Taswirar Tasirin Kogin Amazon. Hoto: Kmusser / Wikimedia Commons

Don amsa wannan tambayar, da farko kuna buƙatar gano inda ruwan da yake cike koguna suka fito.

Kowane kogi yana farawa da karamin rafi, wanda wasu magudanan ruwa ke shiga, wanda ake kira haraji. Bi da bi, harajin babban kogin na iya samun nasu, ƙaramar haraji. Sakamakon haka, gabaɗaya suna yin babban tsarin kogin. Amma ina ruwan yake fitowa daga mafi ƙanƙantar da haraji? Sai dai itace da suna ciyar da ruwan sama da ruwan karkashin kasa, ga kuma karancin kankara. Don haka, kogin ya tattara daga wasu yankuna duk ruwan sama da ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin rafi daya. Yankin da yake tattara ruwan ruwan shine ana kiran sa ruwan ruwan, sannan kuma wurin da yake tattara ruwan karkashin kasa ana kiran sa ruwan ruwan karkashin kasa. Magana don kamawa ita ce wurin waha. Yawanci, ana ɗaukar kamarar ruwan kogin a matsayin kogin rafi, tunda yana da wuyar tantance iyakokin ruwan ƙasa.

Kogin rafi shine duk yankin ƙasa inda ruwan sama yake tattarawa kuma yana gudana zuwa cikin ruwa na gama gari. Yankin da ake kama ruwa ya hada da dukkan ruwa na ruwa daga ruwan sama, dusar kankara, da magudanan ruwa kusa da ke gangaren gangara zuwa gabar ruwan gama gari, da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa.

Kowane, har ma da ƙaramin kogin yana da wurin waha. Haka kuma, tasoshin babban kogi shine ainihin tasirin duk ayyukanta. Zazzage wuraren wanka da wuraren waha. Rijiyoyin dake dauke da magudanan ruwa suna malalowa cikin ruwan teku, kuma masu riƙe da magudanan ruwa na gudana cikin kogunan da ke keɓe ko kuma bushewa cikin hamada.

Amazon shine mai rikodin yanki na kamawa. Tana dauke da murabba'in murabba'in miliyan 7.18. km An kiyasta kwanciyar kogin Afirka ta Tsakanin muraba'in miliyan 4. km, kuma Mississippi shine murabba'in kilomita miliyan 2.98. km Duk waɗannan wuraren wanka ba ruwan sha. Amma bashin Volga yana rufe, saboda yana gudana zuwa Tekun Caspian, wanda a zahiri shine babban tafki. Yankin Volga shine yanki mai murabba'in kilomita miliyan 1.36. km

A zahiri, mafi girman yankin kwari, shine zurfin kogin yake, saboda yana tattara ruwa tare da yanki mai girma. Koyaya, ba a yin amfani da dokar da taka-tsan-tsan ba, tunda canjin ƙasa ya faɗi daidai gwargwado. Misali, tasirin Yenisei shine murabba'in miliyan 2.58. km, duk da haka, yawan ruwanta ya fi na Mississippi (19800 tsawa da 12743 cubic m / s).

Jerin hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su

Nau'in rafin kogi

Masana kimiyya sun bambanta nau'ikan kwarin kogin - magudanan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Ruwarorin da ba su da kogin sun hada da ruwan koguna da tafkunan da ba su da alaƙa da tekun ta hanyar babban kogin. Ta wuri, tsari da girma, sun bambanta. Dangane da hakan, wuraren da ke da ruwa sune wadanda sakamakon hakan suke da damar zuwa teku.

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Dukkanin kwandunan kogin ana nuna shi da tsawon babban kogin da yankin da ke tattare da kogin, yawan hauhawar ruwa da kwanciyar hankali da shimfidar kogin, hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki da yanayin tsarin ruwa. Da tsawon kogin ya kasu kashi biyu, manya da kanana. Ana ciyar da koguna saboda ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, kankara, cikin ƙasa, kuma ruwan koguna, tafkuna da ƙananan koguna suna da mahimmanci. Mafi sau da yawa, mashigan kogin suna da abinci mai hade lokacin da akwai hanyoyin samun ruwa da yawa.

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Babban kogunan kogi a duniya

An yi imanin kowane kogin yana da tafki, ba tare da la’akari da ko da ya kwarara zuwa wani kogi, teku ko teku ba. The manyan wuraren waha na wadannan koguna:

Ya danganta da yankin magudanan kogin, su ne, da farko, suna da mahimmancin tattalin arziki. Koguna sune babban tushen ruwa mai tsafta. Ana amfani da ruwan su don ban ruwa na filayen, an kirkiro da tsarin ban ruwa, ana amfani da albarkatun ruwa a masana'antu (ƙarfe, makamashi, masana'antar sinadarai). Ba ƙarshen darajar ruwan kogin da ke wasa don kamun kifi ba. Ofaya daga cikin ayyukan koguna shine nishaɗi.

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Don haka, babban kogin, tare da haraji da tushen ruwan karkashin kasa suna samar da kogin kogin. Yayinda sauran jikkunan ruwa ke kwarara cikin kogin, tafkin zai zama da ruwa. Tunda albarkatun ruwa suna da matukar mahimmanci ga rayuwar mutane, ana amfani dasu sosai a bangarori daban-daban na tattalin arziki da rayuwar yau da kullun. Wannan yana haifar da lalata wasu wuraren ramuka, amma don gujewa wannan, ya zama dole don amfani da ruwan rafin kogunan duniyar.

Siffar

Wurin da kowane tafki ya haɗa da abubuwan kama da na karkashin ƙasa. Gangarewar ruwa wani yanki ne na duniya wanda ruwa yake gudana daga tsarin kogin da aka bayar ko takamaiman kogin. An gano abubuwan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar ɓarke ​​na kwance daga abin da ruwa ke shiga cibiyar sadarwar kogin. A batun gaba daya, farfajiyar mashigan ruwa da na karkashin kasa ba su yi daidai ba. Amma tunda yunƙurin iyakokin ƙasa yana da wuya matuƙar wahala, kawai ana ɗaukar matakin farfaɗo kamar girman kwarin kogin.

Kurakurai da suka samo asali sakamakon ƙarancin girman girman kwandon da kuma kama ruwa na iya zama mai mahimmanci kawai ga ƙananan koguna da tabkuna, da kuma manyan kogunan da ke gudana a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa, samar da musayar ruwa mai kyau tsakanin magudanan ruwa (misali, karst). Yankin dake tsakanin manyan rijiyoyin mutum ya ratsa ta cikin ruwa.

Pools ya kasu kashi najasa da magudanan ruwa. Yankunan da ke gudana a cikin yanki, wanda ba su da sadarwa ta hanyar magudanun ruwa tare da tekun, ana kiransu mara-ƙarewa; siffofi da girma na kwandunan sun bambanta sosai kuma sun dogara ne da matsayin ƙasa, yanayin toan littafin tarihi, da kuma yanayin yanki na yankin. Ma'aikatan kogin suna da nasu ƙananan kwari, wanda duka shi ne yanki na babban kogin.

Manyan hanyoyin ruwa na duniya

Amsar

Tsarin kogin - sa wani kogunan da ke zubo ruwa a tashoshi daya da ke cikin ruwa, tafkin ko wani jikin ruwa.

POOLMasu bayarwa - (Basin) yankin farfajiyar ƙasa daga wane ne kogin duk tsinkayar da ke ciyar da ita an tattara,

Ruwan kogi wani yanki ne na al'ada a doron ƙasa wanda ke raba abubuwan kogunan ruwa (kogunan ruwa) koguna, koguna, tekuna ko bakin teku, wanda ke jagorantar kwararar hazo.

Rafin kogi

TAFIYA. Kogin wani ɓangare ne na ƙasa wanda yake rufe rafi ko jikin ruwa tare da kayan aikinsa kuma ya ƙunshi wani yanki da aka sani daga inda yake gudana daga wannan rafin ko jikin ruwan.

Kwastomomin kogin sun bambanta da girma da kuma siffar. Babban halayyar kogin rami shine yankinsa, yawanci ana bayyana shi a kilomita murabba'in kilomita.

A matakin rafin kogin, busassun ƙasa sune abubuwan kwantar da hankali wanda koguna suka ɗauka. Increasearin hauhawar kwandon shara yana haifar da ɓarnar wuraren tafki, hanyoyin ruwa, tsarin ban ruwa da hanyoyin layin jigilar kaya. Don yanayin Amurka, an kiyasta cewa wannan yana haifar da mummunar lalacewar tattalin arziki fiye da ƙibawar ƙasa saboda ƙurar ƙasa.

Muhimmin albarkatun dabbobi masu shayarwa masu ruwa iri iri da yawan kifayen kifayen suna da yawa a cikin ruwa da kwarin kogin Yakutia. A cikin yankuna subarctic da arctic, yanayin halittun ruwa har yanzu suna da rauni sosai ta hanyar tasirin ɗan adam - idan aka kwatanta da sauran mutanen Yakutia. Koyaya, dokar rashin daidaituwar muhalli, ƙarancin masaniyar halin yanzu na cetaceans, pinnipeds da kifi yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa dabarun kamun kifi ba ta hanyar ƙimar halitta ba, amma ta dalilai na tattalin arziki. Sha'awar ƙara yawan fa'idodi, kuma cikin dan kankanen lokaci, yana haifar da lalata tarin dabbobi kuma ya sanya wasu alƙalumansu a ƙasan lalacewa.

Gudanar da tsarin tsarin kogi shine, da farko, sauƙaƙewarsa (daidaita tashoshi, asarar ƙananan haraji, lalata ambaliyar ruwa, fadama ruwa da tsofaffin mata). Tsarin ilimin halittar kogi ya zama tsari mai sauƙi na fasaha, kuma dole ne birni ya aiwatar da duk ayyukan aikin kogin. Isasar tana ƙara shigo da ruwa, wannan yana haɗewa da haɓaka matakin ruwan karkashin ruwa da ambaliya (saboda ambaliyar) yankuna da ke birni. Tsarin birni na babban tsarin kogi ya lalata ikonta na ƙirƙirar albarkatun ruwa, saboda haka garin yana ci gaba da inganta sabbin ƙofofin kogin. A halin yanzu, fadada ruwa na garuruwa ya haifar da haɓakar kogin Turai na kwalin Kama-Volga tare da kogin Asiya na Irtysh-Ob basin.

Lokacin da aka ƙayyade (¿¡(for) don sassan rafukan kogin, daidaituwar canji a cikin ruwa kogin bisa kan yankin kamar yadda aka tsara ruwa shekara, ka'idodin ruwan wanda a cikin babban ɓangarorin ke da kusanci da buƙata, ana la'akari dashi.

Tasirin sarrafa ruwan kogin hadewa gaba daya ya dogara da ikon samo bayanan da suka wajaba don yanke hukunci, wanda kuma yakamata ya zama mai cikakke, biyan bukatun yanayin tsabtace muhalli, kuma yakasance mai yawa cikin la'akari da yanayin sarrafa yanayin yanayin gaba daya da kuma amfani da ruwa musamman. Za'a iya samun bayanai don haɗaɗɗen tsarin kogin kogin daga tushe na farko, gami da shirye-shiryen sa-ido, ƙididdigewa da kuma hasashen tare da samfuri da tsarin ƙwararrun masarufi, kazalika daga wasu kafofin, alal misali, bayanan bayanan da ke ɗauke da bayanan ƙididdiga ko na gudanarwa. A zahiri, a tsarin yanke hukunci yana da kyau a yi amfani da damar bayanan dukkanin wadannan hanyoyin. A lokaci guda, ya kamata a lura cewa babban asalin ma'anar bayanai da bayanai game da yanayin mahallin, abubuwan halitta da abubuwan fasaha, abubuwan da ke tattare da tasirin cutar halitta a kansu shine tsarin kula da muhalli masu dacewa.

Koyaya, yanayin yanayin ƙarancin kogunan kogin dabam dabam ne sabili da haka, a cikin yanayin tashoshin daidaita ruwa, ba shi yiwuwa a rufe dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin filin ta hanyar sa ido a kan kwarara. Dangane da wannan, ya zama dole a tsara yankin kogin domin yawancin bangarorin halayyar da suke da babban tasiri ga kwararar kogin. An bambanta nau'ikan abubuwa guda biyar ko abubuwan shimfidar wuri a tashar Ruwan Bunƙasa na Yankin Moscow, wanda ya bambanta da yanayin ƙasa da ciyayi, sabili da haka dangane da kwararar narkewa da ruwan sama: 1 - gandun daji masu haɗuwa a kan loam, 2 - gandun daji a kan loam, 3 - wurare marasa itace tare da ƙasa , 4 - yankuna marasa itace tare da yashi na loamy kasa da 5 - hanyar sadarwa tare da wuraren da ke da laushi na wuraren kwastomomi da ke kusa da shi (ambaliyar ruwa, tsaunukan tsaunuka). Duk nau'ikan ƙasa ana ba su tare da ma'auni na kai tsaye, gami da gudana. Ban da haka shine nau'in 5, wanda yake ambatar ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar ƙididdigar ajiyar dusar ƙanƙara a gaban dusar ƙanƙara, canzowa kafin ƙarshen ambaliyar da yawan ambaliyar ruwa mai riba na 0.9.

Tasirin kai tsaye kan kwararar kogin yana da dan kankanta, saboda gaskiyar rawar da ake samu na hana ruwa gudu ta hanyar karuwa ko raguwa a cikin adadin ruwan da yake gudu a saman duniya, ya danganta da wannan lamarin. Taimakawa yana da babban tasiri a kan abubuwan mutum na daidaiton ruwan magudanan ruwa: hazo, shigar danshi zuwa ƙasa, da fitarwa. Wannan tasirin tallafin yana bayyana kansa daban daban gwargwadon girman nau'ikan sa. Yana da mahimmanci musamman a cikin tsaunuka, inda hazo na shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa tare da tsawo na ƙasa, yawan zafin jiki na iska yana raguwa, wanda ke haifar da raguwa a cikin ruwa kuma, saboda haka, haɓaka gudu. A matsayinka na mai mulki, yawan ruwa mai karfi yana ƙaruwa tare da tsayi, wanda ke haifar da hauhawar hauhawar warwatse, kuma, sakamakon haka, ƙimar gudummawar, har zuwa babban canji a tsarin ruwa, mafi yawanci an bayyana shi a cikin manyan koguna tare da abinci mai walƙiya.

V.E. Vodogretsky ya yi imanin cewa "ga kananan kogunan kogin a cikin steppe da gandun daji-steppe wanda ba ya magudanar da ruwan karkashin kasa, kwararawar da take yi ya ragu sosai yayin matakan tsukewa, wanda ke haifar da kusan raguwa iri guda a yawan gudu - har zuwa 20 -40%." N.I. Koronkevich, bisa binciken da ya gudanar, ya kammala da cewa, ana kimanta raguwar kwarara daga doron kasa da kashi 40%. Haka kuma, a cikin yankin na soddy-podzolic kasa, da karuwa a gudu ne 10-20%, a cikin yankin na launin toka daji kasa, podzolized da leached chernozems, 20-40%, a cikin yankin na hali, talakawa, da kuma kudancin chernozems, 25-60%, a sashi na duhu chestnut-ƙasa 65 - 90%.

Da zaton cewa matakin ma'auni ne na yawan danshi na kwarin kogin. Hanka, sannan daidaituwa (3.10.1) yana bayanin kuzarin wannan danshi a lokacin lura. Mun kuma lura cewa matakan ƙananan da na sama ba su da tsayayye dangane da rikice-rikice, kuma wannan muhimmin fasalin fasalin canzawa cikin yanayin danshi na kogin Lake. An yi bayanin Hanka ne ta kasancewar bangarorin ruwa kadan da ruwa.

An bazu ko'ina cikin Turai ta gabas na Pyrenees da arewacin Alps - a cikin kwandunan kogi da wuraren da aka zayyano na Arewa, Baltic, Farar fata (har zuwa ciki har da Pechora), Aegean, Black, Azov, Caspian da Aral seas. An yaba shi sosai a waje da yanayin dabi'unsa, ciki har da a cikin Urals, a cikin tafkuna da layukan kwarin Irtysh da Ob, da kuma cikin kwandon shara na Baikal-Angarsk (Kupchinsky, 1987). Binciken bambance-bambancen halaye masu yawa na sashin jiki akan duka kewayon ya nuna cewa bambance-bambance tsakanin na yau da kullun (A. brama orientalis Berg, 1949 daga tasirin Kasuwancin Caspian da Aral), wanda ya zama tushen rarrabe na karshen a matsayin wani keɓaɓɓen rabe-raben fannoni, ana yin sauƙin fita, da kuma bambancin jinsin gaba ɗaya. dabi'a ce ta yanayin kasa, yanki, da shekaru da kuma jima'i a cikin yanayi (Morozova, 1952, Shaposhnikova, 1964, Mitrofanov et al., 1988). Binciken daidaituwa tsakanin daidaituwa da daidaito tsakanin mutane ya bayyana kasancewar rukuni-rukuni na 7 na yawan jama'a: Pechora, arewa maso gabas, arewa maso yamma, Belozersky, Rybinsk, tsakiya, da Aral-Caspian (Izyumov, 1987). Ko'ina ɗaya daga cikin jinsin kasuwanci masu mahimmanci na kifin kifi. Yawancin kogunan ana wakilta su ta hanyar zama da kuma siffofin rabin-hanya.

A matsayin misalin gurɓataccen ruwa na ruwa a cikin ƙananan mashigan kogin, la'akari da rafin kogin. Moscow, a cikin abin da ake gudanar da lura da tsarin mulki a cikin sassan hudu: ɓangaren ɓangaren kwari, ɓangaren kwandon da ke kusan lalata ruwan birnin Moscow, da kuma maƙasudin ƙarshe, wanda ke ba da damar rarrabe gabaɗayan. Ko'ina a cikin kogin. A cikin Moscow da kayan aikinta, abun da ke cikin mai ya fi na MPC (har sau 20): gangara akwai hauhawar ƙara yawan abubuwan da ake shigo da shi na mai, wanda ya kai matsakaicin ficewa daga Moscow (0.2 mg / l), har ma da ƙima, a bakin kogin, abun da ke cikin samfuran mai. kadan kaɗan, wanda, a bayyane yake, yana da alaƙa da ayyukan tsabtace kai. A duka, ana fitar da kusan miliyan 1 daga yankin Rasha tare da ruwa (kogi) a shekara.t na samfuran mai, waɗanda suka rage bayan hadawan abu da iskar shaka da tsarkakewar halittar. Akalla sau 5 a matsayin mai mai (kimanin tan miliyan 4-5) ke shiga ta hanyoyin ruwa. Kimanin rabin wannan taro suna shiga cikin koguna, sauran kuma suna kan farfaɗo, suna gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa. Tabbas, a wannan yanayin, wani sashi mai mahimmanci na abubuwan mai yana da isashshen abu, kuma a sakamakon haka, kusan 0.2% na jimlar samar da mai a cikin dukkanin Rasha suna shiga tekuna da tekun.

Mataki na farko shine yanayin fili na yankin da aka yi nazari da kuma zaɓin ƙaramin kogin a matsayin wakilcin wani nau'in wuri mai faɗi. A wannan matakin, yana da mahimmanci don gano duk cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin ƙasa na yankin da aka zaɓa ta hanyar kwatanta taswirai daban-daban: yanayin yanki, yanayin ƙasa, yanayin Quaternary, da zurfin ruwan ƙasa.

Yi la'akari da shirye-shiryen daidaita ma'aunin ruwa don yankin da ke cikin kwarin ɗayan koguna. Babban masu amfani da ruwa a ciki shine samar da ruwa ga masana'antu da jama'a, tsirrai masu amfani da wutar lantarki, ban ruwa, jigilar kayayyaki da kiwon lafiya. Albarkatun ruwan kogin ya isa don gamsar da hukuncin cikin gida na masu amfani da ruwa ba tare da jujjuyawar ruwa daga maɓarin kogunan makwabta ba.

Seregin S. Ya. Yin kwaikwayo da hanyoyi na hango sauye-sauye a cikin yanayi na yanayin ƙasa a yankin rafin // Izv. USSR Cibiyar Kimiyya.

A cikin shekara ta yanzu, VBBs na aiki suna haɓaka musamman ga kogin rafke don amfani da ruwa don rarraba albarkatu na ruwa a tsakanin sassan ɓangarorin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa ko wurare.

Bayanin matsalar [37, 81]. Yayinda amfani da albarkatun albarkatun ruwa na gida ke ƙaruwa, haɗarin gurɓataccen kwarin kogin da lalata su cikin tsarin da ke rasa ruwa, kamun kifi da mahimmancin yanayin ƙasa yana ƙaruwa. Maidowarsu na buƙatar tsada sosai, kuma sau da yawa ba zai yiwu ba. Musamman mai raunin da ba a iya rarrabewa za a iya haifar da shi ga ƙananan koguna - mahimmancin hanyoyin haɗin cibiyar sadarwar kogin da mahimman abubuwa na magudanan ruwa. Kwanan nan, ƙananan kogunan suna ƙara ɓarna saboda haɓakar haɓakawa da kwatancen lalatattun wuraren magudanan ruwa: fadama - kogi, gandun daji - kogi, da dai sauransu.

An fahimci cewa yana da kyau a tsara matakan kariya na ruwa ba kawai a cikin yankin gudanarwa ba, har ma a cikin kwarin kogin (Amurka, Belgium, Jamus, Ingila, da dai sauransu). Don haka, ana ɗaukar rafin kogin baki ɗaya. Tsarin gudanarwa a cikin magudanan ruwa yana taimakawa rage gurɓataccen jikin ruwa.

A matsayin manyan wuraren samar da kwararar karkashin kasa, irin wadannan hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa kamar tekunan artesian, wuraren da ke kan dutse, da garkuwa ana iya daukar su. Matsakaitan daidaituwa na tsari na gaba na iya zama wuraren rarrabuwar daya ko wata ruwa mai gudana a ƙarƙashin la'akari, gami da wuraren samarwa, gudana, da fitarwa. A cikin ƙarin cikakken bincike, ana rarrabe wuraren ƙananan umarni, alal misali, mashigan kogin ko ɓangarorinsu, wuraren haɓaka ruwan karkashin ruwa iri daban-daban (ruwa na karst massifs, adibas mai cike da ruwa da filayen ƙwayoyin cuta), da dai sauransu Ana la'akari da ka'idodin karkatar da ƙasa bisa ga yanayin samuwar albarkatun ƙasa. a cikin ayyukan V.A. Vsevolozhsky da I.F. Fidelli (Vsevolozhsky, Fidelly, 1977).

Bangaren da yafi dacewa a cikin shirye-shiryen sake fasalin tsarin sarrafa ruwa shine jan ragamar tushen manufa. Kwastomomin kogin suna da tsaftataccen tsarin keɓaɓɓu. Daga wannan ra'ayi, albarkatun ruwa suna cikin hanya a cikin gata, matsayi na musamman a cikin hadaddun abubuwan halitta. Su ne, a zahiri, tsarin samar da tsarin wanda ya haɗu da yawancin bayyanannun rayuwar halittu a cikin ƙasa. Ka'idar tushe abu ne mai kyau saboda yana gabatar da yanayin yanki a cikin hanyoyin sarrafa muhalli kuma yana ba shi sauti na musamman [32, 33]. Shin wani abin mamaki ne bayan wannan a cikin al'adar duniya akwai haƙiƙa don haɗa kan ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa na OS da sassan sarrafa ruwa. An kirkiro irin waɗannan hadaddun tsarin, alal misali, a Hungary (Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Gudanar da Ruwa) da wasu ƙasashe. Hanyar da ke kan tushen sarrafa ruwa a yau ba ta zama ruwan dare ba. A yawancin ƙasashe, ana karɓar mahaukacin kula da ruwa na manyan kogunan a matsayin babban abin sarrafa kayan sarrafawa: a Poland, an kasafta 7 daga cikinsu, Birtaniya - 10, China - 7, a Jamus - 5.

An kira ambaliyar ruwan sama da daɗewa da haɓakawa cikin sauri da hauhawar fitar da ruwa a ƙarƙashin tasirin ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a cikin kwarin kogin kuma raguwar saurin su. Matsakaicin takaitaccen lokacin ambaliyar, karamin adadin kwarara idan aka kwatanta da ambaliyar, da kuma lokatai daban-daban lokacin shekara guda a kan kogin guda dayan ke bambanta tsakanin ambaliyar da ambaliyar.

Bari mu dan takaita hanyoyin da muka saba domin tantance yanki game da albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa. Asalinsa shine la'akari da takamaiman yanayin ruwan kogunan da kuma yanayin yadda yake gudana ƙarƙashin kogin daga dukkanin rafin da yake malalewa. Dokar da sauye sauye na karkashin ruwa daga kogunan ruwa na kowane mutum wanda ruwan kogin ya shafa ya danganta ne da yanayin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma samar da kasa da ruwan artesian a cikin wannan kogin ko kuma wani bangare da kuma matsayin yadda ake fitar da ruwa dangane da gabar kogin. A yanayin da magudanan ruwa masu ruwa ke da ruwa tare da kogin kuma a lokacin ambaliyar ruwan akwai narkar da ruwan karkashin kasa, wanda yake shi ne mafi akasari ga kogunan maras nauyi, rabewar ruwan kogin da ke gudana a cikin ruwa da kuma abubuwanda suke gudana ana yin la’akari da yadda ake aiwatar da ka'idojin shimfidar gabar gabar tekun (Kudelin, 1960).

Stressarfafa damuwar ruwa. Ba a rarraba albarkatu na ruwa ba a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya: 90% na yawan adadin gudummawar shekara yana faɗuwa a kan kwarin Arctic da Tekun Pasifik, kuma ƙasa da 8% zuwa kwarin Caspian da Azov Teas, inda sama da 80% na yawan jama'ar Rasha ke zaune kuma babban ƙarfin masana'antu da aikin gona yana mai da hankali . Gabaɗaya, jimlar cire ruwa don bukatun gida yana da ɗan ƙarami - 3% na matsakaiciyar kogin na dogon lokaci. Koyaya, a cikin kwandon Volga, yana da kashi 33% na yawan janyewar ruwa a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma ga yawan kwastomomin ruwa, matsakaiciyar yawan kwastomomin shekara-shekara ya wuce adadin karɓar muhalli karɓaɓɓen muhalli (Don - 64%, Terek - 68, Kuban - 80%, da sauransu). A kudancin yankin Turai na Rasha, kusan dukkanin albarkatun ruwa suna cikin ayyukan tattalin arziƙin ƙasa. Hatta a cikin kwarin kogin Urals, Tobol da Ishim, tashe-tashen hankulan tattalin arzikin ruwa ya zama abin da zai iya hana ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasa.

Kwanan nan, a cikin ayyuka da yawa na masana binciken ilimin halittu, muna samun tabbacin ingancin wannan matsayin. Don haka, Yu.G. Simonov, ya danganta ne da nazarin fasalin fasalin rafin kogin a Transbaikalia da kuma kudu maso gabashin gabas, ya kammala da cewa yayin da kwastomomi suke girma, tasirin fasalin yankuna na tsaurara matakan ruwa da kan hanyoyin tashoshi yana raguwa. Wannan matsayin, a cewar Yu.G. Simonov, ya tabbatar da ingancin "dokar yanayin aiki." Ana samun irin wannan lura a cikin ayyukan O.A. Badger, M. Levantova da sauransu.

Wannan sashen an sadaukar da shi ne ga tsarin aiwatar da samfuran da aka gabatar a baya dangane da yanayin kogin. Volga. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan kariya na ruwa a cikin irin wannan manyan kwarin kogin Volzhsky ya hada da manyan matsayi guda hudu.

Ya danganta da matsayin banbanci a cikin alamomin al adun jama'a da kuma yawan adadin yankin da aka baiwa kwatankwacin yankin sarrafawa ko matsakaitan ƙimar kogin ko ƙasar gaba ɗaya, al'ada ce don bambance nau'ikan 4-5. Misali, yanayin kiwon lafiya da muhalli a yankuna (ko ƙauyuka) an kasu kashi 5: 1 - mai gamsarwa, 2 - mai saurin damuwa, 3 - matsananciyar damuwa, 4 - mai mahimmanci ko gaggawa, 5 - bala'i ko yanayin bala'in muhalli (Pinigin, 1993).

Siberian Sturgeon kifin masarufi ne ga Siberiya; ban da wuraren ajiyar Siberian, ba a samun ko'ina. Siberian Sturgeon wani mazaunin gida ne, wani bangare rabin tsari. Yana samar da garkunan cikin gida a cikin tabkuna da kuma manyan sassan wuraren ruwan kogin. Tana zaune a cikin kwarin dukkan manyan kogunan Siberiya daga Ob a yamma zuwa Kolyma a gabas. Yana zaune a cikin Lake Baikal, a cikin lebe na Obskaya, Tazovskaya, Yenisei Gulf. A arewa, kewayonsa ya wuce nesa da Arctic Circle - har zuwa 74 ° N. Sturgeon Siberian bai shiga teku ba. Dukkanin yadda rayuwar ta ke gudana cikin ruwa mai tsafta, kuma samfuran kifayen kifi ne kawai ake samu a wuraren da ake salted mai ƙarfi (har zuwa 8% o) wuraren ginin. An rarraba shi ko'ina cikin Ob (3680 km), a cikin Irtysh - zuwa Lake Zaysan kuma mafi girma tare da Black Irtysh zuwa rikicewar Kogin Krenise, a cikin Yenisei kafin tsari - daga bakin zuwa 3200 km, yanzu yafi zuwa Krasnoyarsk, a cikin Lena - zuwa 3300 km A Kolyma bai isa ba, akwai tururuwa a Alasey, Indigirka da Yana. A cikin koguna na Siberiya, yana da babban mafi girma a cikin yankunan delta, waɗanda sune manyan wuraren ciyarwa.

Rashin mahimmancin ka'idoji na irin waɗannan karatun a kan ƙananan koguna, cin zarafin asalin haɗin keɓaɓɓen yanayin yanayin ƙasa da tattalin arziƙi a yayin amfani da albarkatun albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyar haifar da haifar da mummunan sakamako. Rashin ingantattun tsinkaya na ci gaban halin da ake ciki a kan kananan koguna ya haifar da rakewar ruwa da salwantar da kasashe, da rage yawan amfaninsu, da gurbacewar ruwa. Farkon yanayin tsinkayar muhalli na halin da ake ciki da kuma kyakkyawan yanayin mahalli a cikin ƙananan mashigan kogin shine don ƙaddara kyakkyawan tsarin yanayin yanayin kwastomomi, alaƙar da ke tsakanin abubuwan ta da kuma rawar da suke takawa ga ayyukan keɓaɓɓu baki ɗaya. Akwai buƙata, da farko, don rarrabe kwastomomin ruwa da kiyayewarsu, na biyu, don ƙarin zurfin bincike game da yanayin kirkirar yanayinsu, tsarin samar da ruwa, ƙaddara yawan kayan aiki, hanyar shigar da halayyar gurɓatattun abubuwa, da saka idanu akan kogunan da aka kiyaye. Sakamakon irin wannan nazarin zai iya zama tushen dalilin tsinkayar canje-canje a cikin yanayin halittun kogin [185, 189, 212, 234].

A wasu halaye, aikace-aikacen da aka yi la'akari da shi yana da wahala ko ba zai yiwu ba saboda takamaiman fasalin kowane yanki - mahimmancin ban ruwa na wucin gadi, wanda ke rikita yanayin yanayin kogin da ruwan kogunan, ingantaccen rafin kogi, gagarumin rarrabewa tsakanin ruwa da karkashin ruwa sakamakon tasirin yanayin ruwa mai zurfin rafin kogin da sauran dalilai. Yana da mahimmanci musamman a tuna da ka'idar wucin gadi na gudanawar kogin, wanda kusan ke kawar da yuwuwar yin amfani da hanyar amfani da ruwa-ruwa-da kebance hanyoyin raba kogin don kimanta yanki na magudanan ruwa da albarkatun ruwan ƙasa. Saboda haka, za'a iya ba da shawarar hanyar rarraba ruwa hydrographs don ƙananan kwantan kogin a cikin yanayin yanayi. A kan kogunan da aka kayyade, a gaban manya-manyan abubuwan lura, don auna magudanar ruwa, yakamata mutum yayi amfani da bayanan ma'aunin fitar da kogin kafin fara aiwatar da lamuran. A wasu halaye, akan bangarorin kogin da ba a tsara su ba, ana iya amfani da hanyar yin lissafin kwararar karkashin kasa daga canje-canje a cikin saukar saukar ruwan sa.

Musamman ma yanayin rikice rikice ya taso sakamakon ginin da aiki da wuraren aikin ruwa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kusan rabin manyan kogunan duniya suna cika bakin ciki. Daga cikin magudanun kogunan 216, 155 mallakar ƙasashe biyu, 36 zuwa uku, 25 suna ƙarƙashin 4 daga 12 kasashe. Daga cikin manyan koguna 25 a Turai, 13 suna da karkatacciyar hanya. Masu amfani da ruwa na kasashen da ke cikin ƙananan kogunan suna shan wahala mafi girma sakamakon ƙarancin abinci da gurbata albarkatun ruwa [52 - 55].

Babban fayil na Bankin na ayyukan muhalli yana fadada, gami da ayyukan "kore" da nufin inganta gudanar da albarkatun kasa (gudanar da gandun daji da kiyaye bambancin halittu, kula da filaye da gyara kogin da kuma kula da ruwa, da sauransu), masu launin ruwan kasa wadanda ke da niyyar rage gurbata yanayi da kuma inganta yanayin birane, da kuma ayyukan "hukumomi", wanda aikinsu shi ne ƙarfafa cibiyoyin muhalli. Ayyukan banki sun ba da bashi a cikin kasashe 62. Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Korea, da Mexico sune manyan masu karbar bashi da yawa don ayyukan muhalli.

A wasu halaye, an jawo hankalin ga sakamakon da ke haifar da maye, wanda kwanan nan aka fara amfani da shi a yawancin kasashe don dalilai na gida, kasuwanci, da masana'antu. Saboda haka, jimlar irin waɗannan abubuwan a cikin manyan hanyoyin rafin sun ƙaru “kuma kaɗan na milligram a kowace lita, musamman saboda fari. An samo magudanan ruwa a cikin ruwan sha da aka samu daga irin wannan tsarin ruwa. Daya daga cikin matsalolin da suke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar abubuwan maye a cikin ruwan manyan hanyoyin ruwan kogin, shine matsalar kumfa. A cikin Jamus, Kogin Necker ya sami masalaha sakamakon gurbatar da ruwanta da kumfa. Saboda matsanancin kayan maye da ake samu a kasuwa, a halin yanzu babu isasshen bayani game da abubuwanda ke lalata su; an yi gwaje-gwaje ne kawai don tantance takamaiman lamuran mahaɗan dake cikin ƙasa.

Wani nau'in ruwa mai ruwa, wanda ake samunsa a wasu lokutan a cikin hanyoyin ruwan teku (Andriyashev, 1954). Yada ko'ina cikin ruwan Turai. Ya mamaye duk yankin Turai na Rasha, in banda kogin Kola Peninsula (Berg, 19496, Sidorov, 1974). Ana kiran halayen wannan nau'in kayan tarihi daga Yammacin Siberiya daga rafin kogin Irtysh da Katun (Chaban, Bogdanov, 1960, Gundrizer, 1966a, Fedorova, 1992) a cikin tambaya dangane da bayanan kwanan nan. Ingantaccen tsarin binciken ba'a karance shi ba. Wataƙila wata peungiya ta musamman ta S. gobio koshewnikowi Gratzianov tana zaune a cikin Rasha, 1907 babban sculpin ne na Rasha. Yawancin nau'in wannan nau'in yana raguwa ko'ina saboda lalacewa da kwarin kogin. An haɗa shi cikin jerin ƙarancin kifaye a Turai da kuma a cikin "littafin nan na Red RSFSR" kuma an shirya shi don haɗawa a cikin "Littafin Ruwan Russia".

Daga abin da aka faɗa, yana biye da cewa nazarin tasirin canjin yanayi kan albarkatun ruwa da amfaninsu ba matsala ce ta injiniya kaɗai ke da alaƙa da zaɓin ingantaccen tsarin HCS ba. Yana buƙatar zurfin bincike game da tsarin halitta da tattalin arziki masu hade da juna a matakin ramin kogin da kuma neman haɗin kai, galibi mafita na yau da kullun. Hanyar bincike tsari ne na yanke hukunci wanda ke ba mutum damar yin la’akari da makomar canjin yanayi da bambancin yanayin abubuwan da suke tattare da yanayin, wanda, ba shakka, yana da amfani ga kwararru na bayanan da suka dace.

Halin halin hydrometric na yau da kullun na ruwan kogin shine ragin gudu (matsakaicin matsakaicin lokacin tafiyarwa a cikin m? / S), wanda aka lissafta akan ainihin abubuwan lura a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.Koyaya, irin wannan tsawan tsinkaye ba koyaushe ake samun su ba, kuma a cikin irin waɗannan halaye, ana gano hanyoyin daɗaɗɗun tafkin kogin ta hanyar ƙima, ta hanyar kwatancen tare da kogunan binciken, waɗanda ke cikin yanayin yanayin.

Binciken da aka samo game da sakamakon canjin yanayi akan tafiyar lalacewa da abun da ke cikin narkewa, sinadarin phosphorus, da sauransu a cikin kasa ya nuna cewa hanyoyin lalacewa a kan abubuwan kwastomomi na iya zama da muni sosai. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi, canji ya zama dole don haɓaka ka'idodi don sarrafa magudanan kogin da aka riga aka samu a yankunan da ke cikin ruwa, musamman, ta hanyar tsarin kariya na ƙasa da kuma matakan ramuwar ƙasa. Wannan yana buƙatar zurfafa bincike game da tsarin halitta da tattalin arziki na haɗin gwiwa a matakin ramin kogunan don warware matsalolin sarrafa kogin da kuma sarrafa magudanan ruwa.

Mafi yawan rarrabuwa na koguna da tsayi. Dangane da wannan rarrabuwa, kogunan da ba su gaza kilomita 100 ana rarrabe su da kanana (Vodogretsky, 1990). Tsarin ƙananan koguna ana amfani da shi sau da yawa ga duk kogunan mahimmancin yankuna kawai kuma yana nuna tasirin abubuwan al'adu na gida da yanki a kan babban yanki. Ya kamata a sani cewa yankin rafin karkashin kasa da 2000 km2 ya yi daidai da yanayin iyakoki don samuwar kwararar karkashin kasa. A matsayinka na mai mulki, koguna masu irin wannan yankin suna yin magudanar ruwa kawai na cikin ruwa na bakin ciki. Wannan, a bayyane yake, ya bayyana yanayin raunin tsarin ruwa na karamin kogi lokacin da yanayin shimfidar ruwan nasa ya canza.

Ruwa - yana zama ɗayan manyan albarkatun da ke shafar rarraba sojojin haɓaka, kuma samar da ruwa kwata-kwata. aƙalla mafi mahimmancin mahimmanci don magance matsalolin zamantakewar tattalin arziki, gami da ƙirƙirar ƙimar masana'antu da kayan aikin gona. Duk da wadatar wadatar arziki, tuni an daidaita ma'aunin sarrafa ruwa (ragin buƙatun ruwa zuwa ga samuwar shi) a cikin magudanan ruwa da yawa an rage damuwa tare da damuwa, wanda saboda manyan dalilai ne masu zuwa: location wurin da masu wadataccen ruwa ba su dace da rarraba albarkatun ruwa ba - a cikin yankuna masu fa'ida da tattalin arziƙi na ci gaba. Kudancin rami (kwari na Baƙi, Azov, Caspian da Aral Seas), inda aka samar da 80% na masana'antu da 90% na kayan aikin gona, duk 15-15% na kwararawar kogi, systems babban tsarin koguna na yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a na ƙasar ana rufe su ta hanyar teku, don kula da tsarin mulkin ruwa da na ruwa wanda ruwan kogin ke buƙata, a cikin yawan hauhawar ruwa mai zurfi da ke ƙaruwa yayin da kake ƙaura zuwa yanki mai ƙazantawa, inda yawanci masu amfani suke da hankali ruwa. Rarraban ruwa na shekara-shekara yawanci ba shi da alaƙa da ɗaukar bukatu na shekara-shekara na buƙatun ruwa, amma yuwuwar samun ƙarin tsari. kwararar ruwa yana da iyaka, wannan na faruwa ne sakamakon rashin kyawun yanayin yanayin yanayin don ƙirƙirar manyan ramuka ko ambaliyar ƙasa mai haɓaka, mahimman abubuwan tattalin arziƙin ƙasa ko na al'adu, abubuwan adana ma'adinai, ® wasu abubuwan ruwa da ke garantin dole ne a kiyaye su a cikin koguna ta sakin musamman don tabbatar da yanayi na lalata kifaye, shayarwa. ambaliyar ruwa, kula da yanayin tsabtace ruwa, aikin tsirrai masu amfani da wutar lantarki, halittar jigilar kayayyaki zurfin, ® a wasu lokuta jigon fannoni yana da yawa fiye da aikace-aikacen karɓar ruwa daga koguna.

Babu shakka, wata rawa mai mahimmanci a cikin canjin ɓangaren ƙasa na sashin dunƙulewa na farfajiyar lithosphere yana gudana ne ta hanyar ɗan adam. A ɓangaren da ke kan tsayuwa da albarkatun ƙasa, mun riga mun lura cewa lalacewa da ɓarna na ƙaruwa sun ƙaru da ƙaruwa saboda hauhawar abubuwa. Wani bincike game da abubuwan kwantar da hankali a tsakiyar tsakiyar Bahar Maliya ya nuna cewa laka a cikin teku ya ninka har sau uku a cikin shekaru 2000 da suka gabata. Wannan halin shi ne ya zama ruwan dare ga yawancin rafukan ruwa na duniya tare da matsanancin ƙarfi na anthropogenic. Solute gudu kuma ya ƙaru. A ƙarshe, akwai sabon abu, mai saurin gani kuma yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri, gabaɗaya anthropogenic ƙunshiyar ma'aunin lithosphere - ƙona gas mai. Don haka, ya zama cewa mutum yana taka rawa wajen yanke hukunci da korar abu mai mahimmanci daga doron kasa, kuma ana iya kiyasta wannan rawar da kashi 60% na adadin darajar denudation.

Hydroecology na ƙananan koguna. Hydroecology, a cewar N.I. Alekseevsky, - sabon filin kimiyya wanda ke yin nazarin dokokin ingantattun daidaituwa na yawan jama'a, tattalin arziki, jikin ruwa, muhalli wanda haɓaka haɓaka sojojin ƙasa suna haɗuwa tare da amincin aminci mai aiki da ruwa, rage lalacewar muhalli daga mummunan hanyoyin samar da ruwa. Yana nuna hanya ta ainihi don gudanar da ayyukan sarrafa yanayi a cikin magudanan kogin, don bincika daidaitattun yarjejeniya tsakanin ayyukan haɓaka matakan tattalin arziki da kiyaye yanayin rayuwa mai kyau, kasancewar yanayin yanayin ruwa da ƙasa. Musamman ma dacewa shine la'akari da waɗannan lamuran a cikin ƙananan kwastomomin ruwa.

An samo Furenish na kayan maye (Pedicularis furbishiae) a gefen kogin. Maine a cikin yanki na yiwuwa ambaliyar na lokaci-lokaci [Maiges, 1990] Ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana lalata wasu yawan tsire-tsire, amma a lokaci guda suna ƙirƙirar sabbin wuraren mazaunan bakin teku waɗanda suka dace da samuwar sababbin alumma. Nazarin mutum ɗaya zai ba da cikakken hoto game da jinsin, tunda ƙwararrun mutane ɗan gajeren lokaci ne. Kuma metapopulation a wannan yanayin shine mafi dacewar rukunin bincike, kuma ramin kogin shine yanki mai dacewa na gudanarwa.

Designirƙirar cibiyar tashoshin wuraren lura da hanyoyin ruwa a Moscow ya samo asali ne ta hanyoyin da sakamakon gudanar da ruwan. Harkokin Hydroproject ne suka kirkiro hanyoyin rarraba ruwa a shekarun 1950 kuma Cibiyar Matsalar Ruwa na Kwalejin Ilimin USSR ta Kimiyya. A zahiri, theungiyar Soyuzvodproekt ce ta haɓaka wannan yanki. Yana amfani da ka'idodin kwari da ƙasa kuma a lokaci guda an rarraba magudanan ruwa zuwa babba da sauran su. A cikin manyan mashigan ruwa, wanda ya hada da ginin Volga (ana karɓar daɓar tudun da ke tsakanin iyakokin ruwa don yankin sarrafa ruwa), ana kuma bambanta subareas a ciki, wanda kuma ake kira wuraren sarrafa ruwa. Rukunin kula da ruwa suna iyakance ga sassan warwarewa kuma suna wakiltar sassan babban yankin. An zaɓi maƙasudin yankuna a kogin da yake ƙetare kan iyakokin jamhuriyya ko yankuna tattalin arziki (wani lokacin a iyakar yankuna), a sassan ɓangarorin hydraulic da ake dasu kuma a bakin kogin, a ƙarshen manyan hukunce-hukuncen, a yayin babban tsarin data kasance ko kuma wanda aka tsara, ban ruwa, tsarin samar da ruwa da kuma na shara, a ƙarshen rufe. gefen babban kogin. Abu ne mai sauki a gani, saboda haka, suna iyawa, a bangare guda, samar da bayanai ga gudanarwar yankuna, jumhoriyya da kuma kasa baki daya, a daya bangaren kuma, kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci wajen tantance gwamnatocin abubuwan da ke faruwa na tsarin halittu.

Ruwan dusar kankara na kankara shine ɗayan tushen tushen abincin kogin. Yawan rarar abinci mai narkewa a cikin ragowar yawancin koguna waɗanda ke samo asali daga glaciers yana da ƙanƙanuwa kuma kawai a cikin kusancin glacier zai iya isa 50% na gudana shekara-shekara kuma wani lokacin ɗan ƙimar wannan ƙimar. Sauran ragowar kogunan na shekara-shekara ne ta wasu hanyoyin samar da abinci mai gina jiki, galibi narke dusar ƙanƙara na lokacin da take kwance akan daskararre kuma tana narkar da dutsen. Yayin da nisanci daga glein glacier yake raguwa da kuma rage girman glaciation na kwarin kogin, yawan abinci mai narkewa yake raguwa da alama. Koyaya, kasancewar glaciers a cikin kwarin kogin yana haifar da fasali mai ban mamaki na tsarin kwarara da matakai yayin shekara kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga bambancin yanayin gudan ruwa na kowace shekara, rage shi sosai. Raguwar da ke tattare da sauye-sauye na C »na kwararawar shekara yana faruwa ne sabili da hauhawar hauhawar kwarara cikin shekaru tare da karancin ruwan sama, lokacin da adadin glacier ya narke kwarara. C „yawanci ba ya wuce 0.10-0.15. Don kogunan fili na musamman na wadatar dusar ƙanƙara, kamar yadda aka sani, C „ya kai 0.80-0090 kuma ya zarce wannan darajar.

Taron Scientungiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha na -ungiyar theasa game da Kariyar Farfaɗo da roundasa daga Balaguro, wanda Majalisar -ungiyar Scientungiyoyin Ilimin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta tattara tare da ma'aikatun da ke da sha'awar (Tallinn, 1967), waɗanda yanke shawararsu game da buƙatar gaggawa don aiwatar da sahihan matakan, yana da babban tasiri. Babban mahimmancin wadannan matakan ya zama sanya hannun jarin kamfanonin masana'antu tare da la'akari da wajibci don kare farfajiyar ruwa da karkashin ruwa, kirkirar da kuma tsarin samar da ruwa na yanki da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwa dangane da kogunan kogin, ci gaban fasahar kere kere ta fannin samar da ruwa cikin bukatun kare ruwa, kungiyar samar da tsari mai hade da tsarin ingancin ruwa na jihar. a cikin jikin ruwa da tabbatar da daidaituwa na ayyukan dukkanin sassan da ke sha'awar, ci gaban bincike kan ci gaban tushe na kimiyya don kare farfajiya da kuma ruwan ruwa da kuma, musamman, kan samar da mafi yawan halattattun abubuwan da ke cutarwa a jikin ruwa a cikin bukatun lafiyar jama'a, kamun kifi da sauran nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, haɓaka da haɓaka da dokokin tsabtace ruwa.

Zurfin yanke mai lalacewa galibi yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka yankin kama. A wannan yanayin, a cikin yanayin yanayi iri ɗaya, ƙimar gudummawar shekara-shekara saboda ƙarancin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya ƙarancin kan ƙananan koguna na wucin gadi fiye da kan koguna matsakaici, gaba ɗaya don yanayin da keɓaɓɓen yanayin lalataccen ruwa. Bambance-bambance a cikin kwararar koguna da matsakaici daidai da rarrabewar yanki na zurfin rage ruwan karkashin kasa zuwa yankuna tare da yanayin dumin da karuwa a yankuna masu bushewa. Lokacin da aka gwada matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara da girman rafin kogin, wannan shine ainihin tsarin da ake nunawa: yankin a wannan yanayin alama ce ta zurfin lalacewar lalacewar ƙasa, cikar magudanan ruwan ƙasa ta koguna, kuma ba asalin kwayoyin halitta ba.

Rarraba ilimin ilimin kimiyyar yanayin ƙasa a zamanin Tsararraki ya kasance jinkiri. Sanin hakikanin dokokin halitta suna hana masu injiniya da masu bincike, ba ƙyale su suyi alkawarin kansu da sauran abubuwan da ba za su iya yiwuwa ba. "- ya lura. Mun ambaci laccoci kan karafa da ƙarfe, wanda a cikin karni na XVI. karanta a cikin garin Jáchymov (Czech Republic) I. Matesius (1504-1565). Littafin farkon su, “Asalin Tushen,” wanda aka buga a 1674, ya aza harsashin kimiyya na tsarin daidaita ruwa don nazarin yanayin - tsarin rafin kogin (Shvartsev, 1996). A cikin 1735, K. Linney (1707-1778) ya buga aikin "Tsarin Tsarin Halittu", inda aka aza harsashin ginin harajin zamani na duniya. Koyaya, yawan ilimin yanayin yanayi da mu'amalar mutane da ita ya fada ne a zamanin juyin juya halin kimiyya da fasaha.

Babban mahimmanci don haɓaka ingantaccen saka hannun jari a cikin dalilan kariya na ruwa, ba shakka, shine ƙimar amfanin su a cikin masana'antu daban-daban. Binciken ci gaban masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta masana'antu (daga mahangar kyakkyawan tsarin) yakan nuna isasshen hujja don sanya sigogin "matsakaici" don samar da ruwa da aiwatar da gurbataccen gurbataccen iska ta kamfanonin masana'antu. Rashin daidaituwa na "haɓaka matsakaicin matakin yaduwar ruwa" ko "ƙara matsakaicin matsakaicin tsarkakewa a mashigar waje" shima ba zai yiwu ba a warware kowace masana'anta dangane da tsarin al'ada. Wadannan dabi'u (ya danganta da zurfin karancin ruwa, ragin dilution da bukatun ingancin ruwa a cikin kogin), a bayyane, ya kamata ya bambanta sosai a bangarorin kogin ko da masana'antu iri ɗaya. Gwaje-gwaje na lambobi game da rarar kuɗaɗen da aka saka hannun riga sun nuna cewa saboda amfanuwarsu ta amfani da sassan, yana yiwuwa a ƙara rage yawan kuɗin kuɗin don matakan kariya na ruwa.

Adadin matakan manyan matakan yanke hukunci na sarrafa ruwa ya dogara da matsayin banbance banbanci tsakanin al'adu da tattalin arzikin kasa da kuma danganta alakar da ke tsakaninsu. Tunda babban tasiri akan sigogin irin wadannan hadaddun abubuwa ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar abubuwan tattalin arziki da tattalin arzikin kasar suka zartar, tsarin tarayya shima babban matakin ne. A nan, ana nazarin yanayin yanayin muhalli gaba ɗaya kuma ga yankuna ɗaya daban, an kafa fifikon matsalolin muhalli kuma, a kan wannan, an kafa manufar kula da yanayi. A wannan matakin, an ƙaddara hakkoki da nauyin wasu ɓangarorin gudanarwar muhalli na jihohi, gami da ka'idodin tallafawa kuɗi da kayan abu don matakan kariya na muhalli. Kimanta tasirin ayyukan tattalin arziki kan ruwa da albarkatun ƙasa da yanayin tattalin arziki, ci gaban tsare-tsaren aiwatar da matakan kare hanyoyin ruwa daga gurɓacewa da kuma gurɓatar ƙasa ana aiwatar da su a matakin yanki. Game da girman matakan kwarin kogin, ana warware manyan ayyukan kula da albarkatun ruwa, bisa la’akari da shekaru masu yawa na bayanan samar da ruwa, tsarin da ke tattare da tsarin sarrafa ruwa a yanzu da kuma alakar su da muhalli.

Ko da kuwa yanayin ƙasa, abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa da matsaloli masu dangantaka iri ɗaya ne a cikin duk mdc. Lokacin ƙirƙirar da fadada ƙauyuka da masana'antun masana'antu, mutanen da suke cinye mafi mahimmancin albarkatun ƙasa - ruwa, suna ba da izinin gurbata ta hanyar zubar da sharar gida da sharar masana'antu cikin hanyoyin ruwa mafi kusa, ta amfani da wannan hanyar azaman mafi arha kuma mafi dacewa. A tsawon lokaci, wannan aikin ya haifar da matsaloli (rashin alheri, ba ga waɗancan mutanen da ke ƙazantar da gawawwakin ruwa ba), ga lalata abubuwan da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa, haifar da lalacewar aikin gona, haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a da ƙara farashin masana'antu. A} arshe, hukumomin kiwon lafiya, manoma, manoman kifi da masu kasuwanci sun gano irin asarar da wannan ya haifar tare da yin kira ga dokokin mutane da su rama irin asara da ta haifar da keta dokokin kasa. Gaskiya ne an sami ci gaba wajen rage gurbatar da tsaftar jikin ruwa sai bayan larduna, jihohi, mashigar kogin da daidaikun kasashe suka gabatar da dokoki wadanda suka yi daidai da dukkan bukatun da ke tattare da wannan matsalar. Idan a cikin yaki da gurɓatar da magudanan ruwa ruwa muradin rukunin mutane daya ya mamaye, to yaƙin ba shi da tasiri.