Biology a cikin Lyceum * Tsuntsaye

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Shafin malami game da ilmin halitta MBOU Lyceum № 2, Voronezh, Tarayyar Rasha

Malaman ilimin halittu na yanar gizo lyceum A'a. 2 Voronezh birni, Tarayyar Rasha

Coungiyoyin muhalli na tsuntsaye ta wurin zama

Tsuntsayen dajiya bambanta da sauran ƙungiyoyi a cikin cewa suna da ƙananan ƙafafu masu kyau, kazalika da matsakaicin matsakaici. Ba a iya ganin wuyansu, idanun suna kan bangarorin.
Tsuntsayen bakin gabar tafkunan tafkuna da fadama yana da matukar wuya da kafafu masu tsayi. Suna buƙatar su don samun abinci a cikin fadama.
Tsuntsayen wuraren buɗe ido saba da ƙaura saboda haka suna da ƙarfi fuka-fuki. Kasusuwarsu sun fi ƙasa ƙasusuwan sauran nau'in tsuntsaye.
Theungiyar ta ƙarshe ita ce mai shayarwawaɗanda suke rayuwa kusa, ko cikin jikin ruwa. An bambanta waɗannan tsuntsayen ta hanyar baki mai ƙarfi, wanda yake taimaka musu su ci kifi.

Tsuntsayen daji. Yawancin tsuntsayen zamani suna da alaƙa da gandun daji. Kowa yasan tsuntsayen daji: tsuntsaye, yan itace, blackbirds, hazel grouse, black grouse, capercaillieya dace da rayuwa sosai a cikin gandun daji. Sun gajerun fikafikan zagaye, dogayen wutsiyoyi. Wannan yana bawa tsuntsaye damar tashi da sauri tsakanin bishiyoyi.

Daga cikin tsuntsayen daji akwai ciyawa (granivorous), kwari, carnivorous da omnivorous. Ya danganta da yanayin abincin, tsuntsaye sun sami bunƙasa gaba ɗaya da ƙuƙwalwa.

Manyan tsuntsayen daji - amarya, baƙar fata, baƙi, capercaillie - bata lokaci mai yawa a duniya. Tare da kafafu masu ƙarfi, masu dauke da manyan manyan yatsun, suna ta da zuriyar dabbobi, suna zaɓan tsirrai, kwari da ciyawar ƙasa. Buds ciji tare da ƙarfi beaks, matasa harbe daga itãce, kuma shrubs, ku ci blueberries, blueberries, lingonberries.

Hankula ga tsuntsayen daji magpie da goshawk : in munanan gajerun fikafikai da dogon wutsiya. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna birgewa sosai a tsakanin gandun daji, suna da gudu. Koyaya, dangane da amfani da abinci daban-daban, ƙafafunsu da beaks suna haɓaka daban. Hawk - maharbi: kananan tsuntsaye iri-iri suna zama ganima. Da kafafu masu ƙarfi, masu dauke da makamai masu ƙarfi, fatun suna kama ganima, tare da beak dinta mai katsewa. Magpie yana da ƙaramin cokali guda-guda wanda ke taimaka mata cin abinci iri-iri (kasancewa mai iko duka): tattara fruitsa fruitsan itace da tsaba daga ƙasa, kwace kwari, tsutsotsi, babban ƙwaro, har ma da kama karamin linzamin kwamfuta.

Tsuntsayen wuraren buɗe ido rayu a makiyaya, steppes, hamada. Sun kwashe lokaci mai tsawo a ƙasa, suna neman abinci a tsakanin tsirrai. Suna da kafafu masu ƙarfi da dogon wuya, yana ba su damar gano abokan gaba a wani ɗan nesa. Daya daga cikin irin wakilan yankuna matakin kasar mu shine bustard . Wannan babban tsuntsu mai nauyin kilo 15-16, yana ciyar da abinci akan tsire-tsire. Samun launi mai kariya, galibi yakan ɓoye tsakanin ciyayi, yana zama ba'a iya ganuwa dashi. Nest shirya a ƙasa, a cikin yankunan da budurwa steppe. Chickks nau'in brood ne. Sakamakon aikin budurwa ya hauhawa, yawan katsewa da ƙanƙanuwa ya ragu, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin Littafin Ruwan Ruwa.

Yawancin tsuntsayen sararin samaniya sune ostriches .

Tsuntsayen ruwa yi iyo sosai, yawancin nutsewa. Suna da jikin jirgi mai walƙiya kamar kansa, membranes a ƙafafunsu, ƙafafunsu suna juyawa da baya. Suna tafiya ko'ina cikin duniya, suna rawar birgima, tare da ma'anar duck. Tsarin fure yana da kauri tare da kaddarorin dusar kankara: rigar gashin fuka-fukai ana hana shi ta zubar da ciki, wanda tsuntsaye ke sanya ruwa a hankali. Wakilan ruwa mai ruwa - ducksgeeseswans .

A wani wakilin wakilci na waterfowl - mallard duck cin abinci cikin ruwa mara ruwa. A gefen gefenta mai faɗi na faɗi yadudduka Kakakin cloves. Game da rashin ƙoshin jaws ta hanyar lattice da aka kafa ta hanyar garkuwa, ducks suna tace ruwa, suna barin abubuwan abinci a bakinsu: crustaceans, larvae kwari, ƙananan kifi, da sassan tsire-tsire. Mallard yana ci a zurfin ƙasa. Wani lokaci, saukar da kanta a cikin ruwa, juyawa da kuma tona asirin jikin daga ruwa, sai ta tara daga kasa ta tace abincin. Mallards suna yin sheƙunansu a ƙasa a cikin tsirrai. Shafin fuka-fukai shine gashinsa wanda yake cirewa daga kirji da ciki. A cikin kama 8-14 qwai. Chickks nau'in brood ne.

Tsuntsayen bakin gabar tafkunan tafkuna da fadama suna zaune a bankunan tafkunan da marshes, suna da fasaloli gama gari da yawa. Suna da dogon kafafu kafafu da wuya, babban beki. A wurare masu narkewa, jikinsu, saman sama da ƙasa, ba ya jikewa. Suna ciyar da frogs, kifi, kwari, tsutsotsi, mollusks. Suna matsawa cikin fadama da rafukan bakin teku, sai suka kama ganima kamar ciyawa. Waɗannan su ne storks, herons, waders . Yawancinsu suna gida a kan bankunan, ba kusa da ruwa ba, wasu suna shirya mazauna a bishiyoyi. Storks sun daɗe suna rayuwa kusa da ɗan adam. Mutane suna kulawa da su ta hanyar shirya dandamali don buɗauran gida.

Seabirds - guillemots, matattu iyakar, teku - tsari kasuwannin tsuntsu a kan tsaunin dutse. An daidaita su da soar sama da saman teku.

Tsarin halittu na tsuntsaye masu tsinkaye ta hanyar wuraren buɗe wuraren

Akwai rukuni na tsuntsaye guda biyar a cikin duka. wuraren farauta. Babban bambancin shine kawai a cikin hanyar da tsuntsaye suke zaune a ciki:

Tsuntsaye masu rarrafe gina gida, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, a kambi na bishiyoyi ( Orioles, tsananin haske ).
Tsutsa tsuntsaye sanya kuɗaɗen a kusa ko a cikin bushes kansu ( Wren, Robin ).
Gurin ƙasa yanke shawarar sanya gidansu dama a ƙasa ( larks, skates, buntings, waders ).
M tsuntsaye zaune kai tsaye katakon itace, tsuntsaye, pikas, flytraps ).
Da ƙungiyar tsuntsayen ƙarshe.burrows (gaci, mai shayarwa, mai cin abincin zuma), rayuwa cikin burrows, karkashin kasa.

Tsarin halittu na tsuntsaye na tsuntsayeta nau'in abinci

A kan wannan, an rarrabe ƙungiyoyi huɗu. Wakilan kowane ɗayansu suna cin wani nau'in abinci:

Tsuntsayen tsuntsaye iri iri (misali. tsuntsaye ko pikas ). Suna da firam na bakin ciki saboda abin da za su iya cire abincin da suke ci daga ganyayyaki ko cire daga bakin ciki.
Tsirrai iri-irigami da mai girma (misali. kore ) da karfi baki godiya ga abin da za su iya karya ta cikin m kwasfa daga cikin 'ya'yan itace. Kuma kaifin bakin kwarin gwiwar taimaka min wajen fitar da zuriyar daga kwarin bishiyoyi daban-daban.
Tsuntsayen ganima (misali. mikiya ) ciyarwa, ciyar a kan kananan tsuntsaye iri iri. Suna da kafaffun kafafu masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi, saboda abin da suka ci.
Tsuntsaye masu iko (misali. magpie ) samun beak mai siffar abin kyanwa wanda yake taimaka musu su ci abinci daban-daban.

Abubuwan da ke cikin kwaritsuntsaye, pika, sarakuna, sanduna suna da firam na bakin ciki wanda ke ba su damar fitar da kwari daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin tonon, kwace su daga ganyayyaki, da cire su daga sikelin dawa. Yankon yatsa da yatsunsu mai tsawo suna ba da izinin waɗannan tsuntsaye su zauna a kan rassan

Kyawawan gungun tsuntsayen da ke cin abinci a cikin iska - haɗiye da kyauta . Suna kashe kusan rayukansu a cikin iska, tun safe har zuwa maraice, suna tattara kwari. Suna da fuka-fukai masu tsawo, marasa lafiya. Gefen baki kadan ne, kuma sashen bakin ya yi girma, kusurwar bakin ta wuce idanuwa. Ta bakin baki bude, suna kama kwari masu tashi, yayin da girman bakin bakin murfin yake kara fashewar da ke kusurwar bakin. A cikin yanayin bushe mai kyau, kwari suna tashi sama sama da ƙasa, kuma lokacin da zafi yayi sama, fuka-fukan kwari sun jike, suna tashi ƙasa sama da ƙasa. Walarfewa da kuma gogewa suna biye da su, don haka sai hadarin iska da sw kyauta suke hango yanayin ruwan sama.

Tsuntsayen hatsi – kore, pike, itacen oak . Bã su da wani karfi baki, wanda ya raba m kuli 'ya'yan itacen. Don haka itacen oak samu nasarar karya 'ya'yan itaciyar tsuntsu ceri da ceri. A kaifi ƙarshen bakin dutsen da aka ƙetare kwayoyin cuta ba da damar su fitar da tsaba daga cikin ɓoyayyen abubuwa da itacen kwamba.

Yi alamun gama gari masu farauta. Suna da manyan kafafu masu ƙarfi, masu kaifin ƙaho, riƙe baki mai ƙugiya. Wadannan alamun suna da rana tsinkaya tsuntsaye mujiya kuma har da jin tsoro alaka da songbirds. Ganima da yawa daga cikin masu ƙyamar dabbobi ƙananan dabbobi ne, waɗanda suke nema daga tsayi mai girma, suke tashi a filayen. Sauran masu farautar suna kama ƙananan tsuntsaye, suna ciyar da kifi, manyan kwari. Tsuntsayen da ke cikin ganima suna tashi da kyau, a cikinsu akwai dogo mai tsayi, alal misali buzzardsgaggafa da vultures . Falcons suna bin ganima a cikin iska, sannan kuma, ruwa a jallo, na iya isa da sauri zuwa 300 km / h. Suna da fuka-fukai masu kaifi, marasa lafiya, suna bayar da saurin gudu.

Tsarin daskarewa

Ba teku, ko ƙasa ba, jiragen ruwa ba sa tashi, kuma ba za ku iya tafiya ba - wannan shi ne yadda ake yin fadama cikin tsohon littafin.

Fadama wata al'umma ce ta yaɗu a ƙasarmu. Dubi taswirar jiki na Rasha: abin da babban yanki ke mamaye. Karas, hummocks, bogs, reeds, shrubs rare.

Ta yaya aka kirkiro dutsen? Wani lokaci akwai wata karamar tafki a wannan wajen da ba ta guduwa; bankuna sun cika da ciyayi da sauri. Lililin ruwa da furanni ya tashi daga ƙasa. Kowace shekara, ciyayi da ciyayi sun girma, suna haɓaka ƙari daga bankunan zuwa ruwa, suna haɗuwa da mai tushe, rufe ruwa, mosses sun zauna akan mai tushe, suna danshi danshi kuma ruwan ya yi tsauri. Shekaru da yawa sun shude, tsire-tsire kuma suka kama tafkin gaba ɗaya kuma suka rufe ruwa. Kowace shekara, daskararru sun yi kauri. Kuma a sa'an nan wani lokacin farin ciki Layer kafa kusan zuwa kasan. Abin da ya sa, lokacin da kuka yi tafiya a kan fadama, maɓuɓɓugar kwari, kafafu suna makale, kuma ku duba, za ku kasa. Wataƙila rafin dajin ya gudana a hankali a hankali ya mamaye ciyawa a cikin kwari ko kuma ya doke maɓallin daga ƙasa kuma ya kwashe komai da ruwa. Wannan shine yadda bankunan ruwa - fadama - suka bayyana a waɗannan wurare.

Shuka tsirrai

Ruwa mai yawa - yana nufin cewa ciyayi masu ƙauna da ciyawa masu girma da tsire-tsire sun fara girma, kuma dabbobi tare da tsuntsaye suna zaune kamar yadda kake gani a cikin fadama. Ana rufe dusar wasu fadama cike da mosses. Musamman ruwa mai yawa yana iya ɗaukar moss sphagnum, wanda a cikin Hellenanci yana nufin “soso”.

Sphagnum yana da iko na musamman don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. Saboda haka, ragowar kwayoyin halittu ba a sarrafa su gaba daya, suna tara su a karkashin wani yanki na gansakuka, abin da ake samu, kuma a sakamakon haka aka kirkiro peat - ma'adinan mai ƙonewa. Kayan peat zai iya kaiwa mita 3-4 ko fiye. A kan wannan matattarar peat ɗin ne wasu mazaunan dutsen ke zama. Peat sosai cike da ruwa, kuma ya ƙunshi kusan babu isashshen oxygen wanda ake buƙata don jan numfashi. Sabili da haka, plantsan tsire-tsire ne kawai zasu iya girma a cikin fadama. Mafi sau da yawa, Rosemary, sedge, da cranberries zauna a kan wani kauri magana na gansakuka (Fig. 3-5).

Hoto 3. Ledum marsh (Source)

Tsakanin tsire-tsire na marsh, ana yin godiya ga ƙwannaren ranan itace. Mutane sun daɗe suna ɗaukar wannan bishiyar warkarwa. Baya ga cranberries, wasu kyawawan berries suna girma a cikin fadama: blueberries, Cloudberries.

A cikin fadama, tsire-tsire masu ciyawa kamar ciyawa, ciyayi, calamus, reeds da cattail da aka daidaita (Hoto 7, 8).

Rogoz yana da manyan launin shuɗi masu duhu waɗanda aka ɗaure da kyau daga gashin gashi. Tsaba ya girma a ƙarƙashin hairs, a kaka, lokacin da tsaba suke toho, gashin ya bushe sai gashi kansa ya zama da haske. Za ku ji ciwo a kanta kuma farar ƙasa ta tashi kewaye da ku. A kan haihuwar parachute, 'ya'yan cattail suna watsar da su ta fuskoki daban-daban. A karni na karshe, an sanya jaket na rayuwa daga wannan Fluff. An yi murfin murfin zagaye ne daga tushe na cattail.

Hakanan ana samun tsire-tsire masu ban mamaki a cikin fadama. Sundew da pemphigus sune tsire-tsire.

Dewdrop ta kama kuma ta ci kwari. Kwayoyin cuta suna da sauri kuma suna da sauri, ta yaya wannan tsirran zai iya yi musu barazana? Leavesananan ganyen magari na sundew an rufe su da ƙananan gashi da ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai ɗorewa, mai kama da dew, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake kiran shuka - sundew. Launin launuka na ganye da saƙar ƙwaya na jan hankalin kwari, amma da zaran sauro ko tsuntsu ya zauna a kan shuka, nan take ya manne da ita. Ganyen yana matse shi, kuma gashinsa mai ƙarfi yana shayar da duk ruwan dajin daga kwari. Me yasa rana ya zama tsiro? Domin a kasa mara kyau na ƙasa ba ta da abinci mai gina jiki. Rana rana ya iya hadiyewa da narkewa har zuwa sauro 25 a kowace rana.

Haka kuma yakan kama ganima da kuma ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa.

Hoto 10. Venus Flytrap (Source)

Tana da kayan ganye waɗanda suke rufe kamar jaws lokacin da wani ya taɓa gashin kan saman ganye. Tunda waɗannan tsire-tsire ne marasa wuya, dole ne a kiyaye su.

Pemphigus ya zo da wani tarko; ana kiran wannan tsiron ne saboda vesicles mai kauri, wanda take rufe da bakin ta kamar zaren ya fita (siffa 11, 12).

Hoto 11. Pemphigus Bubbles (Asali)

Hoto 12. Pemphigus (Asali)

Duk ganyen tsirrai suna cikin ruwa, babu asalinsu, sai kawai wata karsashi mai santsi da furanni masu launin rawaya yakan fado saman farfajiya. Itace tana buƙatar kumfa don farauta, kuma wannan ciyawa tayi tsinkaye akan mazaunan ruwa: ƙananan crustaceans, fleas na ruwa, ciliates. Kowane kumfa tarko ne mai hankali wanda aka tsara sannan kuma a lokaci guda ginin narkewa. Doorofa na musamman yana rufe kumfa har sai wata halitta ta taɓa gashin kan wannan rami. Sannan bawul din ya buɗe kuma kumfa ya tsotse aikin. Ba zai yuwu fita daga kumfa ba; bawul din, kamar ƙofar ɗakin, yana buɗewa ne kawai a cikin hanyar guda. A cikin kumfa akwai gland wanda yake haifar da narkewa. A cikin wannan ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ganyen ya narke sannan shuka ya sha. Pemphigus yana da yawan ci. Bayan kimanin minti 20, kumfa ya shirya don kama sabon wanda aka azabtar.

Dabbobin daskarewa

Ta yaya dabbobin da suke a cikin fadama suka dace da rayuwa a wurare masu laima? A cikin mazaunan swamps, an san da kwaya. Shaye shaye na taimaka wa frogs a ko da yaushe kula da fata a cikin rigar, kuma saurin sauro na ba su abinci. 'Yan beavers, berayen ruwa suna zaune a bakin rafin kogunan, mutum zai iya ganin maciji da macijin fadama.

Shin kun ji batun da cewa: “Kowace sandiya tana yabon dutsen?” Sandpiper wani tsuntsu ne mai santsi, mai kama da ciyawar teku. Wannan tsuntsu yana da filawa mai kariya, tare da doguwar baki, sandar yashi a cikin rijiyar zazzabin sauro yana ɓoyewa can.

Sau da yawa a cikin fadama zaka iya samun herons da cranes, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da kafafu masu tsayi da na bakin ciki, wannan yana basu damar tafiya tare da laka mai sanyi ba tare da sun faɗi ba.

Herons da cranes suna ciyar da frogs, mollusks, tsutsotsi, waɗanda suke da yawa a cikin fadama. Farin gadoji na son jin daɗin 'ya'yan itace mai daɗi a cikin fadama, da kuma ciyawa da barewa kamar sassan tsire-tsire masu laushi.

A maraice da dare, rowar mutum tana kama da rurin ɗan sa. Abin da mutane kawai ba su ba da labarin wannan ba! Yana kama da mai kururuwa mai ruwa ko goblin yayi jayayya da shi. Wanene ya yi ruri da dariya a cikin fadama? Birdan karamar ƙaramin karami yana ruri da ruri.

Yaron yana da kukan sosai, yana tazarar kilomita 2-3 a yankin. Itaciya tana zaune a gadaje na ciyayi, a cikin gado. Yana farauta buɗaɗɗen katifar don crucians, perches, pikes, frogs da tadpoles. Tsawon sa'o'i ba motsi ba ne a sha cikin zurfafa kusa da ruwa kuma ba zato ba tsammani zai jefa bakin sa nan take, ya yi kauri kamar takobi, kifayen kuma ba za su bar shi ba. Ka fara neman ɗan ƙaramin abu a cikin fadama - sannan ka wuce. Za ta daga kai ta kai tsaye, ta shimfiɗa wuya a wuyanta, kuma ba za ka taɓa rarrabe ta da ɗan ciyawa ko ciyawa ba.

Amma ba wai kawai kukan kururuwa yayi da daddare a cikin fadama ba. Ga wani tsuntsu mai kukan tsuntsayen da ke zaune a kan reshe. Kusan tsawon santimita 80 ne.

Wannan 'yan fashi ne na dare kuma babu ceto daga gareshi ko ga tsuntsaye ko dabbobin. Cewa sai yayi dariya cikin faduwa lokacinda tayi duhu.

Mazauna wuraren lalatattun wurare wasu lokuta da daddare na iya kallon gani mai ban mamaki, saboda yawancin fitilu masu haske suna rawa a cikin fadama. Menene wannan? Masu binciken har yanzu basu cimma matsaya kan wannan batun ba. Wataƙila wannan wutar ta kunna shi. Gizagizai zai zo sama su haskaka sararin sama.

Asiri na hasken bluish

Mutane sun daɗe suna tsoron fadama.Sun nemi lambatu da amfani da ƙasa don makiyaya da filaye, don haka suka yi tunanin cewa suna taimakawa yanayi. Shin haka ne? Fadwa tana da fa'idodi mai yawa. Da fari dai, tafasasshen ruwa ne na ruwa. Koguna masu gudana daga cikin fadama suna ciyar da manyan koguna da tabkuna. A cikin ruwan sama, dansandan moss na sha danshi mai yawa kamar soso. Kuma a cikin busassun shekaru suna adana ruwa daga bushewa. Saboda haka, galibi bayan magudanar ruwa, kogunan ruwa da tabkuna suna zama mara zurfi. Vasyugan fadama - daya daga cikin manyan fadka a duniya, yankinta ya fi yankin Switzerland girma.

Hoto 19. Vasyugan fadama (Source)

Ana zaune tsakanin kogunan Ob da Irtysh. Kogin Vasyugan ya samo asali ne daga cikin wannan fadama. Koguna kamar Volga, Dnieper, da Kogin Moskva suma suna gudana daga fadama. Abu na biyu, fadama-ruwa matattara ce mai kyau na halitta. Ruwan da ke cikinsu ya ratsa ta cikin tsiran tsirrai, lokacin farin peat kuma an warware shi daga ƙura, abubuwa masu lahani, ƙwayoyin cuta. Ruwa mai tsabta yana gudana cikin koguna daga rafuffukan. Abu na uku, tsire-tsire na berry masu mahimmanci suna girma a cikin swamps: cranberries, Cloudberries, blueberries. Sun ƙunshi sukari, bitamin, ma'adanai. Hakanan tsire-tsire masu magani suna girma a cikin fadama. Misali, a lokacin Yaƙin Babbar Patriotic, an yi amfani da motsin sphagnum azaman miya don saurin raunin raunuka. Ana amfani da dewdrop don magance mura da tari. Bugu da kari, fadama itace peat na gargajiya wanda ake amfani dashi a matsayin mai da kuma taki.

Ma'anar fadama

Ka tuna: ba za ku iya kusantar wuraren da ciyawa ba da ma'adanan peat a cikin fadama! Wannan yana da haɗari sosai.

Aure, beer, ciyayi, masara, barewa sukazo zuwa fadama, wadanda suma suke neman abincin kansu anan.

Naman itace bangare guda ne na yanayin halitta kamar yadda gandun daji da makiyaya suke, suma suna buƙatar samun kariya. Rushewar fadama faduwar gaba zai haifar da canji ga yanayin duniya baki daya. A halin yanzu, rigakafin 150 na Rasha suna ƙarƙashin kariya.