Dabbar beyar ce mafi girma a duniyar, wanda yafi girman sa har da zaki da damisa. Dabban ya kasance yana yawo a duniya kusan shekaru miliyan 5, kuma a wannan lokacin ya sami damar samun matsayin a matsayin ɗayan mafi haɗari. Girman nau'ikan nau'ikan suna cikin mita 1,2 zuwa 3, kuma adadin ya bambanta daga kilo 40 zuwa tan. A aan Bears suna da jiki mai kauri, ƙaiƙayi mai kauri da babban zagaye.
Maƙaddara tana da fa'idoji masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke taimaka wa cin kowane irin abinci. Manyan fuka-fukai ana girke su a ɓangarorin ƙananan hakora na gaban. Dan dabbar tana motsawa a kafafunta masu kauri.
Babbar beyar ba wai kawai ta kware sosai a cikin gandun daji ba, har ma tana iyo yadda ya dace. Duk wani nau'in halitta yana iya yin tafiya mai nisa a kan ruwa. Kuma farare yana da membranes a kan cinyoyin sa, yana ba shi damar iyo ko da sauri. Dabbar tana hawa bishiyoyi daidai, suna hawa su a zahiri a fewan seconds. Duk wannan ya sanya shi kyakkyawan abokin tafiya, wanda a kowane yanayi zai iya kama ganima, duk inda ta ɓoye.
Sauraran ji da hangen nesa na bears, ba shi da haɓaka, wanda ba za a iya faɗi ba game da ma'anar ƙanshi. Dabba zai iya jin daɗin warin ƙanshi koda ya ƙudura daga inda ya fito. Saboda wannan, an daidaita shi sosai a sarari.
Tsarin dabbar beyar
Launin furcin beyar ya dogara da nau'ikansa. Zai iya zama baƙi, launin ruwan kasa, fari. Hakanan an tabbatar da launi na fata ta wannan siga. Farar fata yana da fatar fata a ƙarƙashin gashi. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen samun ƙarin zafi daga rana a cikin canjin yanayin sanyi. A launin ruwan kasa, ya yi launin toka. Wani lokacin wata cuta mai saurin faruwa a cikin bears, saboda wanda gashin kan jikin yake kusan kusan babu shi. Mafi shahara a wannan batun ita ce mace Dolores, wacce ke zaune a cikin Leipzig Zoo.
Bayanin launin fata Brown
Matsakaicin tsayin jikin bera mai launin ruwan sanyi shine mita 1-2, tsayinsa ya kai mita 1, nauyinsa yana cikin kewayon 300-400. Gabaɗaya, ƙananan kuɗi na iya bambanta sosai a cikin tsayin jiki da nauyi, amma maza koyaushe sun fi girma fiye da mace.
Brown bears suna da iko a jiki, babban mayu, babban kai, kunnuwa da idanun su ƙanana ne. Wutsiyar gajarta ce, daga 65 zuwa 210 mm a tsayin daka, karan tsaye ya fito daga Jawo. Yankunan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi ne, maƙallan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi ne, ba za a iya dawo da su ba, 8-10 cm tsayi. Babbar dabba ce mai yatsa biyar, da ke tsaye. Jawo mai kauri ne, ko'ina a canza launin.
Launin yana da sauƙin canzawa, duka ɓangarori daban-daban iri ɗaya ne, kuma a yanki iri ɗaya. Wool ana yin zane daga fenti mai haske zuwa launin shuɗi da kusan launuka masu duhu. Mafi yawan launuka na yau da kullun shine launin ruwan kasa. Akwai alamu haske a cikin wuya da kuma kirji wurare na 'yan sanduna sun ɓace yayin da dabbar ta girma. Brown bears molt sau ɗaya a shekara, daga farkon bazara zuwa kaka.
Sassan Abincin Jiki na Brown
Brown bears dabbobi ne da yawa, amma saboda mafi yawan lokuta suna cin abincin shuka: berries, acorns, kwayoyi, Tushen, tubers da ciyawa mai tushe. Idan shekara ta faru da mummunan girbi na berries, to, a cikin arewacin kewayon da bears sun canza zuwa amfanin gona na oat, kuma a kudu - masara, mazauna gabashin Gabas suna ziyartar gandun itacen al'ul. Bugu da kari, bears mai launin ruwan kasa suna cin kwari (tururuwa, buɗaɗɗen fata), tsutsotsi, ƙwararraki, ƙwaya, ƙwayoyin jiji (mice, marmots, squirrels, chipmunks) da kifi. A lokacin rani, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abincin beyar kwari ne da ƙanƙaninsu. Bishiyar bera tana nuna halin ko in kula kamar masu farauta, kuma daga cikin abin da suke ci akwai dabbobi kamar unguwa, deer, barewa, ƙwanƙwasa, amalanci (bears galibi suna farauta a farkon bazara lokacin da suka bar hijirar su, kuma har yanzu akwai ƙarancin abinci).
Abincin da aka fi so da bera shi ne zuma, suna cin abinci, kuma suna cin gajiyar su, suna cin ganyayyaki daga wolf, cougar da damisa. Abinda ake cin abinci na lokacinsu shine kifaye lokacin cinyewa.
Brown bear yada
A da, beari mai launin ruwan fata sun kasance gama gari a cikin Turai, ciki har da Ingila da Ireland (Atlas bears), kuma a gabas ta hanyar Siberiya da China sun isa Japan. A Arewacin Amurka, sun zauna daga Alaska zuwa arewacin Mexico.
A yau, wannan nau'in a cikin mafi yawan kewayon ya ɓace, ko ya zama ƙarami. A Yammacin Turai, daidaikun mutane suna zaune a Pyrenees, a tsaunukan Cantabrian, Alps da Apennines. Har ila yau ana samun beran Brown a Scandinavia da Finland, a tsakiyar Turai da kuma a cikin Carpathians. A Asiya, suna zaune ne a Asiya orarama, Palestine, a arewacin Iraki da Iran, zuwa arewacin China da Koriya ta Koriya, a Japan a tsibirin Hokkaido. Yankunan berayen launin ruwan kasa a Rasha shine yankin gabaɗaya, ban da yankuna na kudu. A Arewacin Amurka, grizzlies ya tsaya a Alaska da Kanada.
Brownwararriyar ruwan kasa masu ruwan sanyi
- Siberian brown bear (Ursus arctos collaris) - aka rarraba a Siberiya gabashin Yenisei, har ma a arewacin China da kan iyakar gabashin Kazakhstan.
- Gobi brown bear ko mazalai (Ursus arctos gobiensis) mazaunin ƙauyen Gobi ne a ƙasar Mongolia. Yana da matsayin "mai saukin ganewa" kuma yana cikin haɗarin ruguzawa.
- Grizzlies - wannan shine sunan talafin Amurka na bera mai launin ruwan kasa, wanda galibi ke zaune a Alaska, tsibirin kusa da yammacin Kanada. Har ila yau, wani karamin adadi ya kasance a cikin Amurka.
- Tien Shan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) - wanda aka samo a duwatsun Pamirs, Tien Shan da Himalayas. Yana da ƙarami idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasƙantattun abubuwa, kuma babban fasalinsa mai tsayi ne, tsinkayen haske a ƙafafun gaba.
- Kodiak (Ursus arctos middendorffi) - aka rarraba a tsibirin Kodiak kusa da bakin tekun kudancin Alaska. Manyan kuɗi.
- Gwanin Tibet mai launin ruwan kasa ko bear irin ƙwaro (Ursus arctos pruinosus) mazaunin gabashin gabashin yankin Tibet ne. Daya daga cikin rarest subspepepe.
Brown hali hali
Brown bears dabbobi dabbobi ne. A cikin Rasha, sun fi son gandun daji mai ƙarfi tare da daskararren itaciya na bishiyoyi masu bushewa, ciyayi da ciyawa don rayuwa, suna shiga cikin tundra, da manyan gandun daji. A Turai galibi suna zaune ne a cikin dazuzzukan tuddai, a Arewacin Amurka - a cikin tundra, a cikin makiyaya mai tsayi da kuma kusa da gabar.
Maza yawanci suna zaune shi kaɗai, kuma mace suna rayuwa tare da ƙwatanyan shekaru daban-daban. Dabbobin yankuna yanki ne, makircinsu sun mamaye yanki na 73-414 km², a cikin maza koyaushe sunfi girma fiye da mace. Gwajin yana nuna iyakokin masarar da alamomin wari da "mara kyau," wato, yana yin gyambon bishiyoyi. Zai iya yin yawon shakatawa na lokaci wanda ke da alaƙa da neman abinci. Bishiyar launin ruwan kasa suna ta aiki kullun, amma galibi - da safe da maraice.
A cikin rayuwar waɗannan mafarautan, an faɗi yanayin cyclicality na yanayi. A cikin hunturu, da 'yan bears suna ciyar da mai mai subcutaneous (har zuwa kilogiram 180), a cikin faɗuwar da suke kwance cikin ramuka, waɗanda suke a cikin wuraren bushewa, cikin ramuka a ƙarƙashin fashewar iska ko ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi. A wasu lokutan maƙaƙa rami mafaka a cikin ƙasa ko neman rami da mayuka a cikin duwatsun. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, bears suna zuwa wuraren hunturu na dindindin daga shekara zuwa shekara. Tsawon lokacin farauta, gwargwadon yankin mazaunin dabba, kwanaki 75-195 ne (daga Oktoba-Nuwamba zuwa Maris-Afrilu, wato, kusan watanni shida). Mafi dadewa kasancewar a cikin mafakar surukai tare da 'yan mata, tsoffin maza suna fita a gaban kowa. A cikin kudu na kewayon, a cikin winters ba tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa ba, rashin isasshen gashi ba na hali bane ga bears launin ruwan kasa, amma sun kuma tara ajiyar mai, saboda raguwar adadin abinci. A lokacin hunturu, beyar yayi asarar kimanin kilogram 80 na mai.
Barcin hunturu na bera mai launin ruwan kasa ba mai zurfi ba, zafin jikinsu a wannan lokacin shine digiri 29-34. Idan akwai haɗari, dabba za ta iya farkawa da sauri ta bar kogon, ta je neman sabon. Idan a lokacin fadama bears bai iya sarrafa kitse yadda yakamata ba, to shima yana iya farkawa a tsakiyar hunturu ya fara yawo cikin abinci (a irin haka ana kiran sa sanda yana haɗi). Sanda yake haɗari yana da haɗari sosai, saboda yunwar ta zama azzalumi mai ƙiyayya har ma yana kaiwa mutane hari. Irin wannan beyar yana da kadan damar jiran bazara.
Kodayake beyar mai launin fata yana da m, yana da ikon yin sauri da sauri don isa zuwa 50 km / h, yin iyo da hawa dutsen, musamman ma lokacin da yake saurayi. Blowaya daga cikin bugun daga ƙafafun beyar mai rushewa ya karya kashin mai danshi, deer ko gwiwar hannu.
Brown kai kiwo
Mata suna haihuwar sau ɗaya a cikin kowane shekaru 2-4. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin watan Mayu suna faruwa har zuwa watan Yuli, ranakun 10-30. A wannan lokacin, yawanci mazan da ke shiru suna ruri da ƙarfi, faɗa yana faruwa a tsakaninsu, har zuwa sakamako mai kisa.
Haihuwa tana farawa ne da makwancin nesa, amfrayo din baya girma kafin Nuwamba. Gaba ɗaya, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 190-200. Cubs an haife su a cikin lambobi a Janairu-Fabrairu. A cikin zuriyar dabbobi na beyar, matsakaita na jarirai (2-3) (kimanin 5) jarirai masu nauyin 500-600 g, kusan 23 cm a tsayi, an rufe su da gajeriyar fitsari, makafi, kurma. Hanyoyin kunne suna buɗewa lokacin da yake makonni biyu, kuma bayan wata guda sai buɗe ido. A watanni 3, cuban sandunan suna da cikakken hakoran madara, kuma sun riga sun ci berries, ganye da kwari da ƙarfi da manyan. Yawan nauyin su ta wannan lokacin ya kai kilogiram 15, kuma a cikin rabin shekara ya riga ya kai kilogiram 25. Ciyar da madara yana tsawon watanni 4. 'Ya'yan na gaba zasu ba da beyar kawai bayan shekara guda.
Maza basa shiga cikin renon ɗan (an ma (kuma yana iya zama haɗari a garesu), don haka mahaifiyar tana cikin jarirai. Manya-manya ma suna iya taimaka wa mace ta ta ƙarami. A ƙarshe, 'Ya'yan suna bar mahaifiyarsu tun suna shekara 3. Ga balagarsu sun zo a wannan lokacin, amma sun girma zuwa 10-11 years. Tsawon rayuwa a cikin yanayin halitta daga shekara 20 zuwa 30, a ɗaurin shekaru 47-50 ne.
Abokan gaba na ƙasan bera
An jera bears Brown kamar ƙungiyar IUCN Red List, da ke cikin haɗari, amma lambobinsu sun bambanta tsakanin yawan jama'a. A yau, akwai kusan mutane 200,000 a cikin duniya. Yawancinsu suna zaune ne a Rasha (120,000), kusan 32,500 ke zaune a Amurka, da kuma 21,750 a Kanada. Yawancin Turai yawansu ya kai 14,000.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da launin ruwan kasa:
- Ana amfani da fatalwar launuka na launin ruwan kasa a cikin kera katako, ana amfani da nama azaman abinci. Mafitsara yana amfani da maganin gargajiya na Asiya. Hakanan ana alakanta kaddarorin masu warkarwa.
- A wasu wuraren, bears mai launin ruwan kasa suna lalata amfanin gona, lalata filaji da kai hari kan dabbobin gida. Kuma kodayake ƙimar kamun kifi nasu ƙarami ce, farautar wannan nau'in a yankuna na yankuna da yawa an haramta ko iyakance. Bugu da ƙari, irin wannan farauta yana da haɗari sosai, yana buƙatar makamai tare da ƙarfin dakatarwa. Don haka, farautar bera mai launin ruwan kasa tare da bindiga irin ta Kalashnikov na iya haifar da mutuwar mafarauta, tunda beyar ta iya dauke shi sama ko da bayan lokaci a daidai lokacin.
- Ganawa tare da bera mai launin ruwan kasa a cikin daji na iya zama mai mutu'a (musamman tare da macen da ke da sanduna da sanduna waɗanda suka fito daga cikin ɓoye). Amma yawanci bears bears kansu guje wa haduwa da mutane.
Rayuwa
Duk nau'ikan bears suna kwance a hankali. Banda shi fari ne, wanda zai iya yawo cikin lokaci-lokaci ya mamaye wasu yankuna yankuna. Udan zuma suna zaune tare da sanduna yayin da suke kan gaba a duniya. Maza manya sun rike daya bayan daya kuma sun mamaye wani wuri. Idan mutane da yawa suna zaune a cikin gandun daji guda, to kowannensu yana mutunta iyakokin da aka kafa, farauta ne kawai a cikin filayenta.
A tsawon yini, beyar ta zagaya yankin ta kuma nemi abinci. Da yake yana da wadataccen abinci, maharbin ya koma kogon - babban rami da aka haƙa a cikin ƙasa. A nan ya yi barci ya huta. Kusa da zuwa hunturu, dabbar ta fara cin abinci a adadi mai yawa domin ta yi nauyi. Tare da farkon yanayin sanyi, yana hibernates, jikinsa yana aiki saboda mai, yawan sa zai iya kaiwa kilogram 200. Wannan ya isa ya kasance cikin yanayin dakatar da raye-raye na tsawon watanni ba tare da lahani ga lafiya ba.
Abinci mai gina jiki, menene bero yake ci?
Gwajin ya dace da yanayin muhalli kuma yana da ikon cin kusan kowane abinci. Zasu iya cin duka berries da 'ya'yan itatuwa na bishiyoyi, da dabbobi daban-daban: zomaye, mayu, barewa da sauran wuraren kiwon dabbobi na iya zama a cikin dabbar. Mutane daya-daya da ke zaune kusa da gawarwakin ruwa na iya shiga cikinsu da kifi. Gwajin yana da kyakkyawar amsawa, wanda zai baka damar kama kowane halitta mai sauri, koda a ruwa.
Musamman dabbar tana da dadi. Saboda wannan, yakan ziyarci kofofin ƙudan zuma don cin abinci a kan zuma. Babban laushi da fata mai laushi suna sanya shi kusan rigakafin cizon kwari.
Abincin wani nau'in halitta ya dogara da mazauninsu. Thean itacen pola, wanda yake rayuwa a cikin yanayin sanyi, yana cinye abubuwa masu rai kawai, tun da berries da bishiyoyi basa girma a cikin waɗannan yankuna. Kuma 'yan Himalayan na iya cin abinci akan kwari da kwaro, tunda suna da sauƙin ganima kuma suna da yawa a waɗannan ƙasashe.
Yankin - inda bera ke zaune
Yawancin nau'ikan beyar suna zaune a cikin gandun daji, amma ana iya samun su a filayen, tsaunuka, da kuma yankunan bakin teku. An rarraba dabbar a Eurasia, Amurka, Arctic da Afirka. Hakanan, wasu nau'in suna rayuwa a Japan, Ostiraliya.
Dabba ya saba da yanayin muhalli. Zai iya zama a cikin canjin yanayin zafi ko sanyi, yayi amfani da wuraren kwanciya, kwari kogwannin duwatsu a zaman dare na dare.
Da yawa daga bea suke zaune - a daji da kuma wuraren kiwon dabbobi
Udan zuma suna girma da haɓakawa na ɗan lokaci akan matsayin dabbobi. Sun kai ga balaga ne kawai ta hanyar shekaru 4-6, kuma a ƙarshe jikinsu ya kammala da yinwa kawai daga 10-11. A wannan lokacin, suna yin nauyi kuma suna girma.
A cikin mazaunin halitta, yawancin jinsuna suna rayuwa a matsakaicin shekaru 27-30. A wannan lokacin, beyar na iya fuskantar abubuwa daban-daban da mawuyacin yanayi waɗanda zasu iya rage wannan lokacin.
A cikin yanayin wucin gadi, tare da kulawa da ta dace, dabbar tana da tsawon rai: har zuwa shekaru 45. Kasancewarsa bera a cikin gidan dabbobi ko ajiyar wuraren da suke kulawa da shi, beyar ba ya buƙatar zuwa farauta, ɗaukar jikin shi tare da tafiye-tafiye masu tsawo da kuma yin wasu ayyuka waɗanda zasu cutar da jikinsa. Dangane da haka, dabbobi suna da damar da za su iya kwanciyar hankali su haɓaka kuma ba za su lalata lafiyar su ba.
Hijabi
A cikin kaka, da bears, suna jin kusancin yanayin sanyi, fara cin duk abin da suka hadu da shi a hanyar su. Wannan ya zama dole don samun nauyi gwargwadon iko, saboda wanda zasu iya rayuwa yayin rashin himma. Wasu arsaarsan bears suna cin abinci har kilogram 200 kafin su shiga rayayyiyar motsi.
Weightwararren nauyin aiki mai haɗari ba haɗari bane, kuma kowane ɗayan yayi ƙoƙarin cin abinci fiye da dole. Bayan haka, idan ajiyar kayan jiki basu isa lokacin hunturu ba, beyar zai farka kafin lokacin. Ba shi da zaɓi illa ya bar kogon ya tafi neman abinci. Amma lokacin da aka rufe komai da dusar ƙanƙara, yana da matukar wahala ga dabbar ta iya dacewa da sauri kuma ta samar da kanta da duk abin da yake bukata. Haka kuma, wasu beyar da basu da isasshen ajiyar ajiya na iya rashin barci kwata-kwata. Don haka zasu tsira daga ranar farko ta hunturu, kuma galibi basa yin nasara.
Balagagge a cikin beyar yana ɗaukar kwanaki 200. A wannan lokacin, dabbar tana cikin yanayin dakatar da tashin hankali. Bai motsa ba, baya cin abinci, amma kawai yana bacci. A lokaci guda, ayyukan a jikinsa suna ragewa da kashi 55%. Bugun bugun zuciya ya fadi zuwa kashi 8 a minti daya, maimakon 50-55 na yau da kullun. A wannan halin, dabbar za ta iya kasancewa har sai albarkatun ciki na jiki sun ƙare.