Al'adun purim na gargajiya, maganin shaye-shaye (yanayin gida, 'ambaton,' ambaton - wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen furtawa, gomentash guda ɗaya, Yiddish), pies na trengu tare da tsintsiya madaidaiciya - wannan magana ce mai cike da raɗaɗi. Daidai ne don aiwatar da jarrabawar.
Mun lissafa manyan tambayoyi:
1. Menene kalmar "gamentash" ke nufi?
2. Me yasa purim pies tare da poppy tsaba?
3. Me yasa waɗannan pies triangular?
4. A ƙarshe, tambaya mafi wuya: me yasa ana kiran mutum da cin mutumci "kunnuwan Haman"? Haman kuwa baka ne mai kunnuwa?
Haka kuma, mutum na iya karantawa koyaushe ma'anar kalmar "gamentash" a cikin fassarar "kunnuwan Haman." Abin ban sha'awa ne a san wane yare "tashn" yake nufin "kunnuwa"?
Mun fara bada amsa a tsari.
"Gome" - wannan shine sunan villain Aman a cikin shelar Ashkenazi. Ya kamata a sani cewa mummunan halin Haman yana da girma ƙwarai: wannan adadi koyaushe yana ɗora sha'awar kisa a tsakanin Yahudawa. Ba abin mamaki ba kowane ambaton sunansa yayin karanta Megila (Esther Gungura) yana haɗuwa tare da ƙwanƙwasawa da huɗa a cikin majami'ar. A wani waƙoƙin kiɗa, zai yi kama da yardar. Idan muka kalli nassin purimshpil na gargajiya "Ahashveiresh-spire (Artaxerxes action)", zamu ga cewa babu shakka Aman shine ainihin halin sa. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Purim gabaɗaya kayan aikin Baroque ne, kuma makirci na haɓakawa da mutuƙar da aka fi so, don haka ƙaunatacce kuma mai mahimmanci ga al'adun kotu na wancan zamanin, ba zai iya taimakawa ba amma ya zama ainihin jigon Purimshpil.
Amma koma zuwa mu pies. Game da "Gome" mai fahimta ne, amma menene "tash"? A bayyane yake, wannan ba “kunne bane”. Shin, watakila, gomentash yana nufin "Amanov kek"? Ba ko kaɗan. A cikin Ibrananci, ana kiran pies da waƙoƙin sananniyar kalma ta “pirezkes”. Kalmar "tash" a cikin ma'anar "kek" bai ma san ƙamus ɗin Stuchkova-baki ɗaya ba.
Amma kalmar mutu Tasche tana a Jamusanci, kuma tana nufin "aljihu, jaka", kuma sau ɗaya ma ana nufin "kek tare da cikawa". Wannan ma'anar na ƙarshe, wanda aka manta yanzu, ya kasance a cikin waɗannan lokuta masu nisa lokacin da maza ke sa wando mai dacewa: babu aljihuna a kansu, kuma a maimakon aljihuna akwai jaka a bel, cike da kowane irin kaya. Don haka, bisa ga canza ma'anar, kalmar "Tasche" a cikin tsohuwar Jamus ta sami ma'anar "kek tare da cika."
Irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen na dafuwa suna cikin ruhun al'adar Ashkenazi. Misali, a wasu unguwannin Jamusawa a cikin Sukkot (Kushchy) al'ada ce a ci miyan kabeji, yayin da nassin yake farawa da kalmomin “Kol mevaser (Sanarwa da Murya)” yana kunshe a cikin dokar Sukkot. Kuma waɗannan kalmomin, bi da bi, suna tare da Jamusanci "Kohl mit Wasser", wato "kabeji da ruwa."
Me yasa tsintsin tsintsiyar ciki? 'Yan asalin garin, waɗanda suka fara ganin ba a cikin unguwar yahudawa ba, amma a mahaifiyarsu a cikin ɗakin abinci shekaru saba'in da suka gabata, sun gaya mini cewa ya kamata alwal ɗin ya nuna min hat na hat ɗin da Ba'amurke ya saka.
Wani tsarin al'adu yana aiki a nan, wanda kuma ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin yahudawa. Yahudawa suna matukar son yin bayanin halin da ake ciki bayan da ba su da wani nauyi a zahiri, la'akari da "yahudawa" ne. Irin wannan ilimin halayyar mutane. Misali, da yawa sunji labarin an kirkiri kifayen kifi don haka ranar Asabar kada a cire kifin daga kifin. Idan kayi tunani game da shi, ya zama a bayyane cewa, da farko, babu irin wannan haramtacciyar haram, kuma abu na biyu, kifin da aka saka kawai a cikin Slavic Turai yana da alama abu ne na Yahudanci, a cikin Jamus wannan tasa ya san kowa tun lokacin da.
Me yasa pies tare da kowane cika sau da yawa triangular a siffar? Tambayar tana da ban sha'awa, amma yanzu muna sha'awar wani abu. Yahudawa sun ji sunan Aman a cikin “Mohn” na Jamusawa, kuma a haka ma sun ga alamu na hat nasa a kek. Kuma ta yaya Aman ya yi tafiya kamar Napoleon - a cikin baƙar hula?
Bayanin kwatankwacin riguna na tsarkaka, watau mahalarta cikin Ahashveiresh Spire, waɗanda masana tarihi suka tattara a farkon rabin ƙarni na ƙarshe, sun nuna cewa rigimar Aman a koyaushe sutturar tsohon sarki ce, kuma tana da hula a bisa kansa. Anan ga 'yan misalai daga tarin tsarkakakkun bayanai, wanda kwararren masanin ilimin kimiyar kasa da tarihi ya ruwaito M. Ya. Beregovsky. Ga yadda tufafin Aman yayi kama da haka:
Ya sa dogon wando, kintinkiri a kafada (ja da rawaya). Wando mai launin baƙi, sabar a gefe, hula da aka rufe akan kai (garin Kolomyia, Galicia).
Labaran soja tare da layuka biyu na maɓallin rawaya. Epaulettes mai laushi tare da Geza - daga garus rawaya. Sama da kafada wani babban kintinkiri ne. Akwai lambobin biyu a kirji. Ja wando tare da ratsi baƙar fata. A gefe akwai saber akan bel (kamar gendarmes). Haɗa takalman. A kan shugaban abin hat (Yankin mulkin mallaka na Yahudawa Novozlatopol, Lower Dnieper).
Ya rage mafi ban mamaki: "kunnuwa." A cikin karni na 19, akwai irin wannan kalmar ta Rasha: “kunnuwa”. Yana nufin ƙananan pies tare da cika. Dahl ya tabbatar da cewa: kunnuwa nau'ikan wasu abubuwa ne na turare ko dusar ƙanƙara tare da cikawa daban-daban. Saboda haka, an fara kiran pies pim din a cikin Rashanci "kunnuwan Aman." Wani sunan wannan sunan yana cikin yaren yahudawa na Rasha, wanda na rubuta kalmar ban mamaki "hamanushki" a ƙauyen Privolnoye (kudancin Azerbaijan).
A yayin karnin XIX-XX, mai sauqi, wato, yaren Yiddish ne, yahudawa Russia ba su je Falasdinu ba. Sun tafi Amurka. Matasa, masu sha'awar al'umma, shine, ilimi, daliban makarantar motsa jiki na jiya da ɗalibai sun tafi Palestine. Ta wata ma'anar, “Halutzim (majagaba)”, waɗanda suka kirkira Ibrananci Isra’ila, galibi mutane ne masu magana da Rashanci. Fassara daga Rashanci, sun zo da ma'anar zamani a cikin Ibrananci (Baibul bai faɗi komai ba game da aikin yau da kullun): "na Aman" - "kunnuwan Haman."
Shekaru ɗari bayan haka, Yahudawan Rashawa sun karɓi al'adar Yahudanci daga wurin masu bautar Ibrananci daga wakilan Isra’ila, gami da sanin cewa Yahudawa suna cin “kunnuwan Haman” a kan Furim. Yanzu, daga Kaliningrad zuwa Vladivostok, suna mamakin dalilin da yasa Aman yake da kunnuwa na triangular da kuma dalilin da yasa ya kamata a ci abincinsu.
Wannan, a gaskiya, shine komai. Ya rage kawai don tuno da tsohuwar wakar Purim tare da dena mai da hankali: "Hop, Maine Homination, Hop, Maine Weiss, / Hop, mit Maine Hothouse Saka wani wuri". Wannan shine, "Gop, bautata, gop, fataina, / Hop, wani labari ya faru da rina." Tabbas, labarin.
Dymshits V.A. Littafin luwadi na Yahudawa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yahudawa. // Al'adar gargajiya. Bincika. Fassara Kayan SPb., RIIII, 2006.S. 140-151.
Menene hat hat?
Hatwanniyar da ke da madaukai uku ne mai kan gado wanda filayen an tanƙwasa saboda su zama kusurwoyi uku. Ana samun wannan hat ɗin sosai tsakanin sojoji da matuƙin jirgin ruwa. Ya bayyana a karni na XVII kuma ya shahara har zuwa karni na XVIII, bayan haka an maye gurbinsa da wani mai kafa biyu.
Tare da zuwan manyan wigs, hat ɗin da aka tono ya fara yin aikin adon tsakanin farar hula. Ba a ma sa kanta a kai ba, sai dai kawai a saƙa a hannuwanta ne ko kuma gwiƙanta.
Ma'anar kalmar. Menene kuma ake kira hatimi mara daɗe?
Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa hat hat wanda yake da alaƙa tare da kusurwoyi uku. Wannan shine shahararren mayafin da sojoji da yawa suka qawata kawuna da su. Harshen hat ya zama alama ta ƙarni, chivalry, kyawawan halaye. Yawancin ƙa'idodi masu dacewa suna da alaƙa da hat uku. Wannan alamar girmamawa koyaushe ana cire alamar yin baka.
Leonid Myasin ya yi amfani da kalmar "hat hat" Takenasidar labarin da Pedro Antonio de Alarcon ya ɗauka ya zama tushen. Pablo Picasso ya dauki nauyin ado.
A ina ne kalmar "cock hat" ta faru:
- a cikin wallafe-wallafen lokacin da suke bayyana kayayyaki, wani lokacin ma ba su da daidaito a tarihi, dama ce kawai don jaddada gallantry na maza,
- cinema a fina-finai na Faransa, fina-finai game da 'yan fashin teku, soja,
- a cikin wasanni, wasanni, da samarwa, gwarzo na ƙarni na 17-18 suna ado da riguna na gargajiya na wancan lokacin.
Bayanin kai
Hatwancin da ya toshiya, hat ne wanda aka ɗora gefensa.. Godiya ga wannan, an kafa kusurwoyi uku. Don samun suturar kai mai salo, kawai ɗaga da kuma ɗaure filayen a babban hat-hat.
Fasali na amfanin masana'anta:
- Da farko baƙon jin abu ne, kuma lokacin aiki, ana amfani da dabarar murfin,
- zaku iya ɗaukar riguna na ulu
- babban abin da ake buqata don kayan shine rashin mai sheki,
- don aristocrats, hat an yi saiti da satin, ya danganta da kayan kayan,
- lokacin aiki tare da zane na bakin ciki ɗauka biyu,
- wanda ba a saka safa ba za'a iya maye gurbin shi da bando-pro (wannan kayan abu ne mai kama da yawa, mafi wahalar gaske).
Yawancin talakawa sunyi ƙoƙari ta kowace hanya don yin ado da hat hat. Don wannan, an yi amfani da fuka-fukai, galloons, fur da sauran abubuwan ado. Galoon shine amarya ko kintinkiri a inuwa na zinariya ko na azurfa. An yi tef ɗin yadin, za'a iya nannade shi da kyakkyawan zaren.
Tunanin tarihi
A farkon karni na XVII, an yi amfani da hula da manyan baki a matsayin mayafin kai. Ita ce ta zama wani ɓangare na hoton manyan haruffa na sabon labari "Mawaka Uku". Amma ba shi da wahala a sake ta da baya ta dauki bindiga a kafada. Don gyara wannan gajeriyar hanyar, sojoji a hankali sunyi ƙoƙarin lanƙwasa gefuna. Don haka sabon sabon tsari ya bayyana - hat ɗin gashi.
A Faransa, hat tare da kusurwoyi uku sun sami shahara a ƙarƙashin mulkin Louis XIV. A hankali, salo na wannan salon ya bazu ko'ina cikin Turai. Da farko, mayafin wani bangare ne na kayan soja, amma sannu a hankali suturar da talakawa suka cika da wannan abun. An yi masa ado da fuka-fukai, gallon. Wannan ya ci gaba har sai wigs mai wuta ya bayyana. Bayan haka ba sa sauran hulɗa tare da sasannoni masu lanƙwasa.
Talakawa mutane sun sa hula a gwiwan hannu. Sun yi amfani da wannan sifar a matsayin muhimmiyar rawa wajen sunkuyar da kai, suna bayyana su da lambobi da yawa a cikin iska. A cikin sojojin, an yi amfani da hat hula na dogon lokaci kafin bayyanar hat hat biyu.
Girman hat ɗin ya burge sosai. An yi wa gidan wankin ado da gashin fuka-fukai, baka, gallon, amarya.. A tsawon lokaci, kayan ado sun ɓace. Hataramar ta fara sawa ta musamman kayan ado kuma an fara sawa a hannu ko ƙarƙashin gwiwar hannu. A kan shugaban samfurin kawai sojoji da mafarauta ne ke sawa.
Ban sha'awa! A cikin karni na XVIII, 'yan mata sun sa hular hat. Yanayin maza da mata sun fara haɗuwa sosai, don haka a cikin ɗakunan tufafi na mata da maza za su iya haɗuwa iri ɗaya.
Hat ɗin da kusurwoyi uku ba karamin aiki bane. An maye gurbin ta da mai da biyu-biyu. Yana canza sauƙi kuma yana ɗaukar sarari kaɗan. Yanzu, a taron liyafa, babu buƙatar cire hat.
Menene ma'anar hat ɗin gashi ke nufi a Rasha?
A Rasha, hat hat wanda ya fito a ƙarshen karni na XVII. Fashion ya kusan kusan ƙarni. Sannan an maye gurbin babban kanshi da kusurwoyi uku da wani shugaban da ke da hannu biyu-biyu. Wannan ya faru ne a zamanin Catherine. An ɗauki hat ɗin wani sigar soja a zamanin mulkin Peter I. Ya yi la’akari da cewa hat da kusurwoyi biyu sun fi dacewa.
Mece ce wannan?
Dogon hat da aka santa ba shine kawai harajin zamani ba. Hatan wasan yana da aiki mai amfani. Headgear ya bayyana a tsakanin sojoji kuma akwai dalilai kan hakan. A wannan lokacin, kowa yana sa kayan da ke da yawa. Kuma ya juya cewa idan harbi da bindiga, filayen sun katse sosai. Suna iya haifar da raunin da ya faru.
- lokacin yin harbi, filayen zasu iya rufe gidan kuma dukkannin turaren da suke fuskantar fuskokinsu ne, kuma idan aka tayar da gefan, to hakan baya cirewa,
- lokacin jefa kai, hat da angles din uku bai fadi ba.
Da farko, gefe ɗaya kawai ya lanƙwasa. Amma don maganin gargaɗi, sun yanke shawarar ƙirar samfurin. A lokaci guda, iska a ko'ina ta hura fuskar. Matsalar ta kasance ne kawai a cikin gashi wanda ya fito daga ƙarƙashin hula. Zasu iya kama wuta lokacin da aka kunna musu wuta. Don hana wannan, mun fara amfani da wigs. Sun bugu da hanyoyi na musamman, wanda ba kawai kariya daga wuta ba, har ma daga lice.
An ɗauki tricorne tare da wig ɗin wani ɓangare na siffar masu fushin. Hatan wasan ya yi ayyukan kariya. A hankali, ta zama sifa ce ta gwarzo na gaske wanda ya kasance cikin yaƙi. Amma a kan lokaci, makamai suka inganta. Ya kasance mai aminci, kuma ba a taɓa buƙatar wigs tare da huluna ba.
Bayanan Gaske
Kimanin ƙarni ɗaya, salo na alwatika ya daɗe. Abin sha'awa shine, har lokacin da mazan suka daina saka hula a kawunansu, har yanzu suna rike da shi a hannayensu. Wannan salon ya kasance ƙaunar da yawa daga magabata, masu mulki da mutane masu tasiri.
- duk rayuwarsa Napoleon ta sa hat hula daya tilo - baƙar fata baƙar fata ba tare da kayan ado ba,
- an san cewa Napoleon ya canza huluna sama da 170 tare da karkatattun gefuna tsawon rayuwarsa,
- saboda ƙaunar babban mashahurin kwamandan wani irin saƙar kai, masu ɗaukar hoto na Rasha sun yi kek a sifar alwatika,
- na dogon lokaci, masu tsinkayen wulakanci sun sa hula a hannunsu, a matsayin haraji irin na zamani, saboda a wancan lokacin akwai maɗaukakkun fuskoki a kawunan su,
- Hanyoyi uku masu kwalliya sun shiga cikin tufafin mata godiya ga hawa, saboda suna kwafin zabin mazaje, maimakon matan pantalon da aka sanya riguna,
- Girman hat ya kasance yana canzawa koyaushe dangane da yanayin: suna iya zama mai ƙima ko ƙarami (sannu a hankali hat ɗin hat ya zama ƙaramin gashi a gashin),
- Baron Munchausen da ya fi so shine hat da aka santa (kyaftin na aikin Rasha da sanannen sanannen rubutu).