Ostiraliya wata ƙasa ce ta aljanna don wuraren kiwo: kusan babu manyan masu farauta. Amma saboda haka, ga alama, ba koyaushe ba ne. A cikin zane-zane na kogo na mutanen farko akwai hoton wata halitta mai kamar dragon. Labarin labari ne? Maimakon haka, ainihin babban mai rarrafewa kusa da mai kula da kayan maye.
Masana ilimin burbushin halitta sun tabbatar da - babban lizard, mai kama da mai amfani da kayan sawa, wanda da gaske ya taɓa zama a yankin kangaroo. Kwararrun masana kimiyya suna da tabbacin cewa megalania babban tabarau ne, har yanzu yana jagorantar rayuwa mai gamsarwa a cikin dazuzzukan daji na Ostireliya.
Tabbacin megalania a baya shine kasusuwa. Dukda cewa masana binciken burbushin halittu basu gano asalin kwarangwal din ba, kusan kashi 80% na kasusuwan megalania ana tattarawa daga gutsuttsura. Dukkanin kasusuwa da aka samu an tabbatar dasu. Kusan komai. Wani sashi na ƙashin ƙugu yana rikitar da masana ilimin burbushin halittu, yayin da suke ba da bege da kishin ƙasa ga masu ilimin cryptozoologists: bushe da bushewa ne. Menene wannan ya kamata ayi magana akai? Kasusuwa ba su wuce shekara 300 ba, kuma ilimin kimiyya na hukuma ya ce megalania ya share dubunnan shekaru da suka gabata. Kasancewar kwarangwal din da ya taru ya ba mu damar yin hukunci a kan girman dodanni na Australiya da suka rayu a da - har zuwa 6 m tsayi, da kuma carnivores: in ba haka ba, me zai sa megalanias ke da haƙoran haƙora na baya?
Hujja game da yarda da megalania mai lafiya a yau - sai dai kawai shaidar shaidun gani da ido da kuma gano burbushi.
An ba da tabbataccen tabbaci game da kasancewar babban daskararre a cikin gandun daji na Ostiraliya a cikin 1961 ta hanyar amfani da katako. Youngan samari uku a lokacin cin abincin rana sun ji ɓarkewar rassan rassan ƙarƙashin jikin babban taro - babban colossus ya kama hanya zuwa cikin ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa. Ba da daɗewa ba sanadin hayaniya ya bayyana - wata halitta mai kama da kayan maye kamar tazarar mita shida. Lumberjacks sun sami mafaka a cikin motar.
Daga baya, matasa sun baiyana tunaninsu game da babbar tabarma da bakin bakin da aka gani. Motar ba ta cin abincin ba ga dabbar. Macijin ya haye share ya ɓoye cikin daji. Hakan ya faru ne a duwatsun Ouatoga a cikin New South Wales.
A shekara ta 1979, Rex Gilroy ya yi wani plaster cast na babbar madaidaicin sawun ƙafa. Yanayi ya bar megalania, yana kutsawa cikin gonakin daya daga cikin manoman Australia. Wani sanannen masanin ilimin kimiyyar fasahar kiba ya nemi manomi ya rufe hanyoyin ruwan sama har zuwa lokacin da ya isa gona. Manomi ya nuna gaskiya ga abin da aka nema - ya jefar da ciyawa.
Ya fara ruwa ... oneaya daga cikin alama ce kawai wata tsohuwar fari ta rufe mu'ujiza, kuma mai binciken ya bayyana batun abin alfahari - ƙwallon ƙafa na megalania. Cewa megalania ya wuce shakka. Yanayin sarkar kwafi (nesa tsakanin su, matsayin dangi) a bayyane yake - ma'adanar mita shida da sauri ya ketare filin.
Yana fatan ya sami megalania mai rai, Gilroy ya yi hira da shaidun gani da ido waɗanda suka ga macijin nan da idanunsu. A yayin binciken, kusan shaidar 600 na haduwa da manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Shaidun gani da ido sun bayyana megalania a matsayin mai sanya idanu na mita mita 4-6 tare da manyan yatsu da launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. Kodayake ganin dragon mai rai yana firgita 'yan Australiya waɗanda dole su hadu da shi, ba a lura da yanayin tashin hankali ba. Ko kuma shaidun da za su iya ba da labarin tashin hankali na megalaning, kawai ba su tsaya ba ...
Abun dariya, barkwanci, amma manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe ba'asan ilimin kimiyya ba suna yawo ne a cikin yankin Australiya. Me yasa har yanzu ba'a tabbatar da kasancewarsu ba kuma ba a bayyana matsayin tsari ba?
'San ƙaramar Australiya suna da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi ne a cikin birane da kuma cikin biranen da ke cikin ƙasa. Yankunan yankuna masu zurfi zuwa cikin nahiyar ba safai suke da yawan jama'a ba koda babban dabba bashi da wahalar ɓoyewa daga idanuwansa.
Saboda wannan dalili, ana gano sabon nau'in nau'in dabbobi a kai a kai a Ostiraliya.
Wataƙila lokaci zai zo da megalanias don motsawa daga rukuni na lu'ulu'u ko kuma ƙone dabbobi gaba ɗaya ga nau'in sabon nau'in da aka gano.
VARAN NE KAWAI DAYA KYAU MARA
Ba kamar macizai ba, mutane da yawa ba sa jin tsoron shaye-shaye, amma manyan masu sa-ido suna iya tsoratar da kowa. Lizards sune mafi girma a cikin dukkanin tsarukan zamani. Suna da jiki sosai na tsoka da cikakke-yatsu biyar masu yatsa da ke karewa cikin yatsunsu mai tsayi tare da manyan yatsun kafa. Wasu daga cikin masu lura da yanayin bazara suna haifar da rayuwar rayuwa mai ruwa-ruwa, wasu suna hawa bishiyoyi daidai, yayin da wasu sun dace da rayuwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayin hamada. Kashi 80 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen duniya masu saurin ido suna zaune ne a Ostiraliya, an san nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu 24 a nan.
Mafi karami daga cikinsu, gajeren zanen mai lura da gajeru, baya wuce cm 20 a tsayi, kuma manyan halittu guda biyu sun kai tsawon mil 2. A nan ne, a Ostiraliya, shekaru miliyan 100 da suka gabata wani katon megalania ya bayyana, wanda ya kai tsawon mil 8-8. Wannan ita ce mafi girman ƙasa da aka sani da ilimin kimiyya a yau.
Haraji
Take Gidan kurkukun Megalania Sir Richard Owen ya bayar a 1859. Sunaye Megalania ya hada da kalmomin Girka biyu: Mega Girkanci Μέγας - babba, babba, da lania - gyara wasu Girkanci ("Na yawo"). Nau'in nau'in halitta gidan yari - jujjuya daga Latin "tsohuwar" (jinsi mace), tun Megalania - mace). Saboda haka, ana iya fassara cikakken sunan sabon nau'in "babban tramp ɗin tsohuwar". Rufe kamannin kalmar dr. lat zuwa lat. lania ("maharbi" a cikin jinsi na mata) ya haifar da fassarori da yawa waɗanda ba daidai ba game da sunan a matsayin "ƙwararrun mahauta mahaukaciya."
Asalin da Owen ya bayyana asalinsa a matsayin nau'in halittar sabuwar dabi'ar. Megalania. Yanzu yawancin masana kimiyya suna danganta wannan nau'in ga asalin halittar Varanuskirga sunan Megalania ƙaramin synonym. Tare da wannan hanyar, an rubuta sunan megalania na kimiyya kamar yadda Kurkukun Varanus, wato, "tsoffin masu lura da kayan maye."
BAYANIN TARIHI DA TANKAR
Likita na Cryptozoo R. Gilroy ya tabbata cewa ba da jimawa ba zai iya samun megalania mai rai. Ga duk masu shakkar magana, a hankali yana nuna filastar ƙafar babbar ƙafa, wannan shine farkon tabbacin gaskiyar kasancewar dabba dabba. Abin mamaki ne cewa an sami ceto ga mai binciken ta wani tsohuwar ƙwayar cuta.
A ɗaya daga cikin ranakun ruwa na Yuli na 1979, Gilroy tare da matarsa sun tafi ɗayan manoma, waɗanda suka gano jerin abubuwan ban mamaki a sabon filin da yake noma. A cewar manomi, akwai kusan waƙoƙi 30, Gilroy ya nemi maigidan filin ya kiyaye su daga yanayin kafin ya iso. Abin baƙin ciki, ciyawar kawai ta jefa ciyayi, kuma ruwan sama mai nauyi ya kusan lalata su, har zuwa lokacin da mai binciken cryptozoologist ya bayyana, ɗab'i ɗaya ne kawai ya tsira, wanda aka rufe shi da tsohuwar fari. Daga wannan hanyar ne Gilroy ya yi siminti.
Ta hanyar girman waƙoƙin da tazara tsakanin su, ya zama sananne cewa wani katon abu mai rarrafe, mai nisan mita 6, cikin sauri ya mamaye filin. Zai iya zama megalania, mai gabatar da kayan maye, wanda kowa yayi la'akari da kasancewarsa tuntuni.
Karshe
Yawancin karatu sunyi ƙoƙari don kafa matsayin phylogenetic na megalania a cikin Varanidae. Zatonsa shine kusancin tare da wata babbar yar dubawar, babban hadarin zamani na Australiya, an yi shi ne ta hanyar tsarin gabobin saman kwanyar. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya ba da shawarar dangantakar 'yar uwa da takarda tare da mista Komodo, dangane da wasu kamanceceniya tare da masu iya magana da jigon motley a matsayin mafi kusancin dangi na Australiya na zamani. A gefe guda, ana ganin babban mai saka idanu na mai lura sosai da mai dangantaka da Gould Monitor lizard da makamin kare dangi.
Kashi na kunyatar da masana kimiyya
Gwanaye na zamani suna da tsawon 20 cm zuwa 2.5 m. Dukkansu masu sihiri ne da masu farauta masu fafutuka masu ƙarfi, haƙoran haƙora da haƙora masu ƙayatarwa. Megalania ya bambanta da dangi na yau kawai a cikin girman ban sha'awa. Dr. Ralph Molner, jami'in sashen binciken halittun a gidan kayan tarihi na Queensland ya ce "Ba kasafai aka samu kasusuwa." Yawancin lokaci akwai vertebrae, har da haƙarƙari da kasusuwa na ƙafa.
Ko da da yawan binciken, muna da kyau yadda muke tunanin yadda dabba take. Yin hukunci da siffar dorteal vertebrae, megalania shine dangi na kusancin masu lura da yanayin zamani, ko kuma a saukake, babban mai saurin dubawa. ”
Megalania, ba tare da wata shakka ba, ya kasance mafarauta, gandun dabbobi, kawai duba hakora, sun yi baki da kaifi, sun kama ganima. Masana binciken halittu har yanzu basu iya samun cikakkiyar samfurin megalania ba, amma sun tattara ne daga kashi 80% na kasusuwa na wannan kashin mai karfin mita 6, wanda labarin mafi ban mamaki har yanzu yake yadu a tsakanin jama'ar Australiya.
Ofaya daga cikin samfuran murfin murfin babban gilashi mai lura da kayan maye yana da crest a tsakiya. Masanin ilimin halittar dabbobi Gregory Chikura ya lura cewa masu lafuzzan dake jagorantar rayuwar rayuwa mai ruwa-da-ruwa suna da irin tudu, wanda ke nufin megalania babban mai fafatawa ne ga wani tsohon magabacin - kada. Kasancewar kasusuwan burbushin halittu a cikin Queensland ana samun su har ƙasa da ragowar megalanias, mafi yawanci, wannan yana nuna cewa ƙwararrun masu lura da haɗarin da suke mamaye a saman sarkar abinci.
Masu binciken burbushin halitta galibi suna shakkar yiwuwar megalanias a yau, amma akwai wanda ya gano har yanzu yana rikitar da zukatansu. Wannan samfurin yanki ne na kasusuwa na pelvic, amma wannan guntun kwarangwal din ba a gashe shi ba, kamar yadda ya saba, amma ya bushe kuma yayi toshiya, kamar dai dabba ta mutu kawai shekaru 200-300 da suka gabata. A cewar masanin ilimin burbushin halittu Ralph Molner, “wannan binciken yana nuna cewa watakila megalania ya mutu a wani lokaci da yawa fiye da yadda muke zato. Zai zama da ban sha'awa sanin ainihin shekarun wannan kashin. Mayya, a zahiri, ba su san lokacin da manyan masu lizards ɗin suka mutu ba. Mun san game da lokacin da suka bayyana, amma lokacin da ƙarshensu ya ɓace, to ba mu sani ba. ” Wannan binciken duk da haka ya ba mu damar cewa megalania ya rayu har zuwa yau.
Girma
Rashin cikakke ko kusan cikakkiyar kasusuwan kasusuwan burbushin ya sanya wahalar tantance girman dabbar, kodayake ya bayyana sarai cewa ya fi girma girma fiye da kowane tsarin kula da zamani. Dangane da lissafin masana kimiyya daban-daban, tsawon girman megalanias ya tashi daga 4.5 zuwa 9 m, kuma babban daga 331 zuwa 2200 kg.
Don haka, ƙididdigar farko sun nuna tsawon tsayuwar samfuran mafi girma na mita 7 da nauyin 600-620 kg. Amma a cikin 2002, a kan tushen kayan da ke cikin wallafe-wallafen, Stephen Vroe ya nuna matsakaicin megalania na 4.5 m da nauyin 331 kg, tare da ƙididdigar ma'ana ga yawancin manya na 3.5 m da 97-158 kg. Ya kuma nuna cewa ƙimar matsakaicin matsakaiciyar da aka karɓa ta 7 m ta samo asali ne daga hanyoyin da ba daidai ba da kuma nazarin samfurin, mai yiwuwa ba megalanium ba. Amma a cikin 2009, Vroe, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin marubutan wani binciken, ya yi watsi da ƙididdigar da ya gabata, tun da yake sun dogara ne da bayanan adabi kaɗan, kuma ya nuna tsawon megalania na manya aƙalla 5.5 m, da nauyi - 575 kg .
Koyaya, a yau mafi dacewa shine ƙididdigar girman megalania daga Ralph Molnar. A shekara ta 2004, ya ƙudura yawan adadin manya manya masu lura da kayan maye ta hanyar bugo daga jikin mahaifansa. Dangane da lissafin, yawancin mutanen megalania na da tsayi na 2.2-2.3 m ban da wutsiya, kuma mafi girman samfuran da aka bincika a cikin binciken sun kasance 3.8 m. Tun da yake har yanzu akwai wadatattun burbushin wutsiya, an kuma kiyasta tsayin sa ta kwatancen tare da dangin zamani na Megalania. Idan megalania yana da dogon wutsiya mai tsayi, kamar mai motsi na zamani (kusan sau 2.5 fiye da jiki), samfurin da tsayin 3.8 m ba tare da wutsiya ba yana da jimlar tsawon mita 9.5. Kuma yana da adadin gwargwadon komodo da kuma wasu nau'ikan manya manya (wutsiya ya ninka tsawon jikinta sau biyu), wannan megalania zai kai kusan 7.6 a tsayi. Ganin yadda aka danganta da wutsiyar kwatancen masu saurin zamani da kuma dabarun muhalli na megalania, mafi yawan marubutan sunsan zabin na biyu a matsayin mafi kyawu. Molnar ya kuma ba da shawarar sake gina megalanias na uku, bisa ga bayanan daga Hecht (1975), wanda ya yi imanin megalanias yana da gajeren wutsiya, ya danganta ne kawai da dangi game da binciken da aka samu a cikin yanayin cinkoson kuma a kan cewa manyan masu lura da lizards suna da guntun wutsiyoyi fiye da yadda suke. kananan. A wannan yanayin, jimlar megalanias tare da jikin 3.8 m zai kai mita 5.7 kawai .. Kodayake ya kamata a lura, daga cikin dukkanin zaɓuɓɓuka ukun, wannan sake ginawa watakila mafi ƙarancin halarta - babu ɗayan maƙeran masu lura da zamani da ke da irin wannan gajeren tare da gangar jikin wutsiya. Samun matsakaicin tsayi na 7 m kuma physique wanda yayi kama da na kirjin zane, na zamani Ralph Molnar ya kimanta nauyin megalania a kilogiram 1940 (mafi ƙididdigar matsakaitan matsakaici shine kimanin kilogram 1500), wanda yake kusan girman matsakaicin macen ta zamani.
Kimiyya
Wannan nau'in ya rayu a Ostiraliya a cikin zamanin Pleistocene, yana farawa daga miliyan 1.6 da suka gabata kuma ya ƙare kimanin shekaru 40,000 da suka gabata. Megalania ita ce mafi girma a cikin ƙasa da aka sani da ilimin kimiyya a yau. Tana da jiki mai nauyi, gabobin osteodermal a cikin fata, wata gabar jiki mai iko da babban kwanyar da ke da karamin crest tsakanin idanun, da kuma jaws cike da hakora masu kama da juna. Megalania hakora sun fi girma fiye da na macijin mai kula da Komodo, kuma kwanyar ba ta da sassauƙa kuma mafi yawa.
Wataƙila Megalania ya fi dacewa ya zauna a cikin savannas mai ciyawa da gandun dazuzzukan ruwa, inda yake farautar manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa irin su diprotodons, palorhests, da zygomaturus. Kamar Komzards na zamani, wataƙila bai raina ɗaukar kaya ba, kuma yana iya ɗaukar ganima daga wasu mafarauta kuma dama ta cinye dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye, dabbobi da dabbobi masu shayarwa, da dai sauransu dabbobi, musamman a farkon rayuwar. A cikin 2009, Erickson et al ya gano cewa haɓakar girma na samfurin megalania da suka yi karatu shine 14 cm / shekara don shekaru 13 na farko na rayuwa. Sannan ya ragu zuwa 10 cm / shekara fiye da shekaru 2 da suka gabata. Don haka, wannan nau'in kula da masu daukar hankali ya sami girman girman kai, yana kiyaye adadin ci gaban '' 'yaro' 'na tsawon lokaci tare da samun ci gaba daga baya. Samun jinkirin da aka samu na manyan masu yiyuwa ya ba da izinin megalani su fara gangarowa daga wakilai megafauna, fara daga kangaroo, yayin da mai farauta ya kasance mai sauri kuma yana ta hannu, kuma yana ƙare tare da mafi girma, jinkirin dabbobi masu shayarwa na nahiyar da safarar kayayyaki, lokacin da megalanias ya isa girmansa.
Kamar yadda akeyin Komodo na zamani, mai yiwuwa megalania zata iya farauta daga bakin kwarya kuma hakan zai bata damar cin zarafin ta, ta hanyar lalata jijiyoyin da hakora mai kaifi. Bayan wannan megalania ya tsage mahaifiyar wanda aka azabtar, ta ciji wuyansa ko kuma kawai ta fara cin shi da rai. Tun da kullun Komodo na zamani saboda haka yana hulɗa da dabbobi fiye da sau 10-15 fiye da kansa, megalania da wuya ya sami matsala tare da kisan wakilan megafauna na zamani. Akwai ra'ayi cewa megalanias zai iya zama mai guba, kamar maƙeran ƙira na zamani. Amma tun da masu fasahar Komodo na zamani suna kashe wanda aka kashe kawai ta hanyar lalata lalacewar injiniyan, zato na Brian Fry game da rawar da ke tattare da guba a cikin aikin megalania bai isa ba a tabbatar da shi. Mafi muni, gubar megalania ta yi wasu ayyuka, kamar su shiga narkewa.
Karancin burbushin halittu ya nuna cewa megalania shine asalin wanda ya mallaki ƙasar turai.Koyaya, wasu masana sunyi jayayya cewa ba shine kawai ba. Sun lura cewa zakuna na marsupial sun fi yaduwa a cikin yanayin Pleistocene kuma tabbas sun kasance masu farauta na yau da kullun game da megafauna Ostiraliya saboda girman yanayin yanayin muhalli. Quincans sune halittun jinsi na ƙasa, wasu daga cikinsu sun kai aƙalla 3 (aƙalla 6-7 ko sama da haka) tsayi, kuma an lura da ɗayan manyan masu farauta na tsohuwar Ostiraliya. Sauran manyan lamuran giya, gami da lamuran Komodo wadanda suka mamaye nahiyar a lokacin, wataƙila su ma sun kasance masu mahimancin kisa na megafauna na Australiya.
An ba da shawarar cewa don maido da yanayin yanayin da ya kasance a Ostiraliya kafin lalatawar Pleistocene-Holocene da kuma dawo da ma'aunin muhalli, yana da kyau a kawo Komodo mai lura da lafiyayyun hallara zuwa Ostiraliya saboda su zama irin "anagaren megalania" da kuma sarrafa yawan manyan dabbobi masu halayen dabbobi kamar buffalo , dawakai da raƙuma, waɗanda babu wani ɗan ƙasar Australiya na zamaninmu da zai iya jurewa, in banda maɓallin kukan cakuda rabin, yana zaune kawai a aminci na nahiyar. Koyaya, an ba da izinin komodo mai lura da yanayin Komputa ya wanzu a Ostiraliya tun kafin megalania ya bayyana, ya zauna tare da megalania a cikin wasu mazauna kuma, mai yiwuwa, ya mutu tare da sauran megafauna, fassarar sa kamar analog na yanayin yanayin megalania ya kasance mafi kuskure.
A cikin binciken da aka buga a cikin 2009 wanda ya yi amfani da ƙididdigar Steven Vroe, ƙaddarar megalania dangane da ƙididdigar nau'ikan 18 masu alaƙa da keɓaɓɓun lafuzza sun kai 2.6-3 m / s. Wannan saurin yana daidai da saurin gudu nannnn igiyar ruwa na Australiya na zamani. Amma anan ma yana da daraja la'akari da cewa megalania, kamar ƙararrakin sa ido na zamani, wataƙila ana iya samun dorewa fiye da karnukan daji lokacin da yake gudana akan ƙasa.
Megalania a cikin cryptozoology
A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, akwai rahotanni da yawa da jita-jita game da megalanias da ke zaune a Australia ko a New Guinea. Masanin ilimin cryptozoologist na Australiya Rex Gilroy ya bayyana cewa megalania har yanzu yana raye a yau, kuma lokaci ne kawai kafin a gano shi. Yawancin labarun gargajiya na Aborigines na Australiya sun ba da rahoton manyan gilasai, wanda wataƙila ya nuna cewa sun yi ma'amala da megalanias ko Komodo saka idanu masu amo, aƙalla a zamanin da.
Yiwuwar yawan adadin manyan gizagizai a cikin yankin Ostiraliya bai mutu ba a cikin abin da ake tsammani, tunda rahotanni daban-daban na manyan alamu sun fara ne bayan da aka fara bayanin megalania a duniyar kimiyya.
Asalin sunan megalania
Sir Richard Owen ya ba da sunan mai suna Megalania gidan yarin a cikin 1859. Game da sunan almara Megalania, ya ƙunshi kalmomi biyu: "Mega", wanda ke nufin babba, babba, da kuma "Lania", wanda yake shi ne yanayin da aka sauya na kalmar helenanci "yawo". "Prisca" (nau'in nau'in) a cikin fassara daga Rashanci daga Girkanci yana nufin "tsohuwar". Sakamakon shine cikakken suna, wanda a cikin fassara daga Girkanci zuwa cikin Rashanci yana nufin "babban tsohuwar tramp." Gaskiya ne, saboda lafazin kalmar Girkanci “lania” tare da kalmar Latin guda, wacce ke ma'anar “maharbi” (ko kuma akasin haka, “maharbi”, tunda kalmar Latin ce don mata), yawancin fassarorin da ba daidai ba ne kamar “babbar tsohuwar maharbi”.
Wurare da tsawon rayuwar Magelania
Megalanias ya wanzu a cikin Quaternary, a ƙarshen sashin Pleistocene. Wannan shine, kimanin shekaru dubu arba'in da talatin da suka wuce (Layer the late Pleistocene). Megalanias ya rayu a kan yankin ƙasashen Australiya na zamani, saboda haka, wataƙila, wakilan Australiya na homo sapiens ne kawai mutanen da suka faru suka gan shi.
Megalania (Megalania prisca).
MAGANAR BAYAN 600
Idan masana ilimin burbushin halitta kawai suke neman kasusuwa megalania, masana ilimin kimiya na fata zasu samu wata babbar mai sa ido a rayuwa.
Ba wai kawai katako uku kawai ya ga babban daskararre ba, Rax Gilroy ya sami damar tattara 600 (!) Asusun shaidar gani na tarurruka tare da wannan dabba. Gabaɗaya, duk shaidun gani da ido sun bayyana ɗayan abu mai rarrafe - babbar ƙugiya mai sa ido daga 4 zuwa 6, wani lokacin har zuwa 10 m tsawo. Jikinsa mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske sosai yana da ƙarfi sosai, musamman maɗaukakkun bayanai masu ban sha'awa. Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, duk shaidun gani da ido sun tsoratar da irin wannan taron.
Da zarar tsawon megalania har ma ya sami nasarar daidaitawa daidai, ba shakka, ba tare da ma'aunin tef ba, amma tare da taimakon shinge. Wata katuwar mai lura da ruwa, wacce ke tafiya a gefen shinge, ta lura da manomi, kuma ya kiyasta tsayin dutsen tare da ginshiƙinsa guda biyu. Tsawonsa ya kasance mita 6, kuma wataƙila duk bakwai, saboda maƙallin mai duba yana da wutsiya mai dogon gashi.
Ostiraliya ta ɓoye wani dabba Ba a sani ba
Shekaru 40 da suka wuce, mutanen da suka riga sun fara farauta a cikin hamada ta Australiya, akan zanen dutsen, ban da sauran dabbobin da suka kare, akwai hotunan megalania. Yana yiwuwa wannan babban maƙiyin ya shiga cikin menu na ofan asalin.
Shin masu ilimin kimiya na cryptozoologists suna da damar da za su iya samun wannan mahaɗa ta prehistoric? Ostiraliya babbar ƙasa ce, wacce ke da mutane miliyan 18 kawai, waɗanda galibi suna zaune a birane da bakin tekun. Har yanzu ba a bincika wadatar filaye na wannan nahiya kuma a kowace shekara ana gano sabon nau'in dabbobi a wannan kasar.
An adana samfuran dukkanin ruwan leda na Queensland da aka sani yau a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na wannan jihar a Brisbane. Masanin ilimin likitan dabbobi Gregory Chikura yana sake rubuta kundin tarihin sa, an sanya sunayen Lizards 7 da kwaya daya yayin da shi, da kansa ya shiga bayanin wannan sabon nau'in. Chikura ya ce, "Muna neman kowane nau'in halittu koyaushe. Ostiraliya babbar asara ce. Abin da yake akwai kawai: daga hamada da kuma ruwan daji na daji zuwa Barrier Reef. Kuma ko'ina akwai dabbobi da yawa, gami da waɗanda ba a sani ba ga kimiyya. Idan ka dauki, alal misali, yankuna na herpetology, to a Ostiraliya a cikin shekara guda daga 15 zuwa 20 ana samun sabon nau'in lizards. Brisbane shine ɗayan manyan biranen Australiya, kuma sama da shekaru 15, a tsakanin wani yanki mai nisan kilomita 50 daga tsakiyar ta, mun gano sababbin nau'ikan 6. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan layoyi ne. An yi imani cewa an samo duk manyan dabbobi an daɗe. Wannan ra'ayi ne mai ba daidai ba ra'ayi, tsakanin jinsunan da aka gano kwanannan akwai manyan kuzari masu yawa ta tsarin al'ada. Saboda haka sababbin nau'ikan suna da girma da kuma abin lura sosai. "
A Ostiraliya, manyan dabbobi suna da sauƙin ɓoyewa daga idanun mutane, don haka yana iya yiwuwa megalania har yanzu suna yawo a cikin kananan wuraren da ba a karance su ba. A cewar masana ilimin kimiya na cryptozoo, wannan mafarautan na iya haifar da wata hatsari ga mutane, yana iya yiwuwa wasu mafarauta da ba su gani ba, yawon bude ido da manoma sun zama masu cutar sharar fage.
Akwai takamaiman harbi inda aka ɗauki hoto kusa da babbar maharbi. Wasu suna ɗaukar wannan hoto ɗin karya ne, wasu - hujjoji ne na tabbacin wanzuwar ƙwararrun masu duba. Tabbas, yana da shakka cewa za a sami daredevil mai ikon kusanci da taɓa irin wannan dabbar. Gaskiya ne, an san cewa a safiya da sanyi a cikin yanayi, masu lura da shararrun marasa aikin yi kuma suna yin saurin juyawa ga masu son ganima. Wataƙila 'yardar tayi amfani da irin wannan lokacin?
Komodo, kuma, bai yi imani da VARANOV ba
A cikin yarda da gaskiyar kasancewar megalania yana magana da labarin komodo lizard. Wannan babbar tabarau, mai tsayi har zuwa 3 m, an fara bayyana ta ne shekaru 104 da suka wuce, a cikin 1912. Kafin haka, masana kimiyya sun daɗe ba su yi imani da wanzuwar wannan macijin mai rai ba, suna yarda cewa matafiya da mazauna yankin suna gaya musu game da kukan talakawa. Af, a cewar masana kimiyya, magabatan Komodo Monitor lizard sun fara bayyana a Australia kuma kimanin shekaru miliyan 4 da suka gabata sun koma tsibirin Indonesiya ta hanyar gada. Liwararrun masu lura da ruwa masu ruwa ne masu kyau, saboda haka zasu iya shawo kan ƙananan matsalolin ruwa a kan hanyarsu.
Zai yuwu a sami manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe ba wai kawai a Ostiraliya ba. A arewa maso gabas India, mazauna yankin har yanzu suna magana game da babban daskararre har zuwa tsawon m 3-4 tare da layuka uku na dogo tare da kunya, maƙallan paws da manyan kunnuwa. Wannan dabba ana kiranta borax. A cikin 1948, an shirya babban bincike na Boer, amma ba su samar da komai ba. Wataƙila mazaunan garin sun lalata wannan tabarau tun ma kafin masana kimiyya su jawo hankali gare shi.
Papuans na New Guinea sun gaya mana wani babban abin rarrabe mai rayuwa wanda ke rayuwa akan bishiyoyi akai-akai. Daga cikin su, wutsiyar layi - kamar yadda suke kiran wannan dabbar - ana ɗaukarsa babban abin ci ne. Kodayake Rowe shine mafi girman Papuans idan aka kwatanta da kada, masana kimiyya har yanzu basu sami damar samo wannan dabba ba. Zai yiwu cewa an riga an ci abinci na ƙarshe.
Don haka megalania na Australiya yana da mafi yawan damar rayuwa, saboda mafi yawan filayen kusan babu mazaunin ne suka sami damar ta. Bari mu fatan cewa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, masu ilimin kimiya na zamani za su iya samun wannan dabba ta almara.
Nau'in megalania da tarihin ganowa
A halin yanzu, nau'in megalania guda ɗaya ne kawai aka sani, wanda, saboda haka, nau'in hali ne.
Bayani na farko game da megalania ya kasance sanannen mashahurin masanin ilimin binciken layin Ingilishi Richard Owen. Hakan ya faru ne a shekarar 1859. Masana kimiyya sun gano burbushin Megalania a yankin Darling Downs a cikin jihar Queensland ta Australiya. Don wannan rarrabewa, masanin binciken burbushin halittu ya gano wata sifa ta daban.
Koyaya, maganar ba ta tsaya a can ba, kuma wani masanin binciken burbushin halittu daga Burtaniya - Richard Lidecker - rashin jituwa da Owen a 1888, ya hada da Megalania a cikin asalin Varanus. Kasancewa a cikin wannan al'adar a halin yanzu an yarda da shi don dukkanin jinsunan da ake da su yanzu masu saurin maye. A sakamakon haka, a cewar Richard Lidecker, ana kiran wannan nau'in Varanus priscus. Ya kamata a gane cewa wannan batun har yanzu yana iya zama hujja a yau, tunda wani sashi na masana kimiyyar yayi magana akan sigar farko ta Owen, yayin da kashi na biyu yana ɗaukar juzu'in Lidecker mafi dacewa.
Samfuran megalania da aka bayyana a wancan lokacin sun kasance wakiltar wani saiti na vertebrae. Wadannan vertebrae an yiwa lakabi da BMNH 32908a-c. Tunda babu holotype, misalin BMNH 32908c a yanzu ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin lectotype. Abin takaici, cikakkiyar kasusuwa na megalania, wanda zai ba da cikakken hoto game da wannan dabba mai ƙonewa, har yanzu ba a gano ba. Saboda haka, hoton megalania an sake dawo dashi kawai. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, masana ilimin burbushin halittu kawai suke gano hakoran mutum da vertebrae.
A zahiri, ana iya fassara cikakken sunan wannan nau'in na masu lura da lizards a matsayin "babban tarko na tsohuwar hanya."
Tsarin jiki megalania
Mafi yawancin lokuta, megalania yana da tsawon jikin mutum wanda ya kai mita bakwai. Tsawonta ya kai mita 1.3. An yi kiyasin yin awo.
Don kwatantawa, kwatancen Komodo na zamani waɗanda ke da ikon girgiza kowa da ƙarfin su ba su wuce mita uku ba da tsayi da kilo ɗari biyu da hamsin a tsayi (ƙirar mafi girma da aka yi amfani da ita na Komodo tana da mita uku da santimita goma sha uku kuma tana da nauyin kilogram 166 tare da abinci mara nauyi) . Don haka, megalania ya fi tsayi sau biyu kuma ya ninka sau shida. Amma a lokaci guda, yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa, idan aka kwatanta da masu lizards na teku na Mesozoic, Mosasaurs, megalania sun yi ƙasa sosai.
Koyaya, ba ta rayuwa a cikin Mesozoic, kuma ba ta cikin ruwa ba. Gaskiya ne, bisa ga wasu ƙididdigar, tsawon megalania yana tsakanin mita 4.5 zuwa 9. Amma ga nauyin, ana nuna kilo 331 azaman ƙaramar alama, kuma kilo 2,200 a matsayin matsakaici. A cikin ƙungiyar kimiyya (ba za a rikice tare da mashahurin kimiyyar ba), waɗanda suka fi dacewa su ne ƙididdigar Ralph Molnar, wanda a cikin 2004 ya ƙaddara yawan adadin girman megalanias.
Abin takaici, ba a taba samun cikakkiyar kashin megalania ba, amma bisa lafazin masana kimiyya, shine mafi girman hadarin da ya taba zama a doron kasa.
Ya sami nasarar cimma wannan ta hanya mai sauƙi ta hanyar ɗaukar hoto, ta amfani da vertebrae vertebrae a matsayin farawa. Idan muka ɗauka cewa wutsiyar megalania tana da tsayi kuma mai kauri kamar mai motsi mai motsi, to tsayinta zai iya kaiwa mita 7.9. Idan gwargwadon megalanias sun kasance daidai da adadin gwargwadon aikin Komodo, to, tsawonsa ba zai ragu ba - har zuwa mita bakwai. Zaɓin na biyu shine mafi yawan lokuta. Samun matsakaicin matsakaicin megalania na mita bakwai, Ralph Molnar, ta hanyar lissafi, an kiyasta matsakaicin megalania a kilogram 1940, wanda yake kusa da matsakaicin girman da nauyi na macijin combed na zamani.
Wannan babbar dabba mai rarrafe ta sauka a ƙasa akan ƙafafu huɗu da aka ƙwanƙwasa. A cikin tsarin sake gini na zamani na megalania, kauri kasusuwa na gabar jiki yana da kyau. Gabaɗaya, megalania ya kasance yana da sauƙi fiye da "Komodo dragon" na zamani, kamar yadda ake kiran masu lizards daga tsibirin Komodo, duk da haka, kamar shi, ta sami damar yin saurin sauri a kan gajeren nesa. Kowane daga cikin yatsun hannu hudu na megalania suna da yatsun kafaffu guda biyar, kowannensu dauke da manyan makamai masu kaifi sosai.
Wuyan megalania ya kasance gajere kuma yana da babban kauri, duk da haka, kamar yadda yake tare da dangi na yau. A cewar masana kimiyya, tsawon kwanyar wannan dabba zai iya kaiwa santin saba'in da hudu! Dukkanin jaws din suna dauke da makamai masu kaifi ne, na goge hakora a yankin. Irin wannan tsarin muƙamuƙi ba wai kawai ya ba wa wanda aka azabtar da megalania rauni mai rauni sosai ba, har ma bai ba da damar ganima ta tsere daga mummunan halin wannan mai saurin kisa ba.
Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa ƙananan faranti na fata (osteoderm) sun ɓoye a cikin epidermis na megalania, fata mai saka idanu ainihin mail sarkar haske ne.
A halin yanzu ana ganin jikin megalania a matsayin abu mai tsananin karfi a tsakanin dukkan masu maye, amma kuma a lokaci guda ya kasance zagaye. An rufe shi da ƙazamai masu ƙarfi, wanda a cikin kamannin yayi kama da ɗigon tsoffin magudan zane na zamani.
Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku zuwa rabi na tsawon tsayin jikin duka suna cikin babban wutsiya mai ƙarfi. A ƙarshe, da yake magana game da bayyanar megalania, zamu iya faɗi cewa yana da nauyi mai nauyi kuma mai ɗaukar nauyi mai girman gaske, wanda a fili yake bashi da abokan gaba kuma ya mamaye matakin babba na abinci, kasancewa yana iya jurewa da duk wani wakilin gida na abinci.
Har wa yau, ba shi yiwuwa aƙidar kulla dangantaka ta iyali da Megalania. Dalilin wannan shine rarrabuwarwar ɓoyayyen nata. A cikin 1996, an buga aikin Michael Lee (masanin kimiyyar Australiya), wanda, bayan yayi nazarin ƙwayar tsoka a cikin kwanyar babban hadarin, ya yarda cewa megalania yana da alaƙa da babban mai kula da kayan maye wanda ke zama a Ostiraliya, wannan mai sa ido shine na biyu mafi girma bayan Komodo saka idanu a bayyane kuma zai iya kaiwa tsawon mita biyu da rabi.
Duk da jinkirin da jinkirin da dangi ya samu, megalania, duk da haka, yana iya hanzarta hanzarta takaitaccen nesa.
Koyaya, shekaru goma sha uku daga baya, masana kimiyya guda uku suka buga labarin nan (Paul Barett, Emily Rayfield da Jason Head) cewa dangantakar iyali tsakanin megalania da motsuwa da kirjin masu zanawa shine mafi kusantar su. Maƙallan mai lura da yanayin yana zaune a kan yankin tsibirin na Australiya kuma ƙarancin ƙarancin girmansa ne ga ƙararren mai lura da layin dogaro (tsayin sigarin mai saka idanu zai iya kaiwa zuwa mita biyu da santimita goma). Koyaya, ya kasance hakane zai yiwu, da'irar yiwuwar dangi megalania ya zama kunkuntar kuma a nan gaba sabon binciken zai tabbatar da hakan.
Rayuwa da abinci mai gina jiki megalania
Dangane da zaɓin wuraren zama, megalania sun gwammace dazuzzuka masu ƙoshin filaye, filayen kwari tare da ciyayi da ciyayi. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, waɗannan magabatan sun sami kwanciyar hankali musamman ma suna da ɗimbin wuraren wuraren farauta da isasshen abinci. Megalania na manya ya fi son farautar dabbobi masu matsakaici da girma dabam.
Ana tsammanin cewa koda manyan giwayen - diprotodons - zasu iya zama masu cutar da shi. Daga cikin yan kwancinta, megalania zata iya dubawa wata kawarta wacce take da girman gaske - wani katon kangaroo mai gajeren zango, procoptodon. Idan an ba da dama, tsuntsu mai tashi cikin gida, alal misali, tsararraki, na iya fuskantar cutar Megalania. Kusa da gadajen, lakar za ta iya kama karamar matattara.
Yiwuwar yawan thatan giwaye masu yawa a cikin balaguron Australiya ba su mutu ba a tsammani.
Koyaya, yakamata a sani cewa, kamar kirjin zamani na jan zane, megalania yana da ikon iya samarda abinci iri-iri. Idan an gabatar musu da irin wannan shari'ar, zasu iya cin amurka, dabbobi masu rarrafe da kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Hakanan sun ci megalanias da ƙwai, don binciken abin da suka isa kusa da gidan tsuntsaye. Mafi m, safarar suma sun shagaltar da wani muhimmin sashi na abincin masu maganin zazzabin.
Babban girman ya ba wa megalania ikon fitar da kusan duk wani mai fafatawa daga dabbobi da suka mutu, gami da zakoki masu zaki wadanda suka yaɗu a lokacin. Wanene zai iya yin barazana ga rayuwar megalania kanta? Yin hukunci da gaskiyar cewa manya na wannan nau'in sun kasance a ƙarshen sarkar abinci kuma ba su da abokan gaba masu haɗari ban da sauran megalanias na manya, ana iya ɗauka cewa ƙananan yara na wannan babban mai lura da lafiyar saɓo na iya zama waɗanda aka cutar da sauran dabbobin. Mai yiwuwa, zakin zaki iya shawo kanta da hannu guda ko kuma, idan aka haɗu tare da wasu gungun zaki, zai zama ƙaramin mutum.
Tabbas, mutane sun sadu da babban shayarwa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da adadin zane-zanen kogo.
Hotunan kogon zane-zane na Aborigine na Australiya da almararsu suna bayanin halittu masu ban tsoro, wanda kamanninsa sunyi kama da megalania.