Game da 6,000 jinsunan kasance a cikin aji na ciliates. Wadannan dabbobin sune mafi tsari a tsakanin protozoa.
Mahalli na ciliates shine teku da ruwa mai tsafta, da ƙasa mai laushi. Yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan ciliates (kusan 1 dubu) sune keɓaɓɓun mutane da dabbobi.
Za mu san masaniyar ilimin halittar jiki da abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin ciliates ta amfani da misalin wakilin da aka wakilta - ciliates-slippers.
Tsarin ciki da na ciki na ciliates
Takalmin infusoria yana da girman kusan 0.1-0.3 mm. Tsarin jikin yana kama da takalmi, saboda haka ya karɓi irin wannan suna.
Wannan dabba tana da siffar jiki a koyaushe, tunda an rufe ectoplasm a waje kuma yana fitowa magana. Jikin ciliates yana rufe da cilia. Akwai kusan dubu 10 daga cikinsu.
Kyakkyawan fasalin fasalin tsarin ciliates shine kasancewar tsakiya biyu: babba (macronucleus) da ƙarami (micronucleus). Associatedaddamar da bayanan gado yana da alaƙa da ƙaramin ɓoye, da kuma ƙayyadaddun ayyuka masu mahimmanci tare da babba. Wani takalmin infusoria yana motsawa tare da taimakon cilia, tare da gaban sa (blunt) ƙare a gaba kuma a lokaci guda yana juyawa zuwa dama tare da ƙashin jikinsa. Babban saurin motsi na ciliates ya dogara da jujjuyawa-kamar motsi na cilia.
A cikin ectoplasm na takalmin akwai abubuwan da ake kira trichocysts. Suna yin aikin kariya. Tare da haushi na ciliates, trichocysts "harba" fitar kuma juya zuwa cikin dogon maɓallin kiɗa na bakin ciki wanda ya buge ɗanɗano. Bayan amfani da wasu trichocysts a cikin matsayin su a cikin ectoplasm mafi sauki, sababbi suna haɓaka.
Fasali, tsari da mazaunin ciliates
Ciliates takalmin shine mafi kyawun motsi mai rai wanda yake motsi. An bambanta rayuwa a duniya ta nau'ikan halittu masu rai da ke zaune akan ta, wani lokacin suna da sifa mai daɗewa da kuma tsarin rayuwa gabaɗaya da mahimman abubuwan da ke taimaka musu rayuwa a wannan duniyar da ke cike da haɗari.
Amma a tsakanin halittun halitta akwai kuma irin wadannan halittu na musamman, tsarin da yake da matukar tasirin gaske, amma su ne wadanda da zarar sun dade, biliyoyin shekarun da suka gabata, suka ba da kwarin gwiwa ga ci gaban rayuwa da mafi cakudaddun kwayoyin halitta a dukkan bambancinsu da suka samo asali daga gare su.
Tsarin rayuwar halitta na yau da kullun a duniya sun hada da takalmin infusoriamallakar unicellular halittu daga kungiyar alveolate.
Tana da sunanta na asali da siffar jikinta mai fasali, wacce take da kamannin ta wacce take da kullin takalmi mai kaifin baki da fadi.
Masanan kimiyya suna da nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta a matsayin tsari mai zurfin tsari. aji na ciliates, sarkoki su ne mafi yawan iri-iri.
Sunan takalmin ciliator shine saboda tsarin jikinsa a siffar ƙafa
Sauran nau'ikan aji, wanda yawancinsu masu parasitic ne, suna da nau'ikan launuka daban daban kuma suna da isasshen bambanci, sun wanzu cikin ruwa da ƙasa, haka kuma a cikin wakilan wakilai na fauna: dabbobi da mutane, a cikin hanjinsu, kyallen takarda, da tsarin kewaya.
Fata yawanci ana gundura cikin yalwar cikin ruwa mai tsafta tare da kwanciyar hankali, ruwa mai tsafta, in da akwai wadatattun abubuwan lalata mahaifa a wannan matsakaici: tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa, rayayyun halittun da suka mutu, yanayin rayuwa.
Ko da gidan ruwa na gida na iya zama yanayin da ya dace da rayuwarsu, kawai zai yiwu a iya ganowa da zurfafa bincika irin waɗannan halittu masu rai kawai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar haɓaka, suna ɗaukar ruwa mai wadataccen ruwa a matsayin gwaji. Kyakkyawan kantin na Macromed microscope zai taimake ka ka zabi microscope don ganin ciliates.
Yana haɗa takalmin – protozoa halittu masu rai, wadanda ake kira daban: tame parameciums, hakika suna da ƙanƙanuwa, kuma girman su yakai 1 zuwa 5 na goma na millimita.
A zahiri, sunadarai ne, marasa launi, kwayoyin halitta, babban kwayoyin halittar ciki wanda suke tsakiya biyu, wadanda ake kira babba da karami.
Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin faɗaɗa photo ciliates takalma, a saman farfajiyar irin wadannan kwayoyin halittun da akwai, a cikin layuka masu tsayi, ƙananan ƙananan sifofi, da ake kira cilia, waɗanda ke aiki azaman gabobin motsa jiki don takalma.
Yawan waɗannan ƙananan ƙafafu suna da girma kuma sun haɗu daga dubu 10 zuwa 15, a ƙasan kowannensu akwai jikin mutum mai haɗe-haɗe, kuma a cikin kusancin akwai sacen maras nauyi, wanda ke dauke da garkuwar kariya.
Tsarin ciliatesDuk da bayyanarsa a saukake, yana da isasshen matsaloli. A waje, irin wannan sel na tafiya ana kiyaye shi ta wani bakin ciki na roba wanda ke taimaka wa jikinsa tsayawa tsaf. Kazalika da kariyayen zaruruwa masu kariya wadanda suke cikin fitila mai tsananin cytoplasm kusa da membrane.
Harshen cytoskeleton, ban da duk abubuwan da ke sama, sun haɗa da: microtubules, rijiyoyin alveoli, jikin basal tare da cilia da waɗanda ke kusa, ba su da su, fibrils da filamens, da sauran organoids. Godiya ga cytoskeleton, kuma ba kamar wani wakilin mafi sauki ba - amoeba, takalmin infusoria kasa canza yanayin jikin.
Abinci da gabobin jiki
Kwayoyin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin abubuwan na ciliates sune: bakin ciki, bakin kwayar ciki da kwayar cutar. Kwayar cuta da sauran barbashi da aka dakatar cikin ruwa, tare da ruwa, suna kusa da cilia kusa da bakin ta zuwa bakin cikin makogwaron da kuma narkewa kamar narkewa.
Jiki ya kwantar da takalma
Cike da abinci, busasshiyar iska zata rabu da makogwaron kuma yanayin aikin cytoplasm ya dauke shi. Yayin da abincin yake motsawa, abincin da ke ciki ya narke shi ta hanyar narkewar abinci mai narkewa kuma ya shiga cikin endoplasm. Sannan narkewar abinci tazo kusa da foda da sauran kayan abincin da ba'a zubar dasu ba. Ciliates dakatar da ciyar kawai a lokacin kiwo.
Theungiyar osmoregulation da ƙyalli a cikin takalmin sune kwangila biyu, ko ja, ƙwalƙwalwa tare da tubules ɗin tuki.
Saboda haka, ciliates, idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin, suna da cakudaddun tsarin:
- Tsarin jikin dindindin
- kasancewar bakin kwayar halitta
- gaban sel fatalwa,
- foda
- hadaddun kayan aikin nukiliya.
Sake bugun ciliates. Tsarin gudana
Ciliates yana yaduwa ta hanyar watsa ruwa mai narkewa, a cikin abin da fashewar nuclei ke faruwa da farko. An rarraba macronucleus cikin yanzunnan, kuma micronucleus ya kasu kashi biyu.
Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci suna da tsarin jima'i, ko conjugation. Yayin wannan, ciliates biyu suna haɗuwa kuma suna da alaƙa da juna ta hanyar buɗe baki. A zazzabi a daki ta wannan tsari, suna ta iyo kamar awa 12. Babban nuclei an lalace kuma an narkar da shi a cikin cytoplasm.
Sake bugun ciliates
Sakamakon fashewar meiotic, ƙaura da matsakaitan tsinkaye daga ƙananan nuclei. Kowane ɗayan nuclei ɗin yana ɗauke da tsarin halittar haromidom. Tsarin nucleus mai guba yana motsawa sosai ta hanyar gadar cytoplasmic daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani kuma yana haɗuwa tare da tsayuwar tsakiya tsakiya, i ,e, tsarin hadi yana faruwa. A wannan matakin, kowane takalmin yana samar da tsintsiya madaidaitan kwayar halitta, ko syncaryon, mai dauke da kwayar chromosomes. Daga nan sai ciliates din suka watse, sun sake dawo da kayan aiki na yau da kullun sannan kuma suna ta yadu sosai ta kashi biyu.
Tsarin haɗin gwiwa yana ba da gudummawa ga gaskiyar cewa ka'idodin gado na mutane daban-daban an haɗu a cikin tsarin ɗaya. Wannan yana haifar da karuwar bambancin gado da kuma mahimmancin kwayoyin. Bugu da ƙari, haɓaka sabon motsi da lalata tsohuwar mahimmanci yana cikin mahimmancin rayuwar ciliates. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa babban hanyoyin rayuwa da kuma tsarin furotin a jikin ciliates ana sarrafa su ta hanyar manyan ayyukan.
Tare da tsawan haihuwar jima'i, ciliates rage metabolism da kuma rabon rabo. Bayan haɗuwa, an dawo da matakan metabolism da rabon rabo.
Darajar ciliates a yanayi da rayuwar mutum
An kafa cewa ciliates suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sake zagayowar abubuwa a cikin yanayi. Yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi mafi girma (soya kifi) suna ciyar da ciliates.
Suna aiki a matsayin masu sarrafa adadin algae da ƙwayoyin cuta marasa amfani, ta haka suna tsarkake jikin ruwa.
Ciliates na iya zama alamomi na matsayin gurɓatar gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa - maɓallin samar da ruwa.
A ciliates zaune a cikin ƙasa inganta haihuwa.
Wani mutum yakan samar da ciliates a cikin hanyoyin ruwa don ciyar da kifi da soya.
A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, cututtukan mutane da dabbobi da ke haifar da ciliates suna yaɗu. Infusoria balantidium, wanda ke zaune a cikin hanjin alade kuma ana yada shi ga mutane daga dabbobi, yana da hadari na musamman.
Tsarin
Jikin mara igiyar ciki na ciliates (Fig. 20, 21) an rufe shi da ƙwayar plasma, a ciki ana kewaye da shi da bakin magana mai santsi. Cilia yana rufe duk jikin jikin takalmin. An same su tare da jiki a cikin layuka masu gushewa, kamar zaren dunƙule. Irin wannan tsarin nasu yakan haifar da jujjuya jiki game da yadda yake a tsaye. A saman jiki akwai ramuka waɗanda ke haifar da sifar-mai siffa-trichocysts da ke cikin pellicle. Idan akwai haɗari kuma a ci gaba da ganima ta hanyar waɗannan ramuka trichocysts an fitar dashi, abin tunawa da kibayan bakin ciki na bakin ciki.
Hoto 20. Tsarin ciliates |
Hoto 21. Tsarin farfajiya na tef na ciliates-takalma tare da ƙaruwa mai ƙarfi |
Ciniki
Takalmin takalmin yana iyo godiya ga hadewar motsawar cilia, daya bayan daya yana yin bugun jini daga gaba zuwa na baya. A lokaci guda, kamar dai, anyi birgima cikin ruwa, yana ci gaba da ƙarewa da ƙarewa yana juyawa a gindinsa.
Wani takalmin infusoria yana iyo a saurin 1 mm a sakan na biyu, wato, a wannan lokacin yana ɗaukar nisan nisan daidai da tsawon 4 na jikinsa. A wannan yanayin, takalmin yana cin makamashi kaɗan, daidai yake da 1/1000 na adadin kuzarin da aka samar lokacin numfashi.
Numfashi da sallama
Piwayar iska da cirewar cikin ciliates suna faruwa kamar yadda a cikin sauran dabbobin da ba a tantance ba.
Abubuwa biyu na kwangila na takalmin (gaban da baya) an rage su biyu, bayan 20-25 kowane. Ana tattara samfuran ruwa da lalata sharar gida daga takalmin infusoria daga cytoplasm tare da tubules na afferent, wanda ya dace da yanayin kwanciyar hankali.
Bayani da fasalin jikin mutum
Infusoria takalma - mafi sauki dabba. Dangane da haka, ba shi da waya. Koyaya, a cikin wannan keji akwai komai don numfashi, ninka, ci da cire sharar gida zuwa waje, don motsawa. Wannan jerin abubuwan fasalin dabbobi ne. Don haka, takalma ma na su.
Ana kiran Protozoa unicellular don kayan aikin yau da gobe idan aka kwatanta da sauran dabbobi. Tsakanin nau'ikan unntellular har ma akwai wasu siffofin da masana kimiyya suka danganta ga dabbobi da tsirrai. Misali shine kore euglena. Jikinta ya ƙunshi chloroplasts da chlorophyll - launin launi na tsirrai. Euglena yana ɗaukar hoto (photosynthesis) kuma yana kusan motsi yayin rana. Koyaya, a cikin dare, unicellular yana zuwa ƙwayoyin abinci, ƙwayar m.
Ciliates takalma da kore euglena sun kasance a cikin bangarori daban-daban na sarkar ci gaban Prozozo. Gwargwadon labarin an yarda da shi a matsayin mafi rikice-rikice kwayoyin halitta. Jiki, a hanya, takalmi ne, saboda yana da kamannin gabobin. Waɗannan sune abubuwan tantanin halitta waɗanda ke da alhakin takaddun ayyuka. A ciliates ba ya nan a cikin sauran protozoa. Wannan ya sa takalmin ya zama jagora tsakanin dabbobi masu sel guda.
Manyan kwayoyin na ciliates sun hada da:
- Kwangila mai warwarewa tare da tubules mai jagoranci. Latterarshen suna a matsayin jirgi na asali. A cewar su, abubuwa masu cutarwa suna shiga tafki, wanda shine sikila kanta. Suna motsawa daga kwayoyin halitta - abubuwan da ke ciki na kwayar halitta, gami da cytoplasm da nucleus.
Jiki yana ciliates ya ƙunshi ɓarke biyu na kwangila. Suna haɗuwa da gubobi, suna zubar da su da ruwa mai yawa, yayin da suke ci gaba da matsa lamba.
- Abincin narkewa. Su, kamar ciki, suna sarrafa abinci. Rashin iska yana motsawa. A lokacin da organelle yake gab da tsattsauran matakin kwayar, an riga an tuna da abubuwa masu amfani.
- Foda Wannan rami ne a ƙarshen tsararrakin ciliates, mai kama da tsinkayen. Ayyukan foda iri ɗaya ne. An cire sharar narkewa daga cikin sel ta hanyar buɗewa.
- Motsa. Wannan hutu a cikin membrane cell yana kama kwayoyin cuta da sauran abinci, yana wucewa zuwa cikin cytopharynx - tubule na bakin ciki wanda ya maye gurbin fasalin. Samun shi da baki, takalmin yana yin nau'in abinci ne na holozoic, wato, kama kwayoyin halitta a cikin jikin mutum.
Cores 2 yana sanya ko da mafi sauƙin ciliates. Ofayansu babba ne, ana kiran shi macronucleus. Na biyu shine ƙananan - micronucleus. Bayanin da aka adana a cikin kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya ne. Koyaya, a cikin micronucleus ba a taɓa shi ba. Bayanin Macronucleus yana aiki, ana kiyaye shi koyaushe. Saboda haka, wasu bayanan na iya lalacewa, kamar littattafai a cikin ɗakin karatu na laburare. Game da irin wannan gazawar, micronucleus yana a matsayin ajiyar abubuwa.
Takalmin Infusoria a karkashin microscope
Babban mahimmancin ciliates yana cikin siffar wake. Organananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na fata. Organoids yana ciliates takalma a bayyane bayyane a ƙarƙashin girma. Duk mafi sauki a tsawon sa bai wuce milimita 0.5 ba. Ga mafi sauki, wannan shine gigantism. Yawancin membobin aji ba su wuce milimita 0.1 a tsayi ba.
Gidajen mafi sauki
Gwarjinin labarin yana zaune ne a cikin tsarkakakkunan, rami na ruwa tare da ruwa mai tsafta da ɗimbin lalacewar kwayoyin halitta. Converge cikin dandani takalmin infusoria, amoeba. Suna buƙatar ruwa mai tsayayye, don kada su shawo kan abin da ke gudana, wanda kawai zai busa. M ruwa warms up zama dole domin ayyukan unicellular. Yawancin kwayoyin halitta da ke jujjuya kayan abinci sune tushen abinci.
Da jikewa na ruwa tare da ciliates, mutum na iya yin hukunci da matakin gurbata ruwan kandami, dattijai, dattawa. Yawancin takalmin, mafi yawan abubuwan gina jiki a gare su - lalata kwayoyin halitta. Sanin abubuwan da ke da sha'awar takalmin, ana iya bred a cikin akwatin kifaye na al'ada, banki. Ya isa ya sa hay a wurin kuma zuba ruwa kandami. Ciyawar ciyawa zata zama matsakaici mai lalacewa
Habitat ciliates takalma
Disin jinin da aka ƙone shi domin ruwan gishiri an tabbatar dashi lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin ƙananan gishirin gishiri. A ƙarƙashin karuwa ana ganin yadda unicellular tayi iyo. Idan protozoa gano tari na ƙwayoyin cuta, akasin haka, tafi zuwa gare su. Wannan ana kiransa rashin ƙarfi. Wannan kayan yana taimaka wa dabbobi su guji mummunan yanayi, don nemo abinci da sauran mutane dabam-dabam.
Abincin abinci na Infusoria
Abincin abinci na ciliates ya dogara da aji. Tsarin tsagewa yana ɗaukar alfarmar. Unicellular, m, tare da su, iyo. Abincin infusoria slippers an za'ayi ta hanyar narke jikin bangon wanda aka cuta. Fim din yana gyara matsayin wurin ganawa da alfarwansu. Da farko, wanda aka azabtar, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana aiwatar da tsari guda. Sauran alfarma "sun kusanci teburin da aka riga aka shimfiɗa."
Ciliary ciliates siffar takalma yana ciyarwa a kan sikelin mayukan salula, yana ɗaukar su da rami na baka. Daga can, abinci ya shiga cikin esophagus sannan kuma ya shiga cikin narkewa kamar ruwa. An daidaita shi akan doki "makogwaro", yana ɓoye shi daga kowane .an mintuna. Bayan haka, vacuole ya wuce ta agogon hannun agogo baya zuwa bayan ciliates.Yayin hanya, abubuwan cytoplasm suna amfani da abubuwan abinci masu amfani da abinci. An jefa ciyawa a cikin foda. Wannan rami yayi kama da na tsuliya.
Ciliates suna da cilia a cikin bakinsu. Hovering, suna haifar da kwarara. Yana ɗaukar barbashi na abinci a cikin rami na baka. Lokacin da narkewa kamar narkewa yake aiwatar da abinci, sabon Capsule zai fara aiki. Ita kuma ta shiga tare da makogwaro, tana karbar abinci. Tsarin aikin cyclical ne. A zazzabi mai gamsarwa ga ciliates, kuma wannan shine kimanin digiri 15 Celsius, ana yin sikelin narkewa kowane minti 2. Wannan yana nuni da darajar takalmin.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Infusoria takalma a cikin hoto na iya zama sau 2 fiye da misali. Wannan ba mafarki bane na gani. Batun shine fasalin haifuwa wanda ba'a bayyana shi ba. Akwai matakai iri biyu:
- Jima'i. A wannan yanayin, biyu ciliates ci a gefe saman. A kwasfa ta narke a nan. Ya juya gefen haɗin gada. Ta hanyar shi, ƙwayoyin suna canza nuclei. Manyan manya sukan narke gaba ɗaya, yayin da ƙananan ke rabe sau biyu. Uku daga cikin sakamakon nuclei. Sauran an sake raba su. Abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayar halitta guda biyu sun shiga kwayar makwabta. Abubuwa biyu kuma sun fito daga ciki. A cikin wani wuri na dindindin, ɗayansu yana canza zuwa babban ci gaba.
- Asexual. In ba haka ba ana nufin rarrabuwa. Maɗaukakan ciliates sun kasu kashi biyu. An rarraba tantanin halitta. Sai dai itace biyu. Kowane yana da cikakken saitin nuclei da kuma sauran sassan ƙwayoyin halitta. Basu rarrabu, rarrabu tsakanin sabbin sel da aka kafa. Kwayoyin da suka ɓace suna haɗuwa bayan an katse ƙwayoyin sel daga juna.
Kamar yadda kake gani, yayin haihuwa, yawan ciliates ya kasance iri ɗaya. Wannan ake kira conjugation. Akwai musayar bayanan kwayoyin kawai. Yawan sel ya kasance iri ɗaya ne, amma mafi sauƙin kansu a zahiri sababbi ne. Kwayar halittar jini ta sa ciliates mai yiwuwa ne. Sabili da haka, takalma suna zuwa haihuwa yayin jima'i a cikin mummunan yanayi.
Idan yanayi ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tofin silsila mara waya. Daga Girkanci wannan fassara an fassara shi da “kumfa”. Ciliates suna matsawa, suna zama mai sihiri kuma an rufe su da ƙarancin wuta. Yana kare jiki daga mummunan tasirin yanayin. Mafi sau da yawa, takalma suna wahala daga bushewa daga ruwa.
Sake bugun ciliates
Lokacin da yanayi ya zama mai dorewa, cysts kai tsaye. Ciliates sukeyi kamar yadda suka saba. A cikin mafitsara, ciliates na iya isa watanni da yawa. Jikin yana cikin wani irin yanayi na rashin kunya. Kasancewar takalmin da aka saba yi tsawon mako biyu. Ari, tantanin ya rarraba ko wadatar da tushen asalinsa.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa yana daidaita takalma
Wadannan halittun na microscopic galibi suna cikin motsi kamar-yadda suke, suna samun saurin kusan mil biyu da rabi a sakan na biyu, wanda ga irin waɗannan halittu masu sakaci shine sau 5-10 tsawon tsayin jikinsu.
Yunkurin ciliates carriedarfafa haske yana ƙarewa a gaba, yayin da yake yunƙurin juyawa da ƙashin kansa.
Takalma, da yake yadata cilia-kafafu kuma ya dawo dasu da kyau zuwa ga matsayinsu, yana aiki tare da irin wannan gungun motsi kamar mayuka a cikin jirgin ruwa. Haka kuma, adadin irin wannan jujjuyawar yana da yawan lokuta kusan sau dozin uku a sakan daya.
Amma ga gwal na ciki na takalmin, babban ƙwayar ciliates yana da haɗari a cikin metabolism, motsi, numfashi da abinci mai gina jiki, ƙaramin yana da alhakin tsarin haifuwa.
Ana aiwatar da numfashi na waɗannan halittu masu sauƙi kamar haka: oxygen shiga cikin cytoplasm ta hanyar haɗin jiki, inda, tare da taimakon wannan ƙwayar sunadarai, abubuwa masu narkewa suna canza abubuwa zuwa carbon dioxide, ruwa da sauran mahadi.
Kuma sakamakon waɗannan halayen, an samar da kuzari, wanda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke amfani dashi don rayuwarsa. Bayan haka, ana cire carbon dioxide mai cutarwa daga tantanin halitta ta saman farjinsa.
Feature ciliates takalma, a matsayin kwayar halittar dake tattare da halittar mahaifa, ya kunshi ikon wadannan kananan halittu don amsa yanayin waje: tasirin injiniyoyi da sunadarai, danshi, zafi da haske.
A bangare guda, suna kokarin komawa tara tarin kwayoyin cuta don aiwatar da rayuwarsu da abinci mai gina jiki, amma a daya bangaren, illolin dake tattare da wadannan kananan kwayoyin suna sa kwastomomi suyi ta biris da su.
Har ila yau, takalma suna amsa ruwan gishiri, daga abin da suke cikin sauri don yin ritaya, amma tare da nishaɗi suna motsawa zuwa zafi da haske, amma sabanin euglens, takalmin infusoria saboda haka bashi da hoto mai daukar hoto.
Habitat, tsari da motsi
Ciliates takalmin yana zaune a cikin rami mai ɗamara. Wannan dabbar da ba a suturta ta 0,5 mm tana da sihiri irin na jikinta, wacce take da matukar damuwa game da takalmi. Infusoria suna cikin motsawa koyaushe, suna iyo tare da ƙarewar ƙarshe mai haske. Saurin motsi na wannan dabba ya kai 2,5 mm a sakan na biyu. A saman jiki suna da kwayoyin motsa jiki - cilia. Akwai nuclei guda biyu a cikin sel: babban nucleus yana da alhakin abinci mai gina jiki, numfashi, motsi, metabolism, kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin tsakiya suna da hannu a cikin tsarin jima'i.
Tsarin ciliates
Jikin ciliates ya fi rikitarwa. Wani bakin murjani na bakin ciki wanda yake rufe silili daga waje yana riƙe da kullun sigar jikinta. Abubuwan da aka samar da ingantaccen kayan maye masu mahimmanci, waɗanda suke cikin cytoplasm Layer da ke kusa da membrane, suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan. Kimanin 15,00 oscillating cilia suna saman farjin jikin ciliates. A gindin kowane sililium ya ta'allaka a jikin mutum. Juyawar kowane cilia ta ƙunshi juzu'i mai ƙarfi a cikin shugabanci ɗaya da jinkirin, dawowa mai santsi zuwa matsayin sa na asali. Cilia yana canzawa sau 30 a sakan biyu kuma, kamar oars, tura ciliator gaba. Motsi-kamar motsi na cilia daidai yake. Lokacin da ciliates ke iyo, sannu a hankali yana jujjuyawa a gefen abin tsaye na jiki.
Bayyanar ciliates takalma
Saboda kamarsa zuwa tafin takalmin mata, wannan nau'in ciliates ya sami suna na biyu - "takalma". Siffar wannan kwayoyin halitta ba ta dawwama kuma ba ta canzawa tare da ci gaba ko wasu dalilai. Dukkanin jikin an lullube shi da kankanin cilia, kama da euglena flagella. Abin mamaki, akwai kusan dubu 10 na waɗannan cilia akan kowane ɗayan mutum! Tare da taimakonsu, tantanin yana motsawa cikin ruwa kuma yana kama abinci.
Takalmin infusoria, tsarin da ya shahara sosai daga litattafan ilimin halitta, ba bayyane yake ga ido tsirara ba. Ciliates sune ƙananan ƙananan kwayoyin halitta, amma tare da babban tara ana iya ganin su ba tare da na'urori masu girma ba. A cikin ruwa mai kauri, zasu yi kama da farin dige a tsaye.
Zabi
A jikin ciliates, takalmin fitsari ne guda biyu, wanda yake a gaba da na ƙarshen jikin sa. Suna tattara ruwa tare da narkar da abubuwa wanda aka kirkira lokacin hadawan abu da iskar shaka mai hade da wasu abubuwa. Bayan sun kai darajar iyakatacce, abubuwan kwantaragi kusa da saman jikin su, kuma abubuwanda ke ciki suna zubowa. A cikin dabbobin da ba a kera ruwa ta hanyar iska mai lalacewa, ana cire ruwa mai yawa, suna shiga jikinsu koyaushe.
Rashin Gaggawa
Ciliates, takalma suna tarawa don tara ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin martani ga aikin abubuwan da aka fito da su, amma sun sha ruwa daga irin wannan fushi kamar gishirin tebur.
Rashin haushi shine mallakar duk rayayyun halittu don amsawa game da ayyukan fushi - haske, zafi, danshi, sunadarai, matsi na inji. Saboda haushi, dabbobin da ba a sansu ba suna guje wa mummunan yanayin, samun abinci, mutane na shekararsu.
Sake bugun ciliates
Ciliates takalmin ya ninka ta hanyar rarraba. Kimanin sau ɗaya a rana, nuclei, babba da ƙarami, rarrabe a cikin fuskoki daban daban, mai shimfiɗa kuma ya rabu biyu. A cikin kowane sabon mutum, rami ɗaya da gwanayen aiki ɗaya ya wanzu. Na biyu an kafa shi a cikin 'yan awanni. Kowane ciliates tsarin takalmin daidai yake da mahaifa.
A cikin ciliates waɗanda aka halakar da rabuwa da yawa, ana lura da sabon abu kamar haihuwa. Mutane biyu suna da alaƙa da juna. A cikin babban kwayar halitta, fashewar nukiliya da musayar chromosome suna faruwa. Bayan kammala wannan cakuda tsarin hadadden hanyoyin, an cire ruwan ciliates. Yawan mutane daga wannan ba ya ƙaruwa, amma sun fi dacewa a canza yanayin waje.
Tsarin takalmi da ayyukan ciliates na takalmin bashi dogara da abubuwan waje. Duk takalmin suna iri ɗaya ne, suna da fasali iri ɗaya da girmansu ba tare da la'akari da yanayi ba. Hakanan mahimmancin ayyukan yana gudana bisa ga labari ɗaya. Yanayin zazzabi da haske ne kawai. Ciliates suna da matukar damuwa ga canje-canje a cikin haske. Kuna iya gudanar da karamin gwaji: duhu jirgin ruwan da ciliates yake zaune, yana barin karamin taga mai haske. A cikin 'yan sa'o'i biyu, ana jan kowane mutum zuwa wannan rami. Hakanan, yana tabbatar da tsinkaye da canji. Lokacin da ya faɗi ƙasa zuwa 15 ° C, takalmin ya daina ciyarwa kuma ya ninka, yana faɗuwa cikin wani irin motsi da aka dakatar.
Asexual
Infusoria yawanci suna haifuwa ne da biyun-kashi-kashi biyu. Kwayar halitta ta kasu kashi biyu, kuma a cikin kowane sabon ciliator akwai babba da karami daya. Kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyi biyu suna karɓar ɗayan ɓangarorin, yayin da sauran kuma aka sake yin su.
Jima'i
Tare da rashin abinci ko canji a zazzabi, ciliates suna motsawa zuwa haihuwar jima'i, sannan kuma zasu iya juyawa zuwa cyst.
Yayin aiwatar da jima'i, karuwar yawan mutane baya faruwa. Ciliates biyu suna haɗuwa da juna na ɗan lokaci. A yayin saduwa, da ɓarnar ta narke da wasu hanyoyin hade tsakanin dabbobi. Babban mahimmancin kowane ciliator ya ɓace. An rarraba ƙananan ƙananan sau biyu. A kowane ciliator, nuclei na 'ya mace guda hudu ana yin su. Uku daga cikinsu sun lalace, na huɗu kuma ya sake rarraba. A sakamakon haka, murjiyoyi biyu suka kasance cikin kowannensu. Canjin nuclei na faruwa tare da gadar cytoplasmic, kuma a can ta haɗu da sauran nucleus. Sabuwar kwayar halitta da aka kirkira ta haifar da babba da kananan nuclei, kuma ciliates na rarrabuwa. Wannan aikin jima'i ana kiransa conjugation. Yana wuce kimanin awanni 12. Tsarin jima'i yana haifar da sabuntawa, musayar tsakanin mutane da kuma sake rarraba kayan gado (gado), wanda ke kara mahimmancin kwayoyin.