Filin halittu, shine babba na duniya wanda dukkan halittu suke rayuwa, sune kebantaccen tsarin halittu na duniya. Ya ƙunshi hydrosphere, ƙananan ɓangaren yanayi, ɓangare na sama na lithosphere. Babu takamaiman iyakokin biosphere; yana cikin wani yanayi na ci gaba da kuzari.
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Tun da zuwan mutum, ya kamata muyi magana game da yanayin rashin tasirin halittar mutum akan halittar duniya. A zamanin yau, saurin wannan tasiri yana ƙaruwa musamman. Anan ga 'yan misalai na ayyukan mutane da suka kara dagula yanayin halittu: gurbata albarkatun kasa, gurbatar muhalli, amfani da sabbin fasahar rashin tsaro, yawaitar duniyar. Ta haka ne, mutum zai iya yin tasiri ga canje-canje a cikin tsarin yanayin duniya kuma ya mayar da shi mafi haɗari.
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Matsalar kiyaye muhalli na biosphere
Yanzu bari muyi magana game da amincin muhalli na biosphere. Tunda ayyukan ɗan adam suna haifar da barazana ga rayayyun kwatancen duniyar, tasirin cutar anthropogenic yana haifar da lalata halayen halittu da lalata nau'in flora da fauna, canje-canje a cikin sauƙin kwantar da duniya da sauyin yanayi. Sakamakon haka, fashe ke gudana a cikin lithosphere da gibba a cikin biosphere. Bugu da kari, yanayi na iya cutar da kansa: bayan fashewar volcanoes, adadin carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya ya karu, girgizar kasa ta sauƙaƙa sauƙaƙewa, gobara da ambaliyar suna haifar da lalata shuka da nau'in dabbobi.
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Don kiyaye yanayin duniya, mutum dole ne ya fahimci matsalar halakar biosphere kuma ya fara aiki akan matakai biyu. Tun da wannan matsala ta duniya ce ta dabi'a, dole ne a magance shi a matakin jihohi, don haka yana da tushen majalisar dokoki. Jihohi na zamani suna haɓakawa da aiwatar da manufofi don warware matsalolin duniya na abubuwan rayuwa. Bugu da kari, kowane mutum zai iya ba da gudummawa ga wannan dalili na gama gari: kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa da amfani da su bisa ƙa'ida, don amfani da sharar gida da kuma amfani da kimiyyar ceton albarkatu.
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Halittar wuraren da aka kiyaye su azaman hanyar kiyaye halittar duniya
Mun riga mun san menene matsala duniyarmu, kuma laifin mutanen ne da kansu. Kuma wannan ba laifin magabata bane, amma tsararraki na yanzu, tunda mafi girman lalacewa ya fara faruwa ne a ƙarni na ashirin kawai tare da amfani da sababbin fasaha. Matsalar kiyayewar duniya ta taso a cikin al'umma ba da jimawa ba, amma duk da kasancewar ƙuruciyarta, matsalolin muhalli suna jan hankalin mutane da yawa, a cikinsu akwai ainihin masu gwagwarmayar halitta da kimiyyar yanayi.
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Don ko ta yaya inganta yanayin yanayin da kuma kiyaye wasu keɓaɓɓun yanayi, yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙiri wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. Suna kiyaye yanayi a kamanninsu, haramtacce ne da kuma farautar dabbobi a wuraren da aka kare. Jihohi suna bayar da kariya ga irin wa annan abubuwan da kuma kariya ga dabi'a.
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Kowane wurin ajiyar wuri ko filin shakatawa na ƙasa wuri ne na halitta wanda dukkanin jinsin tsire-tsire na gida ke girma da yardar kaina. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman don kiyayewa da nau'in tsiro iri-iri. Dabbobi suna motsawa ko'ina cikin ƙasa. Suna rayuwa yadda suke saba dasu cikin daji. A lokaci guda, mutane suna aiwatar da ƙarancin shiga tsakani:
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- lura da yawan jama'a da kuma dangantakar mutane,
- Kula da dabba mai rauni ko mara lafiya,
- A lokatai masu wahala sukan jefa abinci
- kare dabbobi daga masu farauta wadanda suka shiga yankin ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Bugu da kari, masu yawon bude ido da baƙi zuwa wuraren shakatawa suna da damar da za su lura da dabbobi daban-daban daga nesa nesa. Wannan yana taimaka wa mutane kusanci da duniyar halitta. Yana da kyau a kawo yara irin wadannan wuraren don a sanya zuciyar su a zuciyar su da kuma koyar da cewa ba zai yiwu a rusa shi ba. Sakamakon haka, ana adana furen fulawa da fauna a cikin wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar kaya, kuma tunda babu aikin anthropogenic, babu gurɓacewar biosphere.
Bayanin Ayuba
A yau ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar ra'ayi don adana biosphere da kare shi. Ta hanyar jagoranci ne kawai don kiyaye yanayin halitta, ko da irin yadda yake a halin yanzu, zamu iya kiyaye yanayin rayuwar ɗan adam a doron ƙasa.
A cikin wannan takarda, zan yi la’akari da matsalolin kiyaye biosphere.
Gabatarwa
1. Biosphere: ma'ana da tsari
2. Matsalar kiyaye muhalli
3. Dabarun Dorewa
4. Matsaloli na kiyaye biosphere a Rasha
Kammalawa
Tunani
Biosphere da kiyayewa
Manufofin mahimmammu da mahimman kalmomin: Batutuwan muhalli. Bala'in muhalli. Rikicin muhalli.
Tuna! Menene biosphere?
Daga kwarewata
Yawancin dokokin muhalli sun sami nasarar haɓaka su a cikin 1974 ta masaniyar kimiyyar dabi'ar Amurka B. Commoner (1917 - 2012). “Idan muna son tsira, dole ne mu fahimci abubuwan da ke haifar da bala'in, mai zuwa masanin kimiyyar. Ya tsara dokokin ilmin yanayi a cikin siffofin siffofi guda hudu: 1) an haɗa komai da komai, 2) dole ne komai ya tafi wani wuri,
3) yanayi “yafi” sani; 4) ba abinda aka bayar komai.
Ba da misalai daga rayuwar yau da kullun waɗanda ke nuna kowace dokar B. Kommoner.
Ta yaya mutum zai shafi sararin samaniya ta zamani?
Duk cikin tarihinta, bil'adama ya ƙaru da tasirinsa a hankali, yana taɓarɓar da daidaitattun yanayin muhalli da ƙirƙirar matsalolin muhalli.
Matsalar muhalli canje-canje ne a cikin yanayin da zai iya yin muni (kai tsaye ko a kaikaice) yanayin muhalli. Suna iya samun matsayin matsalolin muhalli na yanki ko yanki, amma wasu suna shafan duk rayuwar duniya kuma suna barazanar ɗan adam. A halin yanzu, masana kimiyyar muhalli sun gano irin waɗannan manyan matsalolin duniya kamar: 1) gurɓatar muhalli (sharar masana'antu, samfuran mai, magungunan kashe kwari, takin mai, ma'adinai, kayan wuta, da sauransu), 2) dumamar yanayi, 3) haɓakar acid, 4) halakar yanayin lemar sararin samaniya, 5) lalacewar yankuna,
6) Rage bambancin rayuwa.
Bala'i na muhalli yana ƙara zama alamun lalacewar rayuwar biosphere da aikin tattalin arziƙin da bai dace ba. Bala'i na muhalli canje-canje ne mai sauri da haɗari a cikin yanayin yanayi wanda yanayin muhalli ya canza ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Misalan baƙin ciki na irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sune haɗarin Bhopal a wata masana'antar sinadarai a Indiya (1984), hadarin Chernobyl a Ukraine (1986), da kuma hatsarin a tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Fukushima-1 a Japan (2011). Abin takaici, lamba da yawan bala'o'in bala'in muhalli a duniya na ƙaruwa: a cikin ƙarnin daga 1960 zuwa 1970. akwai 14 daga cikinsu, kuma sama da shekaru goma daga 1980 zuwa 1990. 70 rajista riga.
A ƙarshen karni na XX. bil'adama ya fara jin kusancin yanayin muhalli na duniya, wanda, sabanin na baya
rikice rikice, shafe duniyar duka kuma yana faruwa saboda dalilai na rashin haɓaka cuta. Rikicin muhalli babbar illa ce ga daidaitowar muhalli na dabi'a da kuma yanayin dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutum da yanayi. Abubuwa biyu sun haifar da ci gaban rikicin yanayin muhalli na duniya - alƙaluma da makamashi na masana'antu. Yawan jama'ar duniya yana ƙaruwa (1830)- biliyan 1, 1994 - biliyan 5.5, kuma ya zuwa Afrilu 1, 2017 ya kai biliyan 7.5), ci gaban masana'antu, samar da makamashi yana ƙaruwa sosai. Amma akwai wasu dalilai masu mahimmanci don rikice rikicewar yanayin muhalli: raguwar ruhaniya, ƙarancin matakin al'ada da ilimin muhalli.
Dole ne mutum ya fahimci kuskurensa a cikin dangantaka da muhalli kuma ya jagoranci ƙoƙarinsa don canza halayen dabi'a da kawar da cutar da aka aikata. In ba haka ba, rikicin muhalli zai haɗu ya zama bala'in da ba za a iya canzawa a doron ƙasa ba.
Don haka, tasirin rashin lafiyar halittar halittar dabbobi ya kara karfi sosai har ya haifar da rikicin muhalli na duniya.
Wadanne ne manyan hanyoyin kiyaye biosphere?
Man da biosphere ba sa rabuwa da juna. Tarihin halittar jikin mutum yana ba mutum isasshen abubuwa da makamashi don rayuwa. Namiji yana kulawa da sararin samaniya: yana kulawa da mazaunanta, yana kiyaye yanayin su. A yau, kare rayayyun halittu yana da damuwa ga dukkan mutane a duniya, tunda kowannenmu yana jin sakamakon lalacewar yanayin rayuwa.
Daya daga cikin bangarorin kiyaye halittar biosphere shine kiyayewar halittu. Masana kimiyya sun gano nau'ikan da ƙungiyoyin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke cikin haɗari, gano yadda yawancinsu ke wanzuwa cikin yanayi da kuma inda, kera matakan kare muhalli. An ba da jerin nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke buƙatar kariya a cikin Litattafai Red. An buga littafin farko na duniya na farko a shekarar 1966. A cikin Ukraine, a cikin 2009, an buga bugu na uku na Red Book na Ukraine, wanda ya kunshi nau'ikan dabbobi 542, nau'in tsirrai da namomin kaza guda 826. Don kare ƙungiyoyin, botanists na Ukraine sune farkon a duniya don ƙirƙirar Green Littattafai. A shekara ta 1987, Littafin Green na Ukraine ya bayyana, wanda ya hada kungiyoyi 127 wadanda ba kasafai kuma ke fuskantar hadari ba. Yawancinsu gandun daji ne (alal misali, gandun daji na Polesye spruce), ruwa (alal misali, farin ruwan Lily na fata) da kuma tsinke (alal misali, ciyawar Ukrainiananyen Yankin Ukrainianan ura) cenoses (rashin lafiya. 166).
Wani muhimmin mataki game da kiyayewa da kuma adana halittu shine rarrabuwa da haɓaka ɗabi'ar halitta. Wannan shine halittar ajiyar kaya, wuraren shakatawa, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, abubuwan tunawa na duniya, arboretums, zoos, lambunan botanical, da dai sauransu (Hoto 167). Yanayin dabi'ar muhimmiyar ƙasa, a cikin abin da yakamata a kiyaye duk matakan halittu masu rai, sune keɓaɓɓiyar gonar biosphere. A cikin Ukraine akwai Aska-Niya-Nova (mara lafiya. 168), Tekun Black, Carpathian, Danube da Chernobyl radiation-ecological. A cikin Ukraine, a cikin 2004, an karɓi doka a kan Kafa Cibiyar Tsaro ta Yankin Ukraine, bisa ga abin da aka fara ƙirƙirar yanki guda ɗaya tare da yankuna masu kariya da yanayin canzawa da ake kira cibiyar tsabtace muhalli. Shirin na shirin kirkiro wuraren shakatawa na kasa guda 29 da wuraren ajiyar halitta guda 7, daga cikinsu mafi girma zai kasance Syshvsky, Babban Fillophore na Zernov, Nizhnedneprovsky, Polessky, da kuma Ukraine-steppe. Yankunan wuraren ajiyar kaya 11 da wuraren shakatawa za a ƙara.
Mene ne aikin wuraren kariya? Da farko dai: 1) adana tarin halittu na flora da fauna, 2) tabbatar da daidaitaccen yanayin muhalli da kuma dawo da yanayin halittu na abubuwa a cikin mahallin, 3) gudanar da bincike, gudanar da sa ido kan muhalli, tsinkayar canje-canjen muhalli da kuma bayar da shawarwarin kimiyya don kare bazuwar, 4) kiyayewa da hadaddun hadaddun halitta na halitta, keɓaɓɓen wuri mai faɗi da “yanayin rashin rayuwa”.
Ilimin muhalli a cikin yanayin muhalli ana ɗaukar shi yanzu ta hanyar tsarin ilmantarwa a matsayin tsari mai gudana, wanda ya shafi kowane zamani, zamantakewa da ƙungiyar kwararru na yawan jama'a.Koyaya, babbar hanyar haɗinsa ita ce makarantar, tunda tana cikin shekarun makaranta ne ƙirƙirar halayen mutum ke faruwa sosai.
Masana kimiyya a koyaushe suna neman sabbin hanyoyin kiyaye biosphere. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, yankuna sun haɓaka kamar kiyayewa game da bayanan kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'in cryobanks - sel mai daskarewa, samuwar bankunan iri, da dawowar nau'in halittu zuwa wuraren zamansu na baya, da dai sauransu.
Don haka, manyan hanyoyin kiyaye biosphere sune kiyaye halittu, rabon gado da haɓaka reshen halitta, ilimin muhalli, da sauransu.
Aikace-aikacen Ilimi
Rarraba kuma rubuta abubuwan gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin tebur: 1) HIV, 2) carbon monoxide daga ƙoshin da bai cika ba, 3) electromagnet
filayen manyan layin wutar lantarki, 4) isotopes na cesium, strontium, 5) ruwan dumi daga tsirran wutar lantarki, 6) hayaniya, 7) nitrogen oxides na TPPs, TPPs, tsire-tsire na karfe, 8) cadmium a ash daga sharar datti a cikin kayan shara, 9) magungunan kashe qwari ,
10) gilashin, jaka na filastik, kwalban filastik,
11) gurbataccen ruwa daga masana'antar sukari, masana'anta nama, 12) ƙwayoyin chlorine - watsi daga masana'antar ciminti. Kimanta tasirin cutar dabbobi ta yanayin halittar yankin ku.
Taimakawa yanayi, ko "rayuwar kore," abu ne mai sauqi. Idan kowannenmu ya biya aƙalla kaɗan ga wannan batun, to, canje-canjen za su kasance da mahimmanci. Tabbatar da kyawawan shawarwarin guda goma don ceton rai a duniya.
1. A ware datti
2. Gwada kada kayi amfani da jakunkuna na filastik
3. Sayi riguna masu tsinkaye da aka yi da auduga, lilin, siliki, da sauransu.
4. Yi amfani da fitilu masu amfani da wutan lantarki
5. Shuka tsire-tsire na cikin gida
6. Yi amfani da matakala maimakon masu wuta
7. Ba da abubuwa don sake amfani da su
8. Hannun takarda mai sharar gida
“SANAR DA TARIHIN CIKIN IKON HALITTA A CIKIN SAURARA”
Tasirin mutum a matsayin yanayin muhalli yana da iko sosai kuma yana da yawa. Babu wani tsari na yanayin kasa da ya kubuta da wannan tasirin. Shirya wani aiki wanda zaku tabbatar da tasirin mai kyau da mara kyau na ɗan adam game da tsabtace yanayin yankin ku.
Awainiya don kame kai
1. Menene matsalar muhalli? 2. Wadanne ne matsalar muhalli? 3. Menene matsaloli huɗu na muhalli na duniya na biosphere. 4. Menene Littafin Lailatul Kadari? 5. Menene littafi mai kore? 6. Menene nau'ikan wuraren kariya?
7. Menene tasirin mutum akan halittar zamani? 8. Waɗanne hanyoyi ne na kariya daga raye? 9. Mene ne aikin wuraren kariya?
10. Aiwatar da ilimin don sanin ka'idodin halayen su a cikin yanayin muhalli na zamani.
Takaita jigon 8. KYAUTATA SIFFOFIN KWARAI DA GASKIYA
Tsarin ilimin halittar Overorganic rukuni ne na halittu masu rai wadanda ke hade da juna da kuma muhalli. Waɗannan su ne yawan jama'a, jinsuna, yanayin ƙasa da kuma biosphere.
Tebur 17. KYAUTA NA tsari-tsarin-tsari
Halayen muhalli na tsarin
Yawan jama'a - tarin jinsunan mutane ne da suka dade suna zaune a wani yanki na kewayon tsawon lokaci rabin daga cikin sauran jama'a
Babban alamun da ke nuna yawan jama'a sune: yalwa, yawa, biomass, haihuwa, mace-mace da haɓaka. Yawan jama'a suna nuna halin jima'i, shekaru, yanki, gabobi, tsarin tsinkaye
Jinsuna - tarin mutane masu alaƙar halayyar halayyar dan adam, sun sami yardar rai sosai kuma sun haifar da zuriya masu yawa, sun dace da wasu yanayin rayuwa kuma sun mamaye wani yanayi.
Kowane jinsi da aka rarrabawa a takamaiman yanki ya mamaye wani yanki na ilimin muhalli a cikin biogeocenosis, ya mamaye wani yanki na sararin samaniya, wanda ake kira mazaunin jinsin, kuma yana iya kasancewa ne kawai saboda haɗin kai tare da wasu nau'in halittu.
Tsarin yanayi - saitin kwayoyin halittu daban-daban da mahallinsu da ke hade da musayar abubuwa, makamashi da bayanai
A kowane tsaran yanayi, an raba bangarori biyu - abiotic da biotic. Ka'idodin yanayin rayuwa shine yaduwar abubuwa da kuma canzawar kuzari.
Babban kaddarorin sune budewa, sarrafa kai, mutunci, kadaici, kwanciyar hankali
Halittu - wani yanki na musamman da ke raye da rayayyun halittu
Kashi na farko shi ne yanayin kasa, yanayin asalin kasancewar halittu shine sake zagayowar halittu na abubuwa, ya wanzu tun bayan bayyanar rayuwa a duniya, kuma sannu a hankali ya shiga cikin barna.
Tsarin ilimin kimiya na sama yana yin nazari ne ta hanyar ilimin kimiyya na ECOLOGY, wanda akwai manyan fannoni uku: ilmin dabbobi na mutum, ilmin kimiya na mutane, da biogeocenology
HUKUNCIN KASAR BASIC
Dokar dala mai kuzari, mulkin dala na muhalli, dokar 10% (dokar R. Lindeman, 1942). Daga wani matakin trophic na dala mai gina muhalli, matsakaici wanda bai wuce 10% na makamashi ya wuce zuwa wani matakin ba.
Dokar mafi ƙaranci (dokar iyakancewa, dokar J. Liebig, 1840). Babban tasiri mai iyakancewa akan kwayoyin, yawan jama'a, ko rabe-raben abubuwa ana amfani dasu ta hanyar mahimman abubuwan muhalli wadanda yawan su (taro) ya kusan zuwa matakin mafi ƙarancin mahimmanci.
Dokar ƙaura daga ƙwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin zarra (V. I. Vernadsky). Theaura daga cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da sunadarai akan farfajiyar ƙasa da kuma cikin abubuwan rayuwa gabaɗaya ana aiwatar dasu ko dai tare da halartar kai tsaye na kwayoyin halitta (ƙaurawar ƙasa), ko yana faruwa ne a cikin wani yanayi wanda ƙaddarar kimiyyar ƙasa ta hanyar tantance halitta.
Gwajin gwaji 8. KYAUTA JAGORANCIN KWANCIYAR SIFFOFINSA
1. A ƙarƙashin rinjayar wanne ne dalilai yawan amfanin ƙasa tsirrai masu yawanci yakan ragu a cikin yankunan kudanci na Ukraine, inda ƙasa mai fa'ida ke mamayewa?
Zazzabi B
A cikin baturan oxygen g
2. Rage girman jikin mutum, bakin ciki mai rikitarwa, motsawa na tsaye, rauni mai narkewa a jiki, nau'in abincin heterotrophic shine halayen mazaunan muhalli.
Ruwan B-iska
A cikin gona G falo
3. Rukunin wasu yankuna jinsi iri guda, da yardar rai, da dadewa akan iyakar yankin kuma ya ware daga sauran kungiyoyin.
Yawan jama'a na B ecotype C sune nau'in D
4. Tsarin yawan jama'a, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar halayen mutum.
Yin jima'i na B yanayin C na ciki
5. alityididdigar mutane da ke da alaƙa da halayen halayen mutum, suka haɗa kansu gaba ɗaya suna haifar da zuriya masu yawa, sun dace da wasu yanayin rayuwa kuma sun mamaye yanayin.
Yawan jama'a na B ecotype C sune nau'in D
6. Mafi yawan tiers na tsire-tsire yana nan cikin irin wannan yanayin yanayin
Wani dazuzzuciyar B B daji itace Itaciyar Itace C daji mai nisa D shakatawa
7. Shawarwari na farkon umarni sune
Wani shinge, weasel B ant, kaka B B, kudan zuma, gizo-gizo, sauro
8. Saprotroph namomin kaza sune
A ta masu siye na farkon B ta abokan cinikin na biyu
A masu rage girmancin G
9. Wutan lantarki yawanci yana da hanyoyin haɗin 5-6, saboda Abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli ana iyakance su
P kaddarawar ba zata iya ciyar da masu rigakafin ba .. Rashin makamashi yana faruwa a cikin da'irorin abinci.Haka ba za'a iya sarrafa masu rage tare da ayyuka.
10. Kwayoyin halittar kowane ɗayan matakan masu zuwa an rage shi sau 10 saboda ɓangaren makamashi.
Ana amfani da B akan samuwar sabbin kyallen tsirrai B ana cinye shi a rayuwa kuma ya tarwatse ta hanyar zafi; ana fitar da C daga kwayoyin tare da kayayyakin abinci; D ana kashewa kan haihuwa.
11. Samuwar cigaban al'ummomin tsire-tsire cikin mazauna wuraren da ciyayi ba su taɓa kasancewa ba
Primaryarshen farko na mulkin kama karya na B
A cikin jerin nasarorin G, na gaba daya na nasara
Meye halayen yanayin halittar mutum?
Wani nau'in nau'in nau'in B tsari na kansa
A cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in, babban yawan aiki
Matsalolin adana biosphere.docx
1. Biosphere: ma'ana da tsari
2. Matsalar kiyaye muhalli
3. Dabarun Dorewa
4. Matsaloli na kiyaye biosphere a Rasha
Wani yanki na lithosphere, hydrosphere da kuma yanayin Duniya wanda tsirrai da rayayyun halittu suka wanzu da kuma ci gaba shine ake kira biosphere. Abun da ya ƙunshi ya ƙunshi ba kawai murfin ciyayi da yawan dabbobi na duniya ba, duk koguna da tafkuna, yawan ruwa na teku, har ma da ƙasan ƙasa, muhimmiyar ɓangare na mashigar ruwa da kuma saman ɓawon burodi na duniya - bangarorin yankuna. A saman duniya babu kusan wuraren da rayuwa take babu. An samu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta har ma a cikin wuraren tsananin zafi da ruwa marasa ruwa ko kuma a saman daskararren dutsen da kankara.
Sanin ilimin halittu a yau ya fi dacewa kuma ya wajaba fiye da kowane lokaci. Mutane sun ƙetare kan iyakokin Tarihin halittu kuma yana canzawa da sauri. A mafi yawancin lokuta, irin waɗannan jujjuyawar suna da mummunar sakamako ga biosphere kanta.
A yau ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar ra'ayi don adana biosphere da kare shi. Ta hanyar jagoranci ne kawai don kiyaye yanayin halitta, ko da irin yadda yake a halin yanzu, zamu iya kiyaye yanayin rayuwar ɗan adam a doron ƙasa.
A cikin wannan takarda, zan yi la’akari da matsalolin kiyaye biosphere.
2. Matsalar kiyaye muhalli
Matsalar kiyaye muhalli matsala ce ta haɓaka, kuma mafita ita ce ta samar da maƙasudin biyu na tsawon lokaci da ɗawainiyar yanayin dabarun ci gaba, da kuma samar da manufofin fifiko da ayyukan aiwatar da alaƙa da su. Da alama yana da kyau a yi amfani da tsari na ƙasan matsalar matsalar muhalli don bincike. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da manufar manufa, wanda aka fahimta a matsayin yanayin da ake so ko ake buƙata na tsarin (sakamakon da aka sa ran).
Matsalar ita ce sabani tsakanin batun da abu, i.e. Bambanci tsakanin ainihin tsarin da manufa ("daidaitattun") jihohin tsarin. Don warware matsala yana nufin canja wurin tsarin daga wannan yanayin mara amfani zuwa jihar warware matsalar warware matsalar a yanzu.
Idan ayyukan warware matsalolin suka zama kasawa, to bayan wasu lokuta masu tsauri za a sami muguwar fahimta kuma bala'o'i na yanayin da ba za a iya canzawa ba, wanda zai ba da damar juyar da tsarin zuwa jihar da ke gaba, i.e. a wannan yanayin ba zai yuwu a magance matsalar ba.
Matsayin halin yanzu da manufa na tsarin zamantakewar al'umma an ƙaddara ta saitin ƙimar ainihin sigogi na ainihi P1. Pn (halayen ƙira da ƙima). Manufar shine a cimma yanayin da ake so a cikin yanayin yanayin zamantakewar jama'a, lokacin da sigogi masu dacewa, i.e. sigogi masu mahimmanci don dalilai na tunani zai ɗauki kan dabi'un da suka dace da wasu ka'idojin muhalli. Bambanci ko karkacewa ana nuna yanayin rashin daidaito na jihohin farko da manufa, ko tsananin matsalar matsalar muhalli. A karkashin yanayin rashin daidaituwa, lokacin da karkacewar ainihin sigogi suka kusanci mahimmancin kima, tsarin alamu a cikin halayyar tsarin ya fara bayyanuwa gabaɗaya.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da rikice rikicewar yanayin muhalli na duniya suna da alaƙa da fashewar yawan jama'a da kuma buƙatar biyan bukatun kayan mutane, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka girman ayyukan tattalin arziki kuma yana haifar da karuwa a cikin yanayin matsin lamba na yanayin. A sakamakon haka, matsalolin gurbacewar muhalli, canjin yanayi, da lalata lalataccen ozone, ana taɓarɓare albarkatun ƙasa, yawan bala'o'in da mutum ya yi, yana ƙaruwa, da kuma yiwuwar asarar rashin lafiyar biosphere yana ƙaruwa.
Yin rigakafin lalata biosphere na ɗaya daga cikin mahimman matsaloli kuma masu mahimmanci. Filin halittar wani tsari ne mai sarrafa kansa wanda ya kera-shi kansa tsarin rayuwa, wanda ya samu canji a daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru. Babban aikin biosphere shine a tsaftace muhalli, ana aiwatar dashi ta hanyar nazarin halittu da kuma kula da yanayin rayuwa mai yarda da halittu masu rai. Kwanciyar hankali na biosphere kamar iyawar rama don rashin lafiyar anthropogenic da tasirin halitta ta hanyar biyan diyya yana da wasu iyakokin da ba wanda aka rasa wannan ikon.
Babban mahimmancin yanayin tabbatar da dorewar yanayin halittar halittu shine adana banbancin halittu.
A halin yanzu:
- Daga nau'ikan tsire-tsire 242 dubu 242, kashi 14% na fuskantar barazanar lalata,
- Daga cikin nau'in tsuntsaye dubu 9.6, kashi 11 cikin dari na fuskantar barazanar lalata, kuma domin kashi 60% an samu raguwa,
- daga nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa dubu 4, 11% na iya mutuwa,
- Daga nau'ikan kifi dubu 24, kashi 33 cikin dari na fuskantar barazanar lalata.
Dangane da kimantawar zamani na masana kimiyyar kimiyya, kusanci izuwa tasirin halayyar halitta kusan kashi 1-2% na yawan amfani da anthropogenic na samar da biosphere na farko. Yanzu an ƙare wannan matakin - amfani da zamani ya kai matsayin 7-10%, amma biosphere ɗin har ila yau zai iya dawowa cikin yanayin da yake. Koyaya, tare da ƙarin haɓakawa cikin rikicewar anthropogenic, biosphere ɗin zai rasa kwanciyar hankali, wanda zai haifar da mummunan sakamako mai illa. Dukkanin karfin duniyar ta biota ba zai sake yin aiki ba don kiyaye yanayin rayuwa, amma a cikin wani mummunan yanayin mulkin zai lalata muhalli.
Babban jagora wajen shawo kan matsalar adana biosphere shine "kiyayewa" na yankuna da ba su da tasiri ko ɗan ɗanɗana aikin tattalin arziƙi, don ci gaba cikin "yanayin aiki" na ɗabi'ar yanayin-ɗabi'ar inganta yanayin muhalli. Muhimmin mahimmanci shine ƙarfafa da fadada tsarin yankuna na musamman da aka kiyaye su. Rasha ta ba da gudummawa, wanda ke da muhimmiyar yankin da ba ta damu da ayyukan tattalin arziƙi ba, kuma fiye da 1/7 na yanayin ƙasa wanda aka kiyaye shi akan ƙasa. Wannan shine "wurin ajiyar zinari" na kwanciyar hankali na asalin rayuwar duniya.
Canjin yanayi na duniya (dumama) yana faruwa ne ta hanyar karuwar mahaukatan gas na gas (da keɓaɓɓun carbon dioxide) a cikin shimfidar yanayi, wanda hakan ke haifar da yaduwar iskar da ke ɗauke da gas (mai, gas, gas), wacce ke zama tushen tattalin arziƙin duniya. A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ƙona mai da yawa mai yawa ya haifar da haɓaka yanayin CO2 na 30%, wanda ya kai matakin mafi girma a cikin shekaru dubu 160. Yawancin masana kimiyya sun yanke shawara cewa a cikin karni na XXI. matsakaita zazzabi a duniya zai karu da 1.2-3.5 C. Sakamakon irin wannan dumamar yanayi na bala'i ne. Karuwar matakin Tekun Duniya ta hanyar 0.5-1.0 m sakamakon yawan narkewar dusar kankara zai haifar da ambaliyar yankunan da ke cike da cunkoso. Tsarin mulki zai canza, yawan shekarun zafi da yawan gaske ba zai karu ba, guguwa, guguwa, tsunami, ambaliyar ruwa da fari za a lura sau da yawa kuma da tsananin ƙarfi. Yawan annabta da aka annabta zai ninka har sau goma sama da na yawan zafin jiki, wanda bai yi daidai da ikon da aka samu na ire-iren halittu masu rai ba, kuma zai kai ga lalata wasu halittu. Abubuwan da aka ambata a bayyane sun bayyana sarai a yau. Decadesarshen shekaru biyu da suka gabata ana kwatanta su da shekaru 15 mafi dumu dumu a karni na ƙarshe. Lalacewar bala'o'i na karuwa kuma yawansu ya kai biliyoyin daloli.
Tsarin hauhawar yanayi yaci gaba da tafiya zuwa cikin kasashe masu fada a ji, kuma idan aka kai wani mummunan yanayin zazzabi, zai iya "tsallakewa" zuwa sabon matsayin mai daidaitawa. Irin wannan tsinkayen tsinkaye, wanda ke haifar da bala'i, ya faru a tarihin Duniya kuma yana ta faruwa shekaru da yawa. Ana buƙatar aiwatar da rigakafin, wanda, a cewar masana kimiyya, shine a rage watsi da abubuwan kara kuzarin kashi 60-80% idan aka kwatanta da matakan da ke akwai.
Mahimmanci da mahimmancin matsalar gurbacewar muhalli na haɓaka. A halin yanzu, a cewar bayanan WHO, ana amfani da mahallin sunadarai 500,000 a cikin masana'antu, wanda dubu 40 suna da lahani kuma dubu 12 masu guba. Tasirin gurbacewa a jikin kwayoyin halitta kuma, saboda haka, kan lafiyar jama'a (lafiyar jama'a) yana da mahimmanci, babban ma'aunin su shine mace-mace da cututtuka. Akwai karuwa a yawan cututtukan da ke haifar da muhalli da raguwar rigakafi a cikin yawan jama'a. Yara suna halin karuwa mai yawa a cikin cututtukan rashin lafiyan. Lafiyayyun cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar sankara suna iya ɗaukar halayen annoba, irin su kanjamau a ƙasan Afirka, wanda ya shafi ɓangaren jama'a na kasashe da yawa.
A cikin 1999, Cibiyar Gallup ta gudanar da Binciken Millennium, wanda ya kai mutane 57,000 a cikin kasashe 60. Ga tambayar menene mafi mahimmanci a rayuwa, yawancin masu amsa sun ba da amsar masu zuwa: lafiya mai kyau da walwala iyali. Masana na WHO sun yi imanin cewa lafiyar yawan jama'a a matsakaicin 50% ya dogara da tattalin arziƙin tattalin arziki da rayuwar mutane, 20% akan abubuwan gado, 10% akan matakin kula da lafiya da kuma 20% akan yanayin muhalli. Batun muhalli ya zo na biyu a cikin tsarin mahimman abubuwan yau da kullun na al'umma.
Matsalar samar da makamashi yana ta ƙaruwa lokaci-lokaci. A cewar majalisar makamashi ta duniya, yayin da ake ci gaba da samun matsayin ci gaba a yawan amfani da makamashi (2% a kowace shekara), yawan kuzarin zai haura sau 2 zuwa 2035, da kuma sau 3 zuwa 2055. Samfurin duniya na zamani an gina shi ne ta musamman game da amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi na ciki, da farko kasusuwan burbushin mai (mai, gas da gas), waɗanda basu da isasshen makamashi da ba za'a sabunta su ba. Wadannan albarkatun makamashi na gargajiya suna amfani da fiye da 80% na yawan makamashi na duniya. Duniya tanada rabo, i.e. Matsakaicin rakodin sauran abubuwan da ake samarwa a yanzu shine shekaru 50-60 na mai, shekaru 70 na gas, shekaru 200-500 na kwal. Ganin karuwar amfani da makamashi, zamu iya bayyana rikice rikicen.
Tsarin kuzarin duniya yana da babban inertia, kuma yaduwar tsarin amfani da makamashi na duniya na albarkatun makamashi na al'ada zai ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na XXI. kuma mai yiwuwa na dogon lokaci.
Gabaɗaya, akwai karuwa a cikin mummunan halinda ake ciki na lalacewar mahimman albarkatu masu tallafawa rayuwa, da farko makamashi, abinci da albarkatun ruwa. A cewar Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN), daga cikin manyan bangarorin kamun kifi 15 a duniya, 11 sun ragu ko kuma gaba daya, yayin da lafiyar mutane kusan miliyan 200 ke da alaƙa da kamun kifi.
Ya banbanta da yanayin bambancin amfani da kayan tallafi na rayuwa. A yau, kashi 20% na yawan kasashen duniya masu arzikin masana'antu suna cinye fiye da 80% na albarkatun duniya. Talauci na mutane 225 masu arziki a duniya, wadanda aka kiyasta sun kai $ 1 tiriliyan, kusan daidai yake da adadin kudin shiga na shekara-shekara na rabin talauci. Misalin rayuwar yaro guda a Amurka, alal misali, ya ninka 100 sau ɗari fiye da na Bangladesh.Abu ne mai mahimmanci cewa Amurka ita kadai (4% na yawan mutanen duniya) tana samar da sama da kashi 25% na daskarar carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya, alhakin alhakin karuwa mai guba a cikin yanayin greenhouse da canjin yanayin duniya. Dangane da fashewar yawan jama'a, irin wannan cigaban yanayi yana haifar da raguwar abubuwa masu yuwuwar samun kayan tallafi da makamashi na abubuwan zama masu dogaro ga adadi mai tarin yawa. Tabbas, dangantakar siyasa da zamantakewa za ta iya ƙaruwa, wanda zai kawo cikas ga aiwatar da ƙoƙarin shugabancin al'ummomin duniya da nufin shawo kan matsalar muhalli.
Yayin da yanayin zamantakewa na duniya ya kusanci ɗan adam-muhalli zuwa ga mawuyacin halin, saɓanin haɗin gwiwa zai taka rawa, i.e. haɓaka haɓaka juna na aiki na abubuwa daban-daban da haɓaka mafi girma a cikin tasirin gaba ɗaya. Misali, canje-canjen marasa kyau a cikin tsaran yanayi sun dogara da dumamar yanayi, gurɓatar muhalli, raguwar layin ƙwayoyin ozonespheric. Wannan yana haifar da raguwa ga ingantaccen tsarin ƙirar halitta da rage ƙwarewar yanayin tsabtace gida don tsarkake kanka, ta hakan yana ƙara matsalar gurɓatar muhalli. Dalilin guda ɗaya yana haifar da rudani a cikin keɓaɓɓen carbon carbon na duniya kuma, a sakamakon haka, haɓaka canjin yanayi. Duk wannan ya cutar da ingancin tsarin aikin gona da kuma matsalar rashin abinci.
Kasuwanci. Matsaloli na kiyaye biosphere da kayan haɗin keɓaɓɓun halittu
Kalmar “biosphere” ta bayyana a kimiyance a 1875, duk da haka, ra'ayoyin farko game da rayayyun halittu sun samo asali a farkon karni na 19. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin farko sun kasance musamman. Tunani a cikin aikin "Hydrology" Zh.B. Lamarck (1802). A shekara ta 1826, masanin kimiyyar kasar Jamus Humbolt ya gabatar da manufar “muhalli mai rai” ta hanyar fahimtar harsashin Duniya, wanda ya hada da yanayin yanayi, da ruwa da kuma duniyar gaba daya. Don haka a kimiyance aka sami fahimtar sararin samaniya, yarda da rayuwa kuma ta shi. Masanin ilimin ilimin halitta E. Suess ya kira wannan fili da "biosphere." Bayan haka, binciken masana halittu daban-daban ya bunkasa. An yi imanin cewa an samar da cikakkiyar cikakkiyar sifa ta halittu a cikin ayyukan masanin kimiyyar halitta na Rasha da Falsafa V.I. Vernadsky.
Asalin koyarwarsa kamar haka: biosphere wani tsari ne mai cike da tsari na rayuwa, duk abinda yake a ciki wani bangare ne na tsarin rayuwa, rayayyun kwayoyin halitta shine hanyar da ta danganta tarihin abubuwan sunadarai tare da juyin halittar kwayoyin da mutane. Kuma tare da juyin halitta gaba daya biosphere.
Tarihin halittu sun taka rawa wajen samar da yanayi, da samar da ruwa da kuma lithosphere. Tarihin halittu hadin kai ne na rayuwa da abubuwan ma'adinai wadanda ke tattare da yanayin rayuwa. Tarihin halitta a yanayinsa asalin rayuwa ne. Halittar rayuwa ta mayar da hankali ne a cikin lithosphere, a cikin hydrosphere, kazalika a cikin troposphere. Lowerarshen ƙasa na biosphere ya faɗi kilomita 2-3 a kan ƙasa kuma 1-2 kilomita ƙasa ƙarƙashin teku. Theayan na sama shine allo wanda ake kira allon allo a tsaunin 20-25 km, wanda saman zafin rana mai zafin rana yana kashe duk rayuwa.
Societyungiyar ɗan adam, tare da samarwarta da yanayin wucin gadi da aka kirkira da ita, Fasahar Fasahar, shima bangare ne na biosphere.
Jimlar halittu masu rai na duniya an kiyasta kusan tan 2.4 * 10 12, tare da mafi yawan sa (fiye da 99%) waɗanda dabbobi, tsirrai da kwayoyin halitta suke. Kwayoyin halittun teku masu sakaci ne idan aka kwatanta su da nazarin halittun duniya. An rarraba rayuwa ta daidaici sosai a doron ƙasa kuma a cikin yanayi daban-daban na muhalli yana ɗaukar nau'ikan hadaddun gidaje masu zaman kansu - biogeocenoses ko mahalli. Wani yanki mai rai na biogeocenosis ana kiransa biocenosis. Hanyoyi iri iri da kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin biosphere sune abubuwan bincike na kimiyyar daban-daban.
An ba da wuri na musamman don ilimin muhalli. E. Haeckel. Wanda ya fara amfani da wannan kalmar ma'anar tsinkayen dabbobi a matsayin ilimin tattalin arzikin yanayi, nazarin lokaci daya na dukkan al'amuran abubuwa masu rai tare da abubuwan da suka shafi halitta da yanayin rayuwa, gami da alakar rashin daidaituwa da dabbobi da tsirrai a alakar juna. A wata kalma, kimiyyar halittu kimiya ce dake karantar da dukkan hadaddun yanayi da dangantaka a yanayi, wanda Darwin ya dauke shi "a matsayin yanayin gwagwarmayar rayuwa." Sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam, kimiyar ƙasa, keɓancewa ga yawancin kimiyyar zaman kanta, yana ƙara samun ma'anar siyasa da zamantakewa, gami da batutuwan doka, tattalin arziki, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, fasaha, da dai sauransu. Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta suna da alaƙa da dangantakar makamashi, tunda abubuwa ne na abinci na wasu abubuwan.
Mutumin ya bayyana ne yayin juyin halitta. Shine asalinta. Bayyanar hankali, a fili, wani mataki ne na halitta a cikin cigaban kwayoyin halitta, canjin yanayin juzu'i a cikin juyin halittarsa, saboda ya sami damar tunani da sanin kansa. Dukkanin abubuwan da ake bukata na mutum ya samu daga rayayyun halittu. A can ne yake fitar da sharar gida da masana'antu. Na dogon lokaci, yanayi ya yi fama da wadannan rikice-rikice, wanda mutum ya gabatar da shi a cikin aikinsa, kuma ya tabbatar da daidaito. A halin yanzu, ayyukan ɗan adam ya zama daidai da ikon ureabi'ar, kuma ba shi da ikon yin tsayayya da matsa lamba na sauya ayyukan mutum. Wannan yana haifar da haifar da rikicewar yanayin muhalli na duniya, tare da ɓarkewar abubuwan da ake kira matsalolin muhalli na duniya, waɗanda suka haɗa da matsalar yawan jama'a, canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayi da sauyin yanayi, canje-canje a tsarin tsarin ruwa, da lalata albarkatun ƙasa.
Fiye da kusan kusan shekaru biliyan 3, a bayan duniya sakamakon juyin halittar halittu, mutane da yawa daban-daban halittu masu rai suka tashi (ana ci gaba da aikin musamman a yau). A cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar rayuwa, yawancinsu sun bace har abada, wasu sun sami canjin canji kuma sun sami jinsi wanda ya maye gurbinsu, yawancin jinsuna sun rayu har zuwa yau. A yau, duniyar rayayyun duniyarmu 'ba ta da iyaka' kuma tana da yawan halitta iri-iri. A yau sanannu ne cewa kwanciyar hankali na wanzuwar halittu a matsayin tsarin tsirrai na sikeli na duniya yana dogara ne akan nau'ikan halittu masu rai, abubuwan da suke rayuwa. Dukkanin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta suna cikin alaƙa ta kai tsaye ko ta kai tsaye tare da juna (trophic, tropical, etc.). An danganta ne da nazarin tsarin tsaran dabi'un halitta tare da karamin adadin nau'in halittun da ke yin su (alal misali: halittun kogon, tundra muhalli), da kuma na mutum-mutumi (agrobiogeocenoses, nazarin halittu masu binciken gwaje-gwaje). Don haka cirewa, mutuwar koda nau'in guda ɗaya na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa da mutuwar wannan tsarin.
Takaitaccen Darasi
1."BIOLOGY", aji na 11
2. Darasi na 18, al'amuran muhalli na duniya.
3. Jerin batutuwan da aka gabatar a cikin taken,
Darasi kan batun zai ba da damar ɗalibai su faɗaɗa da zurfafa iliminsu game da matsalolin muhalli na duniya, gano abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin muhalli na duniya da kuma hanyoyin warware su.
4. Ƙamus topic (jerin sharuddan da Concepts gabatar a wannan darasi)
Matsalolin ci gaba mai dorewa, sakamako na greenhouse, zazzabin ozone, yanayi, ruwa mai ruwa, ruwan acid, kiyayewa iri daban-daban, kiyaye yanayi, Littafin Buƙatar dabbobi, mahalli mai sabuntawa.
Tarihin Rayuwa - da harsashi mai rai na duniya
Bala'in muhalli na duniya - yanayin yanayin yanki a duniya lokacin da rayuwa ta same shi ba zai yiwu ba.
Batutuwan muhalli- duk wata matsala da ke da alaƙa da bayyanar ɗan adam ga yanayi da kuma tasirin juzu'in canji a cikin lafiyar ɗan adam da aikin tattalin arziƙi.
Batutuwan muhalli- matsalolin bil'adama na duniya baki daya da ke gudana a duk fadin duniya, da haifar da barazana ga dukkan bil'adama da kuma bukatar hadin gwiwar daukacin al'ummomin duniya domin magance su.
Tasirin Anthropogenic - kowane nau'in ayyukan tattalin arziƙin ɗan adam dangane da yanayi.
Earfin ƙasa (daga lalatattun Latin - don lalata) - lalata da rushe murfin ƙasa ta hanyar ruwa ko iska.
Mayar da lafiyar dabbobi - wani sashi na ilimin muhalli da aka yi amfani da shi, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan maido da lalacewar lalacewar ƙasa, lalace ko lalata ɗabi'a, galibi ta hanyar ayyukan tattalin arziƙi.
Juyin Halittu - a dunkule, ana ayyana shi azaman canjin wata al’umma zuwa wani sakamakon cin zarafin da ya faru a wannan yankin. Tunda canji na iya faruwa tsawon ƙarni, yana da matukar wahala a gudanar da binciken gwaji don nazarin shi.
5. Babban kuma ƙarin wallafe-wallafen kan darasi na darasi (ingantattun bayanan tarihin da ke nuna shafuka)
Littafin littafi mai suna "Biology 10-11class", wanda aka kirkira a karkashin edita na Ilimin Kimiyya na D.K. Belyaev da Farfesa G.M. Dymshits / ed. G.M. Dymshits da O.V.Sablina.- M.: Ilimi, 2018., s274-282
1. A.Yu. Iontseva. "Duk makarantar gaba daya a cikin zane-zane da tebur" - M.: Eksmo, 2014.: P. 318
2.E.N. Demyankov, A.N.Sobolev "Tarin ayyuka da bada. Halittu 10-11 ”- M.: VAKO. Daga 140-156 jagorar karatu don kungiyoyin ilimi
3. A. A. Kirilenko, S. I. Kolesnikov., “Gwajin karatun kwayoyin halitta. (shiri don Nazarin Kasa mai Hadin kai) "Taimako na koyarwa. - Rostov n / A: Legion, 2009. S 107-110.
5.G.I. Lerner "BIOLOGY: Cikakken jagora game da shirya wa jarrabawa": AST, Astrel, Moscow, 2010 (sashi na VII)
6. buɗe albarkatun lantarki akan batun darasi (idan akwai),
"Hoton rayuwar duniya"
http://nrc.edu.ru/est/r4/A takaice jagora ga matsalolin nazarin halittu: asali da haɓaka rayuwa, haɓaka halayen halittu, dokokin gado, ilimin dabbobi. (aiki tare da shafin don kewayawa)
Portal na ilimi don shirya jarrabawa Gushchin D. D.
7. kayan karatu na nazari mai zaman kanta,
Matsalar muhalli ana iya kiransa abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke nufin lalacewar yanayin mu. Sau da yawa ana haifar dasu ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam kai tsaye. Tare da haɓaka masana'antu, matsaloli sun samo asali waɗanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da daidaituwa da aka kafa a cikin yanayin muhalli, waɗanda ke da wuya a rama. Matsalolin muhalli na duniya sun bambanta. A yau halin da ake ciki a duniya shi ne cewa muna cikin mawuyacin hali, ya kusan kusan lalacewa.
Daga cikin matsalolin muhalli na duniya, mutum na iya lura dashi kamar:
- lalata dubban jinsunan dabbobi da tsirrai, da yawaitar nau'ikan barazanar,
- rage rarar ma'adinai da sauran albarkatu masu mahimmanci,
- lalata gandun daji, - gurbacewar ruwa da magudanar ruwa, - take hakkin zauren ozone, wanda yake kare mu daga radadi daga sararin samaniya,
- gurbataccen iska, rashin tsaftataccen iska a wasu yankuna,
- gurbata yanayin ƙasa.
A yau, kusan babu wani fili wanda abubuwanda dan adam ke halitta da ba zai zama ba. Hakanan ba za'a iya musanta tasirin mutum a matsayin mai amfani da shi akan dabi'a ba. Kuskuren shi ne cewa duniyar da ke kewaye da mu ba wai kawai tushen wadata ne da albarkatu da yawa ba. Mutum ya rasa tunaninsa na falsafa game da dabi'a a matsayin uwar dukkan abubuwa masu rai. Matsalar zamaninmu ita ce ba mu tayar da ƙauna ga yanayi da damuwa da ita ba. Mutum, a matsayin halitta a cikin kansa, mai son kai ne, yana haifar da yanayi don jin daɗin kansa, keta da lalata dabi'a.Ba muyi tunani game da gaskiyar cewa muna cutar da kanmu ba. Saboda wannan dalili ne cewa a yau ya zama dole a mai da hankali musamman ba mai yawa ba don magance matsalolin matsalolin muhalli dangane da haɓakar mutum a matsayin ɓangaren dabi'a. Matsalar muhalli an fara rarraba su gwargwadon girman su zuwa yanki, gida da duniya. Misalin matsalar ta gida wata masana'anta ce da ba ta tsabtace mahaifa kafin ta shiga cikin kogi, kuma ta haka ne ke lalata ruwan da lalata halittun da suke rayuwa a waccan ruwan. Da yake magana game da matsalolin yanki, zamu iya kawo sanannun yanayin Chernobyl a matsayin misali. Bala'in ya shafi dubban rayukan mutane, da dabbobi da kuma wasu kwayoyin halitta waɗanda a baya suka rayu a yankin. Kuma a karshe, matsalolin duniya sune matsanancin yanayin da ke shafar yawancin duniyar kuma yana iya zama miliyoyin mu.
Matsalolin muhalli na duniya a yau suna buƙatar maganin gaggawa. Da farko dai, kamar yadda muka ambata a sama, ya cancanci a kula da asalin mutum. Bayan da ya dace da yanayin, mutane za su daina danganta shi da ma'amala da shi kawai. Na gaba, ya zama dole a dauki matakai da yawa na kore kore. Wannan zai buƙaci ci gaban sabbin fasahar kyautata yanayi a cikin samarwa da kuma rayuwar yau da kullun, ana buƙatar ƙwarewar muhalli na duk sabbin ayyukan, ƙirƙirar samamme mai ƙare abubuwan da ba su da amfani. Komawa ga matsayin mutum, yana da kyau a ambaci cewa ikon ceton da iyakance kansa ba zai yi rauni ba a nan. Amfani mai kyau na albarkatu kamar su makamashi, ruwa, gas, da sauransu, na iya ceton duniya daga karancinsu. Yana da kyau a sani kuma a tuna cewa yayin da kuke da tsabtataccen ruwan da ke gudana a magudanar ku, wasu ƙasashe suna fama da fari, kuma yawan mutanen waɗannan ƙasashe suna mutuwa sakamakon rashin ruwa. Ana iya magance matsalolin rayuwa na duniya kuma ya kamata a magance shi. Ka tuna cewa adana yanayi da kyakkyawar makoma ta duniyar sun dogara da kanmu! Tabbas, jin daɗin rayuwa ba shi yiwuwa ba tare da amfani da albarkatu ba, amma ya dace a duba cewa mai da iskar gas na iya ƙare a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Matsalolin muhalli na duniya yana shafar kowa da kowa, kada ku kasance cikin rashin kulawa!
8. Misalai da bincike na mafita na ayyuka na koyawan horo (a kalla ayyuka biyu).
1. Ana lura da tasirin kore a cikin biosphere saboda tarawa a cikin yanayi ...
2. Bayyanar ramuyoyin ozone suna haifar ...
3. Canje-canje na duniya a cikin biosphere, raguwar haɓakar ƙasa wanda ya haifar da bayyanar ɗan adam, sun haɗa da ...
Irin nau'in zaɓuɓɓukan amsar: Zaɓi wani abu (Rubutu, Zane, Haɗaɗɗe)
2) abubuwa masu guba
3) carbon dioxide
5) inganta tasirin kore
6) karuwa a yawan zafin jiki
7) Rage bayyanar da yanayi
8) kara radadin ultraviolet
9) haɓaka masana'antu da sufuri
10) yashwa da gishirin zama, kwararowar hamada
Zaɓin da ya dace / zaɓuɓɓuka (ko haɗin zaɓin dama):
1. Ana lura da tasirin kore a cikin biosphere saboda tarawa a cikin yanayi ...3) carbon dioxide9) haɓaka masana'antu da sufuri
2) Fitowar ramuka na ozone yana haifar da ...8) kara radadin ultraviolet
3) Canje-canje na duniya a cikin biosphere, raguwar haɓakar ƙasa wanda ya haifar da bayyanar ɗan adam, sun haɗa da ..10) yashwa da gishirin zama, kwararowar hamada
11) magudanar fadama ruwa
Zabi mara kyau / zaɓuɓɓuka (ko haɗuwa):
Ambato: Kasancewar carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya, haɓaka masana'antu da sufuri yana haifar da tasirin Green a cikin biosphere.
Bayyanannin ramuka na Ozone yana haifar da karuwar hasken ultraviolet.
Kulawa da ______ yana nufin kiyaye ______ dabarun yanayi waɗanda ke tabbatar da tsayayyen __________ da ci gaba ________ na biogeocenoses da _________ gabaɗaya.Dole ne a fahimci kariyar da ba a sani ba da _________ a matsayin hadaddun na ___________ kuma matakan jama'a suna ba da ___________ da haifuwa iri, __________ da daidaikun mutane na waɗannan nau'in.
Irin nau'in zaɓuɓɓukan amsar: Zaɓi wani abu (Rubutu, Zane, Haɗaɗɗe)
Haɓaka, abubuwan rayuwa, masu haɗari, yawan jama'a, bambancin, tsari, aiki, jama'a, kiyayewa
Zaɓin da ya dace / zaɓuɓɓuka (ko haɗin zaɓin dama):
Adana bambance-bambancen yana nufin kiyaye hanyoyin sarrafa yanayi, tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki da kuma ci gaba mai ɗorewa na biogeocenoses da biosphere gaba ɗaya. Dole ne a fahimci kariya daga nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari kuma a matsayin hadadden yanayin kasa da matakan jama'a da ke tabbatar da kiyayewa da haifuwar jinsunan, yawan jama'a, da daidaikun mutane nau'ikan waɗannan nau'in.
Gabatarwa:
Cibiyar ilimi ta birni
makarantar sakandare mai lamba 2
Rahoton a taron gundumar daliban sakandare "Yanayi da mutum: matsalolin hulɗa"
rabe-raben halittu a duniyar tamu.
Wanda aka shirya shi: dalibin sa na 11
Halin yanzu na bambance-bambancen kwayoyin ………………………………… 6
Hanyoyi da shawarwari masu amfani don kiyaye bambancin halittu a takaice kuma a dunkule sune kamar haka ………………………………… .. 9
1. Gabatarwa. Ma'anar "biosphere."
Dabbobi da tsire-tsire, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta ba su wanzu a nasu, daban daban, amma a cikin hulɗa ta kusa - suna shafar bayyanar mahimman ayyukan wasu kuma sun dogara ne akan sauran kwayoyin kansu.
Tun farkon kafawa, kimanin shekaru biliyan biliyan 3.5 da suka gabata, halittu masu rai suka fara yin tasiri a cikin juyin halittar duniyan da yanayi.
Kimanin shekaru 60 da suka gabata, fitaccen masanin kimiyyar Rasha, masanin ilimin kimiyya V.I. Vernadsky ya inganta rukunan halittar ƙasa - harsashi na ƙasa, mai rai da ke raye. V.I. Vernadsky ya bayyana matsayin ilimin halittar halittu masu rai kuma ya nuna cewa ayyukansu shine mafi mahimmancin canji a cikin gwanayen ma'adinai na duniya. Mafi daidai ne a ayyana halittu a matsayin harsashi na Duniya, wanda ke cike da halittu masu rai.
Ta hanyar fassara, a zahiri, kalmar “biosphere” tana nufin fadin rayuwa, a wannan yanayin ne aka fara gabatar da shi a kimiyance a 1875 masanin ilmin kimiyar kasa da ilimin burbushin halittu Eduard Suess (1831-1914). Koyaya,, kafin wannan, a karkashin wasu sunaye, musamman "sarari rayuwa", "hoton yanayi", "rayayyun rayuwa na duniya", da dai sauransu, sauran masanan kimiyyar halitta sun dauki bayanan ta.
Da farko, duk waɗannan sharuɗɗan suna nufin kawai jimlar abubuwan rayayyun halittu da suke rayuwa a duniyarmu, kodayake wani lokacin ana nuna alaƙar su da yanayin, yanki da sararin samaniya, amma a maimakon haka, an mai da hankali sosai ga dogaro da yanayin rayuwa akan karfi da abubuwa na rashin asalin.
A cikin biosphere an rarrabe:
Halittar rayayyun kwayoyin halitta suka kafa ta
kwayoyin halitta wanda aka kirkira lokacin rayuwar kwayoyin halitta (gas, na sama, mai, farar ƙasa, da sauransu),
halittar inert abu ba tare da halartar rayayyun halittu ba (manyan duwatsun, laka na volcanoes, meteorites),
sinadarin halittun dabbobi, wanda yake shi ne sakamakon gama gari game da mahimmancin ayyukan kwayoyin da tsarin abiogenic, kamar ƙasa.
Juyin halittar halittar yana da nasaba ne da hade da bangarori uku na abubuwan: 1) cigaban duniyarmu a matsayin halittar jiki da kuma yadda ake canza sunadarai a cikin hanjinsa, 2) Juyin halittar halittar halittu masu rai, 3) cigaban al'umma.
Sanin ilimin halittu a yau ya fi dacewa kuma ya wajaba fiye da kowane lokaci. Mutane sun ƙetare kan iyakokin Tarihin halittu kuma yana canzawa da sauri. A mafi yawancin lokuta, irin waɗannan jujjuyawar suna da mummunar sakamako ga biosphere kanta.
Na biyu.Kwanciyar hankali na Biosphere
Kwanciyar hankali daga tushen halittu yana dogara ne akan wasu nau'ikan halittu masu rai, wasu rukunoni wadanda suke yin ayyuka daban-daban wajen kiyaye jigilar kwayoyin halitta da makamashi, akan kusancin da ke tsakanin da kuma ma'amala tsakanin hanyoyin samar da abubuwa masu rai da inganta yanayin rabe-raben abubuwan mutum da daidaita karfin tashoshin ruwa. A cikin biosphere, tsarin aiki mai rikitarwa na maganganu da abubuwan dogaro suna aiki.
Koyaya, kwanciyar hankali a yanayi yana da wasu iyakoki, kuma keta alfarmar ikon sarrafawa yana tattare da babban sakamako.
Yin aiki a matsayin muhimmin wakili na dauri da kuma sake samar da makamashi ta hanyar duniya, rayayyun halittu don haka ya cika aikin muhimmin abu.
Bayan haka, a halin yanzu, wani sabon karfi ya bayyana a bayan kasa, dangane da tasirin tasirin da bai kai darajar tasirin halittu masu rai ba - dan adam tare da dokokin zamantakewarsa na ci gaba da fasaha mai karfi, wanda ke ba da damar tasirin rayuwar duniya ta hanyoyin rayuwa. Mankindan Adam na zamani na amfani da ba kawai babban albarkatun makamashi na biosphere ba, har ma ba tushen hanyoyin samar da makamashi ba (misali, atomic), yana haɓaka canjin yanayin ƙasa. Wasu matakai lalacewa ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam suna fuskantar kishiyar hanyarsu ta halitta a cikin biosphere (watsawa na ƙarfe, ores, carbon da sauran abubuwan halitta, hanawa na ma'adinai da ƙasƙanci, sakin carbon na gwangwani da iskar shakar sa, rushewar manyan matakai a cikin yanayin da ke shafar a kan yanayi, da dai sauransu)
V.I. Vernadsky ya ga zai yiwu a yi magana ko da game da aikin mutumtaka na mutum, ma'ana ta wannan shine yaduwar kwayar halittar mutum mai ma'ana, koda yaushe bashi da alamun analogues a yanayin rayuwa.
A cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, bil'adama ya ƙaru sau 4, amfani da makamashi sau 10, adadin samfurin 17.6, kayan albarkatun ma'adinai - sau 29. Kashi 85% na ma'adanai waɗanda aka haƙa a tarihin ɗan adam suna cikin karni na 20. Jimlar adadin kuzarin da aka yi amfani da shi a ƙarshen ƙarni yana ƙarfe 3-4 kawai na ƙimar ƙasa da jimlar adadin kuzarin hasken rana da ke shiga saman iyakar yanayin duniyar. Zuwa yau, 1/4 na ƙasar ta mamaye gonaki da wuraren kiwo, kuma 3/4 na ƙasar da ƙanƙara ta shawo kan ƙarni ta kasance tana cikin yankin tattalin arziƙin kai tsaye. Kama kifin duniya ya kai iyakancewar ka'idar. A gaban idanunmu, akwai canji a cikin yanayin duniya na Duniya, sakamakon abin da bala'o'i na iya ƙaruwa, haɓaka asarar kayan duniya, yawancin nau'ikan halittu za su mutu. A karni na 21, dan Adam dole ya ninka biyu. Shin biosphere din na iya jure irin wannan nauyin?
Cikakken tasirin ɗan adam a cikin biosphere yana ƙaruwa sosai a hankali fiye da ci gaban bil'adama da kanta. Sabili da haka, tare da yawan mutanen duniya masu zuwa, kaya a fagen biosphere zai haɓaka sau da yawa.
Kusan dukkanin karni na 20 ana iya bayanin su ta hanyar ƙarfin ci gaba mai yawa: karuwa a cikin samar da wutar lantarki, ƙarfe, aluminum, takin mai magani, magungunan kashe kwari, motoci, tsawon hanyoyin jigilar kayayyaki, da ƙari mai yawa.
Matakin gefen babban ci gaba shine gurbacewar muhalli. Humanan Adam bai taɓa tunanin yin tunanin makomar kayayyakin sharar ba, sabili da haka bai yi shirin rufe hanyoyin haɓaka ba. Yanayin da kanta ya watsar da bambaro, itace, gawawwakin dabbobi, da kuma abin da ba a yiwa juyin halittar sunadarai ba ne kawai aka binne shi ƙarƙashin wani yanki ko ƙasa. Idan aka kwatanta shi da sake zagayowar abubuwa a cikin biosphere, sharar ɗan adam na dogon lokaci ya zama marasa mahimmanci. Koyaya, karuwa mai yawa a masana'antar masana'antu da karkara a ƙarni na 20 ya haifar da gurɓataccen iska na ruwa, iska, da ƙasa.Tare da iyakataccen girman kusan duniyar da ke cike da jama'a, dole ne mutane su tabbatar da sarrafa kayan sharar su domin kar su cutar da biosphere.
3. Matsayi na halin yanzu game da bambancin halittu
An ayyana shekarar 2010 a matsayin shekarar Babbar Halittu ta Duniya. Don haka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana neman jawo hankali ga bukatar kiyayewa da amfani da yanayin duniyar hankali, don shiga cikin kokarin kiyaye yanayin halittunsa da kuma kariya musamman abubuwan halitta.
Banbancin halittu shine dukkanin halittu masu rai daban-daban, bambance bambancen dake tsakanin su da yanayin halittun da suke bangare, wanda ya hada da bambancin matakai a matakai uku: bambancin kwayoyin halittu (bambancin kwayoyin halitta da ire-irensu) - bambancin jinsuna a cikin yanayin kasa, daga karshe. bambancin yanayin halittun kansu.
Tsarin rayuwa iri daban-daban a matakin jinsuna ya hada da tsarin duka nau'ikan halittu a Duniya daga kwayoyin cuta da kuma protozoa zuwa masarrafar tsiro iri-iri, dabbobi da fungi. A kan karami, bambancin halittar ya hada da bambancin halittar halittar da aka kirkira ta dukkanin yankuna masu nisa da kuma daidaikun mutane a tsakanin al'umma guda. Banbancin nazarin halittu ya hada da bambance-bambancen al'ummomin halitta, jinsuna, halittu masu tasowa wanda al'ummomin suka kirkira da ma'amala tsakanin wadannan matakan.
Bambancin nau'ikan halitta yana zama tushen tushen tushen albarkatu na ɗan adam. Misali, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikansu suna samar da nau'ikan tsiro da samfuran dabbobi waɗanda za'a iya amfani dasu a abinci, gini da magani.
Bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta suna da mahimmanci ga kowane nau'in don kiyaye yiwuwar haihuwa, juriya ga cuta, da ikon daidaitawa da yanayin canzawa. Bambancin jinsin dabbobi na gida da na tsirrai na da matukar muhimmanci ga waɗanda ke aiki kan shirye-shiryen kiwo don kiyayewa da haɓaka nau'in aikin gona na zamani.
Bambancin matakin-yanki shine matsayin gamaiyar jinsin ga yanayin muhalli daban-daban. Al'ummomin halittu masu halayyar hamada, kwari, gandun daji da filayen ambaliyar suna ci gaba da aiki na yau da kullun don inganta yanayin kasa, samar da 'sabis', alal misali, ta hanyar ambaliyar ambaliyar ruwa, kariya daga lalacewar ƙasa, tace iska da ruwa.
A kowane matakin bambancin nazarin halittu - nau'in halitta, gado, da bambancin al'umma, ƙwararrun suna nazarin hanyoyin da suke canzawa ko kiyaye bambancin. Bambancin nau'ikan nau'ikan sun hada da duka tsarin jinsunan da ke rayuwa a duniya.
Buƙatar kiyaye bambancin halittu da wuri mai faɗi shine saboda tsarin muhalli cewa mafi rikice-rikice da rikitarwa na biogeocenosis shine, mafi girma da kwanciyar hankali da ikon yin tsayayya da tasirin illa daban-daban. Tsarin rayuwa mai mahimmanci wanda ke tantance kwanciyar hankali na biogeocenoses shine cewa jinsunan halittun da suka tattarasu sun dace da juna yayin aiwatar da juyin halitta saboda suna ganin suna “kulawa” ga mutuntaka, kwanciyar hankali, da ingantaccen tsarin halittar su.
Tsarin rayuwa shine tushen rayuwa a duniya kuma ɗayan ginshiƙan ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Albarkatun halittar ƙasa yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban rayuwar bil'adama. Saboda haka, gaskiyar cewa bambancin halitta g biological ado ne na duniya mai mahimmancin amfani ga mutanen yanzu da masu zuwa suna samun karimci. A lokaci guda, fiye da kowane lokaci, akwai babbar barazana ga kasancewar nau'ikan halittu da tsirrai. Kashewar jinsin da ayyukan mutane ke haifar yana taɓarɓarewa.
Adam a koyaushe yana da mummunar tasiri a cikin yanayin halittarsa, amma a ƙarshen ƙarni na biyu ne ya zama sananne cewa hulɗa tsakanin ɗan adam da muhallinsa yana ɗaukar halayen rikice rikice na duniya, wanda sunan shi shine rikicin muhalli na duniya. Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20, yan adam sun fahimci cewa don hana bala'in muhalli na duniya, ana buƙatar cikakken haɗin gwiwar ƙwararru, jihohi da ƙungiyoyin jama'a a matakin ƙasa. Kusan shekaru arba'in da suka gabata (1972), an gudanar da taron farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yanayin kasa a Stockholm. Wannan taron ya ba da bayanin ka'idodin hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa a fannin kiyaye dabi'a.
A shekarar 1992, a Rio de Janeiro, yayin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli da ci gaba, kasashe 145 suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Halittu. Amincewa da wannan takaddun yana ba da shaida sosai game da mahimmancin matsalar kiyaye rayuwar halittu masu rai da ke mamaye duniyarmu a cikin mazauninsu na asali, fahimtar matsalar yawancin jihohi na duniya da kuma sha'awar yin duk abin da zai yiwu don kula da bambancin rayayyun halittu. An gano cewa koma baya ga bambance-bambancen halittu yana daya daga cikin abubuwanda ke haifar da ci gaban lalacewar yanayin halittu. A yau, akan duniyarmu, an yiwa barazanar 11 167 nau'i nau'i - 121 fiye da 2000. Misali, masana saiga, tururuwa da ke zaune a cikin hamada da yankuna na duniya, suna da damuwa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, adadin saigas ya ragu sosai: a cikin 1993, yawan saigas ya wuce dabbobi miliyan 1, ta 2000 akwai 800,000 daga cikin waɗannan dabbobin, yanzu ƙasa da dubu 50 sun bar 'yanci .. Idan ba a yi komai ba, saiga zata ɓace a cikin 10-20 na gaba shekaru.
Wadanda aka cutar da masu mazinata da masu satar mutane tsuntsaye ne na ganima kamar saker falcons da gurneti.
Yawan tan kwarjinin Amur ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan zuwa mutane 350, Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa 30. Yanayin yayi matukar ƙima: babu wani dalili da zai yarda cewa yanayin ya canza don mafi kyau idan aka kwatanta da 2000.
A cewar masana, dukkanin yanayin kasa, musamman tsibirin da aka keɓe, ana fuskantar barazanar a sararin samaniya, tunda an kirkira takamaiman ma'auni akan su, wanda zai rushe yayin da aka gabatar da shi daga waje zuwa yanayin yanayin halittu. Misali, a cikin tsibirin Hawaii, nau'ikan tsuntsaye 26 da rabe-raben tsuntsaye, ko kashi 60% na faunarsu duka sun lalace.
Canjin yanayi wanda ke faruwa a duniyan nan da shekarar 2050 zai iya haifar da hallaka kusan jinsin miliyan. Biliyoyin taurari, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa, suma za su kasance masu fuskantar matsalar canjin yanayi, saboda sun dogara ne da yanayi domin batutuwa kamar abinci, gidaje da magani.
Mazaunan duniyar da ayyukanta suna haifar da babbar barazana ga rayuwar dabbobi. Ta haka ana ma'anar magudanan ruwa, gandun daji, magudanar ragowar ƙasar budurwa, ambaliya da sararin sarari da “tekuna” da ƙari.
Amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin gona da daji ya zama babban abin tasiri ga mummunan tasirin dabbobi. Magungunan rigakafi suna aiki akan duk abubuwa masu rai, suna kashe kwari da masu amfani. Su masu hallakarwa ne ga dabbobi masu ruwa - kifi, mayiriri da mollusks. Tasiri mara kyau ga gurbatar dabbobi da mazauninsu. Rashin ruwa musamman haɗari ne. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na roba da kayan mai, abubuwan da ke shiga jikin ruwa daga gonakin dabbobi tare da taki suna haifar da abubuwa masu jujjuya abubuwa, wadanda suke rage abubuwan oxygen a ruwa kuma yana haifar da “daskarewa” - yawan kifaye da sauran dabbobi. Hayar daji ba shi da cutarwa. Daga lalacewar katako mai narke itace, ana fitar da abubuwa masu lahani, daga ciki caviar da soya mutu.Sauran dabbobin suna bacewa sakamakon gurɓataccen kogin, gami da dabbobi masu ɗauke da gora da ruwa na ruwa.
Amma game da mazaunan ruwa, kifayen sharks suna cikin sabon jerin nau'in halayen masu haɗari 57. Masana suna jin tsoron cewa wasu wakilan ruwan faren teku zasu mutu kafin masana kimiyya su ma san da zamansu. Babban lalacewar kifaye, dabbobi, da tsuntsayen da ke cikin ruwa ya haifar da gurbataccen ruwan teku.
Babban barazana ga dabbobi na asalin shine gabatar da nau'ikan halittu masu nisa zuwa cikin al'ummomin halitta, waɗanda suka fara mamayewa, suna lalata nau'in gida. Akwai misalai da yawa na wannan. Zomayen da aka kawo wa Ostiraliya, Ussuri raccoon ba tare da kulawa ba a cikin yankin Turai na ƙasarmu, dabbar ja, ba da gangan aka kawo ta New Zealand ba. Amma dabbobin ruwa na farin ruwa sun zama suna kula musamman ga baƙi.
4. Hanyoyi da shawarwari masu amfani don kiyaye bambancin halittu, a takaice kuma a duniyance, sune kamar haka.
Don warware saitin ayyuka waɗanda ke da alaƙa da matsalolin bambancin nazarin halittu, ya zama dole don haɓaka sharuɗɗa don kimanta bambancin halittu, gano da tantance matakin bambancin a cikin takaddun halayen halittu (ɗakunan ƙasa), haɓaka shawarwari don kiyayewa da haɓaka bambancin da aka bayyana, gwaji da aiwatar da waɗannan shawarwari a cikin samarwa.
Babban aiki wajen adana banbancin halitta ana wasa da Red Litattafan dabbobi da tsirrai.
Halittar kasa da fadada tsarin yankuna na musamman na musamman da aka kiyaye su - reshe na dabi'a, wuraren shakatawa na kasa, wuraren adana yanayi, abubuwan tarihi.
Sake sake gina wuraren shimfidar wurare da suka lalace, gurɓatattun al'ummomi, maido da asalin nau'ikan asali
Haɓaka yanayin muhalli na nau'ikan nau'ikan sarrafa dabi'a (watsi da abubuwan monocultures ko rage yankunansu, adana nau'ikan al'amuran gudanarwa na dabi'un cikin bukatun al'umman asalin ƙasa, da sauransu).
Amfani da tsarin matakan kiyayewa da haɓaka rayayyun halittu da haɓakar ƙwayoyin halitta na tsararraki na halitta da na rabin-tsarin halitta (ta amfani da hanyoyin nazarin halittu don yaƙi da nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi da ba a ke so ba, da kiwo dabbobin daji a cikin bauta da yanayin free-free.
Duk waɗannan matakan don kiyayewa, dawo dasu da haɓaka bambancin nazarin halittu ya kamata a tallafa musu ta hanyar matakan haɗin kai, gami da doka da tattalin arziki:
kara rawar da ingancin saka idanu,
wanda yake bayyana tsarin kariya da amfani da albarkatun kasa,
ƙaddamar da abubuwan ƙarfafawa na tattalin arziki don gudanar da muhalli don kiyaye "babban birnin halittu" na halitta, Russia,
haɓaka tsarin doka don kiyaye kariya daga nau'in haɗari da kuma kiyaye bambancin halittu.
Short Short
Manufa: don gano manyan matsalolin zamanin rayuwa. Bayyana halin da ake ciki. Don ƙirƙirar ra'ayi game da dangantakar tafiyar matakai da ke faruwa a cikin biosphere.
Awainiya:
1. Tabbatar da dangantakar abubuwan haɗin abubuwan halitta.
2. Don bayyana manyan matsalolin biosphere.
3. Don gano manyan hanyoyi da hanyoyin kiyaye biosphere.
Gabatarwa
Rayuwa, a matsayinta na musamman, mai rikitarwa ta yanayi, tana da tasiri iri-iri kan rayuwar duniya. Kasancewa ta hanyar bayyanar daban-daban, rayuwa (“yanayin rayuwa”) ba wai kawai yana samar da samfuran mahimman ayyukansa ba, har ma yana canza yanayin yanayi. A cikin ilimin kimiyyar dabi'a, nazarin rayuwa azaman sabon abu ne wanda ke da alaƙa da kusancinsa da yanayin da ke kewaye da shi an kira shi rukunan asalin halittu.
Biosphere, yanki ne na rayuwa mai aiki, yana rufe da kasan sashen sararin samaniya, da filin ruwa da kuma na sama na lithosphere. A cikin biosphere, halittu masu rai (kwayoyin halitta) da muhallinsu suna da alaƙa da aiki tare da juna, suna ƙirƙirar tsarin aiki mai mahimmanci.Kalmar "Biosphere" an gabatar da ita a 1875 ta Suess. Koyarwar biosphere azaman kwarangwal mai aiki ne na ƙasa, a cikin abin da aka haɗaka ayyukan rayayyun halittu (gami da mutane) ya bayyana kansa a matsayin wani yanki mai keɓaɓɓiyar yanayin ƙirar duniya da mahimmancinsa, V.I. Vernadsky ya kirkireshi a 1926.
Dukkanin abin da ke rayuwa, numfashi, girma da kuma ci duk nasa ne na biosphere (sai dai mutumin da ya fice daga duniyar dabbobi). Saboda haka, muna la’akari da matsalolin da suke da alaƙa kai tsaye da duniyar dabbobin daji.
Hanyoyi: ƙididdiga, kwatanta.
Manufa: don gano manyan matsalolin zamanin rayuwa. Bayyana halin da ake ciki. Don ƙirƙirar ra'ayi game da dangantakar tafiyar matakai da ke faruwa a cikin biosphere.
1. Tabbatar da dangantakar abubuwan haɗin abubuwan halitta.
2. Don bayyana manyan matsalolin biosphere.
3. Don gano manyan hanyoyi da hanyoyin kiyaye biosphere.
Manufar karatun: Biosphere da manyan abubuwanda ke ciki.
Batun bincike: tsarin kwayoyin halitta daga jikin mutum zuwa ga biosphere.
1.1. Tasiri na yanzu akan rayuwar duniya
Kalmar "biosphere" a zahiri ana fassara shi da "yanayin rayuwa." Masanin kimiyyar Austrian ne Eduard Suess ya fara shigar da shi cikin kimiyya a cikin 1875. Daga baya masanin nazarin halittu J. B. Lamarck ya jaddada cewa dukkan abubuwanda suke samar da itacen kwakwa a saman duniya ya zama saboda ayyukan halittu masu rai.
Ma'anar rayuwar zamani game da "sararin samaniya" yana nuna wani tsiro ne na qasa, wanda dukkanin halittu masu rai suka kasance tare da gutsuttsuran abubuwan duniyar da suke ci gaba da hulɗa dasu. Halinta ya fara ne kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.8 da suka gabata, yayin da aka fara halittar halittu farko a duniya. 1
A saman farfajiyar biosphere ya fara daga saman Duniya zuwa allon ozone, kuma kwayoyin ba za su iya rayuwa a farkon wannan iyakar ba - a nan za a lalata su ta hanyar hasken rana, da kuma yawan zafin jiki. Borderarancin ƙasa yana gudana a ƙarshen zurfin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, a zurfin 4-5 kilomita a cikin ɓarna na duniya, wanda ya dogara da zurfin zafin jiki na duwatsun ya kai + 100 ° С. Yankin sararin samaniya kusa da farfajiyar duniya kuma zurfin 200 m a cikin hydrosphere shine mafi yawan rayuwa.
Halittu da tsarinsa suna daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin yanayin halitta. Abun da ke tattare da wannan kwandon ya hada da na sama na lithosphere, daukacin hydrosphere da kuma kasan bangare na yanayin.
Tsarin nazarin halittu yana nuna kasancewar:
- Abubuwan da aka kirkira na kwayoyin halitta wanda aka kirkira yayin aiki na kwayoyin, wanda shine sakamakon aiki da halittar kwayoyin halitta (gasis na sararin samaniya, mai, peat, koko, farar ƙasa, da sauransu). Tun farkon halittar halittar farko, sun wuce dubunnan lokuta ta gabobin jikinsu, kwayoyin jikinsu, jini, kyallen takarda, daukacin tekun duniya, wani yanki mai yawa na yanayin, mai mahimmancin ma'adinai.
- Abubuwan da ba daidai ba sun kirkiro ba tare da taimakon rayayyun halittu ba.
- Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na halittun dabbobi, wanda shine sakamakon hulɗar da hanyoyin rashin alaƙa da mahimmancin ayyukan rayayyun halittu, kasancewar abubuwa masu daidaita abubuwan daidaituwa na mutum da sauran (rairayi, ƙasa, ɓoyayyen yanayi, da sauransu). Na biyu
Kwayoyin halitta suna kan gaba a cikin su.
- Abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin lalacewar iska.
- Kwayar kwayar zarra, wadanda suke fitowa daga koina a koda yaushe, sakamakon fiddawa da hasken rana.
- Abubuwan da basu dace ba, yanayin cosm.
Na dabam, ya zama dole a bayyana dalla-dalla farkon farkon abin da wannan ra'ayi ya kasance da tsarin rayuwa. Halittar rayuwa wani hadadden sassan halittu masu rai. Yawan sa yana da ƙarami, idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran sassan ginin, kawai 2.4 - 3.6 · 1012 ton na nauyin bushe. Wannan shine miliyan daya daga cikin yawan halittun duniya baki daya, wanda kuma yake kasa da dubu daya daga cikin adadin duniya.
Duk da rashin girman wannan nauyi, yana da matukar muhimmanci a matsayin ikon kimiyar halittu, saboda halittu ba wai kawai suke gudanar da rayuwarsu bane a cikin wannan kwarin, amma kuma suna shafar canjin yanayin duniya, wanda yake rayuwa gaba daya ba tare da wata matsala ba.
Lessarancin lokaci, ana samun su a cikin zurfin lithosphere da lithosphere, a tsayi mai tsayi, kuma galibi suna zaune a cikin ƙasa, a farfajiyar Duniya da kuma a cikin manyan hanyoyin ruwa.
Hanyoyin da ake samu a dunkule na samuwar halitta da motsi na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta suna hade kuma yana tare da wani tsarin kwayoyin halitta da makamashi.Ya bambanta da tsarin tafiyar da yanayin, kawai abubuwan da ake amfani da su na kimiyyar halittu, wadanda suke hade da kwayoyin halitta suna da babban karfi, gudu, da kuma adadin kwayoyin halitta da suke gudana.
Tare da cigaban bil'adama, tsarin juyin halitta ya samu canji sosai. A farkon matakan wayewa, datsewar daji da kuma kona gandun daji don kiwo, kiwo, farauta da farautar dabbobin daji, yaƙe-yaƙe ya lalata yankuna gaba ɗaya, ya haifar da lalata al'ummomin tsire-tsire, kisan wasu dabbobi. Yayinda wayewar kai ta bunkasa, musamman bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu na lokacin tsakiyar zamanin da ya gabata, 'yan adam suka mallaki madafan iko, har abada
ikon yin aiki da amfani don saduwa da girma
yana buƙatar babban adadin kwayoyin - duka kwayoyin halitta, rayuwa, da kuma
Motsi na hakika cikin hanyoyin samar da abubuwan halitta ya fara ne a karni na 20 sakamakon wani juyin juya halin masana'antu. Saurin bunƙasa makamashi, injiniya, ilmin sunadarai, jigilar kayayyaki ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa aikin ɗan adam ya zama daidai gwargwado tare da makamashi na halitta da kuma kayan aiki da ke faruwa a cikin biosphere. Intensarfin yawan ƙarfin ɗan adam da albarkatun ƙasa yana ƙaruwa bisa ga yawan jama'a
kuma harma da gabanta. V.I. Vernadsky ya rubuta: "mutum ya zama
karfi na kasa wanda zai iya canza fuskar Duniya. "Wannan gargaɗi ne
Sakamakon ayyukan anthropogenic (da aka yi da mutum) ya bayyana a cikin lalacewar albarkatun ƙasa, gurɓatar da biosphere ta sharar masana'antu, lalata halayen halitta, canje-canje a cikin tsarin ƙasa, da canjin yanayi. Tasirin Anthropogenic yana haifar da rudani kusan dukkanin hanyoyin haɓaka na biogeochemical. Dangane da yawan jama'a, yanayin tasirin ɗan adam a kan yanayin yana canzawa. A halin yanzu na ci gaban sojojin samar da aiki, ayyukan affectsan adam yana shafan fagen rayuwa gabaɗaya.
1.2. Tasiri kan Geospheres na Duniya
Mai kirkirar koyarwar ilmin halitta da juyin halitta shine V. Vernadsky. (1863-1945) masanin kimiyya, wanda ya kirkiro da ilimin kimiya da ilimin halitta. Ya gabatar da ka'idar tasiri mai tasiri a cikin yanayin rayuwar dan adam da kuma canji na biosphere na zamani zuwa cikin noosphere (sphere of mind).
Filin halittar itace asalin duniya, wanda ya hada da bangarori biyu na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, da wannan sinadarin da kansa. Dangane da bayanin V.I. Vernadsky “Dabbobin daji shine babbar alama ta bayyanar halittar duniya, tana rarrabe ta sosai da sauran bawo daga duniya. Tsarin nazarin halittu, sama da duka kuma, rayuwa ta ke bayyanuwa. ” Planet Earth kanta tana da tsari mai tarin yawa kuma yana kunshe da abubuwan bawo (geospheres). Shearna ta waje sun haɗa da lithosphere, hydrosphere da kuma yanayi, kuma zanen ciki na ciki ya ƙunshi shimfidar duniya da tushin.
Geospheres suna da kayan aikinsu na musamman:
- tarawar gaba daya - bangarorin sun banbanta da yanayin tarawar - daskararre, ruwa, gaseous. Amma sakamakon tsarin canji akwai hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashe. Kowace shekara, kusan 519 - 10 3 m 3 na ruwa na tsallake daga jikin ruwa a saman kuma a sakamakon ruwan sama da ƙyallen kusan adadinsu yana faɗuwa a ƙasa, ke canza yanayin yanayin yanayin ruwa da ɗaukar hoto,
- tarin kwayoyin halitta - rarraba rarraba kwayoyin halitta da ma'adinai. Mafi yawan abubuwan da ke kunshe a cikin lithosphere, hydrosphere, sannan kuma a yanayin,
- magudanar makamashi - rarrabuwar rarraba hasken rana (zafi da haske) a doron kasa. 3
Haɗin haɗin tsakanin ɗakuna daban-daban na geosphere shine tafiyar matakai na rayuwa, a cikin canji na geospheres an taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar tafiyar matakai wanda ya faru saboda biota - kusan 90% na dukkanin kwayoyin halitta a cikin manyan matakan lithosphere an canza su ta hanyar rayayyun halittu.
Yanayin yanayi shine matattarar mabuɗin halittu.Gurɓatar iska.
Yawan yanayin duniyarmu yana sakaci - miliyan daya ne kawai na yawan duniya. Koyaya, rawar da yake takawa cikin tsarin halitta na halittu yana da girma: yana iyar da yanayin dumamar yanayin duniyarmu, yana kare ta daga lamuran tasirin da zafin rana. Yanayin yanayi na shafar yanayin damina na gida, kuma ta hanyar su, kan tsarin koguna, ƙasa da murfin ciyayi, da kuma tsarin samar da sauƙi.
Haɗin yanayin zamani shine sakamakon cigaban tarihin duniya. Haɗin yanayin shine oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide da gas inert. A yayin aiwatar da ayyukansa, mutum yana gurbata muhalli. Sama da biranen da wuraren masana'antu, maida hankali ga gas a cikin yanayi yana ƙaruwa, wanda yawanci ana samun su da ƙanana kaɗan ko babu a cikin yankunan karkara. Gurbataccen iska yana cutar da lafiyar. Hakanan
gas mai cutarwa, haɗuwa tare da danshi na yanayi da faduwa a cikin ruwan acid, lalata darajar ƙasa da rage yawan amfanin ƙasa.
A cewar masana kimiyya, biliyan 25.5 na carbon oxides, miliyan miliyan 190 na sulfur oxides, miliyan 65 na nitrogen oxides, 1.4 miliyan ton of freons, kwayoyin mahallin gubar
hydrocarbons, gami da sinadarin carcinogens, adadi mai yawa na barbashi (ƙura, soot, soot). Gurbacewar iska a duniya yana shafar yanayin yanayin ƙasa, musamman murfin kore duniyarmu. Ruwan Acid, ya haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxides, yana haifar da babbar illa ga gandun daji. Ukurai suna wahala daga gare su, musamman coniferous.
Babban abin da ke haifar da gurbata iska shine ƙona burbushin mai da kayan ƙarfe. Ganin cewa a cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, samfuran albarkatun ƙasa na iskar gas da ruwa mai ƙonewa da ke shiga muhalli kusan ƙasashen duniya sun lalata shi, yanzu abubuwan da ke tarawa suna ƙaruwa koyaushe. Dauke da jerin gurɓataccen iska yana shiga cikin iska daga murhu, murhu, bututu mai ƙone motoci. Abubuwan da ke cikin ɗanyen Sulsur anhydride yana tsaye a tsakaninsu - iskar gas mai guba wacce take narkewa cikin ruwa. Cakuda sinadarin sulfur a cikin sararin samaniya yana da girma musamman a kusancin masu ƙanshi. Yana haifar da lalata chlorophyll, rashin ci gaban hatsi na pollen, bushewa da faɗuwar ganye, allura.
"Tasirin Gida", i.e. inara cikin matsakaicin yanayin zafi ta
digiri da yawa, wanda zai iya haifar da narkewar glaciers na yankunan polar, karuwa a matakin Tekun Duniya, canji a cikin salinity, zazzabi da sauran mummunan tasirin. Don haka, canji a cikin carbon dioxide a cikin sararin sama yana shafar yanayin duniya.
Ruwa shine tushen hanyoyin rayuwa a cikin biosphere. Tsabtace ruwa na ainihi.
Ruwa shine mafi yawan abubuwan inorganic a duniyar tamu, ruwa shine tushen dukkan hanyoyin rayuwa, hanyar da take samarda isashshen sunadarin oxygen a cikin babban tuki a Duniya shine daukar hoto. Tare da isowar rayuwa a duniya, yanayin zagayar ruwa ya zama tsayayye saboda ga mai sauƙin sauƙaƙewar ƙaura, ƙara rikitarwa matakai masu alaƙa da mahimmancin abubuwan rayayyun halittu, musamman mutane.
Amfani da ruwa yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan jama'a da haɓaka tsabtataccen yanayi da rayuwar ɗan adam, haɓaka masana'antu da aikin ban ruwa. Yawan amfani da ruwan yau da kullun don bukatun gida a yankunan karkara shine lita 50 a cikin mutum 1, a cikin birane - lita 150. Ana amfani da ruwa mai yawa a masana'antu. Don smelting na 1 ton na karfe, ana buƙatar 200 m 3. 100 m 3 ana buƙatar don samar da 1 ton na takarda, daga 2500 zuwa 5000 m 3 don samar da 1 ton na ƙwayar roba. Masana'antu suna ɗaukar kashi 85% na duk ruwan da aka cinye a birane, yana barin kusan 15% don dalilai na gida.Har ma ana buƙatar ƙarin ruwa don ban ruwa. A shekara ta 1 ha na ƙasar ban ruwa
bar 12-14 m 3 na ruwa. A cikin ƙasar, ana kashewa duk shekara
ban ruwa na fiye da 150 km 3, yayin da duk sauran bukatun - game da 50 km 3.
Yayinda yake kiyaye irin wannan farashin amfani kuma yayi la'akari da haɓakar yawan jama'a da samarwa ta hanyar 2100, mankindan adam na iya cinye duk wadatar
sabo ruwa. Aara yawan amfani da ruwa a duniya yana haifar da haɗarin "yunwar ruwa", wanda ke buƙatar haɓaka matakai don amfani da tsada ta amfani da albarkatun ruwa.