Tsarin rayuwa. A ƙarshen hunturu - farkon lokacin bazara, tun kafin farkon zafi, ya zauna cikin mahaifa ya fara ƙwai - ɗaya a ƙasan kowace sel. Bayan kimanin kwanaki uku, ƙyamar larvae daga ƙwai na farko, kuma mutane masu aiki suna fara ciyar da larvae. Suna kawo musu abinci cikin ƙananan allurai kuma suna wucewa ta “ta bakin magana”, wanda ke sa ƙudan zuma zuma ya sha bamban da nau'in halittun da ba su da tushe ba, waɗanda ke rufe ƙwaiyensu a sel tare da tanadin duk lokacin ci gaban.
Tododin brood na kudan zuma ya kasance a bude. Ana ciyar da tsutsa na ƙudan zuma tare da madara kudan zuma na kimanin kwana biyu - asirin glandon na musamman na ƙudan zuma masu aiki (tabbas a cikin kawunansu), sannan kuma “gurasar kudan zuma” - biredi na kudan zuma - cakuda pollen tare da zuma ko ƙoshin nectar. Bayan kamar kwana shida, ta kammala ci gabanta, kuma an rufe kwayar ta da kakin zuma, a ciki ta zub da koko da ɗalibai. A matakin dalibi, farin tsutsotsi marasa lahani na tafiya da manyan canje-canje ba wai kawai a bayyanar ba har ma a cikin tsarinta na ciki, da juya zuwa kudan zuma manya (imago) tare da fuka-fuki da kafafu, suna ba da tsokoki da jijiyoyin jiki. Nan da nan gabanin ɗalibi, da na tsakiya da na gaba ɓangarorin hanjinsu an haɗa su da farko, kuma kayan sharar da suka tara cikin rayuwar rayuwar lardin an cire su daga jiki. Yaro daga mai aikin ya fito daga pupa bayan kimanin kwanaki 12. Idan wannan ya faru a farkon lokacin bazara, yana farawa a ƙarshen ganyayen fure na bazara, kuma dangi yana da tabbacin abinci don duk lokacin aikin.
Kowane mai aiki yana canza ayyukansa ta wasu jerin, an tsara shi ta tsawon rayuwarsa kuma juzu'in bukatun mai mulkin. Da farko, kimanin sati biyu kenan, kudan zuma ke taka rawar da wata ma'aikaciyar jinya take, a lokaci guda tsaftace hive da yin wasu "ayyukan gida". Kowane tsutsa an dage farawa da ɗarurrukan abinci ɗari da yawa kowace rana, a rana ta ƙarshe ta matakin larval akwai har zuwa 2000. Sarauniyar kudan zuma, wacce za ta iya sanya ƙoshin ƙwai fiye da yadda take a kowace rana, kuma a koyaushe tana buƙatar abinci da kulawa. Kullum yana kewaye da mutanen da ke aiki waɗanda yawanci suna ciyar da ita, tsaftace ta kuma a lokaci guda suna shirya sel ƙwai. A cikin hive, ya zauna cikin mahaifa yana da sauƙin gani akan zoben ƙudan zuma yana fuskantar kawunansu.
Dandano . Mahaifa na adana shi cikin karamar tafkin sa na ciki (maniyyi, ko seprieminek) tsawon rayuwar shayarwa da aka samu ta lokacin jirgin jirgi guda, gudan wanda kanta ke sarrafa shi. Tana sanya kwai a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin, da kuma qwai marasa ciki a cikin manya. An ba da shawara cewa lokacin da mace ta tura ƙarshen ciki zuwa cikin ƙaramin sel, ganuwar ta ta motsa ƙaddamar da maniyyi tare da matsin lambarta, kuma a cikin ƙwayar sel da maniyyi ya kasance yana rufe kuma takin ba ya faruwa. Daga qwai wanda ba a sanya shi ba, drones ke tsirowa a cikin sel; daga kwai wadanda suka hadu, da mutane masu aiki. Ya zauna cikin mahaifa cikin manyan sel, na mahaifiya, wanda galibi yana rataye a kasan gefen saƙar zuma. An gwada ta hanyar gwaji cewa daga kowace mace (hadi) kwai, duka mahaifa na haihuwa da kudan zuma mai aiki mai saurin ci gaba. Makomar mace an ƙaddara ta abincin da ƙwararrun ke ciyar da su. A cikin mahaifiyar giya, ana karbar kayan masarauta ta musamman a cikin dukkan cigaban, ba tare da zuwa hog ba, kamar mutane masu aiki nan gaba. Don haka, su ne, kuma ba mahaifa ba ne, ke tantance matakin ƙarshe na haɓaka kowane kwai - bambanta ko dai girman sel ko abinci mai narkewa.
Drones a cikin hive an kafa su da yawa fiye da banza. Maza yawanci suna barin danginsu kuma, sabanin mata, suna da sauƙin ɗauka a cikin kowane ɗayan mallaka. Wataƙila wannan na rage yiwuwar allurar rigakafi. Drones kawai ake buƙata don hadi da ayaba matasa, kuma ƙaramin kashi na maza ne kawai ke shiga ciki. Suna ciyar da zuma wanda wasu ƙudan zuma suka tattara, yayin da suke da yawa, amma idan aka rage ajiyar ta tare da yanayin sanyi ko lokacin bushe, mutane masu aiki basa barin drones su ciyar kuma daga ƙarshe su fitar da su daga hive. Yawan rayuwar namiji baya wuce watanni hudu.
Eraya daga cikin mahaifa ɗaya, ko adadi kaɗan, ke girma a kowane lokaci. Idan akwai sel da yawa a cikin hive, mace ta farko mai haihuwar da aka haife ta nema har ta mutu duk wasu "abokan aikinta" da ta samu damar nemowa. Idan wasu ƙudan zuma Sarauniya ƙwayaya biyu sun fito daga pupae, sai su yi yaƙi har sai an kashe ɗayansu. Daga nan sai mai tserar ya bar hive don saurin canjin jirgin. Drones da yawa sun biyo baya. Kafin mahaifa ya koma cikin hive, bakwai ko takwas daga cikinsu suna yin ma'amala da shi. Kowane ɗayan maza yakan mutu, kamar yadda gabobinsa ke manne a jikin jikin mace su zo. Flightaya daga cikin jirgin wanda zai iya tashi, ya zauna cikin maniyyin da ya isa samar da maniyyi wanda zai iya hadi da dukkan ƙwaiyen da zai kwanya a cikin rayuwarsa duka. Tana zaune shekaru da yawa (yawanci daga uku zuwa biyar), kwanciya daga ɗar ɗar da yawa zuwa dubbai da yawa a rana, kawai a ƙarshen kaka da hunturu, kiwo na ɗan lokaci kaɗan.
Ciyar da sabon cikin mahaifa na iya farawa lokacin da ya zama dole maye gurbin mamaci ko mutum da ya tsufa wanda ba zai iya sa qwai ba. A wannan yanayin, ƙudan zuma masu aiki suna zaɓar kowane kwai wanda ya hadu da ita ko ƙwararrun mata masu ƙanƙan da yawa, gina mahaifiyar giya a kusa da ita kuma ciyar da ita tare da jelly Idan babu buƙatar maye gurbin mahaifa, an haife sabon mata masu haihuwa don iyalai zuriya.
Esudan zuma rayuwa
Gidan kudan zuma yana zaune a cikin hive kuma ya kusan kusan mutane dubu da yawa. Dukkansu suna da kusanci da juna sosai cewa sunadaran rayuwa ɗaya ne. Akwai nau'ikan kwari iri uku, waɗannan sune:
Mafi dadewar rayuwar Sarauniyar kudan zuma. Kusan kullum ba ta yin komai. Aikinta kawai shine haifuwar zuriya. Cutar mahaifa lafiyayyiya takan iyayin ƙwai 2000 a rana, kuma har zuwa ƙwai 200,000 na tsawon shekara! Ta fara sa ƙwai a cikin hunturu, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar Satumba. A vivo, mahaifa na iya rayuwa daga shekaru 6 zuwa 8, amma a cikin hive suna ƙoƙarin maye gurbinsu bayan shekara biyu na rayuwa, kamar yadda ƙarfin haihuwarta yake raguwa. Ana canza saraun mara lafiya ko mara kyau ko da a baya.
A ƙarshen bazara, drones ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai. Bayan 'yan makonni bayan bayyanar, sun riga sun zama masu iyawa kuma sun fara yin aikinsu na kai tsaye, kuma wannan shine hadi na mahaifa. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, bayan wannan ƙudan zuma - maza sun zama ba dole ba, kuma suna cin abinci da yawa. Don ciyar da drone, ƙudan zuma da yawa suna buƙatar yin aiki a cikin zumar fuskokinsu, sabili da haka, da zaran namiji ya cika aikinsa, suna ƙoƙarin fitar da shi daga cikin hive. Yana faruwa cewa su da kansu suna mutu lokacin da suke hulɗa da mahaifa ko tsuntsaye suka ci. Wadanda drones din da suka yi nasarar rayuwa har zuwa karshen bazara, kudan zuma suna fita daga cikin hive a cikin kaka - suna fitar da su kuma basu barin su kuma. Tun da maza ba za su iya ciyar da kansu ba, sai su mutu saboda yunwar. Idan akwai drone a cikin hive a cikin hunturu, wannan yana nuna cewa ƙwan sarauniyar kudanun sarauniya ba ta da yawa kuma tana buƙatar maye gurbin ta.
Mafi guntu rayuwar aiki kudan zuma. Bayan kyankyashewa, a rana ta uku ko ta huɗu, ta riga ta tsabtace ɗanta, wanda a ciki aka haife ta, kuma bayan wasu kwanaki uku gabobinsa za su fara fitar da madara kudan zuma, kuma, ban da tsabtatawa, za ta fara ciyar da larvae da sauran ƙudan zuma. Matsakaicin rayuwar mutum mai aiki daga kwanaki 30 zuwa 45 ne. Kwayoyin da aka haifa a cikin bazara suna rayuwa ƙasa da waɗanda aka haifa a ƙarshen bazara ko kaka. Kudan zuma na bazara sun gaji da wahala, ga ƙudan zuma na kaka, waɗanda kusan basa aiki, na iya rayuwa daga kwanaki 60 zuwa shekara guda. Kasa da duk ƙudan zuma mai rai da aka haifa a farkon watan Afrilu. Tsawon rayuwarsu kwanaki 22-25 ne.
Rayuwar kudan zuma an kayyade ta sosai kuma ya kasu kashi biyu:
Lokaci na farko shi ne saboda kudan zuma kasancewar a cikin hive da yin aikin gida (ciyar da zuriya da mahaifa, tsaftace hive, yin saƙar zuma). Kuma a karo na biyu, kwari suna aiki akan titi, suna tattara nectar.
Abubuwan da ke Tasirin Kudancin Lifespan
Shekaru nawa kudan zuma suka rayu? Yawan rayuwar kudan zuma ya dogara da dalilai da yawa. Ofayansu shine sauyin yanayi na rayuwar ɗabbai daban-daban. An ambata a sama. Mutumin da aka Haifa a cikin bazara yana rayuwa ƙasa da wanda aka haife shi a ƙarshen bazara ko kaka.
Abinci na kwari yana da muhimmiyar rawa. Idan a cikin hunturu za a sami ƙarancin abinci ko ƙarancin inganci a cikin hive, to a maimakon kwanaki 60 ƙudan zuma ba zai rayu ko da 20 ba.
Babban tasiri ga rayuwar ƙudan zuma yana samar da yanayin yanayi. A lokacin sanyi da damuna, yawancin mutane a cikin hive suna iya daskarewa.
Hakanan yana shafar rayuwar kudan zuma:
- hanyar zama
- hatsarin waje
- cututtuka da kwayan cuta
- mai kula da mai gidan don hive,
- ingancin gida.
Idan hive ba shi da mahaifa, ƙudan zuma zai iya rayuwa har zuwa kwanaki 200 ko fiye. Su, ko ta yaya, sun san yadda zasu tsara tsawon rayuwar su. An yi imani cewa kwari masu rarrafe na iya sabunta kwayoyin halittar su yayin da yiwuwar fadada nau'in. Ga su nan, suna da ban mamaki, waɗannan ƙudan zuma kaɗan!
Kudin Ziyarci Bee
Bayan mahaifa ya sanya kwan, kwai 3 ya shude kafin ya huda. A rana ta huɗu, tsutsa ke lalata ɓarke kwai, kuma tsarin ciyar da shi ya fara, wanda ƙwararrun kwari ne waɗanda ba su fara tashi daga cikin hive ba. Kwana uku, ana ciyar da tsutsa madara, kuma a huɗun, sun fara ba shi cakuda pollen, ruwa da zuma. Bayan kwanaki 7, tsutsa yana girma har ya zama bai dace da tantanin saƙar saƙar zuma ba, kuma an ɗorashi a cikin kakin zuma, wanda ke farawa na biyu na ci gabansa.
Wannan matakin yana kusan kwanaki goma sha biyu, sannan kuma, lalata ɓarnar da kakin zuma yake yi, wani matashi na kudan zuma ya bayyana.
Sabuwar sigar musamman ta musamman don kamun kifi! "Wannan shine kawai mai kunna cizo har zuwa yau tare da ingantaccen sakamako."
Mataki na uku yana zuwa. Kwana biyu na farko bayan ƙyanƙyashe, kudan zuma ba ya aiki. A rana ta uku, ta fara aiki. Da farko, zai kasance yana tsabtace kansa, sannan kuma sauran sel don sabon ƙirar kwai. Tsawon kwanaki hudu, wasu mutane suna ciyar da ɗan kudan zuma, kuma a rana ta huɗu tuni ta ciyar da kanta, bayan glandon da suka samar da jelly na sarauta suka fara aiki da ita. Kuma bayan sati daya, mutumin da ya kafa zai iya ciyar da sauran ƙudan zuma.
A lokaci guda, glandon dake ɓoye kakin zuma suna fara aikin su, kwaro na matasa ya shiga cikin aikin hive. Bayan makonni 2, adadin kakin zuma da aka samar yana raguwa, kudan zuma ya fara tsaftace hive.
A rana ta 22, 'yar kudan zuma ta zama saurayi, wanda ya fara "aikin sawu". Yanzu, aikinta shi ne tara ruwan alkyabba da samar da zuma. Don rani ɗaya, kudan zuma na iya kawo har zuwa 40 MG na nectar da 15 MG na pollen. Sabili da haka ya ci gaba har tsawon kwanaki 30, har sai kwari ya bar rundunar sa ya mutu. Kudan zuma suna aiki don lalacewa da tsagewa, kuma, kamar yadda suke faɗi, dawakai suna mutuwa daga aiki.
Kudan zuma na rayuwa suna bin ka'idodin dokokin da aka kafa a dangin kudan zuma kuma suna bin dokokin da aka kafa. Saboda haka, babban matakin tsari.
Yaya tsawon kudan zuma?
Nawa kake tsammanin kudan zuma? Shekara guda, biyar, goma? Idan ... Mafi yawan ɓangaren hive suna aiki ƙudan zuma, wanda rayuwarsa ta wuce wata 1, wanda ke nufin cewa duk ƙudan zuma a cikin hoto sun riga sun mutu.
Irin wannan takaitaccen rayuwar rayuwar mai aiki yana da alaƙa da aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin lokacin bazara-lokacin rani (kiwon offspringa ,an, tsabtace da hive, tara ciyawa, adana zuma da ƙari). Ya kamata a lura cewa saboda wannan dalili, rayuwar kudan zuma ya dogara da lokacin haihuwarsa. Don haka a cikin littafin 198 na "Kudan kudan zuma" an nuna cewa mutane da aka haife su a watan Mayu sun rayu har zuwa kwanaki 35, wadanda aka haife su a watan Yuli har zuwa 28, kaka zata iya rayuwa kwanaki 80-100, kuma a cikin rashin brood a cikin hive, har zuwa kwanaki 180. Kodayake akwai wasu bayanan waɗanda matsakaita tsawon lokacin ma'aikata ke aiki sau 2-3.
Ba duk abin da ya kasance mai sauƙi ne tare da drones ko dai: wani ya ce sun mutu kwana biyu da sauri fiye da kudan zuma, wasu, akasin haka, suna cewa drone na iya rayuwa har zuwa watanni shida.
Amma ga mahaifa, zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 4, amma a aikace, masu kiwon kudan zuma suna canza mahaifa a cikin hive sosai sau da yawa: kowace shekara 2, wani lokacin kuma a shekara.
Matakan ci gaba na kudan zuma
Kwana 3 kacal daga haihuwa daga cikin mahaifa, kwanciya ƙwai da ƙyallen ƙwaya, kodayake idan zazzabi a cikin hive ɗin yana ƙasa da mafi kyawu, to tsawon lokacin larvae zai iya ƙaruwa.
Bayan ƙyanƙyashe, tsutsa yana ci gaba da kwance a cikin gidan saƙar zuma, kuma masu aiki suna ɗaukar shi jelly na sarauta, wanda ya ninka nauyin tsutsa sama da sau 4. Laraƙƙarfan tsutsa yana da ɗan kai, ƙananan ƙaya 3 da sassan ciki 10, yayin da gabobin ciki na tsutsa da kuma tsoho iri ɗaya ne, a cikin tsutsa har yanzu sun fara zama. Tsawon tsutuwar sabuwar tsutsa yakai mm mm 1.6, kuma nauyin yana 0 MG mg kawai. Tsutsa yana cin abinci koyaushe, yana motsi a cikin da'ira, wanda ya ba shi damar ƙara adadinsa sau 1400 daga ranar 6 na rayuwa. Ya kamata a lura cewa ƙudan zuma masu aiki suna kawo jelly na sarauta ga mahaifa kuma abun da ke ciki ya ɗan bambanta da na yau da kullun, sabili da haka, adadin ci gabansa ya wuce ƙimar ci gaban ƙudan zuma da drones.
Ƙudan zuma na kawo abincin zuwa larva kowane minti; a cikin duka, akwai daga 8,000 zuwa 10,000 irin wannan ziyarar.
Kowane tsutsa yana da kwayoyin kwai har zuwa 150, amma bayan ɗalibai, wannan lambar a cikin ma'aikata ta ragu zuwa 320, yayin da cikin mahaifa, akasin haka, yana ƙaruwa. Wannan ajiyar itace da ƙudan zuma daji ke buƙata, saboda tana ba da damar idan ta kasance cikin mutuwar mahaifa don haɓakar cutar mahaifa daga mutum mai aiki wanda bai girmi kwana 3 ba (wannan inji yana aiki ne ta hanyar kudan zuma don cirewar mahaifa).
Girma girma yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin gida, ba tare da harsashi ba. Idan tsutsa cikin kwasfa ya zama mai cunkoson jama'a, yana zuga. Yawancin lokaci akwai waɗannan haɗin yanar gizon guda huɗu, kowane ɗayan minti 30 ne. Aunar fari ta kasance a cikin tantanin halitta.
Samun ci gaban mutane yana aiki tsawon kwanaki 6, drone - 7, da kuma cikin mahaifa - 5. Bayan wannan lokacin, an kulle sel tare da larvae tare da abin toshe kwalaba (abin toshe kwalaba 2% ruwa, pollen 40%, 58% kakin zuma). Bayan wannan, larvae rabu da ragowar abinci a cikin jiki, kuma kwakwa fara zube. A cikin tsutsa na igiyar ciki, kwandon ya ɗan bambanta da wanda aka saba - yana da rami ta inda ake sadar da abinci dashi. Ba kamar sauran ba, tana yin aiki ba tare da bata lokaci ba ta ci gaba da cin abinci.
Molt ɗin ƙarshe yana faruwa a cikin rago; a wannan matakin na cigaban kudan zuma, dukkan abubuwan ƙayatarwa sun fara fitowa (dukkan molts suna cikin ƙwayoyin kafin). Wannan matakin ci gaban yana ɗaukar kwanaki biyu (na drones - 4) kuma ana kiran shi makaranta biyu.
A hankali, kai, sassan ciki da na thoracic, gabobin bakin da farkon fikafikan su ke zama a cikin pupa. Wannan matakin ƙarshe na ci gaba yana ɗaukar kwanaki 6 na mahaifa, 10 ga kowane ɗayan drones da daidaikun mutane masu aiki. A ƙarshen samuwar pupa, duka ɗaya ne ga manya ban da launuka masu launi (fari pupa). A wannan lokacin, chrysalis ba ta motsawa kuma baya cin abinci, sau da yawa numfashi ne kawai. Yakamata a faɗi cewa ban da bayyanar sabbin gabobin, akwai wasu ɓangarori ko kuma asarar wasu tsoffin.Sannan launin launi ya canza, da farko hadaddun idanu suka samo launi na al'ada, sannan kan kai, kirji sannan bangare na ciki. Idan mutum ya gama shiri, zai ci murfin tantanin tare da jawo shi ya fita daga ciki. Beesudan zuma masu aiki suna taimakawa gnaw ta murfin kwayar igiyar ciki.
A cikin duka, duk tsawon cigaban ƙudan zuma shine:
- Kwanaki 16 ga mahaifa,
- 21 ga ma'aikata
- 24 na drones.
Tsarin kudan zuma
A cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya, tsarin ƙananan ɗakunan wanka mai sauƙi ne:
- kai - kayan aiki na baka, mai sauƙaƙa 3 da idanu masu rikitarwa, eriya 2,
- kirji - a saman 2 nau'i biyu na membranous fuka-fuki, a kasa 3 nau'i-nau'i na kafafu,
ciki.
Yanzu kuyi la’akari da tsarin ƙudan zuma. Dukkansu suna da kasusuwa uku na waje, waɗanda aka rufe da gashi don ƙarin kariya daga ƙura da datti. Wannan gashin gashi yana da babbar rawa wajen canza fitsari daga shuka zuwa shuka (a cikin samari matasa, gashin kirji na roba da girma, yayin da a cikin tsoffin za su iya kusan zama gaba daya). Hakanan muhimmin sashi ne na thermoregulation na hive yayin lokacin sanyi (ga ƙudan zuma zauna tare tare, samar da ƙwallo).
An rufe shugaban kowane mutum da chitin, wanda ke kare kwakwalwa. Siffar shugaban a cikin mutane masu aiki yana da sau uku tare da idanu wanda aka juya ga kambi na kai, a cikin drone da a cikin mahaifa more zagaye. A saman lebe, a cikin kowane mutum, flagella an haɗe, yana ƙunshe da sassan 11 a cikin ma'aikata, mahaifa da 12 cikin drones.
Abun ciki na drone ya ƙunshi bangarori 7, sauran mutanen kuma yana da 6. Dukkan sassan an haɗa su da fim din chitinous, wanda ke tabbatar da motsi da canjin girma (mahimmanci don ɗaukar zuma).
Kafafun ƙudan zuma suna yin aikin ba wai kawai suna tallafawa ba, har ma suna aiki a matsayin sashin tsabtace jiki, suna taimakawa tattara pollen kuma su samar da pollen don canjawa zuwa ga ƙyallen (ƙwararren pollen, wanda aka haɓaka kawai a cikin mutane masu aiki, ana amfani dasu don wannan). Kafafun gaba suna ƙanƙanta fiye da sauran, amma mafi yawan wayoyin hannu (yawan sassan kowane ƙafafu iri ɗaya ne) kuma suna da ƙananan goge-goge da ake amfani da su don wanke idanu.
Fuka-fukan zuma suna da nau'i biyu. A hutawa, suna kwance tare da jikin saboda ɗayan gaban su rufe bayan. A shirye-shiryen jirgin, kudan zuma suka tashi fuka-fukansa, kuma suna ta toshe baki da juna (ƙugiya a gaban reshe na baya na reshe yana manne da reshen bangon gaba), ta haka ne ke ƙirƙirar jirgin sama guda ɗaya. Kudan zuma suna motsa fikafikan su tare da taimakon tsokoki na pectoral. Matsakaicin jirgin sama na mutum bayan tashi daga hive ya haura zuwa 65 km / h, kuma lokacin dawowa daga cikin hive tare da nauyin har zuwa 20 km / h. Amma ga kewayon jirgin, ya dogara da yankin da ke kewaye da hive. Misali, idan kayi saita hive wani wuri a cikin fili inda kusan babu alamun kasa, to mutanenda zasuyi aiki ba zasu tashi daga apiary sama da 4 kilomita ba. Kuma idan apiary ɗinku yana wani wuri a cikin mawuyacin ƙasa mai cike da alamun ƙasa, kwari ko wasu abubuwa, to, kujerunku za su nemi nectar a nesa da nisan mil 12 daga gidansu, kuma wannan ya kamata a la'akari da shi lokacin zabar filin ƙasa don apiary. A lokaci guda, yayin jirgin, kwaro zai kashe kimanin mil da rabi na abinci a minti guda cikin jirgin.
Kuma sashe na karshe na ilimin kudan zuma shine harbarta. Ya kamata a faɗi nan da nan cewa drones ba su da maɗauri. Ma'aikatan suna amfani da shi don kare kai, amma mahaifa na amfani da mai harba yayin kwanciya. A cikin yanayin annashuwa a cikin tsire-tsire na zuma, sassan an rufe shi daga ƙarshen sassan ciki. An haɗa maɗaurin kai tsaye tare da gland uku:
- Baƙin ƙarfe mai mai Kozhevnikov,
- kananan guba mai guba,
- babban mai guba gland shine yake.
Kudan zuma suna barin abin harka a jikin wanda aka azabtar tare da glandon, waɗanda suke ci gaba da yin kwangila, suna allurar guba. Sabili da haka, nan da nan bayan cizo, dole a cire maɗaurin tare da yatsun hannu ko tip na wuka. Ba za ku iya cire shi da yatsunsu biyu ba!
Hasken Kudan zuma
Duk da cewa kudan zuma yana da idanu biyar (2 hadaddun abubuwa masu sau 3), wahayinsa bai zama mai kaifi ba kuma sarai. Manyan manyan bangarorin biyu, wadanda suka kunshi fuskoki daban-daban (5000-6000), idanu ne masu rikitarwa wanda kwaro yake ganin hoton mosaiki na abubuwa. Smallaramin digiri uku idanu ne masu sauƙi, waɗanda ba a san rawar su sosai ba, amma an tabbatar da cewa godiya a garesu kowane ɗayan yana fahimtar ƙarfin hasken. Dangane da gaskiyar yadda ƙudan zuma ke ganin mafi kyawun abubuwa masu motsi ko marasa motsi, akwai ra'ayi biyu na akasi.
Wani fasalin na tsire-tsire na zuma shine kyakkyawan hangen nesa na launi (mafi kyau fiye da yawancin tsire-tsire na zuma). A bayyane suke gani fari, kore, ruwan lemo, rawaya da shuɗi. A lokaci guda, kusan basu ga ja ba. Suna kuma gani a sarari haske, misali, an fitar da su daga sararin samaniya.
Saboda haka, yawancin kudan zuma suna zana amya a cikin rawaya da shuɗi. Tabbas, wannan ba mai mahimmanci bane, tunda ban da hangen nesa, akwai wasu ƙa'idodi don kudan zuma don komawa kyanwar ta.
Abin da kudan zuma yake kama
Siffar halayyar waje na dabba shine jikin mai furfuri mai cike da launuka masu launin rawaya da baki. Ta hanyar tsari, masana kimiyyar halitta sun rarrabe wadannan kwari a matsayin tsayayyen tsari na hymenopteran. Yawancin lokaci, ƙudan zuma fi son zama a cikin wuraren buɗe:
An bambanta ƙudan zuma ta ƙungiyar zamantakewa mai kyau da kuma babban ci gaba. Suna da ainihin abubuwan gabobi na jiki, suna jin zafi da zafin jiki. Bambanci a cikin girman jikin dabbobi sun dogara da ayyukansu. Kudan zuma masu aiki sun kai tsawon mm 16, kuma sigogin mahaifa sun fi girma - har zuwa 22 mm.
Don rayuwar kudan zuma, an daidaita tsarin jikin mutum daidai. A waje, kudan zuma zuma sanye cikin mayafi mai wuya, tana aiki kamar kwarangwal ga kwari, tana kiyaye gabobin ciki daga raunin da ya samu, yanayin zafin jiki da canje-canje a cikin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da kari, jikin yana lullube da yawan villi, da yawa daga cikinsu suna bauta wa:
- domin kariya a kan datti,
- don ɗaukar ganyen tsire-tsire,
- don dumama cikin lokacin sanyi.
Proboscis har zuwa 7 mm mai tsayi yana kasancewa a bayan rami na baka don tattara ƙwayoyin nectar, zuma da ruwa.
A cikin hunturu, ƙudan zuma cike da cunkoson jama'a, suna buɗe tangle.
Mafi yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire na zuma
Ba duk nau'ikan waɗannan dabbobi suna kawo zuma ba. Shekaru da yawa, mutane suna zaɓar ƙudan zuma mafi amfani waɗanda suka dace da yanayin yankin da suke zaune don tara isasshen ƙwayoyin ruwan itace daga tsire-tsire na ƙanƙanin gida-wuri-wuri, gurɓatar da su, da kuma tsayayya da yanayin yanayin yanki. A sakamakon haka, kudan zuma suka bayyana, aka mai suna da yankin da suka fito. Bayan ƙari ga nau'ikan nau'ikan musamman na nau'ikan nau'ikan, nau'ikan da suka mamaye kaddarorin da dama kuma suka dace da yanayin yanayin yanayin yankin da suke zaune a kowane yanki. Sun bambanta da bayyanar, da sauƙin juyin halitta da kuma tsarin rayuwa.
Mafi mashahuri shine duhu na Turai, wanda babban halayya yake amfani da shi da kuma gajeren proboscis. Ta hanyar dabi'a, sun fi ƙudan zuma yawan fushi. Suna samar da inuwa mai haske na zuma. Ana nuna wannan nau'in ta hanyar jure cutar da mummunan yanayi.
Gidajen kudan zuma na Rasha na Tsakiya, sun samo asali daga ƙudan zuma na duhu, shine gabaɗaya arewa da tsakiyar Rasha, da kuma yankuna na yamma:
- Belarus
- Ukraine,
- Kasashen Baltic da sauran kasashe.
Mamuƙar zuma suna dacewa da sanyi sosai, suna da kyakkyawan juriya ga sanyi, cututtuka, abubuwa masu guba. Mutane daban-daban na wannan kudan zuma a Rasha ana saninsa da kwanciyar hankali a zabin da tsire-tsire na zuma, an zaɓi fifiko ga linden, kayan wuta, buckwheat, amma sun sami damar tattara nectar da pollen har sai sanyi na farko. Kudancin kudan zuma - har zuwa kilogiram 30.
Kudancin Ukrainianan Uwa na kudan zuma, tare da ƙananan ƙananan girma, yana da launin rawaya mai haske, yanayin ci gaba mai dawwama, jure cutar da yanayin sanyi. Gidan kudan zuma na samar da kimanin kilo 40 na zuma a kowace kakar, wacce tayi nasara idan aka kwatanta da sauran kiwo.
Sigogi na Caucasian kwari sun yi kama da nau'ikan da suka gabata, launinsu yana da launin toka-launin toka. Godiya ga eboated proboscis, suna iya fitar da ciyawar daga zurfin furanni. An bambanta irin wannan daga wasu nau'in ta hanyar rashin ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi ga cututtukan, duk da haka, ana samun alamun bayyanar tashin hankali sau da yawa. Familyaya daga cikin kudan zuma lokacin kakar yana kawo 40 kilogiram na zuma.
Kudin ƙudan zuma da ake dasu a Italiya ana bambanta shi da wani proboscis mai tsawo, ciki mai launin rawaya, jikin da ke ɗaure da ratsi. Abubuwan da ke bambanta da nau'in suna da nutsuwa da tsabta. Kwari kansu da kyau tsaftace hive kuma su kawar da asu, wanda ke rufe shi, ta haka ne inganta ingancin samfuran su. Kari akan haka, kudan zuma na da tsayayya da cuta, amma yawan amfanin gonarta bai wuce na sauran dabbobi ba.
Yawancin Carpathian suna da launin toka. Sakamakon rashin jituwa, kyakkyawan yanayin hunturu da kuma kyakkyawan aiki, irin wannan ya shahara tsakanin kudan zuma.
Kudan zuma na ƙudan zuma
Bambanci tsakanin kwari da marasa kwari da kwari sune:
- a cikin dan kadan sigogi,
- a cikin launuka marasa launuka
- yafi yawan tashin hankali
- a cikin rigakafi mai iko don kamuwa da cuta da kuma yawan zafin jiki.
An nuna su ta hanyar ƙarfin halin ƙarfi, sun sami damar yin tafiya mai nisa don neman zuma. Marasa suna zuma yan dako sun iya yin tsayayya da tsananin sanyi. Iyalai na daji yawanci suna zaune a cikin gurnani na itace ko tsaunika a cikin shinge da aka gina ta hanyar amfani da kakin zuma azaman wakili. Saboda rashin tsari, ƙwayoyin sel suna da sifar harshe.
Ba a san ko kaɗan game da yanayin abubuwan da ke hana rayuwar ƙudan zuma da abubuwan sanadin lalacewa ba. ”
Mahimmancin wannan ƙarshe ya kasance har zuwa yau. Ba zai yiwu ga kowa ya sami cikakken tabbataccen bayani game da tasirin kudan zuma ba saboda la’akari da mahimmancin wannan matsalar. Mahaifa daga irin wannan kwai yana rayuwa shekaru da yawa, alhali yana da ikon yin ayyukansa, da kuma ƙudan zuma masu aiki? A wani mataki ne na balaga ke da kyau a yi amfani da ƙudan zuma don manufar da aka nufa?
Rashin hankali gaba ɗaya an yarda da rarrabuwa zuwa bazara-bazara, tsararraki masu ƙarancin rayuwa, da tsawon lokacin hunturu tare da banbancin zaɓuɓɓuka don yanke hukunci mai yiwuwa ya haifar da matsalar zuwa shirin na sakandare, kuma a zahiri da tsammanin ci gaban masana'antar - analog na tinder family, an hana shi a tsaye, a cikin wata hanya dabam.
Ba a inganta hanyoyin samar da fasaha na lokaci don lissafin mai yiwuwa ba yayin lokacin shigar mutum a cikin hanyoyin aiwatar da cutar, in banda tsarin sarrafa kai na gado na ci gaba a zamanin bunƙasa ayyukan ɓarkewar matsala. Mun tsaya cik, muna magana game da fatan ci gaba, da kuma sakaci na damar da aka rasa suna tasowa cikin hanzari, kuma ba kowa bane ke damuwa da wannan.
Manuniyar ƙididdiga na nuna bambanci tsakanin bambancin bazara da lokacin rani ta hanyar sa hannu cikin kulawar zuriya. A saboda wannan dalili, yaduwar alamun da ke tsakanin ƙarni na bazara-bazara. Bayanin rikice-rikice ya taso lokacin bincika yiwuwar iyalai masu rikicewa, yayin canji na sarakuna, inda akwai kuma dalilin kula da offspringa offspringan. Dalilin da ya haifar da jita-jitar sakamako kan lalacewa a aikin jirgi.
Mai hankali baya ma'amala da tasirin tasirin tasirin dalilai masu ɗorewa don amfanin amfanin rayuwar mutanen kowane zamani. Yana da sauƙin sauƙaƙe, a kan tushen gwaji, don sanya tsarin rubutun lamuni na duk tsararraki a cikin lokaci a ƙarƙashin kulawa ta amfani da injin sarrafa brood, injin mahaɗan ciki. A farkon aiki mai amfani, don kawar da shakku a cikin iyalai tare da launin duhu mai launi don ci gaban bazara, ya bar sarakuna masu tsabta tare da launi mai rawaya. A cikin sigar daya - don kwanaki 21, a cikin wani - don kwanaki 42 da na uku - don karɓar ƙarshen bazara ta ƙarshe tare da dakatar da kwan kwanciya don lokacin girbin zuma. Game da tsammanin rayuwa na tsararraki 3 na bazara da kuma lokacin hunturu ya karɓi bayani akan binciken gani. Bayan maimaita lura, an sami bayani game da tsawon lokacin tashin jirgin saman ƙarni na farko game da makonni 2, na biyu zuwa 3, na uku har zuwa shekara daya da hunturu (bayan ciyar da irin nasu) har zuwa kwanaki 80. Babban bambancin su, a tsakanin su kuma a kwatancen da fasahar da aka yarda gabaɗaya na ci gaba da juyawa na tsararraki, shine halayen zuriya.
Sakamakon gudanar da rikice-rikice na zamanin bazara, an mai da hankali ga ƙarni na bazara na uku, wanda aka samu a mafi girman ci gaban iyali, wanda ya wuce daga daidaitattun rayuwar fewan kalilan zuwa tsararrun mutane na wannan tsararraki, wanda ya sami damar yin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam zuwa lokacin girma daga manyan tsire-tsire na zuma kuma ƙayyade ci gaba da rayuwar dangi don rayuwa ta gaba. Amma zai iya rayuwa har zuwa alƙawarin samar da kayayyaki idan aka kwatanta da matasa masu ɗabi'ar gargajiya?
Amsar za ta buƙaci bayani game da samfuran gaske, wanda aka bayyana cikin takamaiman alamu.
Dangane da lurawar lokaci da yawa na kula da iyalai (a kowace shekara lokacin barin sabon shuka na zuma), yawan kudan zuma na samarwa (ragin nectar a cikin kilogiram ga yawan mutane da ke halartar aikin jirgin yau da kullun - kg) a cikin iyalai marasa galihu shine 10-12 ɗimbin darajar - maki (max - max - max - goma sha biyar). A cikin iyalai tare da kullun tsararraki masu zaman kansu tare da matasa dabbobi suna shiga aikin jirgin, yawan amfanin ƙasa bai wuce maki 3-4 ba (max - 5). Ba a tabbatar da almara na sa ba. Sakamakon haɓakar haɓaka ya fara zama za'a gyara shi a ranar 10 bayan ƙarewar oviposition kuma gaba ɗaya bayan kwana 40. Matsakaicin abubuwan da ake nunawa na ci gaba yana kasancewa har zuwa ƙarshen kakarmu. Tare da mahimman nesa na shuka zuma sama da kilomita 3, bambance-bambance a cikin yawan haɓaka aiki.
Ina cikin ra'ayin cewa babban shinge na samar da kayan aiki a cikin dangi marayu shine alamomi na dabi'a daga wanda masu kiwon kudan zuma suka dauki kudan zuma zuwa kasan tare da raguwa ta hanyar sauya sheka zuwa ga tsararru na yau da kullun da kuma hana su tsari na kai, bisa la'akari da sha'awar samun ƙarin.
Akwai ra'ayi game da sa hannu a cikin aikin jirgin duk abubuwan haɗin jirgin waɗanda ke da shekaru daban-daban. A lokaci guda, iyalai waɗanda ke kunshe da ƙudan zuma na 100% suna nuna matsakaicin 30% na halartar aikin a kan kyawawan tsire-tsire na zuma. Kallon canji na juyawa. Yiwuwar shiga aikin jirgin na da mahimmanci.
Gudanar da brood tare da tabbacin lokacin kwanciya yana ba ku damar samun ƙarni na ƙudan zuma na tsawon lokaci a kowane yanayi. Babban tsarin farashi mai tsayi shine kada ya wuce watanni 3 (2 na bazara + shekara 1) tare da motsawa cikin mahaifa kyauta, an daidaita shi don biyan bukatun manufa da yanayin rashin damuwa.
Thearfin asalin halittar kowane tsararraki yana faruwa ne ta hanyar phylogenesis, saboda haka, a farkon matakin na kansar, duka suna da damar yin daidai. Kudaden kuzari na kudan zuma ya bayyana a cikin mai yiwuwa dangane da balagarsu na jiki da kuma gwargwadon nauyinsu akan glandan mammary. Wadannan dalilai ne guda biyu.
Aikin brood shine don samun matsakaicin adadin masu rai da dadewa ta hanyan girma a cikin manyan tsirrai na zuma da kuma adana zuriya domin haifuwa tare da yada halayen kwarai.
Abilityarfin sarrafa tsarin sarrafa viability na kowane ƙarni a cikin bukatun su a hannun bee bee, la'akari da m lokaci na brood kwanciya. Wannan shine bambanci tsakanin sabbin hanyoyin fasaha na barin nau'in daji na abubuwan da ke ciki da kuma fasahar gargajiya ta gargajiya tare da fifikon hanyoyin aiwatar da intanet na zoo tare da kullun juyawa na zamani.
Don shawo kan matsalar tabin hankali - ra'ayin da aka kafa da tabbaci a cikin zuciya, na yarda da tsinkaye da sabuwar hanyar kula da fasahar kulawa a matsayin maganganun da za a iya tabbatar da sauki. Idan ba tare da amintaccen bayani akan tasirin sa ba, ba shi yiwuwa a yi amfani da damar yanayin kuzarar kudan zuma da gindin zuma. Samun bayanan yana ba mu damar yin la'akari da sake zagayowar shekara-shekara a cikin ƙarin daki-daki tare da ƙirar manufofin da manufofin kowane ƙarni a cikin iyalai waɗanda aka tsara don tarin zuma da kuma ƙara yawan apiary. A cikin lokacin ci gaban bazara, hanyoyin kulawa sun zo daidai ga iyalai waɗanda aka yi niyya don tarin zuma da haɓakawa. Bayan tsabtace iyalan zumuji a farkon haihuwar taro, ta amfani da ginin gini don samun homogenate don dawowar kan zuba jari, za a buƙaci hanyoyin dabarun daban.
Kudin ƙudan zuma na hunturu ya ƙunshi ƙararraki mai dacewa na tsararraki mai ƙarfi a duk fannoni, a cikin yanayin yanayi mai dacewa, ba tare da buƙatar kaya akan glandan dabbobi masu shayarwa ba. Yana da kyau a aiwatar da shuka a cikin dan kankanin lokaci, tunda lokacin shiri da kanta ya gudana saboda ragewar lokacin tarin zuma. Saboda raunin da ke tattare da tsarin hormonal, ana iya karuwa da oviposition ta hanyar ƙarin yawan sarakunan matasa tare da kunnawa ta hanyar abubuwan motsa jiki da aka karɓa daga dangi (homogenate). Ya kamata a gama yin layin das hi lokacin hunturu kafin kwanaki 50 kafin ƙarshen lokacin tashiwar jirgin.
Esudan zuma da aka shirya ta wannan hanyar suna tattarawa ba tare da bata lokaci ba a kulob din kuma shigar da jihar da aka dakatar. A karkashin yanayin yanayi, shirye-shiryen iyalai don hunturu yana farawa bayan isa ganuwar ci gaban bazara tare da tara yawan ajiyar. Da girma mafi girma da kulob din, da tattalin arziki hunturu ne. Kasancewar ƙudan zuma na ƙudan zuma, musamman ba tare da yin awon goge goge ba, yana kawo ƙarshen kwanciyar hankali.
Ya kamata lokacin tsara hunturu ya kasance cikin shiri don jarabawar hunturu, ciyar da tattalin arziƙi don ciyar da ɗabi'a, wadatar da farkon lokacin bazara, samar da haɓakar dangin bazara tare da ciyarwa. Saboda wannan, mahimmancin su shine asali.
Tare da farkawar yanayi, domin dawo da jikin mai ƙoshin ƙudan zuma, mutum bai kamata ya yi hanzarin jefa ƙungiyar farkon fari ba har sai an sami wadataccen abincin furotin. Tsararraki biyu na bazara a cikin ayyukan intra-ullage, a ƙarƙashin tasirin tsarin haɓaka, ilhami, da haifuwa, dole ne su ciyar da adadin adadin ƙarni na 3 na ƙarshe saboda asarar yiwuwar su. Wannan ita ce manufarsu. Zamani na uku, mafi girman lamba zuwa na farkon, ya wuce matakin ɗora Kwatancen mammary a cikin ilimin tsufa, yakamata ya rama yiwuwar ƙarnukan da suka gabata sun saka hannun jari a cikin shirin ciyarwa, lokacin mafi girman yiwuwar kasancewar su a cikin yanayi shine a zaɓi zaɓi na halitta sannan kuma ya girma irin nasu. Juyawar juyawa na tsararraki yana hana wannan damar.
Lissafin kuɗi don mai nuna alamun iyawa yana bayyana buƙatar ƙarin bayani game da alamomi na yau da kullun waɗanda ba a amfani da su a aikace: yawan ƙudan zuma mai tashi, ayyukan jirgin, da ikon haihuwa.
A yayin haɓakar hive mai rikitarwa, mutum ba tare da yin la’akari da ƙididdigar alamomin ba ta hanyar tsoma baki cikin hanyoyin aiwatarwa, gwajin ƙarancin zaɓi na kudan zuma ya tilasta ƙudan zuma izuwa ci gaba, ba tare da yiwuwar sarrafa kansa na zaɓin hanyoyin ba. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da kullun kasancewar brood, m ci gaba yana girma a cikin hurhuna, wanda yake jagorantar ƙudan zuma zuwa ƙasan rayuwa. Saboda haka, ayyukan kulawa na brood sabanin ci gaba na ci gaba ba tare da bata lokaci ba, amma a babban matakin, mutum ya ci gaba. Akwai kowane dama don wannan.
Asalin sarrafa brood shine ci gaban da aka samu na masarautar kudan zuma tare da dalilai da goyan baya ga ci gaban kowane tsararru a cikin yanayi na yanayi. Abu ne mai sauki kuma mafi tattalin arziqi ba don yakar muni ba, amma a daina yada shi.
Duk da yake ba a amfani da mai nuna yiwuwar ƙudan zuma a aikace ba, buƙatar la'akari da wasu alamomin haɗin gwiwa ba su tashi ba. Binciken bincike mai zurfi shine ke kawo cikas ga mahangar ra'ayi game da lalacewa ta jiki a cikin aikin jirgin ba tare da hujja ba kan hasashe.
Springarshen bazara na ƙarshe ya sami damar yin aiki yayin lokacin girbin zuma a kan ka'idodin tara adadin kuɗin yau da kullun na nectar idan aka kwatanta da iyalai masu sarrafawa tare da kullun tsararru, inda aka samu karɓar ragowa bisa ƙa'idar tara kudaden shiga da daidaitawar kuɗi - tabbatacce ko mara kyau.
A cikin lamari na farko, bayan haɓakar bazara mai kama da wannan, ana amfani da ikon kudan zuma don tarin zuma ko ci gaba tare da fasahar kulawa daban. A cikin na biyu, ana amfani da duk iyalai tare da fasahar kulawa iri ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya don tarin zuma da haɓaka, inda albarkatun ƙasa ke tantance wadatar abinci da yanayin iyalai. Gidan kudan zuma yana aiki ne a matsayin mai sa ido ko ya hana aiwatar da aikin kai-da-kai na ayyukan kudan zuma ta hanyar zabi na ajiyar kayan abinci. Don amfani da aikin keken tuƙin, wannan ya isa sosai.
Tare da wadataccen wadataccen kayan samar da ciyawa, daidaikun mutane sun sami damar tantance mahimmancin aiki a madadin tara su. Kudaden da ba su da inganci don tabbatar da zaman brood an rage su sosai. Oviposition na iya ragewa zuwa cikakkiyar katsewa a hanyoyi da dama da ake iya samu ga kudan zuma. Mahaifa ba ya magance matsalolin oviposition, amma yana canza madara cikin gwaje-gwaje tare da hade da tushen kwayar cuta. A cikin iyalai tare da fifikon matasa, samar da kayan sarki ya ƙaru, waɗanda suke neman canja wurin mahaifa, suna yin ayyukansu. Tare da karuwa a cikin brood, yawan abinci yana raguwa.
A kan tushen abinci mai rauni, riba ta lokaci-lokaci, rarar kudaden shiga da kashe kudi domin tabbatar da zaman kwalliya za a iya bayyana su a matsayin masu nuni mara kyau, amma ba a rubuta ba. Wannan yana nuna buƙatar sarrafa sarrafa waje na tarin zuma ta hanyar tasirin brood.
Idan babu brood a lokacin bazara, ya isa ya girma tsaran brood 4 a kowace shekara - 3 bazara da 1 wintering tare da karuwa a hannun jari hannun jari bisa tsarin tara kuɗi. 2 matasa da yara 2 na ilimin halittar jiki wadanda suka ci gajiyar zabinsu sun shiga cikin kiwan brood. A shirye-shiryen da wintering tsara ne da za'ayi shi kaɗai ta physiologically balagagge tare da na lokaci daya shiri na wintering nests. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance daban daban game da amfani da fasahar kula da keɓaɓɓu:
- Lokaci da aka kashe don kula da iyalai a cikin lokacin bazara mai wahala.
- Yawan da ingancin kudan zuma da aka tattara ta ƙoshin ƙabila da ƙoshin lafiya yana ƙaruwa.
- Yiwuwar yin iyo da mutuwar iyalai yayin sauran hutun an cire su.
- Ya maimaita rayuwar mahaifa da sotoramka.
- An rage farashin ciyar da hunturu da sauransu.
Ta yin amfani da bayanin da aka yarda da gaba ɗaya game da yiwuwar zamanin-bazara, ana tilasta su ci gaba da juyawa na zamani, don da yardar rai su rasa rabin samfuran kasuwancin shigowa amma ba a san su ba, ga zuma, wanda muke bayarwa don kula da mazaunin da kuma kiwo na kaska. Sun saba da shi, sun saba da shi, saboda kowa yana yi.
Thearfin ƙwaƙwalwa na tsawon rai a cikin haihuwar offspringa isan yana ƙasa da zuwa ƙarni na bazara saboda rauni na tsarin hormonal, ilhami na haifuwa da kasancewar abincin furotin.
Zaɓin zaɓi don adana ƙarni na 3 na bazara a matsayin hunturu ba a cire shi, ya dogara da ƙarfin iyalai da kuma yiwuwar asarar halitta daga cututtukan fata. Tsawon watanni 10 na warewar mahaifa da kuma rashin brood a cikin iyalai, mahaifa da ƙudan zuma ba sa rasa ikon haihuwar zuriya, amma babu isassun kayan bayar da shawarar zaɓin samarwa. Sabili da haka, Na yi aiki da zaɓi na shirya tsara lokacin hunturu a ƙarshen lokacin bazara.
Dangane da bincike na yiwuwa na samar da mai yiwuwa ga ƙudan zuma na mutane ƙarnõni da kuma sakamakon m amfani, da yiwuwa na sarrafa brood da zuma tarin ne bayyananne a bayyane domin ya zarce na sakamakon tafiyar matakai na rayuwar gidan kudan zuma.
Thearin ɓoye hannun jari na ƙungiyar kudan zuma a cikin haifuwa na alamar Varroa yana da girma. Suna da mahimmanci wuce sashin kuɗin shiga na masana'antu. Wannan hanyar gwagwarmaya ba ta da buri. Mafi kyawun zaɓi shine dawo da kuɗi zuwa ɓangaren kudaden shiga na apiaries. Lokaci ya yi da za a kula da ƙudan zuma a cikin ƙasa tare da matsakaicin ƙasa ta filastik da ƙarancin amfani da samfuran kudan zuma.
Fasalin tafiyar rayuwar rayuwa
Ana amfani da adadi da yawa na tara pollen, samar da zuma da kuma shayar da matasa. Saboda takaitaccen tsarin rayuwa a cikin gidan ƙudan zuma, tsarin da ba a dakatar da samarwa na testicular yana faruwa (har zuwa dubu 2 a kowace rana). A cikin ingantaccen taro, rayuwar dabbobi yawanci ya fi tsayi (har zuwa kwanaki 35), cikin raunin rauni, ƙasa da (kwanaki 25).
Tsawon rayuwar tsutsotsi yana ƙarƙashin yanayin damun yankin. A lokacin rani, a yanayi mai dumin yanayi, ƙudan zuma yana jin daɗi, sabili da haka, an ɗora tsawon rayuwar su zuwa kwanaki 45. Waɗanda suka tsira daga hunturu ba su isa wata guda ba. Samfuran da basa ciyar da dodo a bazara da damuna suna rayuwa har zuwa watanni 2. Wadancan kwari da suka bar dimbin yawa a cikin fada sun mutu da wuri. Shekarun kudan zuma na aiki suna dogara da kuzarin da yake kashewa. Agusta brood yana zaune mafi tsawo. Tsarin rayuwar drones iri daya ne da na ƙudan zuma masu aiki.
Mahaifa, wanda ke taka rawa sosai a cikin brood da kuma karuwa a cikin kudan zuma, ba ya kashe kuzari kan tattara kudan zuma. Tana iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 5 saboda godiya ga rayuwa mai natsuwa da haɓaka abinci mai gina jiki, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu mahimmanci. Koyaya, idan cikin ƙwayar cuta ya haifar da babban zuriya, mahaifa cikin sauri yayi tsufa ya mutu bayan shekara 2.
Rarraba ƙasa
A yau, ƙudan zuma na zuma a duniya. Matsayi mafi mahimmanci a tsakanin duk nau'ikan mallakar mallakar kwari ne na Turai, wanda a cikin haɓakawarsu sun sami mafi girman matakin juyin halitta, samar da kyakkyawan yanayin tsarin rayuwa, rayuwar iyali da haɓakawa a cikin hive.
Sun yi dai-dai da yanayin sanyi, wanda yake basu damar kiwo har ma a yankuna na arewaci da Siberiya. Esudan zuma suna sanya tsari.
Tsarin waje
Taimako na jikin mutum, wanda ya ƙunshi gutsuttsura guda uku, shine exoskeleton na waje (cuticle). Gashin da ya lullube jikinsa daga sama suna aiki ne a lokaci guda don tabawa da kariya daga datti - akwai gabobin tsinkaye da tsinkaye. An haɗa sassan jikin mutum ta hanyar muryoyin na bakin ciki.
A jikin kudan zuma ke alamu a zahiri an raba su zuwa manyan gabobin guda uku: kai, nono da ciki. A cikin ɓangaren na sama akwai eriya, ƙwanƙwalwar bakin mutum da faffadar ido, wacce ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu fa'ida biyu da idanu uku masu sauƙi. An sanya layuka biyu na fuka-fuki tare da membranes a cikin ɓangaren thoracic, wanda, yayin jirgin, aboki tare da juna ta yin amfani da na'urori na musamman akan ƙananan fikafikan. Akwai kafafu shida a ciki, yanayin kasancewar takamaiman scrapers, barin ƙudan zuma girgiza pollen daga kafafu.
Mafi yawan mutane ba su san adadin nau'ikan idanun kudan zuma ba. Idanun rikice-rikice da aka sanya a gefen kai sun haɗa da dubunnan fuskoki. Kwarewawar hangen nesa ya kasance a cikin tsarin zanen Musa, wanda yake bashi damar ganin hasken rana ta hanyar girgije. Abubuwa biyu na gabobin hangen nesa suna taimakawa rufe babban yanki yayin jirgin, kodayake a cikin yanayin ba da haske. Sauƙaƙan idanu suna ba ka damar ganin ƙarfin haske kawai. Amma hangen nesa mai dumbin yawa a cikin kudan zuma, wanda ya kunshi launuka biyar, ya sanya ya banbanta tsakanin hasken rana, da kuma sifofi masu kama da na fure.
Kungiyar ta ciki
An san jikin dabba daga wani hadadden na'ura. Tsarin kudan zuma zuma yayi kama da tsarin kwayoyin dabbobi masu girma tare da tsarin da jijiyoyin gabobi. Dukkanin motsin jikinta yana gudana ne da tsawan iko.
Narkewa
Tsarin narkewa ya ƙunshi sassa uku. Na farko ya hada da:
- na baka,
- cinye jikin
- esophagus,
- goiter ga zuma.
Ciki ciki na tsakiya ne, ƙananan sashin sun ƙunshi hanji. Shaye-shaye, assimilation, bai cika ba kuma cikakkiyar juyewar nectar cikin zuma ana yinsa ne ta hanjin glandan (salivary da sub-pharyngeal). Daga pharynx, abinci yana shiga cikin yalwar lalacewa mai narkewa, yana samar da goiter ga zuma, daga inda ake fitar da abinda ke ciki ta hanyar proboscis ta hanyar tsokoki. Narkewa na faruwa a cikin ciki. Hanjin ciki yanki ne na bakin ciki da madaidaiciya. A karshen, an adana gutsattsarin abinci, wanda daga kudan zuma ke samun ragowar glandon abubuwa masu kama da juna.
Numfashi
Kwaro yana da tsarin numfashi mai ban sha'awa, gami da hanyar sadarwa. Inhalation yana faruwa ne ta hanyar taimakon stomata stomata akan akwati: shida akan nono da goma sha biyu akan ciki. Bayan ya shiga cikin hairs kuma ya tsarkaka, iskar ta cika jaka na musamman kuma ta yadu cikin jiki. Exhalation ya samu ta hanyar biyu na bude kofofin bude kalma.
Ajiyar zuciya
Zuciyar kudan zuma, wacce ta kunshi dakuna biyar, tana kama da bututu mai hade da jikinta yana tashi a saman sassan jikinta. Koyaya, a maimakon jini, yana cike da hemolymph (plasma), wanda yake wucewa cikin bawuloli a cikin shugabanci daga ciki zuwa kai. Daidaitawar da kirji da kuma kashin cikin kasala ke tsarawa na halin yanzu. Yawan zuciya na kwari mai lumana shine doke 100 a sakan daya, kuma nan da nan bayan tashiwar jirgin sama ya kai 150.
Gabobin ciki
Harshen ƙudan zuma yana ba su damar ganin gaba ɗaya komai na kewayen su kuma a lokaci guda sama da ƙasa. Hotunan daga idanu biyar suna haɗuwa cikin hoto guda ɗaya. Kwayoyin suna iya sanin yanayin raƙuman haske kuma ko da cikin hadari yanayi san inda rana take.
Tare da taimakon zaruruwa akan antennae, wanda ya kunshi bangarori da flagella, ga ƙudan zuma suna amfani da taɓawa, wanda ya basu damar sanin wurin a cikin duhu na hive. Antennae kuma suna aiki da ƙudan zuma don ƙayyade yawan zafin jiki da zafi. Godiya ga ƙarshen ƙarewar da ke cikin bakin, kwari sun sami damar sanin nau'ikan ƙasan nectar. Kudan zuma ba su da kunnuwa, amma suna iya ji: akwai wuraren bude ido na musamman akan jikin. Ingsarshen abin da ke haifar da ƙanshin dandano ana samun ba wai kawai a cikin makogwaro ba, har ma a kan proboscis, antennae, har ma a kan paws.
Ma'anar ƙudan zuma a yanayi
Babban mahimmancin ƙudan zuma ya ta'allaka ne ga ƙifar zuma da kuma yawan samfuran da suke da mahimmanci waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga magani a jikin ɗan adam. Koyaya, pollination kusan dukkanin tsire-tsire fure yafi mahimmanci. Wannan aikin na ma'aikata a cikin lambuna da filayen yana ba da gudummawa ga karuwar daya da rabi zuwa sau biyu yawan amfanin ƙasa:
Dangane da bincike, sama da dala miliyan daya da rabi a hekta miliyan 20 na buƙatar tsabtace kudan zuma. Increasearuwar haɓaka ya sami karɓar haɓakar koren murfin duniyar, samar da abubuwa masu rai tare da abinci mai ɗorewa da iskar oxygen, da tsaftatar da iska na carbon dioxide, yayin da ake kula da yanayin ƙasa.
Yana da wuya a fahimci mahimmancin ƙudan zuma a rayuwar ɗan adam. Suna samar da kayayyaki masu tarin yawa na lafiya wadanda suka kunshi abubuwa masu aiki da kayan halitta, suna bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban aikin gona, da haɓaka yawan aiki ta hanyar gurɓataccen shinge da kuma samar da yanayi don kore duniya.
Kudan zuma
Mun riga mun bincika abinci mai narkewa a cikin wannan labarin.Amma ga abinci mai gina jiki na tsohuwar tsire-tsire na zuma, mutane masu aiki galibi suna cinye tsire-tsire, daga abin da suke samun bitamin, fats da sunadarai da suke buƙata, kuma ana amfani da nectar a matsayin tushen carbohydrates. Bugu da kari, manya ma sunada bukatar gishiri da ruwan kwalba.
A cikin mahimmancinsa, ƙwayoyin nectar shine sukari mai sukari, duk da haka, abubuwan da ke cikin sukari na iya bambanta yadu daga 3% zuwa 76%, yayin da za'a iya samun yawancin nau'ikan tsirrai a cikin tsire-tsire iri ɗaya iri da ke girma a yankuna maƙwabta. An gano cewa mutane masu aiki ba sa tattara ƙwayoyin pectar tare da sukari wanda ke ƙasa da 4.25%. Ainihin, suna neman tsire-tsire waɗanda ƙwayarsu ta ƙunshi sukari 20% -40%, kuma idan sun sami tsire-tsire tare da ƙwayoyin nectar waɗanda ke ɗauke da sukari fiye da 50%, suna neman tattarawa farko.
Babu furotin mai yawa a cikin nectar, amma yafi a cikin pollen. Af, pollen ba komai bane kamar sel kwaro na shuka, mai arziki ba wai kawai a cikin sunadarai ba, har ma a cikin bitamin B da C, haka ma acid: nicotinic, pantothenic, riboflavin da folic. Daidaitaccen furotin da abinci mai gina jiki ya zama dole ga masu aiki a farkon rabin rayuwar su, shine, lokacin da suke ciyar da larvae, ciyar da mahaifa tare da madara da kakin zuma mai ma'ana don gina saƙar zuma. Wannan ya bayyana wahalhalun kayan sawa na ƙudan zuma don tara pollen shuka.
Ga ƙudan zuma da aka tattara na ƙurar kudan zuma ana ɗaukar su cikin hive kuma suna sa zuma daga ita. Yayin aiki, yawan sukari ya tashi zuwa kashi 80%, yawan ruwa mai narkewa, kuma yawancin hadaddun sukari sun lalace cikin sauki. Wannan rarrabuwar wani muhimmin bangare ne na abincin duk mutane a cikin hive yayin lokacin hunturu. Gaskiyar ita ce, a cikin hunturu da ƙudan zuma zuma ba su kare a cikin hive, da kudan zuma sami damar narke sauki sugars ba tare da saura da karin makamashi.
Game da fitsarin, mai ɗauke da mutum yakan tattara shi daga kansa tare da kugunsa (akasari gaba da na tsakiya) sannan yana jujjuya shi zuwa kafafunsa na baya, inda ake cakuda shi da sanyaya shi da ƙoshin kudan zuma ko ƙudan zuma. Wannan nau'in nectar ana kiransa pollen. Slab bayan bayarwa ga hive an sanya shi a cikin tantanin saƙar saƙar zuma tare da kai, da kuma zuba zuma a kai (adana). Irin wannan pollen an riga an kira shi pollen. Don cikakken ci gaban mutum ɗaya mai aiki, ana buƙatar 0.1 g na perga. Wato, dangi wanda, a cikin bazara da bazara, ya ɓoye ƙudan zuma kusan 200,000, yana buƙatar har zuwa 30kg na kudan zuma.