Anthropoid birrai * Dabbobi masu shayarwa

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Gwanin giwayen sun hada da nau'ikan goma sha ɗaya daga iyalai uku: gibbon, pongid da hominid. Wasu iyalai suna da nau'in kawai. Orangutans da yawancin gibbons suna kan gab da ƙarewa. Dukkan jinsunan birrai an jera su a cikin International Red Book.

Juyin halitta biri

Yana yiwuwa mutane da birrai na Afirka suna da magabata gama gari. Manyan birai, kamar mutum na farko, sun sami damar amfani da kayan aiki masu sauki, alal misali, duwatsu da sandunansu, don samun abinci.

Manya da kananan birai

Don wasu dalilai, wasu masanan kimiyya ba sa haɗa gibbons cikin gungun apes. A yau, gibbon dangi yana cikin superfamily na anthropoids. Gibbons suna rayuwa ne gaba daya a cikin Asiya daga jihar Assam ta Indiya zuwa Indochina. A cikin wasu nau'in, maza da mata suna da launuka daban-daban. Mayafin maza na mazaunin hulok gibbon, gibbon monochromatic da Kloss gibbon ya zama mai launin baki, yayin da mata da anda cuban su ke rufe da launin ruwan kasa ko gashi mai kauri. Manyan birrai a Asiya suna wakilta ne kawai daga orangutan, wanda iyakarta ke da iyaka da gandunan Kalimantan da Sumatra. Ana samun Chimpanzees, chimpanzees da gorillas a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka. Duk manyan birrai suna kwana a biranen da aka gina akan bishiyoyi, kuma gorillas kawai suke kwance a ƙasa.

Gibbons suna da gindi akan gado, saboda haka zasu iya yin bacci yayin da suke zaune a kan rassan bishiya mai kauri. Apayoyin Anthropoid ba tare da irin wannan kiran ba suna barci a cikin gida wanda ke tare da ganye. Babban birrai suna rayuwa tsawon lokaci: gibbons - kimanin shekaru 25, manyan nau'ikan - har zuwa shekaru 50.

Hanyoyin Motsa birai

Smallestaramin wakilai na rukuni na anthropoid birrai - gibbons - wanda adadinsu ya kai kilo 8. Da sauƙi mai sauƙi, suna tsalle-tsalle cikin rassan bishiyoyi. A lokacin motsi rike da rassan kawai da hannayensu. Yin yawo kamar pendulum, za su iya tsalle zuwa mita goma. Bike, birai suna haɓaka saurin kimanin kilomita 16 a cikin awa daya. A rataye wani reshe a hannu daya kuma yana birgima, gibbons din sunci gaba, suna amfani da paws guda biyu lokacin sauka. Suna da haɗin gwiwar hannu mai motsi sosai, suna yin sauƙaƙe 360 °. Yawancin anthropoids suna hawa bishiyoyi da kyau, suna zaɓan layuka masu kauri waɗanda ke tallafawa nauyin jikin mutum. Orangutans suna rarraba nauyinsu akan duk wata gabar jiki guda huɗu, basa tsalle. Dwarf chimpanzees, ko bonobos, a kambi na bishiyoyi suna yin dabi'ar acrobats na gaske. Duk birrai suna da dogon hannu da kafafunsu na gajere. Yawancinsu suna motsawa a ƙasa akan dukkan hudun. Gorillas da chimpanzees, da bonobos, suna tafe ne da yatsun kafafunsu, yayin da manoman Ingilar suke dogara da dunkulensu.

Sauti da biri

Gibbon mafi girma - siamang - yana da jakar makogwaron da zata iya yin taɓo. Jaka mai launin fata yana ɗaukar rawar resonator wanda yake haɓaka sauti. Yawancin lokaci biri yayi sautuna masu kama da haushi. Abokan garken guda ɗaya a cikin yankin suma suna sadarwa tare da taimakon siginar sauti, yayin da mata suka fi ƙarfin aiki - sautinsu na farko mai farauta a hankali yana raguwa har sai sun sami kwanciyar hankali, sannan birai suka fara sake tattaunawa. A bayyane yake, kukan yana taimakawa gaɓar teku ba kawai don nuna iyakokin ƙasa ba, har ma wani ɓangare ne na tsarin sadarwa mai wahala.Wannan mazan Mangutans suna da jaka masu saurin jujjuya fuskokinsu. Za a iya jiyo ta nesa da kilomita ɗaya. Gorilla namiji, yana jin haɗari, ya hau zuwa ga ƙafar gabansa, ya bugi hannayensa a kirji yana ihu: "na yanzu-na yanzu-na yanzu". Ana kiran wannan halayen zanga-zanga. Chimpanzees da pygmy chimpanzees (bonobos) suna tattaunawa da juna ta hanyar kuka, kuka, cizo, da zubarwa. Alamar haɗarin chimpanzee wata murya ce mai sokin sauti da za'a iya jin ta nisan nesa.

Apes na abinci

Gorillas suna ciyar da ganye, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, haushi, namomin kaza, buds da harbe. Ofaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙasashe, ƙananan gorilla da ke zaune a Yammacin Afirka, suna cin kwari da lardinsu. Gibbons shine yafi ciyar da 'ya'yan itaciya. Orangutans suna cin 'ya'yan itace, ganye, kwari, da ƙwai tsuntsu. Chimpanzees birai ne masu omani. Tushen abincinsu 'ya'yan itace ne, ganyayyaki da kuma tsaba, amma iman chhunfanze suna da sha'awar cin tururuwa, ƙuruciya, larvae da ƙwai tsuntsu. Wani lokaci sukan lalata kudan zuma kamar cin larvae da zuma. Chimpanzees suna cin ganyayyaki a kan tsalle-tsalle, kwari da aladu na daji. Sukan fasa kwayoyi da duwatsu.

Kiwo

Anthropoids suna shiga cikin balaga. Gibbons farawa yana da shekaru 6-7. Matar chimpanzee ta haifi ɗanta na fari tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 9. Maza manya manyan kwayoyi anthropoid sun isa lokacin balaga - daga shekaru 7-8. Matan gidan chimpanzees suna tare da maza daban daga garken. A cikin gorillas, jagoran garken ne kawai ke da hakkin ya aureta da duka mace. Orangutans suna zaune shi kaɗai, saboda haka mata ma'aurata tare da namiji da za su sadu yayin lokacin kiwo. Cutar ciki tana kimanin watanni 7 a cikin gibbons kuma watanni 9 a cikin gorillas. Mace na haihuwar cubaya ,aya, tagwaye ba sa haihuwa. Gibbons suna ciyar da madara cubs tsawon watanni, birai mafi girma - tsayi.

Jariri chimpanzee yakan shayar da madara uwa tsawon shekaru 4, sannan ya zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa na wani lokaci mai tsawo, wanda ke ɗaukar dogon nisan sa a bayan sa. Mata suna haihuwar cuban gibbons galibi a cikin shekaru 2, gorillas a kowace shekara 2-3, da kuma kebantattun abubuwa masu tsawon shekaru 5-6. Cubayan rago a cikin garken gorillas yana jin ƙoshin lafiya, tunda duk membobin garken sun kare shi daga maƙiyan.

Asirin birai .. Barin rata. Bidiyo (00:51:42)

Chimpanzees sune mafi kusantar dangi. Halinsu ya fi na mutane yadda kuke tsammani. Abu daya ya raba mu: al'ada. Amma wannan shine nasarar ɗan adam? Gwajin ilimin kimiyya a cikin daji zai taimaka wajen sanin ko chimpanzees suna iya mallakan wasu dabarun mutane da yin kayan aikin, wanda shine farkon al'adar.

MUNA BUKATAR RUWAN MU

Birai mafi hikima, yawancin birrai masu tasowa suna da aminci. Akwai nau'ikan 4: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees da pygmy chimpanzees, ko bonobos. Chimpanzees da bonobos suna da kama da juna sosai, sauran jinsunan biyu kuma gaba daya ba kamar su chimpanzees ko juna ba. Amma, duk da haka, dukkanin birran anthropoid suna da yawa a hade. Wadannan birai ba su da wutsiya, tsarin hannaye ya yi kama da na mutum, girman kwakwalwa yana da girma sosai, yanayinsa yana hade da furzar da kebantattu, wanda ke nuna babban hikimar wadannan dabbobi. A cikin birran anthropoid, kamar yadda yake a cikin mutane, rukuni na jini 4, da jini na jini na bonobo har ma ana iya ba da shi ga mutum tare da ƙungiyar jini - wannan yana nuna alaƙar “jinin” su da mutane.

Dukkan jinsunan chimpanzee da gorilla suna zaune ne a Afirka, nahiyar ta dauki matsayin 'yan adam, kuma orangutan, dangi mafi kusa tsakanin birrai, suna zaune ne a Asiya.

LITTAFIN KYAUTA NA CHIMPANZE

Chimpanzees suna zaune cikin gungun mutane kimanin 20. Rukunin, wanda jagora namiji ya jagoranta, ya hada da maza da mata na kowane zamani. Wani gungun chimpanzees yana zaune a cikin ƙasa, wanda maza ke kare kariya daga mamaye maƙwabta.

A wuraren da akwai wadataccen abinci, chimpanzees suna jagorancin yanayin rayuwa, amma idan babu isasshen abinci, suna ƙaura suna neman abinci. Yana faruwa cewa sararin samaniya na ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna ma'amala, to, sai su haɗa ɗan lokaci kaɗan, kuma a cikin duk takaddama akwai fa'idar kungiyar da ake da akwai maza da yawa kuma don haka ta fi karfi. Chimpanzees baya yin ma'aurata na dindindin, kuma dukkan mazan mazan suna da 'yancin zabar budurwa daga cikin manyan mata, da na kawunansu da na makwabta, da suka kasance cikin rukuni.

Bayan an yi wata 8, mace ta haihuwar cubaƙwalwa ta haifi ɗa guda ɗaya. Har zuwa shekara guda, mahaifiyar tana dauke da jaririn a cikin mahaifarta, sannan jaririn ya yi yankan ya koma ciki baya. Shekaru 9, uwa da yaro kusan ba zasu iya rabuwa ba. Iyaye mata suna koyar da yaransu duk abinda zasuyi, gabatar dasu ga sauran kasashen duniya da sauran membobin kungiyar. Wani lokaci ana aika jariran da suka girma zuwa “kindergarten”, inda sukanyi rikici da takwarorinsu a ƙarƙashin kulawa da mata da yawa. Lokacin da shekaru 13, chimpanzees suka zama manya, membobin kungiyar masu zaman kansu, sannu-sannu maza suka shiga cikin gwagwarmayar jagoranci.

Chimpanzees dabbobi ne masu yawan zafin rai. Jayayya a cikin ƙungiyar sau da yawa yakan zama yaƙe-yaƙe na jini, wani lokacin m. Da yawa daga cikin alamomi, fuskokin fuskoki da sautuna, tare da taimakon abin da suke nuna rashin gamsuwarsu ko yardarsu, suna taimakawa danganta dangantaka da birai. Jin zuciyar da biri ke nunawa, suna shafawa juna gashi.

Chimpanzees suna samun abinci duka a ƙasa da kan bishiyoyi, ko'ina suna jin ƙarfin zuciya. Baya ga abincin shuka, an hada kwari da ƙananan dabbobi a cikin abincinsu. Haka kuma, birai dake fama da yunwa a matsayin al'umma baki daya na iya zuwa farauta su samu, alal misali, 'yar iska.

KYAU kansa da fasaha

Yayin farauta, birai suna da ikon jefa dutse a abin da suka farauta; ƙanƙara ta dutse tana jiran maƙiyin, kamar damisa, wanda ya yi yunƙurin farauta. Domin kada ya jika lokacin da suke ƙetara rafin, chimpanzees na iya yin gada daga sanduna, suna amfani da ganyayyaki kamar laima, tsalle-tsalle, magoya baya har ma da takarda bayan gida.

MUTANE KO KYAUTA MA'ANA?

Abu ne mai sauki ka ji tunanin mutumin da ya fara ganin gorilla a cikin daji - giant ɗin gizaniya wanda ke tsoratar da baƙon tare da ƙara mai tsawa, ya buga kansa a kirji tare da dunkulewar, ya fashe da hawaye. Irin waɗannan tarurruka tare da dodannin daji sun haifar da tatsuniyoyi game da wutar jahannama, waɗanda ƙarfin mutum ya haifar da babban haɗari ga ɗan adam. Samuwar waɗannan almara ne ya haifar da rushewar gorilla. Ba a san abin da tsoro da rashin sani na ɗan adam zai kai su ba idan masana kimiyya ba su karɓi kariyar waɗannan manyan birai ba, wanda a lokacin ba su san komai ba.

Ya juya ga cewa "babbar" mashigar 'yan' dabbobin 'yan zaman lumana ne wadanda suke cin abinci iri-iri, bugu da kari, basa kusa da zafin rai kuma suna amfani da karfinsu ne kawai don kare kansu. Don hana zubar da jini, gorilla na maza suna ƙoƙarin tsoratar da abokan gaba - shin wani namiji ne ko na ɗan adam. Sannan duk hanyoyin tsoro na zuwa kamar wasa: kururuwa, hargowa, bugun kansa a kirji da gutsuttura rassan.

Gorillas suna zaune a cikin ƙananan rukunoni, yawanci 5-10 dabbobi kowane ɗayansu, ciki har da maza 1-2 matasa, mata da yawa tare da 'yanmata shekaru daban-daban, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar shine babban mazan, wanda ke da sauƙin rarrabe ta gashin-mai launin toka a baya. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, namiji a cikin gorilla ya kai lokacin balaga, kuma, maimakon gashin baki, wani haske yana fitowa a bayan sa. Namiji babba yana da girma: tare da girmansa game da cm cm, zai iya yin awo har zuwa kilogiram 300. Estan maza maza na fari da aka samu na azurfa ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar, kula da duk mambobinta ya rataya a wuyansa. Jagoran ya ba da sigina don farkawa safe da kuma barci da yamma, ya zaɓi hanya a cikin gandun daji wanda duk rukunin zai bi don neman abinci, da kiyaye tsari da zaman lafiya a cikin iyali. Yakan kare gabobinsa daga duk hatsarorin da ke dajin gandun daji.

In matasa a cikin rukuni suna girma daga mata - uwayensu. Amma, idan ba zato ba tsammani yaran sun zama marayu, shi ne sarki mai goyon bayan azurfa wanda zai dauke su a karkashin kariyar sa, zai sa shi a kansa, ya kwana kusa da su kuma ya kalli wasanninsu. Ta kare cuban sandar, jagoran zai iya shiga cikin duel tare da damisa har ma tare da masu ba da agaji.

Sau da yawa, kama ɗan gorilla yana da daraja ba kawai rayuwar mahaifiyarsa ba, har ma da rayuwar shugaban ƙungiyar. Mace shugaba kuma an hana shi kariya da kariya, mata masu rauni da kananan dabbobi zasu iya mutuwa idan wasu mazan guda basu kula da gidan marayu.

KYAU MUTANE NE

Ayyukan gorillas abubuwa ne da ke matukar birge mutum. Lokacin fitowar rana, a siginar jagora, duk rukunin suka farka suka fara neman abinci. Bayan abincin rana, dangi ya huta, yana narke abin da suke ci. Youngan samari suna bacci a cikin nisa, witha cuba tare da 'ya' yansu suna kusa da shugaba, matasa matasa na kusa da su - kowannensu yana da matsayin kansa. A dare, gorillas suna gina gida-gadaje daga rassa da ganyayyaki. Nests yawanci suna a ƙasa. Animalswararrun dabbobi masu sauƙi ne kawai zasu iya hawa ƙasa akan bishiya suyi gado a can.

Cubs suna jin daɗin ƙauna ta musamman a cikin dangi. Yara suna yawancin lokaci tare da mahaifiyarsu, amma rukunin gaba daya suna cikin tarbiyyar su, kuma manya sun yi haƙuri da shirin samari. Gorillas yayi girma a hankali, sau biyu kawai yana sauri kamar 'yan adam. Jariri cikakkiya ba su da taimako kuma suna buƙatar kulawa ta mahaifa, sai bayan watanni 4-5 za su iya motsawa a ƙafa huɗu, kuma ta takwas - yin madaidaiciya. Growingarin girma yana da sauri, kewaye da dangi, matasa gorillas da sauri koya komai. Lokacin da shekaru 7, mata suka zama manya manya, maza sun balaga da shekaru 10-12, kuma a 14 bayansu ya zama azurfa. Namijin da ke da goyon baya na azurfa galibi suna barin ƙungiyar kuma suna zaune shi kaɗai na dogon lokaci har sai ya sami damar ƙirƙirar sabon iyali.

MAI GIRMA - MAN

Girma da iko gorillas suna da abokan gaba a yanayi. Hatta mafi girma da tsinkayen gandun daji na Afirka, damisa, da wuya a sami damar kaiwa hari gorilla. Amma, kamar kowane dabbobi, giantsan wasan gandun daji ba su da ƙarfi a kan tarko, tarko da bindigogin masu farauta, waɗanda ke samar da fora foran foran wasa ga masu siyar da kayan raye-raye, kwanyar kai da hannayen mazan manya ga masu son kayan gargajiya da nama ga gourmets, masu son abincin Afirka. Kuma dukda cewa ana daukar tsauraran matakai don kare waɗannan dabbobin da ba kasafai ake ci gaba da kashe su ba, ana ci gaba da kashe gorillas, saboda a wasu lokutan harkar kiwo shine kawai hanyar samun kudin shiga ga jama'ar yankin.

"DUK MUTANE"

“Orangutan” - wanda aka fassara daga Malay - yana nufin “mutumin gandun daji”. Wannan sunan babban birrai da ke zaune a cikin kurmin tsibirin na Kalimantan da Sumatra. Orangutans halittu ne masu ban mamaki kuma sun sha bamban da sauran manyan birrai. Da fari dai, mayunda suna haifar da rayuwa mai kama da itace kuma, duk da yawan nauyinsu (70-100 kg), hawa bishiyoyi daidai har zuwa 20 m kuma basa son zuwa kasa. A bayyane yake cewa irin waɗannan dabbobi masu nauyi ba za su iya tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe ba, amma sun sami damar hawa cikin ƙarfin zuciya da sauri. Orangutans suna ciyar da kusan kullun, suna cin 'ya'yan itace da ganye, da ƙwai tsuntsu da kajin. Da yamma, 'ya'yan lemo sun gina gida inda kowannensu nasa yake, sai su sauka a wannan daren. Suna barci, suna manne da ɗayan reshe don reshe, don kada su faɗi cikin mafarki. Kowane dare, waɗannan birai suna zaune a wani sabon wuri kuma suna sake kwanciya. Ba kamar gorillas da chimpanzees ba, orangutans da wuya su zama ƙungiyoyi, sun fi son su zauna su kaɗai ko a cikin nau'i-nau'i (mace - namiji, uwa - cubasan), amma wani lokacin kamar wasu dabbobi manya da kuma wasu shekaru da yawa suna yin gungun iyali.

Uwargidan macen ta haifi ɗa guda ɗaya, wanda mahaifiyar ke kulawa da ita kusan shekaru 7, har sai ya zama cikakkiyar girma.Har zuwa shekaru 3, karamin orangutan yana ciyar da madara tare da madara uwar, kawai sai mahaifiyar ta fara farashi dashi cikin abinci mai tsauri. Tafiyar ganye, ta kan sanya wa 'ya'yanta kayan lambu. Ana shirya jariri don tsufa, mahaifiyar ta koya masa hau dutsen bishiyoyi da gina ciyayi. Oranan Orangutans suna da matukar ƙauna da wasa, kuma dukkan matakan ilmantarwa suna ɗaukarsu azaman wasan nishaɗi. Orangutans suna da hankali sosai, a zaman talala sun koya yin amfani da kayan aiki har ma suna yin su da kansu. Amma a dabi'a, waɗannan birai da wuya suna amfani da ikonsu: Binciken abinci na yau da kullun baya barin su lokaci don haɓaka ma'anar halitta.

Orangutans dabbobi ne masu rarrabewa, kamar gorillas da chimpanzees, suna wahala daga kashe-kashen daji da kuma lalata bishiyoyi. A cikin daji, babu sama da 5000 daga cikin waɗannan kyawawan halaye, kyawawan halaye da marasa lahani. Orangutans dabbobi ne masu sirri, wanda ke sa wahalar yin nazarin rayuwarsu a cikin yanayin halitta, don haka suke kasancewa mafi tsananin karancin biyun.

Orangutans suna daɗewa a cikin tsirrai. A cikin bauta, suna rayuwa har kusan shekaru 60, yayin da rayuwar gorilla ke cika shekaru 50, kuma cimpanzees yan shekara 40 ne.

Rayuwar zamantakewa ta Chimpanzee

Chimpanzees suna rayuwa, a matsayin mai mulki, cikin kungiyoyi, matsakaita na mutane 15-20. Rukunin, wanda jagora namiji ya jagoranta, ya hada da mata, maza na kowane zamani. Imungiyoyin Chimpanzee sun mamaye yankin, wanda maza kansu ke kiyayewa daga mamayar maƙwabta.

A wuraren da abinci ya wadatar don wurin zama mai gamsarwa, chimpanzees suna haifar da yanayin rayuwa. Koyaya, idan babu isasshen abinci don ƙungiyar duka, to sai suyi ta yawo a cikin neman abinci a kan nesa mai nisa. Yana faruwa cewa ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi da yawa suka shiga tsakani. A wannan yanayin, suna haɗuwa na ɗan lokaci. Abin sha'awa, a cikin duk rikice-rikice, an ba da damar ga rukunin da ya ƙunshi ƙarin maza kuma don haka ya fi karfi. Iyalin dindindin ba sa kirkirar chimpanzees. Wannan yana nufin duk wani namiji namiji yana da 'yancin zaɓar wani budurwa daga budurwa mace, duka biyun nasa, don haka suka shiga gungun.

Bayan tsawon watanni 8, mace chimpanzee tana haihuwar cubayarta mai rauni sosai. Har zuwa shekara guda na rayuwa, mace tana dauke da jaririnta a cikin mahaifarta, bayan haka jaririn ya zama yana canzawa zuwa bayansa. Duk tsawon shekaru 9-9.5, mace da cuban rago ba su taɓa rabuwa ba. Mahaifiyarsa tana koyar da duk abin da za ta iya yi, ta nuna masa duniyar da ke kewaye da ita da sauran membobin ƙungiyar. Akwai wasu lokuta da akan baiwa matasa '' kindergarten ''. a can suke yin katsalandan tare da takwarorina a ƙarƙashin kulawa da yawancin manya, yawanci mata ne. Lokacin da jariri ya cika shekaru 13, chimpanzee ya girma har ya fara girma kuma zai fara zama 'yan kungiyar masu zaman kansu. A lokaci guda, samari maza sun fara shiga gwagwarmayar jagoranci,

Chimpanzees dabbobi ne masu yawan zafin rai.. Rikice-rikice yakan faru ne a cikin gungun da ke juya har ma da yaƙin jini, wanda yawanci yakan mutu. Fuskokin fuskoki da yawa, kyakyawar magana da sauti, wanda suke tabbatar da yardarsu, ya sanya yakamata a kulla alaƙar juna a cikin birrai. Dabbobin da ke da aminci, waɗannan dabbobin suna bayyana ta hanyar zana ulu daga juna.

Chimpanzees suna samun abincin su duka a kan bishiyoyi da kuma a ƙasa, duka can kuma can, suna jin kansu a wurinsu. Abincin nasu ya hada da:

shuka abinci
kwari
kananan dabbobi.

Bugu da kari, chimpanzees mai fama da yunwa gaba daya ya na iya zuwa farauta ya kama, alal misali, kwazazzabo don abinci.

Hannun masu fasaha da kuma kai mai hankali

Chimpanzees suna da wayo sosai, sun sami damar yin amfani da kayan aikin, kuma da gangan zaɓi kayan aikin da yafi dacewa. Su ma suna iya haɓaka shi. Misali, don shiga tururuwa, biri mai humanoid yayi amfani da duri: sai ya zabi sandar da ta dace dashi kuma ya inganta ta, yana yankar ganye akan sa. Ko, misali, yi amfani da sanda don buga ɗan tayi mai saurin girma. Ko kuma bugawa abokin hamayyarta a yayin yaƙin.

Don karya goro, wani biri ya sanya shi a kan wani dutse da aka zaɓa musamman domin wannan, sai ya karya harsashi da wani dutse mai kaifi.

Don ƙishir da ƙishirwa, chimpanzee yana amfani da babbar takarda kuma yana amfani dashi kamar diba. Ko kuma ya yi soso daga takardar da aka riga aka gauraya shi, ya juye shi a cikin wani rafi ya matse ruwa a bakinsa.

Lokacin farauta, biri biriyoyi na iya jingina da kisa, ƙanƙararen mayukan dutse shima zai iya tsammanin magabaci, alal misali, damisa, wanda yayi yunƙurin buɗe farautar waɗannan dabbobin.

Domin kada ya jika lokacin da yake haye kan tafkin, chimpanzees sun sami damar gina gada daga sandunansu, kuma zasuyi amfani da ganyayyaki azaman laima, tashi mai kauri, fan da kuma takarda bayan gida.

Kyawawan Kattai ko dodanni?

Abu ne mai sauki mutum yayi tunanin tunanin mutumin da ya fara hango wani gorilla a gabansa - wani katon mutum, mai baƙon tsoro mai ban tsoro, mai harbi da bugun kirji a kirji, gutsure da tona bishiyoyin matasa da tushensa. wanda ƙarfin mutumtaka yana ɗaukar haɗarin mutum, in ba don ɗan adam ba, to don ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.

Abin takaici, wannan ba ƙari bane. Irin wadannan tatsuniyoyin, wadanda suka turawa jama'a hankali cewa wadannan halittu masu kama da mutane sun fara zama mara fahimta a wani lokaci, ya haifar da rashin tsari, tsoro gorilla. An yi barazanar lalata jinsunan gaba daya, idan ba don ma'aikata da kokarin masana kimiyyar da suka dauki kariyar wadannan kattarorin ba, wanda a wadancan shekarun mutane kusan basu san komai ba.

Kamar yadda ya juya, da alama wadannan dodanni na gurguzu su ne wuraren zaman lafiyawadanda suke cin abinci kawai. Bayan haka kusan basu da taurin kaiamma nuna ƙarfinsu har ma fiye da haka don amfani da shi kawai lokacin da akwai haɗari na ainihi kuma idan wani ya zo yankin su.

Haka kuma, don guje wa zubar da jini wanda ba dole ba, gorillas suna ƙoƙarin tsoratar da masu laifi, ba shi da mahimmanci - ɗayan namiji ne, mai mulkin wata nau'in dabam ko na mutum. Sannan duk hanyoyin da za a iya haifar da firgita sun shiga wasa:

yi kuwwa
kururuwa
nutsar da kanka a cikin kirji da dunkule,
rushe bishiyoyi da sauransu.

Fasali na rayuwar gorilla

Gorillas, kamar chimpanzees, suna zaune a cikin ƙananan rukuni, amma adadinsu yawanci ƙasa ne - 5-10 mutane. Daga cikin su yawanci shine shugaban kungiyar - babba, namiji, mata da yawa wadanda ke da shekaru daban-daban da kuma yara maza 1-2. Jagora yana da sauki a gane: a bayansa akwai riga mai launin shuɗi.

Lokacin da ya kai shekaru 14, gorilla namiji ya zama ya manyanta ta hanyar jima'i, kuma maimakon baƙar fata, uffan haske yana fitowa a bayan sa.

Namijin da ya riga ya rayu yana da girma: yana da girman 180 cm kuma wasu lokuta yana nauyin kilogram 300. Ofaya daga cikin mazan Azabar-fari shine babba, kuma ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar. A kafadarsa mai iko shine kulawar dukkan yan uwa.

Babban namiji a cikin rukunin yana ba da sigina don farkawa lokacin fitowar rana, kuma don yin bacci a faɗuwar rana, ya zaɓi hanyar a cikin itacen ɓoye, wanda sauran rukunin zasu shiga neman abinci, tsara tsari da zaman lafiya a cikin ƙungiyar. Ya kuma kare duka daga abubuwan da ke tattare da hadari, wadanda suke da yawa a cikin dajin.

Generationaramin saurayi a cikin rukuni shine mahaifiyarsu ta haife su. Koyaya, idan jariri ba zato ba tsammani, to shi ne shugaban jakar wanda zai dauke su a karkashin reshensa. Zai ɗauke su a bayansa, kusa da su su yi barci kuma ya tabbata cewa wasannin ba haɗari ba ne.

Lokacin kare cuba orphanan marayu, jagora yana iya tafiya da dabbar da damisa ko ma tare da mutum mai makamai.

Sau da yawa, kama ɗan gorilla yana faruwa ba kawai mutuwar mahaifiyarsa ba, har ma da mutuwar shugaban ƙungiyar. Sauran mambobin kungiyar, an hana su kariya da kulawa, kananan dabbobi da mata marasa taimako, suma suna tsaye a bakin abyss, idan daya daga cikin maza daya bai dauki alhakin iyayen marayu ba.

Orangutan: fasali na rayuwa

An fassara “Orangutan” daga Malay a matsayin “mutumin dajin”. Wannan sunan yana nufin manyan birrai da ke rayuwa a cikin kurmi a tsibirin Sumatra da Kalimantan. Orangutans suna daya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki a doron kasa.Ya sha bamban da sauran manyan birrai.

Orangutans suna arboreal. Kodayake nauyinsu yana da mahimmanci sosai, kilogiram 65-100, suna hawa bishiyoyi da ban mamaki har ma da tsayi daga sama zuwa 15-20. Sun fi son kar su faɗi ƙasa.

Tabbas, saboda tsananin jikin, ba za su iya tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe ba, amma a lokaci guda sun iya yin karfin gwiwa da hawa kan bishiyoyi cikin hikima da wayo.

Orangutans suna cin kusan a kusa da agogo, suna cin abinci

A maraice, 'ya'yan itace sun gina gidajensuKuma kowannensu yana da nasa, inda suke kwana a daren. Suna bacci, suna riƙe ɗayan pawson a reshe, don kada su faɗi cikin mafarki.

Kowane dare, 'ya'yan lemu sun zauna a wani sabon wuri, wanda suke sake gina "gado" wa kansu.Wadannan dabbobin basu da wata kungiya, fifita rayuwa guda ko rayuwa a cikin nau'i-nau'i (uwa - cuba ,an, mace - namiji), kodayake akwai lokuta lokacin da ma'aurata da manya da dama na shekaru daban-daban ke haifar kusan iyali.

A cikin macen waɗannan dabbobi, an haife ɗan 1. Iya tana kulawa da shi kusan shekara 7, har sai ya girma har ya isa rayuwa mai 'yanci.

Har zuwa shekaru 3, cubanyen oran na ciyar da nono kawai, kuma bayan wannan lokacin mahaifiyar ta fara bashi abinci mai kauri. Ta na dafa masa ganye, ta haka ke sa masa kayan lambu.

Tana shirya jariri don tsufa, suna koya masa hau dutsen bishi kuma ya hura gida don bacci. Yaran Orangutan suna da wasa sosai kuma suna da kauna, kuma suna tsinkayar da duk tsarin karatun da horo a matsayin wasan nishadi.

Orangutans dabbobi ne masu saurin kisa. A cikin zaman talala, suna koyon amfani da kayan aiki kuma har ma suna iya keɓance su da kansu. Amma a cikin yanayin rayuwa na kyauta, waɗannan biranen anthropoid da wuya suyi amfani da damar su: binciken da ake ci gaba da neman abinci ba ya basu lokacin haɓaka hankalinsu na halitta.

Bonobo

Bonobo, ko pygmy chimpanzee - danginmu na kusa

Mutane kalilan ne suka san da wanzuwar danginmu na kusa - bonobo. Kodayake tsarin kwayoyin halittar dake hade da cimpanzees ya zo daidai da tsarin halittar mutum kamar yadda kashi 98%! Har ila yau, suna da kusanci da mu a cikin mahimmancin halin ɗabi'a da tausayawa.

Suna zaune ne a Afirka ta Tsakiya, a arewa maso gabas da arewa maso yamma na Kongo. Basu taba barin rassan bishiyoyi ba, kuma suna tawaya sosai da ƙasa.

Abubuwan halayyar halayen halayen wannan nau'in - farauta na haɗin gwiwa. Zasu iya gwabza fada a tsakanin su, sannan aka bayyanar da ikon siyasa siyasa.

Bonobo ba shi da harshen alamadon haka halayyar wasu halittu. Suna ba da juna da alamomin murya kuma suna da bambanci sosai da alamu na nau'in chimpanzee na biyu.

Muryar Bonobo ta ƙunshi sauti mai kaifi, mai kaifi da raɗaɗi. Don farauta, suna amfani da abubuwa masu mahimmanci na yau da kullun: duwatsun, sandunansu. A cikin bauta, hankalinsu yana samun damar haɓaka da tabbatar da kansu a can, a cikin mallakar abubuwa da ƙirƙirar sababbi, sai su zama majiɓinci na ainihi.

Bonobos bashi da shugaba, kamar sauran wakilan magabata. Wani fasali mai nuna halayen pygmy chimpanzees shine a shugaban kungiyarsu ko kuma dukkan al'umma mace ce.

Mata suna riƙe da ƙungiyoyi. Hakanan sun haɗu da cuba andan da matasa har zuwa shekaru 6. Maza suna kiyayewa, amma ba da nisa ba.

Abin ban sha'awa ne cewa kusan dukkanin fashewar fashewa a cikin Bonobos ana maye gurbinsu da abubuwan halayen halayen maza.

Hujjar cewa mace ta rinjayi a cikinsu ta bayyana ta hanyar masana kimiyya a cikin gwajin yayin da aka hada su da gungun birai na jinsunan biyu. A cikin kungiyoyin bonobo, mata sune farkon fara cin abinci. Idan namiji bai yarda ba, to, mace ta hada hannu, ta fitar da namiji. Babu ɗan huɗiya yayin cin abinci, amma koyaushe akwai canjin abinci kafin cin abinci.