuma suna haɗu da shi. Bruce Damans masu riƙe da hangen nesa ne da kyakkyawan ji. Kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai, yana faruwa idan hatsari ya same su. Ta wannan hanyar, suna gargadin fellowan uwansu ɗaurarru cewa lallai ne a ɓoye su a cikin mafaka.
Damans
Yanada | Eukaryotes |
Masarauta | Dabbobi |
Masarauta | Eumetazoi |
Nattype | Chordaria |
Nau'in | Chordate |
Subtype | Vertebrates |
Haɓaka | Maxillary |
Gilashi | Tetrapods |
Class | Dabbobi masu shayarwa (Mammalia) |
Subclass | Astsabi'a (Tsararren) |
Infraclass | Placental (Eutheria) |
Kamewa | Damans |
Damans, ko Kayan mai (lat. Hyracoidea ) - ɓarke farkon dabbobi masu shayarwa (lat. Mammalia ).
[edit] Tsarin iyaka
Kafafuwan damatsun na gajere amma mai ƙarfi. An yi yatsar hannu guda biyar da yatsun hannu masu yatsa, masu kama da hooves. A gaban paws na gaban, yatsun tsakiya guda uku sun fi guda daya ko daya, na biyar yayi karami, na farkon shine rudimentary.
Kafafu biyu na yatsun kafa suna da yatsu masu haɓaka guda uku, na farkon ba ya nan, na biyar kuma yana da wakilci. Yatsar ciki tana da dogon hanci mai lanƙwasa, sauran kuma suna da firam mai fasali, kamar a ƙafafun gaba.
Akwai safa a kan soles na bare, kuma ɓangaren tsakiyar ɓangaren damin tafin kafa ya hau tare da tsokoki na musamman lokacin da ya hau kan farfajiya. Wannan yana haifar da injin ƙafa kuma ƙafa yana kama da wanda aka tsotse zuwa ga dutse ko akwati itace. Gurasar a kan soles waɗanda ke ɓoye ɓoyayyen ɓoyewa suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙarfi tsotsa na tafin kafa. Godiya ga wannan na'urar, madatsun ruwa na iya gudana sama da ƙasa da tsaunukan tsaye da gangar jikin bishiyoyi tare da tsafta da sauri.
[gyara] Tsarin haƙori
Damans suna da haƙoran madara 28 da kuma haƙora 34 na dindindin.
Kadai guda biyu na babba incisors ne kullum girma da kuma bashi da enamel a ciki farfajiya kuma kama rodent incisors. Suna daɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗɗa maarfe diastema yana raba incisors daga nau'i biyu na canines. Wasu nau'in na iya samun fiɗa.
Antibody (4/4) kuma musamman hakora (3/3) hakora sunyi kama da hakoran ungulates.
Molar da yakamata suna hakora a hankali suna shiga cikin juna.
Asalin Damans
Tsoffin burbushin dam din sun kasance ne a zamanin marigayi Eocene (shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata).
Shekaru miliyoyin da yawa, magabatan dam ɗin sune sune manyan wuraren cinikin ƙasa a Afirka, yayin da a Miocene gasa tare da alamun bazai fitar da su daga tsohuwar rayuwar kimiyyar halittu ba.
Ko ta yaya, Dam din ya kasance wani yanki mai yawan gaske, wanda ya mamaye yawancin Afirka, Asiya da Kudancin Turai a cikin Pliocene.
Damisa na zamani dana zamani ya zama kusa da proboscis, wanda suke da kamanni dayawa a tsarin hakora, kwarangwal da mahaifa.
Akwai ra'ayi cewa "hares" da aka ambata a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki, kalmar da "shafan" ta nunashafan ) hakika damans ne.
Daga nesa, da gaske suna kama da manyan zomaye.
Daga Ibrananci, wannan kalma ta shiga yaren Fenia, waɗanda a fili suka ɗauki kuskuren zomaye na berasar Iberian for damans, suna ba ƙasar suna I-shapan-im , Daman Coast.
Daga baya daga wannan sunan ya zo Latin Hispania da "Spain" ta zamani.
"Sunan" daman "asalin asalin Arab ne kuma yana nufin" rago ".
Rarrabawa
Har zuwa 'yan kwanan nan, dangin Daman sun kirkiri nau'ikan 10-11 zuwa 11 mallakar mallakar 4 ne. Bayan 1995, adadin nau'in ya rage zuwa 4 kawai:
- Daman Family (Procaviidae )
- Damm Dam DamDendrohyrax )
- Daman Daman (Dendrohyrax arboreus )
- Daman WesternDendrohyrax dorsalis )
- Damans DamHeterohyrax )
- Heterohyrax brucei )
- Damm Dam DamDendrohyrax )
- Rocky DamansProcavia )
- Cape Daman (Procavia capensis )
Damans wasu ƙananan dabbobi ne, masu kama da dabbobin ƙasa, kuma lokacin da damina aka buɗe, da farko sun yi kuskure don ƙwaƙwalwa. Bayan wani lokaci, saboda lamuran da ke tattare da tsarin gabobinsu, an lasafta su daminan ne, kuma a tsakiyar karni na 19, bayan gano kamannin ruwan tare da giwayen, an sanya su izuwa wani yanki mai zaman kansa. An bayyana dangantakar damina da keɓaɓɓu da giwayen ta wurin kasancewar magabatan nesa na dukkanin waɗannan dabbobin - mafi tsufa na yanki, wanda daga duk dabbobin da ke rayuwa a yanzu.
An raba damana zuwa abubuwa 3: itace, dutse da madatsun ruwa. Dukkanin madatsun ruwa suna zaune a cikin tsaunuka a tsaunin 5200 m sama da matakin teku. Ruwan madatsar ruwa na zama a cikin dazuzzukan tsaunin Afirka. Gwararan tsaunin dutse sun gwammace wuraren da babu dutse a ciki. Kuma ana samun ruwan madatsun dutse ba wai kawai a tsaunuka ba ne, har ma a cikin jejin hamada, savannas da kuma wasu hanyoyin Afirka, Arabia, Siriya da Falasdinu. Dukkanin madatsun ruwa sunyi hawa daidai tare da kusan ƙwanƙolin maƙasudin duwatsu ko kuma itacen tsohuwa. Wide, danshi mai dindindin kamar ƙarancin roba da ƙayyadaddun dabi'un waɗannan dabbobi masu dattako masu taimaka musu su guji zubewa.
Damans na katako suna zama a cikin iyalai: uba, inna da sasan. Da rana suna barci a cikin kogon bishiyoyi, kuma da yamma sukan fita neman ganye ganyayyaki da kwari. Damans na katako ba sa hawa bishiyoyi, amma da sauri suna hawa da sauka na kututturewa da sauri suna tashi daga reshe zuwa reshe.
Dutse mai tsaunuka da tsaunuka sun gwammace zama a cikin manyan yankuna, wani lokacin har zuwa daruruwan mutane. Kasancewa a wuraren buɗe ido, abu ne mafi aminci ga kasancewa tare tare - kuma za ku lura da mai ƙaddara cikin lokaci, kuma ya fi sauƙi a tsare tare.
'Ya'yan Daman sun bayyana a shekara-shekara. Dutsen tsaunin dutse da daskararre yawanci suna da ƙwatan 1-3. Ana daukar Cape Dam a matsayin mafi mahimmanci, wanda a ciki kusan yara 6 ana iya haihuwa a lokaci guda. Selsa'idodin jarirai masu tasowa cikakke, an rufe su da ulu da mai gani, suna shirye don rayuwa mai yanci, kodayake suna ƙarƙashin kulawa na iyaye. Tun yana dan shekara 2, matasa yan takaran sun fara yan uwa. Damans baya rayuwa tsawon lokaci - kusan shekaru 6-7.
Damans sun jure da kangin sosai. Kodayake manya sun kasance daji, ƙananan dabbobi za a iya tarko. Ba a yiwa damina lalacewa ba, kuma ba jinsin waɗannan dabbobi dabbobin da aka jera a cikin littafin Red.
Manyan madatsun ruwa sune madatsun ruwa na Johnson (har zuwa kilogiram 5.4), kuma mafi karancin su ne madatsar ruwa ta Bruce (har zuwa kilogram 1.3). Duk waɗannan nau'ikan suna cikin halittar gwanayen tsaunukan dutse kuma suna rayuwa a cikin manyan yankuna. Abin ban sha'awa ne cewa hadewar wannan daula ta hade: Bruce madatsun ruwan ba kawai kusa da madatsun ruwa na Johnson ba ne: suna kwana a cikin makamancin juna, suna jin daɗin juna, suna haɓaka nau'ikan zuriya biyu tare har ma suna sadarwa ta amfani da siginar sauti iri daya.
Damans na Mountain Wannan hadin da ire-ire daban na dabbobi na musamman. Bayan damuna, kawai birrai na wasu nau'ikan suna sadarwa sosai da juna.
Gajeriyar magana
Damans baya buƙatar ruwa, samun duk abin da yakamata danshi daga abinci.
Don magance babban kalar launin toka-shikarsa, daman tana amfani da doguwar kambaran dutsen da ke ciki a bayan ƙafafunsa. Filayen ruwan damisa sun lullube da fata mai kauri, mai kama da roba. Daga cikin glandon na musamman akan kafafu, ana fitar da gumi mai laushi, godiya ga wanda ƙafafuna ke aiki kamar mayu, yana ba dabba damar sauƙaƙewa da yardar rai tare da dutsen.
Damans suna mai da hankali sosai. Suna tattarawa cikin gungun mutane kusan 50 da ke rayuwa a cikin kaburburan halitta na dutse. Kowace kungiya tana da masu sa ido wadanda ke lura da yanayin sosai. Ganin mutum ko dabba, waɗannan “masu aika aika” suna haifar da ihu mai sosa kai, duk mallakarsu kuma nan take suka watse cikin ramuka.
Damans suna da kyawawan kwarewar murya, a maimaita su - twitter, kumburi, kuka, tsawa mai ƙarfi. Wasu lokuta cikin dare kungiyoyin sukan kira juna tare da maƙwabta - duk yana farawa ne da murhun sauraro ko zage-zage, wanda a hankali ya juye ya zama silar ƙyanƙyali, sannan juya zuwa sautikan mai kama da kukan yaro.
Damans sun fi yin amo yayin hawa bishiya ko sauka daga gare ta. A cikin sanyi, daren da ba kowa, daman sun taru, suna manne wa juna don dumama kansu, kuma a lokacin zafi suna zaune cikin nutsuwa a cikin inuwar bishiyoyi, suna ɗaga kawuna zuwa sama.
Damuna dabbobi ne na rana, suna cin lokacinsu suna hawa dutsen da gorges ko tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe don bincika sabo, ganye mai laushi, 'ya'yan itaciya da tsirrai. Daman ba zai ƙi daga kwaro na haɗari ba. Daga dangin da aka damu, daman ta kasance a dabi'ar tauna, duk da cewa a zahiri, motsin lebenta a lokacin da ta kafe wani abu ana taunawa.
Waɗannan dabbobin da ke da hankali waɗanda ke zaune a kudu da hamadar Sahara, har ma a Siriya da Isra'ila, suna da maƙiya da yawa - damisa, dabbobi, ƙanƙan ƙasa (caracals), serval da wyverra suna farauta don dam. Ana iya kiran abokin gaba na daman a matsayin baƙon bakar fata na Afirka, wanda ya gwammace ci daɗaɗaɗaɗa.
Rus: Mountain daman
Ing: Raunin dutse mai launin shuɗi
Lat: (Hyerohyrax bruceii)
An rarrabu a Gabas da Afirka ta Kudu daga Kudu maso Gabas (tekun Red Sea), Sudan da Habasha zuwa Angola ta Tsakiya (yawan jama'a ya kewaya) da arewacin Afirka ta kudu (lardunan Limpopo da Mpumalanga).
Tsawon jikin mutum tsawan tsawan dutsen shine 32.5-56 cm, nauyi shine kilogram 1.3-4.5. Maza da mata kusan ba sa bambanta cikin girma, duk da cewa yawanci mata galibi ne.
Gidajen ruwan madatsar ruwa tsaunika ne, tuddai da tuddai. A cikin tsaunuka suna hawa zuwa 3,800 m sama da matakin teku. Harshen dutsen da ke da halayyar dutsen (monadnoki) a cikin yankuna masu bushewa suna samar da Damans da zazzabi mai dacewa (17-25 ° C) da laima (32-40%), suna ba da kariya daga gobarar ƙanana.
Kamar kowane madatsar ruwa, madatsar ruwa tsauni dabbobi ne. Yawan mazaunan ƙasar sun saba da mutane 34, tushenta shine ƙungiyar iyali mai hayan giya (harem). Rukunin sun hada da mazan da suka manyanta, har ya zuwa mata 17 masu girma da kuma kananan dabbobi. Ruwan tsaffin tsaunika suna zama tare da madatsar ruwa ta Cape, suna raba masu mafaka. Damans suna aiki yayin rana, haka kuma a daren mai haske. Yawancin lokaci suna ciyarwa daga 7.30 a.m. zuwa 11 a.m. kuma daga 3.30 p.m. zuwa 6 p.m., duk da haka, suna ciyarwa zuwa kashi 94% na lokacinsu da rana, kula da gashinsu, da dai sauransu. Rami tsakanin duwatsu, fasa da toka ya zama mafaka ga damana. Suna da kaifin gani da ji, kuma suna kaiwa hari kare da hakora. Idan akwai haɗari, ana yi wa sowa kuka, tilasta sauran madatsun ruwa don ɓoye a cikin mafaka. An kasa isa ga saurin zuwa 5 m / s, tsalle sosai.
Ruwan tsaunin Mountain suna ciyar da abinci iri-iri iri, gami da ganye, 'ya'yan itace, harbe da haushi. Misali, wata masarauta da aka lura da ita a Zambiya galibi tana cin ganyen mayuka (Dioscorea bulbifera). Babban tushen abinci, duk da haka, nau'ikan itacen Acacia da allophilus, gabaɗaya, sun fi son ciyar da itaciya da tsire-tsire na daji, wanda zasu iya hawa bishiyoyi. Abincin da aka saba samu na dutsen dam a cikin Serengeti National Park ya hada da stringia (Cordia ovalis), grevia (Grewia fallax), hibiscus (Hibiscus lunarifolius), ficus (Ficus), da merua (Maerua triphylla). Ba sa shan ruwa, suna samun ruwan da ya wajaba daga ciyayi. Ciyar da kungiyoyi, galibi sau daya - daya bayan daya.
Gwanin tsaunin tsauni yana haifar da shekara-shekara, kodayake yawan kiwo mafi yawa ana faruwa a ƙarshen lokacin rigar. Cutar ciki yana ɗaukar watanni 6.5-7.5 kuma yana ƙare da haihuwar san 1-2 a cikin ciyawar brood, wanda damisa a kan dutse wani lokacin suke tare da dabbobin. Yawan nauyin cub a lokacin haihuwa shine 220-230 g. ciyar da madara ya wuce har zuwa watanni 6. Tsakanin watanni 12 zuwa 30, samari da suka girma sun bar ƙasarsu ta asali; mace ta shiga gungun dangi.
Manyan macizai (tsoffin hithoglyphic), tsuntsaye masu farauta, damisa da kananan dabbobi masu fa'ida (misali mongooses) ganguna a kan tsaunukan dutse. Suna iya kamuwa da cutar huhu da tarin fuka. Ya ishe mu daga sassan halittun Crossophorus collaris, nau'ikan ticks, fleas da lice. Rayuwar rayuwar da aka yi rikodin har zuwa shekaru 11.
Rus: Cape Daman
Ing: Rock hyrax
Lat: (Procavia capensis)
Rarraba daga Siriya, Isra'ila da Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Yankin Saharan Afrika na rayuwa kusan ko'ina. Ana samun jama'ar da ke keɓe ɗaya cikin tsaunukan Libiya da Algeria.
Tsayin jiki 30-58 cm, nauyi 1.4-4 kg. Maza sun fi girma sama da mace.
Lamarin Cape yana zaune ne da duwatsu, wuraren da aka cika su, ko kuma wuraren jeji. Ana samun tsari a tsakanin duwatsun ko cikin ramuka na sauran dabbobi (aardvarks, meerkats). Turawan mulkin mallaka suna rayuwa ne daga 5-6 zuwa 80. Manyan yankuna sun kasu kashi biyu na dangi wanda namiji ya jagoranci. Aiki cikin hasken rana, musamman da safe da maraice, amma wani lokacin kangare kuma a daren mai dumin dumin yanayi. Mafi yawan lokaci ana kashe shi cikin annashuwa da shiga rana - rashin ingantaccen thermoregulation yana haifar da yanayin zafin jikin madatsun ruwa ya canza a duk rana. Suna ciyarwa galibi a kan ciyawa, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, harbe da haushi na bishiyoyi, ƙasa da cin abincin dabba (fari). Duk da bayyanar m, waɗannan dabbobin suna da wayoyin hannu, masu sauƙin hawa kan tsaunin dutse.
Tsarin lokacin mating yana dacewa da mazaunin mazauni. Don haka, a cikin Kenya, yana faruwa a watan Agusta-Nuwamba, amma zai iya kasancewa har zuwa Janairu, kuma a Siriya a watan Agusta-Satumba. Ciki yakan kai watanni 6-7. Mace yawanci suna haihuwar Yuni-Yuli, bayan lokacin damina. A cikin zuriyar dabbobi 2, ƙasa da sau 3 cubs, wani lokacin har zuwa 6. Cubs an haife shi ana gani kuma an rufe shi da ulu, bayan 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan sai suka bar gidan mazaunin brood. Sun fara cinye abinci mai ƙarfi a cikin makonni biyu, kuma suka sami atancin kai a sati 10. Daman samari na samari sun isa budurwa a watanni 16, lokacin yana 'yan watanni 16-24 watanni maza maza sun zauna, mace yawanci suna tare da danginsu.
Babban makiyan daman sune damisa, damisa, dawakai, tabarma da tsuntsaye masu farauta. Kaffir gaggafa (Aquila verreauxii) tana ciyar da keɓaɓɓu kan dam. Lokacin da abokan gaba suka kawo hari, daman ba kawai ya sami matsayi na kariya ba, yana ɗora mayafinsa akan glandon spinal a ƙarshen, amma kuma yana kare kansa tare da haƙoransa masu ƙarfi. Tsammani rayuwa a cikin yanayi shine shekaru 10. Mace suna rayuwa fiye da maza.
Yammacin Itace Daman
Ing: Yammacin Tree Hyrax
Lat: (Dendrohyrax dorsalis)
Suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na Tsakiya da Afirka ta Kudu. An samo su a gangaren tsaunin zuwa tsaunin 4500 m sama da matakin teku.
Tsawon jikinsu shine 40-60 cm, wutsiya 1-3 cm, nauyi 1.5-2.5.
Damans na katako suna da hannu sosai: suna sauri da sauri suna saukar da bishiyoyi, suna tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe. Wadannan dabbobin ba su da labari kuma sabili da haka. Koyaya, a maraice, gandun daji yana cike da kukansu, suna sanar da cewa madatsar ruwan madara ke ciyar da su. Da daddare, sautin ya yi laushi, amma ya sake cika gandun daji kafin wayewar gari, lokacin da dabbobin su dawo gida. Kiran madatsar bishiyoyi ya ƙunshi jerin saututtukan croaking masu ƙarewa cikin tsawan tsauni Muryoyin damuna na bishiyoyi daban-daban sun sha bamban. Ta hanyar yin kururuwa, mutum na iya bambanta namiji daga mace. Damans suna ihu kawai a cikin bishiyoyi. Wataƙila, kukan damisa alamu ne na cewa ƙasar ta mamaye.
Jagoranci rayuwa mai kaɗaita. Shafin kowane wurin wannan dabbar yana kusan kilomita 0.25 2. Damans suna ciyar da ganye, ganye, matafila da sauran kwari. Sau da yawa sukan gangara don ciyar da ƙasa, inda suke cin ciyawa da tara kwari, suna kwana a ɓoye ko kuma kambi na itace a tsakanin ɗan adam mai girma.
Babu takamaiman lokacin kiwo, kuma suna kawo cuba allan shekara duk shekara. Ciki yakan kai watanni 7. Yawancin lokaci kawo daya, da wuya biyu cubs. An haife su ta gani, an rufe su da ulu, manya-manyan (kusan rabin tsawon mahaifiyar) kuma 'yan sa'o'i bayan haihuwa sun riga sun hau bishiyoyi. Sun kai ga balaga cikin shekaru 2.
Idan akwai haɗari, madatsar ruwan ta dauki matsayin halayyar, suna juya baya ga abokan gaba kuma suna lalata gashi a cikin glandar gland domin a fallasa filin glandular. Mazauna karkara a ko'ina suna kama madatsun ruwa, tunda naman waɗannan dabbobin suna da inganci. A cikin zaman talala, gwanayen katako da sauri suna zama hora, suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 6-7.
Daman Kudancin Daman
Ing: Kudan Hyrax Hyrax
Lat: (Dendrohyrax arboreus)
An rarraba shi a Afirka, a gefen kudu maso gabas. Yankinta ya kudanci daga Kenya da Uganda har zuwa Afirka ta Kudu sannan daga gabashin Kongo da Zambia, yamma zuwa gabashin tekun na Afirka.
Matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyin jiki shine 2.27 kilogiram, tare da tsawonsa kimanin 52 cm.
Tana zaune a sararin saman dutse da gandun daji na bakin teku har zuwa tsawon 4500 m sama da matakin teku.
Sau da yawa, ana jagorantar su ta hanyar kamanceceniya na waje, mutane suna gwada madatsun ruwa tare da manyan ƙwayoyi: marmots, haylords, Guinea aladu - kuma suna da kuskure sosai. Tsarin kwayoyin halittar wadannan marasa fahimta, amma sanannun dabbobi a Isra'ila sun banbanta da tsarin duk sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda dabbobi masana dabbobi suka sanya su a wani bangare daban. Mafi kusancin danginsu a cikin halittu masu rai, giwaye ne, har da sirens - wata ƙaramar rukunin manyan dabbobi da ba sa barin ruwa. Hoto SPL / KYAUTA KYAUTA
Phoenicians (kuma bayan su tsofaffin yahudawa) bai yi kamar ya bambanta su da zomaye ba kwata-kwata, yana kiran su duka da wannan kalmar "shafan" - "ɓoye". Yau suna da nasu suna.
- Procavia capensis . Tsawon jikin mutum na dabba shine santimita 30-55, nauyi - kilogram 1.4-4. Maza sunkai matsakaitan girma fiye da na mace. Babban sashin jiki, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana fentin launin ruwan kasa-launin toka, ƙananan sashi shine cream, kodayake launi na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin iyalai da ɗaiɗaikun mutane. Mayafin da ke rufe kashin baya shine baƙi, ƙasa da launin shuɗi ko ja. Suna zaune ne a kudancin Siriya, da Larabawa ta larabawa, cikin Isra'ila kuma a zahiri a cikin Afirka gaba daya (a cikin Sahara - ta mutane daban-daban a tsaunukan Algeria da Libya). Sun fi son dutsen, tarin duwatsun, screes na dutse, kodayake ana samun su a cikin savannahs na fili. Tsawon rayuwa shine shekaru 10-11.
Dam Mountain Dam (Bruce Dam)- Heterohyrax brucei . Tsawon jiki - 32-56 santimita, nauyi - kilogram 1.3-4.5. Gashi mafi yawanci haske ne, amma a sashin jikin mutum iyakar gashin kansa launin ruwan kasa ne, wanda yake baiwa daman wani launi daban-daban. Bambancin launin launi akai-akai - daga launin toka (a cikin yanki mai m) zuwa launin ja (launin ruwa). Ofarshen jiki ya kusan fari, tabo a kan kashin baya yawanci yana da haske launin rawaya, wani lokacin daga launin fata zuwa launin fari. Rarraba daga Habasha da kudu maso gabashin Misira zuwa Angola da arewacin Afirka ta kudu, yawan mutanen da ke zama ruwan dare suna zaune a tsakiyar Sahara da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Halin halayen halitta da salon rayuwa suna kama da Cape Daman.
Garkuwan katako sune nau'ikan halittu uku na Dendrohyrax. Tsawon jikin - 40-60 santimita, nauyi - kilogiram 1.5-2.5. Sun banbanta da bankunan wuraren bude wurare a cikin manya, manya da jikunan jituwa, da kasancewar wutsiya (santimita 1-3). Launin Jiki yana launin ruwan kasa (sau da yawa mai launin toka ko launin toka), gashi a kan kashin baya haske ne. Yawancin gandun daji na Afirka masu zafi - daga Gambiya a arewa maso yamma zuwa Kenya da Tanzania a gabas da Afirka ta Kudu a kudu.
Hadin kan dangi mai girma bai da wata illa illa bayyanar madatsar ruwan. Jiki na jabu a kan gajerun kafafu, kunnuwa masu zagaye, idanu das hi, hanci mai zurfi, hanci mai zurfi, a cikin motsi, kamar dai wani abu yana taunawa da sauri. Wutsiya ko dai gajere ne (a cikin damans na itace) ko kuma a rashi gaba daya. Ban da cewa paws ɗin ba su yi kama da talakawa ba: maimakon yatsun a yatsun - yatsun hannu masu laushi waɗanda suka yi kama da giwaye (kawai yatsun tsakiya a kan ƙafafun kafa uku da aka yi wa ado da doguwar kamannin hannu). Haka kuma, a bayan dukkanin madatsun ruwa akwai wani wuri mai zagaye, ulu wanda kullun ya bambanta adon su da launi da fur da ke kewaye da ita, komai irin yadda ake yanka ta. Tare da fargaba ko jin daɗin dabbar, wannan ulu yana tsaye a ƙarshen, yana bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin glandular, wanda wani kamshi mai ƙanshi yake fitowa. Gabaɗaya, glandon dabbobi masu ƙanshi a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa ba sabon abu bane, amma a cikin su ba banki bane, suna a saman matakin baya. Me za a iya yiwa alama da taimakon irin wannan gland, sai dai don tarin rami?
Idan aka yi amfani da kalmar "daman" ba tare da bayyana ma'anar ba, zaku iya tabbata cewa muna magana ne game da Cape Daman - nau'in jinsin da ke rayuwa a cikin Isra'ila. Sunan "daman" na asalin larabawa an fassara shi da "rago", kodayake a yanayi da salon rayuwar madatsar tana nuna matukar damuwa. Suna zaune a cikin tsaunuka (ba haɓaka ba, duk da haka, a cikin tsaunuka), kankara, masu ajiye dutse da kuma fashe-fashe. Suna zaune cikin iyalai daga dabbobi 5-6 zuwa 50. Idan ƙasa ta ba da izini, sun tono ƙasa mai zurfi, ingantattun kayan kwalliya (ba tare da nuna ƙima ba, duk da haka, shingen ɓoyayyen wasu masu diggers, alal misali aardvarks), idan ba haka ba, sun sami mafaka a cikin kogo, ɓarna, ko kuma kawai tsakanin duwatsu. Wataƙila za su ba da rashin daidaituwa da maki don ƙwanƙolin dutsen: yana da wahala kada a yi mamakin ganin yadda dabbar da take da nauyi-da kallo mai sauƙi tare da kwanciyar hankali da ba tsammani ta haɓaka kusan bangon dutse. Wannan dabarar tana ba wa daman damar yin “hannayensa” - alamomi na paw, suna ba da kullun “gumi”. Bugu da kari, murfin mai saukin kamshi yana aiki kamar kofuna masu tsotsa. Tabbas, ƙarfi da ƙarfin tsotsa ba irin wannan bane cewa daman na iya rataye a rufin ko bango na tsaye.
Toarfin hanzari zuwa matsuguni yana da mahimmanci ga dabba, wanda shine kullun ganima ga yawancin masu farauta - daga damisa zuwa mongooses. Daga cikin su, “dabbar” mafarautan daman takan fito fili, wacce suke hidimtawa kusan abinci guda daya - wato mikiya mai farautar Kaffir, takwaransa na Afurka. Wannan makiyin yana sanya madatsar ruwa a kullun yana kallon sararin samaniya, wanda idanuwansu suke kare shi ta wani nau'in tabarau - fashewa ta musamman na iris wanda yake rufe ɗalibin. Tare da taimakon wannan matatar, daman zata iya ganin mai fara'a har ma da bangon hasken rana mai haske. Amma gaggafa suna da dabaru na kansu: suna farauta bi-biyu, kuma yayin da ɗayan ma'aurata ke jan raguna a gaban damana, suna ɗaukar ra’ayin dukan mulkin mallaka, ɗayan kuma suna kai hari ba zato ba tsammani. Yanayin dabba da kanta tana yin irin wannan dabarar ta cin nasara: tare da duk taka tsantsan, dam ɗin suna da matukar son sani kuma a koyaushe suna shirye su zura ko da abubuwa masu haɗari. Don haka, lokacin da mutum ya bayyana, nan da nan suna ɓoye a cikin mafakansu, amma idan baƙon da ba a kula da shi ya tsaya ko zaune ba tare da motsi ba, bayan fewan mintuna, fuskoki masu ban sha'awa suna fara bayyana daga dukkan ramuka. Sai dabbobin su gaba daya su farfaɗo suka fara nazarin sabon "dalla-dalla" wuri mai faɗi. Amma a mafi ƙarancin motsawa ko sauti, sai su sake ɓoye nan take cikin ramuka.
Damans suna ciyar da abinci akan tsire-tsire: tumbin matasa da ganyayyaki, Tushen, rhizomes, tubers, kwararan fitila, fruitsaicyan itace da ma haushi, duk da cewa ba za su taɓa rasa damar yin amfani da teburin tare da kwaro mai buɗe ido ba, kuma idan fari suka mamaye su, sukan canza zuwa shi. Kamar yawancin mazaunan wuraren bude wurare masu zafi, suna ciyar da safiya da maraice, amma suna iya dawowa cikin abinci ƙarƙashin wata idan ya haskaka sosai. Abin sani kawai mahimmanci daren yana da dumi: tare da kula da yawan zafin jiki na yau da kullun, madatsar ruwa ta jimre sosai, tana daga 24 zuwa 39 ° C. Saboda haka, barin rami da safe, dabbobin da farko kawai suna yin ɗumi da rana. Yawancin lokaci suna ɗaukar rana a cikin rana: a cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki, suna kwance akan ciki kuma suna jujjuya ƙafafunsu a ƙasa. Zai yi kama da cewa lokacin da suke zaune a cikin yanayin zafi, bushe, irin wannan halayen ya kamata ya haifar da yawan amfani da ruwa. Koyaya, a zahiri, madatsar ruwa tana shan ruwa kawai lokaci-lokaci, yawanci suna da isasshen danshi wanda yake ƙunshe cikin abinci ko kuma an sake shi yayin sha.
Dammunan suna nuna halin rashin ƙarfi sosai, kuma don ci gaba da ɗumi, da daddare ana tattara su cikin tsika, kuma da rana suna kanfana cikin rana. Hoto IMAGE BROKER / VOSTOCK PHOTO
Kuma kawai game da haifuwa, madatsun ruwa suna kama da dabbobi masu farauta maimakon ƙwayoyin wuta. Wasannin da suke na canjin ba a keɓance su da kowane irin yanayi ba, amma galibin dukkan waɗannan cuba cuban an haife su ne a ƙarshen lokacin damina (a yankuna daban-daban waɗannan watanni daban-daban, amma galibi Yuni - Yuli), lokacin da ake samun abinci mai dumbin yawa a kusa. Haihuwar tana gaba ta hanyar dogon lokacin da ya sabawa dabbobi masu girman wannan - kimanin watanni 7.5. Amma 'ya' yan kwata-kwata (yawanci suna faruwa daga daya zuwa uku) za'a haife shi ta gani, an rufe shi da ulu kuma bayan fewan awanni zasu iya motsawa su bar ramin. Bayan makonni biyu, sun riga sun ci ciyawa, bayan goma - sun daina bin mahaifiyarsu ko'ina, kuma bayan watanni 16 suka zama manya. Bayan wannan, tsawon watanni, youngan samari a hankali suna barin mazaunin, kuma mace ta zauna a ciki har abada.
A Tsakiyar da Afirka ta Kudu, tare da damina na yau da kullun, zaku iya ganin wasu, an bambanta su da haske launin rawaya, mai nuna alamar hanji. Wannan shi ne dutsen dutsen, yana da launin shuɗi, ko dam ɗin Bruce. Kodayake likitocin dabbobi sun rarrabe shi azaman daban, ta fuskar yanayi, salon rayuwa, kayan abinci da makamantansu, yana da kama da na Cape Dam, sosai wanda a wasu lokutan ma sukan kirkiro wasu yankuna da dama. Banbancin ana iya lura dashi ne kawai a cikin girman mazauna (madatsar ruwa ta fi yawa - daga dubun-dubata zuwa ma'aurata daruruwan dabbobi) da lokutan kiwo: idan madatsar ruwa ta Cape zata iya yiwuwa a haife su a ƙarshen damina ko kuma nan da nan a bayansu, to dam madatsar ruwa - a bakin daga ko a farkon wannan kakar, a watan Fabrairu - Maris.
Sauran nau'in halittu guda uku, wadanda suke hade a cikin halittar madatsar bishiya, suma sunyi kama da yanayin dutsen da Cape (dukda cewa sunada girma kadan kuma suna da wani irin wutsiya), kuma jin daɗinsu iri ɗaya ne. Suna ƙaunar sassan tsirrai masu kyau tare da ƙari da kwari da suka zo ta hanyarsu. Amma mazauninsu da dabi'un gida gaba ɗaya sun sha bamban. Ruwan katako na zama a cikin gandun daji, suna hawa bishiyoyi (kodayake galibi suna sauka zuwa ƙasa) kuma galibi suna aiki da dare. Sun gwammace su zauna shi kadai, mallakin nasu dabarun (ikon dabba guda shine kwatankwacin kilomita murabba'i). Garkunan mafaka galibi manyan wurare ne, amma suna iya sauka har kwana guda kuma kawai a kambi na itace. Lokacin fita da daddare don ciyarwa da dawowa daga safiya, madatsar bishiyar ta yi ihu da ƙarfi, da alama yana tabbatar da yanayin wurin.
Makomar gandun daji ya dogara ne da makomar gandun daji na Afirka, kan yin tunani kan ayyukan mutane. Biranen ruwa na Cape da dutsen suna cikin mafi kyawun matsayi: wuraren da suka fi so - dutsen da masu ajiye dutse - ba su da ɗan adam. Amma madatsun ruwa da kansu suna ɗaukar ƙauyukan ɗan adam abu ne mai sauƙin rayuwa, kodayake yanayin ba shi da matsala. Gaskiya ne, a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka canjin daman zama wakilin tarawar birane ta hanyar farauta ne garesu. Inda ba a gudanar da shi ba (misali, a cikin Isra'ila), madatsar ruwa galibi suna shiga cikin gine-ginen, suna yadawa ta cikin ɗakunan amfani da kuma shigar da matakala zuwa bene na sama. Hakanan ana kiyaye su azaman dabbobi: idan manya masu damuna suna da kyau sosai, to, yaran suna kama su, da sauri suna zama cikakke cikakke.
Zoo
Nau'in - chordates
Class - dabbobi masu shayarwa
Kamewa - daman
Iyali - damuna
Cape Daman(Procavia capensis)
Rod - Rocky Damans
A waje, musamman daga nesa, sun yi kama da manyan pikas ko zomo. Tsayin jiki 30-58 cm, nauyi 1.4-4 kg. Maza sun fi girma sama da mace. Wutsiyar ba zata iya kasancewa ba daga waje. Abun gyaran gashi gajere ne kuma mara nauyi, fentin launin shuɗi-saman a saman, yana haske akan tarnaƙi, kuma ƙasan jiki yana da kirim. Launin gashi a cikin kashin baya baƙi ne, ba a ɗanɗana launin shuɗi ko orange ba. A kan mucks akwai faifan baki mai faɗin har zuwa cm 18 tsayin tsinkaye. Soles koyaushe suna jikewa saboda gumi, wanda ke taimaka wa madatsar ruwa ta hau dutse - tsarin tsayawa na musamman yana sa suyi kama da masu bushewa.
Rarraba daga Siriya, Isra'ila da Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Yankin Saharan Afrika na rayuwa kusan ko'ina. Ana samun jama'ar da ke keɓe ɗaya cikin tsaunukan Libiya da Algeria.
Lamarin Cape yana zaune ne da duwatsu, wuraren da aka cika su, ko kuma wuraren jeji. Ana samun tsari a tsakanin duwatsun ko cikin ramuka na sauran dabbobi (aardvarks, meerkats). Turawan mulkin mallaka suna rayuwa ne daga 5-6 zuwa 80. Manyan yankuna sun kasu kashi biyu na dangi wanda namiji ya jagoranci. Katukan ruwa na Cape da na dutse wani lokaci suna zama cikin gungun mutane, suna mamaye gida ɗaya Aiki cikin hasken rana, musamman da safe da maraice, amma wani lokacin kangare kuma a daren mai dumin dumin yanayi. Mafi yawan lokaci ana kashe shi cikin annashuwa da shiga rana - rashin ingantaccen thermoregulation yana haifar da yanayin zafin jikin madatsun ruwa ya canza a duk rana. Suna ciyarwa galibi a kan ciyawa, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, harbe da haushi na bishiyoyi, ƙasa da cin abincin dabba (fari). Duk da bayyanar m, waɗannan dabbobin suna da wayoyin hannu, masu sauƙin hawa kan tsaunin dutse.
Tsarin lokacin mating yana dacewa da mazaunin mazauni. Don haka, a cikin Kenya, yana faruwa a watan Agusta-Nuwamba, amma zai iya kasancewa har zuwa Janairu, kuma a Siriya a watan Agusta-Satumba. Ciki yakan kai watanni 6-7. Mace yawanci suna haihuwar Yuni - Yuli, bayan lokacin damina. A cikin zuriyar dabbobi 2, ba sau da yawa sau 3, wasu lokuta har zuwa 6. Cubs za a haife shi ana gani kuma an rufe shi da ulu, bayan 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan sai suka bar gidan mazaunin. Sun fara cinye abinci mai ƙarfi a cikin makonni biyu, kuma suka sami atancin kai a sati 10. Daman samari na samari sun isa budurwa a watanni 16, lokacin yana 'yan watanni 16-24 watanni maza maza sun zauna, mace yawanci suna tare da danginsu.
Tsammani rayuwa a yanayi shine shekaru 10. Mace suna rayuwa fiye da maza.
Matasa matasa masu zaman kansu da ke zaman bauta suna da tarko, dabbobin da suka manyanta suna ci gaba da zama masu zalunci.
Ciyarwa tare da abincin reshe, kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa.
Karatun labarin zai ɗauki: minti 4.
Daga cikin dabbobin kasa, wata halitta a tsaye take a dukkan fannoni - girmanta, jikinta mai kyan gani, manyan kunnuwa da wani hanci mai ban mamaki, wanda yayi kama da na riga mai murhun wuta. Idan a cikin dabbobin gidan akwai akalla halittar giwayen (kuma muna magana ne game da su, kun tsammani shi), to wannan shinge ya kasance sananne musamman ga baƙi daga ƙarami zuwa babba. Na yanke shawarar fahimtar zuriyar giwayen, lissafta asalin magabatansu, kuma a hakika, na fahimci "wanene" daga cikin masu haɓaka da kayan girke-girke. Kuma wannan shine abin da ya same ni ...
Ya juya cewa giwayen, mastodons da mammoth, da pinnipeds da manatees, suna da magabata na gama gari - Moriterium (lat. Moeritherium). A waje, ginin da ke zaune a Duniya kimanin shekaru miliyan 55 da suka shude bai ma yi kama da zuriyar su ta zamani ba - sun yi tsinkaye, ba su fi 60 cm a ƙasan witin ba, suna zaune a cikin rafin Asiya na ƙarshen Eocene kuma sun kasance wani abu tsakanin tsintsiya madaurinki da alade, tare da kunkuntar da elongated fuska.
Yanzu game da magabatan kai tsaye na giwayen, mastodons da mammoth. Kakanninsu na yau da kullun shine Paleomastodont (lat. Palaeomastodontidae), wanda ya zauna a Afirka kusan shekaru miliyan 36 da suka gabata, a cikin Eocene. Akwai wani abu biyu na gora a bakin paleomastodont, amma sun kasance gajere - tabbas ya ci tubers da asalinsu.
Babu ƙarancin ban sha'awa, a ganina, dangi na zamani haɓaka da proboscis ɗan dabba ne mai ban dariya, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da masana kimiyya Platibelodon (lat. Platibelodon danovi). Wannan halitta ta zauna a yankin Asiya a cikin Miocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 20 da suka gabata, ta mallaki ɗayan juzu'i da kuma manyan abubuwa masu baƙon kamshi a ƙananan muƙamuƙin. Platibelodon a zahiri bai da gangar jikin, amma lebensa na sama yayi fadi da “ankara” - wani abu mai kama da gangar jikin giwayen zamani.
Lokaci ya yi da za a magance fiye da knownasa da sanannen wakilan dangin proboscis - mastodons, mammoth da giwaye. Da farko dai, su dangin nesa ne, i.e. jinsin giwaye guda biyu na zamani - Afirka da na Indiya - ba su samo asali daga mammoth ko mastodon ba. Jikin mastodons (lat. Mammutidae) an lullube shi da kauri da gajerun gashi, galibi sun ci ciyawa da ciyayi na bishiyoyi, suka bazu a Afirka a lokacin Oligocene - kimanin shekaru miliyan 35 da suka gabata.
Sabanin yadda ake nuna fina-finai, inda ana nuna hoton mastodon a matsayin giwa mai girman kai da ke da manyan giwaye, ba su da girma fiye da giwayen Afirka na zamani: ba su fi mita 3 tsayi ba a cikin ƙanannun tsoho, akwai wasu tsummoki biyu-biyu masu tsayi a saman muƙamuƙi da gajeru, kusan ba sa fitarwa daga bakin, a kasan. Bayan haka, mastodons sun kawar da wata ƙaramar takobi, barin kawai babba. Mastodons gaba daya ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba, idan ka duba daga ra'ayi game da ilimin anthropology - shekaru 10,000 kawai da suka gabata, i.e. Kakanninmu na nesa sun kware sosai da wannan nau'in proboscis.
Mammoth (Latin Mammuthus) - mai matukar shaggy, proboscis kuma tare da manyan giwaye, wanda ake samun gawarwakinsu sau da yawa a cikin Yakutia - suna zaune a Duniya akan nahiyoyi daya lokaci daya, kuma babban danginsu sun rayu cikin farin ciki bayan shekaru miliyan 5, sun ɓace kimanin shekaru 12-10 000 da suka gabata . Sun fi giwaye girma na zamani - haɓaka a ƙhersƙasassu na mita 5, manyan, faɗin mita 5, kadan karkatar da karkace. Dabbobin daji sun rayu ko'ina - a Kudancin da Arewacin Amurka, a Turai da Asiya, sun iya jure shekarun kankara kuma suna kare kansu daga masu farauta, amma sun kasa jurewa da magabatan 'yan adam, waɗanda suka daɗe da rage yawan jama'arsu a duk faɗin duniya. Kodayake babban dalilin ɓarnar da keɓancewa, masanan kimiyya suna yin la’akari da ƙarshen shekarun kankara wanda ya haifar da faɗuwar babbar meteorite a Kudancin Amurka.
A yau, jinsin giwaye biyu sun wanzu kuma suna rayuwa kaɗan - Afirka da Indiya. Giwaye na Afirka (lat. Loxodonta africana) tare da matsakaicin nauyin 7.5.5 da tsayi a cikin ƙishirwa na mita 4, suna zaune a kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka. Kawai wakilcin wannan dangi a farkon hoto ga wannan labarin.
Hauren giwayen Indiya (Latin: Elephas maximus) tare da nauyin tan 5 da tsayin mita 3 a ƙ witƙasassun ƙasashe sun zama ruwan dare a Indiya, Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Nepal, Laos da Sumatra. Fushin giwayen Indiya sun fi takaitaccen dangin danginsu na Afirka, kuma mace ba ta da kyankyasai kwata-kwata.
Girman giwa (yawon shakatawa, irinsa)
Af, shine dabbobin mammoth, wanda masu bincike na Girka na d discovered a suka gano akai-akai, sune suka kafa tushen tatsuniyar manyan hadaddun guguwa - yawancin lokuta babu tsummokari akan waɗannan kwanyar (an kori smartan Afirka masu hankali don dalilai na ginin), kuma kwanyar da kanta ta yi kama sosai da ragowar ɓoyayyen tarin fuka-fukai. Yi hankali da rami a gaban gaban kwanyar wanda aka haɗa gangar jikin don hauren giwayen.
Tsarin giwaye na zamani sune kawai ragowar babban iyali na proboscis, wanda a cikin can can nesa da duniyar zama ...
[edit] Na'urar zamantakewa
Damans suna zaune cikin gungun mutane sama da hamsin, sun haƙa ramuka ko zaunar da su cikin ɓoyyun da suke cikin duwatsun.
Damans dabbobi ne na zamantakewa kuma suna zama cikin rukuni. Kamar yara meerkats, suna gargadin juna game da hadarin dake gabatowa, tsayawa akan kafafunsu kuma suna ba da kararrawa.
Wakilan madatsun ruwa suna riƙe ƙasar da aka zaɓa na dogon lokaci. Lokacin zabar ƙasa, sukan gamsu koda babban yanki na dutse. A cikin yanayin rana, dabbobin suna kwance a cikin layuka, suna zaune a kan duwatsu masu jin dadi kuma suna ɗaukar manyan lamuran. Amma ko da a irin waɗannan halayen, mutane da yawa suna kan tsaro.
Damans masu dattaku ne, amma m, na iya shiga gidajen mutane. An san cewa daman suna da kyau sosai. Farauta da madatsun ruwa ba ta gabatar da matsaloli masu yawa ba, sai dai idan waɗannan dabbobin da ba su da damuwa ba a da. Mafi yawan lokuta, maharbi ya yi ikon harbi mai tsaro a zaune, amma bayan harbin duk garken ya gudu.
[gyara] Abinci mai gina jiki
Damans suna fita don ciyar da safiya da yamma, lokacin da ba mai zafi ba.
Tushen abinci mai gina jiki na damans shine abincin shuka - tushen, kwararan fitila, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, duk da cewa kwaro, idan an kama shi, shi ma za a ci shi da jin daɗi.
Dabbobin suna cin abinci da yawa. Gidajen rayuwarsu, masu arziki ne a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka masu ƙanshi, koyaushe ke ba su abinci. Dam din suna lalata ciyawa da hakoransu, yayin da suke jujjuya jajayen su kamar dai yadda artiodactyls sukeyi yayin cingam.
[gyara] Sake buguwa
Dabbobi suna haifarwa duk shekara. Ba a ayyana daskarar da lokacin damina
Yawancin mace yana ɗaukar watanni 7-7.5. Matan damisa suna da nono shida, amma ba sa haihuwa da yawan sa cuban. Yawancin lokaci babu fiye da biyu daga gare su, kuma ana haife su ci gaba.
Cubs ana haɓaka haɓaka, masu gani, an rufe su da ulu sosai da sauri suna samun 'yanci.
Damans sun zama manya a cikin shekara ɗaya da rabi.
[gyara] Rarraba
Damans suna zaune a Afirka, kudu maso yamma Asiya (Larabawa Larabawa). A cikin yanayin mazaunan madatsar ruwan za a iya lura dashi a cikin Ein Gedi Yanayin halitta
Yankin Cape Dam da ya fi yadu ana samunsa ne a cikin savannas, jejin hamada da tsaunuka.
Wakilan halittar madatsar ruwan tsauni suna zaune a Tsakiyar da Afirka ta Kudu, a cikin tsaunuka da kuma kan tsauraran matakan dutse.
Ruwan katako na katako ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gandun daji na Equatorial da Afirka ta Kudu kuma suna ciyar da mafi yawan lokacin su a cikin bishiyoyi.