Gwanin ƙwayar ƙasa ɗaya shine dangin ƙwayar cuta, wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan sama da 25,000 a duniya da kuma nau'ikan sama da dubu 3 a Rasha. Kwaro ya kasance ne da odar ƙwaro, har zuwa tsawon mm 60mm, ya bambanta da zaɓin launi daban-daban daga duhu zuwa ƙaramin ƙarfe. Yawancin wakilan wannan nau'in kusan ba sa tashi, amma suna gudu da sauri, suna kammala wannan ikon daga tsara zuwa tsara.
Me ƙwallaye suke ci, yaya wakilai na nau'ikan halittu suke kallo, suke amfana ko cutarwa? Game da shi a ƙasa.
A ina kwari kwari irin ƙwaro?
Ordinaryudarar ƙwayar ƙasa ta talakawa, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in halitta ba, yana rayuwa a ciki ko a saman, har ila yau, a wasu yanayi har ma yana iya hawa kan bishiyoyi. Tare da ƙarancin adadi kaɗan, ɓatattun kwari suna jin daɗin daidaita daidai a cikin yanayi daban-daban.
Squadungiyar ta haɗa da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin ƙwaro da yawa, waɗanda wasu, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar damuwa, suna iya ɓoye ruwa mai guba. Ground irin ƙwaro gwoza kuma suna da iko mai ban mamaki. Dukkansu suna da keɓaɓɓen kai, ƙafa mai tsayi, antennae da kayan caudal biyu. Larvae suna zaune a ƙarƙashin tsirrai ko marasa ƙarfi a cikin ƙasa.
Menene abubuwan da ƙwaro ke ci da fasali na ci gaban su
Mafi sau da yawa, gwoza ƙasa tana cin abinci da yawa kwari da mollusks. Wadannan sun hada da:
Hakanan an haɗo su a cikin abincin abinci sune abincin asalin shuka da nau'in phytophages.
Babban abinci mai cin abinci mai banƙyama da lesalesan ƙasa na beetles suna haɓakawa, suna isa ga balaga sama da shekaru. Representativesarancin wakilan nau'in - ƙwararren ƙasa irin ƙwaro ya kai kololuwar balaga a cikin shekara guda.
A matsakaita, gwoza suna rayuwa na kusan shekara biyu, yayin da ake yin hunturu a cikin wasu tsire-tsire da suka rage daga lokacin, sun sanya ƙwai 100 cikin kyawawan kayan abinci da wadatar abubuwa masu amfani da ƙasa.
Gwoza ƙasa - mabukaci da mai hallakarwa: iri
Iri daban-daban na irin ƙwaro suna da madaidaiciyar damar. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da ƙarni uku, wasu biyu. Haɓaka larvae yana gudana tsawon makonni uku a cikin ƙananan nau'in kuma har zuwa watanni da yawa a cikin manyan.
Predatory beetles musamman aiki riba da farkon duhu, yayin da a ranar da ake masked a cikin inuwa na shuke-shuke. Musamman kwari da ke aiki suna zama cikin yanayin hadari.
Dangane da nau'in ayyukan yanayi, ana rarraba gwoza zuwa:
Na farko - farkon lokacin kaka-kaka yana nuna karuwar ayyuka daidai lokacin bazara-kaka. Wakilai na bazara-bazara na ƙwayoyin ƙwaro suna aiki daidai a cikin bazara da bazara, bi da bi, lokacin rani shine mafi kyawun lokacin shekara don ƙwayoyin ƙasan bazara.
Yawancin ayyuka kololuwa a cikin ƙwaro suna da farko ya dogara da mitar da sifofin haifuwa.
Baya ga aikin yanayi, irin ƙwaro ƙasa (hoton da ke ƙasa ba zai yi kuskure ba) a cikin nau'in maƙarƙashiyar da ke wajabta ya kasu kashi da yawa ƙananan jinsuna:
- m
- zinari
- Emerald
- m da dai sauransu.
Kowannensu yana da bayanin kansa, wanda ke sa ya bambanta kwari da sauran. Don haka, alal misali, wani ƙwaro irin ƙwaro a lokacin balaga na iya samun tsawon jiki na 2 zuwa 8. cm tsutsa tsutsa an bambanta ta da sifar elongated, aƙalla sune mafarauta, a wasu yanayi herbivorous.
Leasa irin ƙwaro nerald a cikin ƙasa. Yana ciyarwa akasari akan larvae na sauran kwari, tsutsotsi da mollusks. Wasu daga cikin wakilan su suna farin ciki don jin daɗin ciyawar a ƙarƙashin duwatsu ko allon. Ana samun waɗannan nau'ikan irin ƙwaro a cikin sassan duniya daban daban, ba sa cutar da mutum, yana lalata kwari da yawa masu cutarwa a cikin lambun da gonar. Wani fasalin musamman na matafila shine launi mai haske tare da shimfidar lu'u-lu'u.
Leasa irin ƙwaro
A bisa ga al'ada, ana samun irin ƙwaro ƙasa a cikin ƙasashen Turai, a cikin Russia da wasu ƙasashe na Tsakiyar Asiya. Irin ƙwaro yana ciyar da silkworms mara kyau - ɗayan kwari na gonar.
Tsawon jikin mutum ya kai 30 mm, launin jikin shi kore ne ko kuma tagulla tare da taɓa zinare. Partashin baya yana da baki, gaba yana da haske mai launin kore mai haske. Ilsasan yashi a yumɓu sun fi so wajan kwaro, galibi yana zaune ne a cikin lambuna da filaye, da kuma a cikin ciyara da ƙasashe masu tsiro. Irin ƙwaro larvae kame kansu a karkashin duwatsu.
Game da abubuwan zaɓin dandano na irin ƙwaro
Wakilai daban-daban na wannan nau'in suna zaɓar zaɓuɓɓukan abinci daban-daban wa kansu. Wasu sun fi son cincin caterpillars da malam buɗe ido, wasu kuma suna cin ciyawar sawfly. Haka kuma, mutum wakilan beetles sami damar ci larvae na cutarwa kunkuru.
Mafi yawan rigakafin shine irin ƙwaro, ƙwallen ƙwallon fata da na zinare a sama. Kwayoyin suna sake dawowa da kansu ta hanyar wakilai da dama da suka bambanta a cikin dangi, akasarinsu suna zaɓar mutane ne tare da lafuffan ƙwaƙwalwa mai laushi.
Herbivorous beetles suna wakiltar janar Amara da Ophonus, waɗanda ke ƙunshe da babban iyali. Wakilan sa suna ciyar da ragowar ganye, ciyawa, kayan lambu kuma ba sa farautar halittu masu rai.
Zabi mai ban sha'awa shine nau'ikan cakuda ƙasa, waɗanda ke da ikon cinye tsire-tsire da abincin dabbobi. Misalin wani nau'in hade shi ne irin ƙwarowar Ophonus pubescens. A farkon kakar, tana ciyar da ita kan ƙananan kwari, kuma daga lokacin da hatsi ya ɗebo ya wuce zuwa shuka abinci, yana lalata lalacewar amfanin gona.
Ophonus pubescens
A gani, irin ƙwaro da ke cinye abubuwa da kuma abubuwan abincin shuka iri daban-daban. Tsoffin suna da karsashin kai da jiki mai tsawo, tsoffin mandibles na nau'in nunawa. Haɓaka jiki yana ba su damar kamawa da riƙe mai rauni ba tare da matsaloli ba, wani ɓangare saboda kasancewar ƙafafun tafiya mai ƙarfi.
Biwanin ƙwayar cuta na herbivorous, akasin haka, ba su da ƙarfi a cikin motsi, ba su da dogon kafafu, sun bambanta a cikin mai sifofin fata da mandibles tare da babban tushe don rarrabe abinci zuwa ƙananan sassa.
Mai haɗari irin ƙwaro ƙasa - gurasa: yadda ake yaƙi
Beetasan irin ƙwaro da aka sani don sha'awar ta don girbi akan ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ƙyamar su kusan ƙasa. Irin wannan kwari zai iya kuma dole ne a yi yaƙi, in ba haka ba amfanin gona ba zai ba da sa ran da ake tsammani ba.
Don kare tsire-tsire daga mamayewa daga ƙwayar burodi, suna amfani da hanyar haɗa kai, suna amfani da hanyoyi masu inganci lokaci ɗaya, daga aikin gona kuma ya ƙare tare da waɗancan sinadarai. An ba da kulawa ta musamman don dacewa da fasaha na haɓaka nau'ikan albarkatu iri daban-daban, yana mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau don ci gaba da haɓaka tsirrai da rashin jin daɗi don ƙungiyar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙasa ta isa ga matattara.
Kuna iya yin yaƙi da ƙwayar burodin a cikin hanyoyi masu zuwa:
- zabar filayen da suka dace don shuka,
- ta zabar kyawawan tsaba,
- ta yin amfani da takin zamani na ma'adinai da haɓakar haɓaka,
- Suna yin girbi dabam, a cikin gajeren lokaci,
- a hankali fitar da ciyawa da hatsi ba tare da zubar da filin ba,
- Shirya ciyawar ciyawar kai tsaye bayan mun girbe,
- aikatawa da zurfi zurfin yin huɗa.
A cikin ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yachting, aikin lambu da gwoza ƙasa na ƙasa suna musamman a Rasha. Dukkaninsu sun fito ne daga dangin mafarauta, sabili da haka suna kusan kar cutar cutar. Gwajin mai ban sha'awa game da kwaro na wannan nau'in masana kimiyya sun gudanar da shi. A kan hanyar maɓallin, sun sanya kwaro mai Mayu. Bayan ƙoƙarin da yawa don satar binciken, sai irin ƙwaro ya gano cewa ba zai iya jure shi kaɗai ba da daɗewa ba ya kawo taimako - kwari iri ɗaya.
Ma'anar
Lesankunan ƙwayoyin ƙasa babban iyali ne, wanda ke da adadin jama'a da yawa, waɗanda galibi suna da wahalar rarrabewa, sabili da haka ana amfani da alamomi daban-daban don ganewar asali: launi, tsarin jiki, tsarin waje, tsarin farfajiya, girmansa, tsarin ƙwayar cuta da hetotaxia ana la'akari da su.
A launi na ƙasa beetles sosai bambance bambancen, yafi a duhu launuka, sau da yawa tare da ƙarfe tintic. Yawancin lokaci idan baƙar fata ko duhu, bakan gizo (ƙwanƙwasa) fintinkiri yana faruwa, wanda sassaka ƙira ne ya kirkiro shi daga layin bakin ciki.
Mutane daban-daban taxa, galibi a matakin ƙananan yankuna da kabilu, suna da halin sifofin jikin mutum. Wasu lokuta yanayin jikin yana da banbanci da na yau da kullun don irin ƙwarowar ƙasa: nau'in asalin halittar Omophron, suna rayuwa a bakin rairayin bakin teku masu yashi, tare da daure nau'ikansu suna kama da dillalai ko kuma wasu ƙwayoyin baƙar fata, wakilan janar din da ke rayuwa akan ciyawa mai tushe Drypta, Demetrius da Odacantha suna da sikandirin, jikin mutum, mai haɓaka, don haɓaka nau'ikan daga ƙasa Scaritinae, har ma da wasu kungiyoyi, ana nuna shi ta hanyar raunin da aka saƙa tsakanin anterotissus da baya na jiki, har da fadi, gaban-tibiae tare da hakora. Tsarin jikin peculiar a cikin jinsin daga ainihin Cicindela, Elaphrus, Notiophilus da wasunsu.
Ilimin halittar jiki na imago
Girma daga kananan, kadan wuce 1 mm, zuwa babba sosai, kusan 10 cm.
Siffar jiki tana da bambanci sosai, kuma kodayake yawancin nau'ikan suna da madaidaicin jikin mutum ko mafi ƙarancin yanayi, wasu rukunin suna nuna sifar zagaye ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na biconvex ko kuma jikinn da ke da faffadar ganye. An kogon dutse sau da yawa suna da jikin convex mai ƙarfi tare da babban kai da zurfin maƙarƙashiya a gindin pronotum, wanda ke ba su wasu kamannin waje na tururuwa.
Canza launi shine mafi yawan lokuta baƙar fata ko ƙarfe, pigmentation shine halayyar kawai don takamaiman, mafi yawa Epiphytic da ƙungiyoyin tutocin ƙasa. Dabbobin da ke ɓoye suna bayyanar da lalacewa ta jiki.
Shugaban
An zana kan shugaban a cikin prothorax mai rauni ko har zuwa idanun, ana kifar da shi gaba kuma yana ƙare da ƙananan jaws mai ƙarfi, siffar wanda ya dogara da nau'in abinci. Groupsungiyoyi da yawa na tsinkaye suna halin mandibles mai ratsa jiki, suna dacewa da kama ganima. Akasin haka, herbivorous siffofin yawanci suna da m da m jaws, saba da nika da shuka substrate.
Idanun masu girma dabam, daga manya-manyan (a cikin nau'ukan da ake amfani da rana ko kuma za a iya aiki da hasken rana) ()Cicindela, Elaphrus, Notiophilus da sauransu) don rage karfi (Leptopaphiamawasu Trechus da sauransu). A cikin nau'ikan da ke jagorantar rayuwar rayuwa ba dare ba tsammani, idanun masu matsakaitan matsayi, a cikin yashi mai yawa ko siffofin kogo, ana rage su ko raguwa har sai bacewar su. Babu idanu.
A wasu lokutan ana haɓaka gidajen ibada, kuma shugaban da yake bayansu mai kunshe ne da wuya. Mafi yawan lokuta goshi a bangarorin, yawanci a cikin rabin gaban goshin akwai abin hango: idan ya kasance gajere da fadila, to ana kiranta gaban goshi, idan kuma yayi tsawo ana kiran shi tsakar gaban. Yawancin lokaci manyan gabannin hawan ciki suna haɓaka sosai, a cikin sashin gaba suna shiga bangarorin ƙugiya, a ɓangaren baya kuma sun isa cikin haikalin. Lywanƙwasa galibi, zuwa digiri ɗaya ko wata, a sarari yake yana rabuwa da goshi ta hanyar ƙyalli.
Lebe na sama yana da siffofi daban-daban, yawanci yana iya motsawa ƙarƙashin ƙwanƙolin ƙasa, ba shi da alaƙa da shi sau da yawa. An rabu da ƙwanƙwasa daga cikin ƙaramin abu, a tsakiyar maɓallin gaban na gaba tare da daraja, mafi yawanci ana bayar da shi tare da haƙorin tsakiya, na ƙarshe na ƙarshe, ko ƙyalƙyali a cikin gwagwarmayar, ko kuma disseed mai zurfi, sau da yawa ba ya nan. Kwancen baya na ɗamara na hanji a gefen ciki ana samunsu da shinge (epilobes). Wani lokaci akan kullun, misali, a cikin haihuwa Clivia, Dyschirius et al., kusa da tsakiya ko a gindi akwai ramuka guda biyu (ramuka ta china) na ƙananan ƙwayar jijiyar lebe, wanda, a cewar Zhannel, ana amfani da ƙwayoyin gwoza ƙasa kamar gungun ji. Kusan koyaushe akwai nau'i ɗaya ko fiye na pores mai ɗaukar hoto a kan Chin. Harshe a gwaggon biri yana da setae biyu ko dayawa; paraglosses, tsirara ko kuma mafitsara, haɗa da bangarorin sa. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a jiki suna da karfi, wasu lokuta manya-manyan, a cikin tsakar gida a wasu lokuta tare da hakora ɗaya ko sama (retinacula), a cikin rabin gaba wasu lokuta ma suna ɗauke da hakora daban-daban. Maxillae tare da layi mai lanƙwasa-lanƙwasa a cikin koli, giya mai fasali-2 mai girma da kuma gaɓo 4-kashi na maxillary palp. Labial ya pal da kashi uku. Sashe na ƙarshe na ɓangarorin ɓoye isabi'a wasu lokuta ana fadada su sosai ga gwaggwon biri (axiform), ƙirar-axiya, almara, wani lokacin, akasin haka, an rage karfi zuwa ƙaramin nau'in allura mai haɗawa a cikin haɗuwa da babban ɓangaren peninsimate.
Antenna (ban da Paussinae , a cikin abin da yawanci yakan samo sihiri mai kyau) 11-kashi, filifa da bayyane a fili, sashi na farko yawanci sanye yake da ɗayan, da wuya bristles da yawa, ragowar sassan, banda na ƙarshe, sanye take da kayan corolla da dama bristles a cikin koli. Abubuwa da yawa na antennae na yau da kullun tsirara ne, sauran kuma an rufe su gaba ɗaya ko kusan dukkanin farfajiyar da gashin kansu, Harshen Lorocera an rufe shi ban da saba ingantaccen inzali ta daban tsawon saitin.
Kirji
Proffum na mafi bambancin tsari. Speciwarewar muhalli galibi ana nuna shi a cikin hanyar pronotum, yanayin ƙwarewarsa tare da elytra mafi yawa yana ƙayyade matsayin motsi na ɓangaren gaban jikin mutum - mafi ƙarancin gundurar pronotum, mafi girma wannan motsi. Don haka, nau'ikan mahimmin digo na musamman da nau'ikan rijiyoyin an rarrabe su ta hanyar nau'ikan jikinn da aka zana. Garkuwa a cikin mafi yawan nau'ikan yana da haɓaka da kyau, kawai a lokuta na musamman an rage shi - alal misali, a cikin wasu nau'o'in kogo.
Liman
Kafafu suna da bakin ciki kuma suna da tsawo, wadanda suka dace da tafiya da gudu; a siffofin tono, suna da kauri sosai kuma suna yin jijiya a gefen waje kuma galibi suna sanye da hakora da fita. Paarfan kafa suna da kashi 5, ,an baya ɓoye ba tare da taya ta gwiwa ba, yawanci yana taɓa tsakiyar layi da tsallaka ɓangaren farko na ciki. Swivels suna haɓaka da kyau, wani lokacin ma sosai, a lokuta na musamman ma har tsawon lokaci sama da kwatangwalo. A kan ƙafafun gaba da yawancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta akwai wata daraja - sashin banɗaki na musamman da aka tsara don tsabtace antennae. Kashi na 4 na kafafu cikin nau'in epiphytic sau da yawa yana da daraja mai zurfi, wanda aka suturta da kambori, ta haka ne ya samar da sashin musamman na kayan tsirrai. Yankin guda ɗaya a cikin nau'in kogon yana yawanci tare da tsarin filamentous wanda ke taimakawa haɗe zuwa substrate lokacin hawa ganuwar kogon.
Elytra da fuka-fuki
Ingsungiyoyi tare da halayyar, abin da ake kira caraboid venation. Matsakaicin haɓaka fuka-fuki ya dogara ba kawai ga rukuni na taxonomic ba, amma sau da yawa ya bambanta ko da a cikin jinsin. A cikin batun na ƙarshe, dangane da ikon haɗin gwiwar masu dacewa, ana lura da nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ruɓi. Kamar sauran kwari, tsuntsaye marassa nauyi da / ko kuma yawan birni suna da halayyar tsibiran, tsaunika, kogon dutse, da kuma ga al'ummomin da suka fi dacewa da kwanciyar hankali a wannan yanki. Za'a iya amfani da yanayin yaduwar fuka-fukan reshe don fadada tambayoyi daban-daban na halittar gungun, zana taswirar glacial refugia, da dai sauransu Wings suna da haɓaka sosai a cikin rukunin masu motsa yanayin, misali, a dawakai da Pogonini, kazalika da siffofin huhun na wurare masu zafi. Yawancin waɗannan nau'ikan suna tashi sosai saboda sun fi son su gudu maimakon tserewa daga haɗari. Koyaya, yawancin beetwakwanin ƙasa suna tashi sama da talauci kuma suna amfani da jirgin sama don sasantawa, kuma wasu nau'ikan basu taɓa tashi kwata-kwata ba.
Elytra yawanci yana da ƙarfi sosai, ga mafi yawan ɓangaren, kusan rufe ɗayan ciki ne, kawai a wasu lokutan an yanke shi. A cikin jinsunan marasa kyan gani, zasu iya girma tare tare da kyan gani, yawanci saman su tare da tsintsin tsayi, wanda za'a iya yiwa azaba. Yawan tsagi sau da yawa daidai yake da 9, amma yana iya ƙaruwa saboda faɗuwa ko, a takaice, raguwa, irin waɗannan canje-canje galibi suna da yawa na 3. A wannan tushen, wani sassaka sikelin wani lokaci yakan zama ko an rage girman sassaka kuma saman ya zama madubi mai santsi.
Baƙuwa
Yarda ya danganta da kungiyar tare da fasassun 6-8 da ke bayyane. Kushin kansa yana dauke da juna biyu, kwanciyar hankali yana kwance a gefenta, mafi yawan lokuta bututu ce mai suttura fuska, karancin lokaci sashinta mai kazanta ne ko kuma wando biyu masu zama a gefe. Parameres kyauta ne, gwargwadon rukunin, mai fasalin ko a'a.
A mafi yawan kwasfayen lesasa, maza suna da alamomin ɗayan moreaya ko fiye a gaban da kuma wani lokacin kafafu na tsakiya, surfaceashin saman wanda ke sanye da gashin gashi wanda aka haɗu da shi wanda ke riƙe mace yayin copulation. Sau da yawa ana iya tantance jinsi ta musamman game da matsayin wurin da keɓaɓɓen gashi, musamman akan ɓangaren tsuliya ko kuma cikakkun bayanai na ɓangaren apical na elytra, ta kayan aikin microsculpture, da dai sauransu ban da halayen sikeli, maza sukan bambanta da mace a gwargwado na jiki. Hakikanin halayen jima'i na kwarai da aka bayyana, wadanda aka san su sosai tsakanin sauran ƙwayoyin cuta, suna da wuya a cikin irin ƙwaro. Babban mashahurin misali shine tsawa da sassan jikin mahaifa (lat. Tarsus) a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar maza kamar maza Carabus.
Manyan ilimin halittar jiki
An san larvae na ƙwanƙwasa da ƙarancin girma fiye da manya kuma a halin yanzu ana yin nazari sosai. Yawancin lokaci, suna kampodefinode, fiye da scasa da sikeli, ƙasa da sau (a cikin juyayi da kuma ƙwayoyin ƙasa mai ɓarna), an cire larvae, kuma an rage gaɓoɓin sosai. An haɗa ƙwayar murfin tare da goshin goshi, gefen gaban sa yana yin aiki. Glazkov yawanci yana da 6 akan kowane bangare, ƙasa da yawa ba su da ƙari ko kaɗan. Antennae tare da sassan 3-5 (mafi yawan lokuta tare da sassan guda 4). Kafafu kamar yadda a cikin manya suke da sassan 5. Abun ciki shine kashi 10, tergite IX yawanci tare da nau'ikan urogomphs masu sauƙaƙe ko rabewa, tsarin shine muhimmiyar ganewar asali. Yanayin X yakan samar da mai kara.
Buƙatun don Abubuwan Abiotic
Daga cikin duk abubuwan da ke cikin abiotic don yawancin ƙwayoyin ƙwaro, ƙasa danshi shine mafi mahimmanci. Yawancin nau'ikan jinsin sun fi son tsire-tsire masu laushi tare da yanayin zafi kaɗan. Irin waɗannan buƙatu musamman halayyar ƙwararrun polyphage masu ƙwararru ne. Tsakanin phytophages, yawan jinsunan mesoxerophilic yafi girma, tunda wadannan nau'in, kamar sauran phytophages, suna iya rama rashin karancin danshi a jiki sakamakon kyallen tsirrai. A cikin parasitoids, akwai kuma adadin nau'ikan da suka dace da rashin danshi da kuma yanayin zafi. Groupungiyar yawan ƙwayoyin gandun daji suna tsayayya da matsanancin gishiri, ana samun su a gefen tafkunan gishirin gishiri da marshes.
Habitat
Tsarin daskararren yanayin rayuwar dangi shine sanadin yalwar wadannan gwoza. Leswancin ƙwaya suna zama kusan dukkanin kewayon latitude daga tundra mai sanyi zuwa hamada da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, a cikin tsaunukan da suka tashi zuwa ɗamarar mulkin mallaka kuma a mafi yawan lokuta sune ɗayan halayyar halayyar yanayin halittu.
Ayyukan yau da kullun
A cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa, duk manyan nau'ikan ayyukan yau da kullun sanannu ne. Yankin tsakanin jinsunan nocturnal da diurnal galibi ba tabbas yake ba, duka saboda rikice-rikice tsakanin juna da canje-canje na lokaci a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun. Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa oligothermicity, meso- da hygrophilicity na yawancin nau'in ƙwayoyin gandun daji galibi sune maɓalli don fahimtar peculiarities na kwalliyar circadian na ƙwayoyin ƙwaro. A lokacin bazara, a yanayin yanayin danshi na sama mai laushi, yalwar hazo da ƙarancin yanayin zafi, yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi, galibi suna matsayin dare, suna jagorantar rayuwar yau da kullun. Don haka, a cikin bazara a cikin shimfidar wurare a cikin yanki na steppe zone, zalla na gani kawai zai ba da damar ganowa, amma har ma don kimanta adadin kusan dukkanin jinsunan da suke mamaye da jinsunan. A farkon bazara a cikin ciyawar Alpine da rana zaku iya lura da yawancin aiki Carabus, Pterostichus, Calathus da Nebriawanda daga baya ya kusan zuwa rayuwa ta rayuwa ta yau da kullun. Abin sha'awa, wannan sabon abu ne mafi halayyar Carpathians da gumi mai zafi na Caucasus, yayin da a cikin busassun duwatsun na Asiya ta Tsakiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin iyakance jinsin. Kamar yadda matsakaita matsakaita kullun ke ƙaruwa kuma ƙasa ke bushewa, ƙwanƙolin ayyukan su a hankali yake juyawa yayin magariba, sannan kuma da dare. Irin waɗannan canje-canjen suna faruwa a sauƙaƙe, tunda a ƙarshen bazara, nau'in rana suna da babban aiki a rana, da kuma nau'in dare a cikin sa'o'i na farko bayan faɗuwar rana, kuma saboda haka, canzawa daga wannan rukuni zuwa wani, ya isa ya canza ganiya mafi girma na 'yan awanni kawai.
Matsakaicin mafi girman yanayin tsaran yawancin halitta daidai lokacin faduwar rana maimakon fitowar rana yana tabbatar da cewa babban muguwar yanayin da za'a sami karbuwa shine raguwar danshi maimakon yanayin zafi, tunda ya kasance sakamakon raguwar zazzabi da yawan zafin dangi da yamma yake ƙaruwa. agogo. A duk wataƙila, inshorar rana na iya zama mafi mahimmancin illa. Wannan yana tallafawa da tsananin zafin ƙarfe na adadin rana da yawancin ayyukan dare na yawancin nau'ikan adnival. Wadannan ƙarshen ana samunsu a cikin tsaunuka kusa da gefen filayen narkewar dusar ƙanƙara kuma galibi ana amfani da su ta hanyar lalacewa da kuma murfin murfin. Irin waɗannan canje-canje na ilimin halittar jiki ana iya fahimta daga ra'ayi game da rashin buƙatu don magance raunin danshi, amma suna sa jinsin ɗabi'un su zama masu saurin haskakawa a hasken rana kuma wataƙila zai tilasta musu jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa ta yanayin da a farkon hango hakan bai dace da wannan ba. Idan a cikin yammacin Caucasus muna fita bayan faduwar rana zuwa gefen dusar kankara, to a zazzabi mai kimanin digiri 0, galibi a cikin iska mai sanyi, zaku iya samun wakilai da yawa na kwayoyin halittun da ke jujjuya kai tsaye a saman dusar ƙanƙara Nebria kungiyoyi N. tenella, wanda ke gwada kowane rami a cikin dusar ƙanƙara tare da masu siyarwa don gano tarkace ƙarancin halittu, kwanan nan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun marasa kula, da sauransu. Misalin da aka bayar ya nuna tabbataccen haɗi tsakanin ƙwararrun kwayoyin halittar dabbobi da yanayin ayyukan yau da kullun. Daga wannan yanayin, nau'in abincin ma yana da mahimmanci. Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta da nau'ikan tuki suna aiki yayin rana. Akasin haka, tsakanin geobionts da mixophytophages, yawancin nau'ikan halittu basu da aikin yi.
Sau da yawa, saboda yanayin yanayin tashin hankali, ana kuma yin lamuran jirgin ƙasan ƙasa zuwa haske (Kryzhanovsky, 1983). Jirgin sama mai tsananin zafi ne a tsaunin filaye, yawanci yanayin tsananin dare ne. Lesudan birran da ke yawo a cikin haske za'a iya raba su bisa ga ka'ida zuwa kashi biyu manyan rukuni biyu. Includesayan ya ƙunshi nau'in yin jirgi don dawowa, ɗayan na ƙarshe yana ƙaddamar da tsutsotsin samari kwanan nan, kuma yayin da yake balaguro, ikon tashiwa ya ɓace, wanda har ma yana iya haɗuwa tare da sake juyawa daga tsokoki na reshe. Irin wannan jirgin don kowane nau'in yana samun halayen taro sau ɗaya a kakar. Wani rukuni ya hada da nau'in halittun da ke tashi zuwa haske sama ko evenasa a kowane yanayi. A wannan yanayin, ana iya lura da shekaru masu yawa a lokuta dayawa, wanda ya tsokani ta hanyar yanayi daban-daban (alal misali, a cikin nau'in gabar teku - bushewa da tafki).
Tasirin zamani
Mafi yawa daga cikin ƙwayoyin gandun daji sune mallakar halittar monovoltine kuma yana ba da ƙarni ɗaya kawai a cikin shekara. A cikin yankunan polar kuma a tsaunukan tsaunuka, wasu daga cikin wadannan nau'ikan basu da lokaci don kammala ci gaba a cikin kakar guda sannan kuma cigaban ya wuce shekaru biyu. Bugawa na bera yawanci suna da shekaru daban-daban kuma wasu daga cikinsu hunturu a karo na biyu. Wasu nau'in halitta koyaushe suna faruwa sama da shekara guda. Knownarancin sanannu ne lokuta inda ƙarni biyu na ƙwakis ɗin ƙasa ke gudana a cikin tsawon shekara guda. Gabaɗaya, lesalesan ƙasa ana ma'anar haɓakar endogenous. Taimakawa shine zazzabi ko hoto, a kashi na biyu galibi kashi biyu, yana kunshe da wajabcin gajeren kwanaki da kuma kwanaki masu zuwa. A cikin wasu nau'in, sarrafa farfadowa ya bambanta tsakanin maza da mata. Canjin yanayin bazara sanannu ne ga yawan jinsuna.
A bisa ga al'ada, bisa ga nau'ikan kuzari na yanayi, ana rarraba ɓoyayyun ƙasa zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi 3: tsofaffin bazara tare da ayyukan kaka (tsofaffin overwintered suna yaduwa a cikin bazara, gwoza cikakke a cikin bazara, manya suna aiki a cikin kaka), tsofaffin bazara ba tare da aikin kaka ba (sabanin ƙungiyar da ta gabata, manya ba sa fita a cikin kaka daga shimfiɗar ɗalibai) da nau'in kaka (larvae overwinter, tsofaffi suna haihuwa a rabi na biyu na bazara da kaka). An ba da shawarar wannan rabuwa kan kayan kayan kayan gargajiya (Larsson, 1939). Binciken filin na gaba ya kara fahimtarmu game da nau'ikan kuzarin yanayi na cakuda ƙasa, amma rarrabuwa cikin nau'in bazara da kaka ya kasance ƙarshen gwajin lokaci. Thiele (Thiele, 1977) ne ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin tsarin muryoyi na shekara-shekara, idan akayi la'akari da yanayin diapause. Mafi sau da yawa, gwozayen ƙasa suna zama a cikin lokacin damuna - hunturu a cikin ƙasa mai bushewa da lokacin damina a cikin ƙasashe masu zafi. Don nau'in kogon gwoza masu ƙasa, ba a san alamun rukunin shekara ba.
Darajar amfani
Mafi yawa daga cikin ƙwayoyin gandun daji sune na magabatan polyphagous, waɗanda a haɗe tare da babban adadin yawanci suna ƙaddara mahimmancin amfaninsu. Sakamakon rashi tabbacin dogaro da yawa daga kwaro, gwoza ƙasa na iya dakatar da haɓakar kwaro tun kafin ƙarshen ƙarshen ya kai ƙarshen tsananin. Hadadden tsarin kiwo bazai taba barin damar amfani da hanyar ambaliyar ruwa ba, hanyar mallakar zamani, da sauransu don amfani da keɓaɓɓen ƙasa, amma amfani da samfuran kariya na shuka, ingantaccen tsari na amfanin gona daban-daban, da jujjuyawar amfanin gona mai inganci na iya ƙara yawan aiki na waɗannan abubuwan a matsayin wani ɓangare na hankali amfani da ƙasa.
Misalai ingantattu na yin amfani da dazuzzukan ƙasa da yawa (musamman, irin ƙwaro) a Arewacin Amurka kuma sanannu ne. Daga cikin irin ƙwaro na ƙasa na phytophages da mixophages, akwai wasu kwari masu tattalin arziƙi, waɗanda yawancin nau'ikan burodi keɓaɓɓun ƙwayoyin suna da aka fi sani da su (wakilan ƙabilar HALITTAR Zabukan).
Rarrabawa
Har yanzu ba a kafa girma da iyakokin gidan ba kuma sun dogara ne akan marubucin da makarantar kimiyya. Mafi yawan tsarin juzu'i ana amfani da shi ne daga masanan kimiyyar Faransa waɗanda suka rarraba gwoza ƙasa zuwa kusan iyalai hamsin masu zaman kansu, yawancinsu suna dacewa da ƙananan ƙasashe da kabilu a cikin fahimtar wasu marubutan.
Jerin tsarin tsintsayen ƙasa (Carabidae) a cikin Rasha sun ƙunshi 3,293 taxa (5 ƙananan ƙananan yanki, kabilu 40, 184 genera, 289 subgenera, 1959 jinsin, da 592 yan ƙasa).