Yanzu begon dutsen ya kare. Ya bayyana a duniya shekaru dubu 300 da suka wuce, kuma ya ɓace shekaru dubu 25 da suka wuce. Kimiyya na zamani suna ɗaukar shi matsayin ƙasusuwan jemage da magabacin bearan Etruscan. Dangane da girman, wannan tallafin ya fi karfin bears na zamani. Ya kasance fiye da grizzly da kodiak sau ɗaya da rabi. Ya kasance babban dodo mai furry tare da babban kai da ƙarfi a cikin paws. Ya rayu a kusan dukkanin yankin daji na Eurasia. A Afirka da Amurka, ba a samo gawarsa ba.

Babbar dabba ce ta musamman. Duk da rashin yarda a waje, dabbar tana da sauri, mai sauri kuma mai tsuma. Yana gudu da saurin dawakai, kuma hura karfinsa na iya kashe mutum nan da nan. A yau, abin daya sha ban tsoro a tsakanin mafarauta. Idan kuka farauta shi ba tare da makami na atomatik ba, to wannan haɗarin mutum ne. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Indiyawan ba a lokaci ɗaya suna ɗaukar kisan wani abu mai muni tare da kisan shugaban ƙabilar maƙiya. Ba mai sauƙin mayaƙi ba ne, amma jagora.

Rayuwa

Yin hukunci da babban matakin haƙo haƙar haƙora, kogon beki ya kasance mai cin ganyayyaki kawai wanda babban abincinsa shine tsire-tsire mai rarrafe, har da zuma. Koyaya, a cikin hunturu, a lokacin sanyi, beyar na iya cin naman mutane ko mutane. Arsudan zuma sun haifi 1-2a 1-2an 1-2. Rayuwar rayuwa kusan shekaru 20 kenan. Girman dutsen kogon ya zauna a cikin ciyayi, a cikin dazuzzuka masu kwari da kwari-daji, kuma suka hau tsaunuka zuwa bel na ciyayin.

Yaɗa

An gano beyar dutsen kogo ne a Eurasia (gami da Ireland da Ingila), a ƙasar da ta sami nau'ikan jinsi iri-iri. Musamman, a cikin kogon rami wanda ke kwance a tsaunin tsayi (har zuwa 2445 m sama da matakin teku), kuma a cikin tsaunukan Harz (Jamus), nau'ikan nau'ikan wannan nau'in sun haɓaka ta ƙarshen Pleistocene. A wani yanki na Rasha ta zamani, an samo dutsen bera a Firam na Rasha, a kan Zhiguli Upland, a cikin Urals, a Yammacin Siberiya; kwanan nan, masana kimiyyar Yakut sun gano ƙasusuwan dutsen bears a cikin ƙananan Kolyma.

Tsagewa

Dalilin lalata dabbar bera shine mai yiwuwa canjin yanayi a karshen lokacin dusar kankara ta Wurm, lokacin da yankin dajin ya ragu sosai, yana hana kwaroron samar da abinci. Koyaya, ayyukan farautar mutanen zamanin sun kuma taka rawar gani a gushewar sa. Haka kuma an yi imanin cewa Turawan Turai na daɗaɗɗar tarihi ba wai kawai farauta daga dutsen kogon ba ne, har ma suna bauta masa kamar totem.

Sauran nau'in

Ana kiranta beve kogon da yawa daga cikin nau'in beari na Pleistocene saboda gaskiyar cewa galibinsu ana samunsu cikin kogo. A zahiri, basu da alaƙa da kogon. Waɗannan sun haɗa da cikin Eurasia:

• Ursus (Spelaearctos) deningeri — Kayan Danske. An bayyana shi daga farkon Pleistocene na Jamus (Mosbach). Kasancewa a cikin ƙananan - tsakiyar Pleistocene a Turai.
• Ursus (Spelaearctos) rossicus — karamin kogon beki. Tsakiya - Late Pleistocene a kudancin Ukraine, Arewacin Caucasus, Kazakhstan (Kogin Ural), Tsakiyar Urals (Kizel), kudu maso yammacin Siberiya, Altai da, mai yiwuwa, Transcaucasia. Mazaunin tarkon, ba shi da alaƙa da kogo.

Asalin gani da kwatancin

Hoto: Cave Bear

Garanar kogon ta kasance farkon yanayin launin ruwan kasa ne wanda ya bayyana a yankin Eurasia sama da shekaru dubu 300 da suka wuce, kuma ya mutu a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Late Pleistocene - shekaru dubu 15 da suka gabata. An yi imani da cewa ya samo asali daga beyar Etruscan, wanda shima ya kasance tsawon lokaci har abada kuma yau ba a karance shi ba. Abin sani kawai cewa ya rayu a kan yankin Siberiya na zamani kusan shekaru miliyan 3 da suka gabata. Yawancin halittun dutsen bears ana samunsu a yankin ɗakin kwana, mai tsaunin dutse.

Bayyanar fasali da fasali

Hoto: Menene kogon dutse yake kama?

'Ya'yan bears na zamani sun fi ƙanƙanta da kogo cikin nauyi da girma. Yawancin nau'ikan dabbobin zamani kamar grizzlies ko cognac suna ƙasa da beyar prehistoric fiye da sau ɗaya da rabi. An yi imanin cewa wannan dabba ce mai iko sosai tare da tsokoki masu tasowa da kauri, tsawon gashi mai launin toka. A tsohuwar kwancen kafa, gaban jiki ya inganta fiye da baya, kafafu suna da ƙarfi da gajeru.

Gashin dabbar beyar yayi girma, goshin sa yayi matukar faɗi, idanun sa ƙanana da jajojin sa masu ƙarfi. Tsawon jikin ya kusan mita 3-3.5, kuma nauyin ya kai kilo 700-800. Mazan sun fi gaban cin abinci a nauyi. Kuka kogon dutse bashi da hakoransu na gaba-gaba, wanda ke bambanta su da dangi na yau.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Gwajin kogon dutse shine ɗayan bears mafi girma da mafi girma da suka rayu a duniya tun farkon kafawa. Ya kasance mai mallakar kwanyar, wanda a cikin manyan maza masu balaga za su iya kaiwa cm 56-58.

Lokacin da ya tsaya a kan dukkanin hudun, shaggy mai girma mai izgili ya kasance a matakin kafada na dan dutsen, amma, duk da haka, mutane sun koya don farauta shi cikin nasara. Yanzu kun san yadda bear tayi kama da. Bari mu ga inda yake zaune.

A ina ne kogon ya zauna?

Hoto: Cave Bear a Eurasia

Cave bears ya zauna a Eurasia, ciki har da Ireland, England. An kirkiro jinsi dayawa a yankuna daban-daban. A cikin manyan kogunan tsayi, wadanda suka kasance a tsaunin sama da nisan mil dubu uku zuwa matakin teku, kuma a cikin tsaunukan Jamus, galibin nau'ikan nau'ikan an samo su. A Rasha, an samo bear kogo a cikin Urals, Itace ta Rasha, Zhiguli Upland, a Siberiya.

Waɗannan dabbobin daji mazaunan jeji ne da kuma tuddai. Sun fi son su zauna a cikin kogon dutse, inda su ma suka ci nasara. Udan zuma yakan sauko ƙasa cikin zurfin kabari, suna yawon su a cikin duhu. Har zuwa yau, a yawancin ƙarshen matattun wurare masu rauni, raƙuman rami, akwai tabbacin kasancewar waɗannan tsoffin halittu. Baya ga yatsun alamomi a jikin kofofin ɓarna, an sami wasu ƙananan bishiyoyi na ruɓaɓɓen itace, waɗanda suka ɓace cikin dogon wurare kuma suka mutu ba tare da neman hanyar komawa hasken rana ba.

Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da abin da ya jawo hankalin su ga wannan mummunan tafiya a cikin duhu. Wataƙila waɗannan marasa lafiya ne waɗanda suke neman mafaka ta ƙarshe a can ko kuma gemun sunyi ƙoƙarin neman wuraren da ba ruwansu da rayuwarsu. Abun yarda da na karshen shine gaskiyar cewa a cikin manyan kogunan da suke nesa suna ƙare da ƙarshen mutuwa, an kuma samo ragowar matasa.

Me dabbar ta sha?

Hoto: Cave Bear

Duk da girman ban mamaki da sihiri mai kama da kogon dutsen kogon dutse, abincin da yake ci shine mafi yawanci yakan shuka abinci, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da manyan motsi masu ƙarfi. Wannan dabbar tana da ɗan saurin warwatse kuma ba mai zafin rai ba, wacce galibi ke ciyar da itace, Tushen, zuma da wani lokacin kwari, ta kama kifaye a kan ragin kogin. Lokacin da yunwar ta zama wanda ba za a iya jurewa ba, zai iya kai hari ga mutum ko dabba, amma ya kasance mai saurin raɗa cewa wanda abin ya shafa kusan yana da damar tserewa.

Gwajin kogon ya buƙaci ruwa mai yawa, don haka a zaman su sun zaɓi kogon dutse tare da saurin zuwa tafkin ƙasa ko rivulet. Aarsan bears suna buƙatar wannan, saboda ba zasu iya barin 'ya'yansu na dogon lokaci ba.

An san cewa manyan bears kansu abubuwa ne don farautar mutanen zamanin. Abubuwan dabbaka da naman waɗannan dabbobi suna da wadatar abinci; fatansu suna ba mutane tufafi ko gado. Kusa da wuraren da mutumin Neanderthal ya ke, an gano ƙasusuwan ƙasusuwa na baƙin kogon da ke ciki.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mutanen da suka saba yin kokwaran kwancen kafa daga kofofin su, sannan su da kansu su mamaye su, suna amfani da mafaka, mafaka mai kyau. 'Ya'yan bears suna da ƙarfi a gaban mashin da wuta.

Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa

HOTO: Caan Dutsen Cave Bear

Da rana, bears dutsen suna guduwa cikin daji don neman abinci, sannan suka koma kogon. Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan dabbobin na da daɗewa ba su tsira zuwa shekaru 20 ba. Wuta da rago, kogon zakoki sun afka wa marasa lafiya da rauni. A cikin hunturu, kogon Kattai koyaushe hibernated. Waɗannan mutanen da ba su iya samun wuri mai kyau a cikin tsaunuka ba sai suka shiga cikin dazuzzukan kurmi, suka kafa tituna a can.

Binciken ƙasusuwan dabbobi na d showed a sun nuna cewa kusan kowane mutum ya sha wahala daga cututtukan "kogo". An samo wurare da rheumatism, rickets, kamar yadda tauraron dan adam ke amfani da su a cikin kasusuwa na jikin bears. Istswararru kwararru kan samo vertebrae da aka haɗu, haɓaka a kan kasusuwa, lanƙwasa gidajen abinci da ciwace-ciwacen daji, lalata daga cututtukan muƙamuƙi. Dabbobin da suka raunana matalauta ne masu farauta yayin da suka bar matsugunansu a cikin daji. Sau da yawa sun sha wahala saboda yunwar. Da wuya a sami abinci a kogon.

Kamar sauran wakilai na dangin bear, maza sun yi ta ɓallewa cikin ƙawance, kuma mata suna tare da 'ya'yansu. Duk da cewa bears galibi ana daukar su auri daya, basu haifar da nau'i-nau'i na rayuwa ba.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hoto: Prehistoric Cave Bear

Matar bears ba ta bai wa 'ya'ya kowace shekara ba, amma sau ɗaya kowace shekara 2-3. Kamar yadda yake a cikin beyar na zamani, lokacin balaga ya ƙare kusan shekaru uku. Matar ta kawo cuba 1-2an 1-2 a cikin ɗayan ciki. Namijin bai dauki komai a rayuwarsu ba.

'Ya'yan an haifi' ya 'yansu marasa taimako, makafi. Iya don kogo koyaushe zaɓi irin wannan kogon don haka akwai maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a ciki, kuma tafiya zuwa wurin da ba a sha ruwa bai ɗauki lokaci mai yawa ba. Hadari ya mamaye ko'ina, saboda haka barin offspringa offspringan su ba da dadewa ba tare da kariya yana da haɗari.

A cikin shekaru 1.5-2, saurayi ya kasance kusa da mace sannan kawai ya shiga girma. A wannan matakin, yawancin cuba diedanyen sun mutu a cikin dabbobin, tare da wasu makiyaya, wanda a zamanin da suna da yawa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin farkon karni na 18, masana ilimin burbushin halittu sun gano wani sabon abu mai daskararren yumbu a cikin kogon Austria da Faransa a bakin tafkuna da koguna. A cewar masana, dutsen bera ya hau kan su yayin tafiye-tafiyen karkashin kasa mai tsawo sannan kuma an birgima cikin jikin ruwa. Don haka, sun yi ƙoƙarin yaƙar parasites ɗin da ke birkitar da su. Sunyi wannan hanya sau da yawa. Sau da yawa ana samun manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da su a sama da nisan sama da mita biyu daga bene, akan tsoffin katako a cikin kogunan zurmi.

Abokan halitta na kogon bera ne

Hoto: Babban Cave Bear

A cikin tsofaffi, lafiyayyun mutane na abokan gaba a cikin yanayin rayuwa na kusan babu su sai tsohon mutumin. Mutane sun warwatse ƙanƙanun mai laushi cikin adadi mai yawa, ta amfani da nama da kitsen azaman abinci. Don kama dabba, an yi amfani da ramuka masu zurfi, a ciki aka kunna ta wuta. Lokacin da bears suka fada tarko, an buge su da mashi.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kogon bera ya ɓace daga duniya fiye da yadda zakuna, dabbobi masu shayarwa, Neanderthals.

Sauran masu farautar, gami da zakuna, suka farautar matasa, marasa lafiya da tsohuwar beyar. Idan mukayi la’akari da cewa kusan duk wani mutum da ya manyanta yana da mummunan cututtuka kuma yana fama da yunwa, to kuwa magabatan galibi sun sami nasarar rushe wata katuwar bishara

Kuma duk da haka, babban maƙiyin bears, yana da tasiri sosai ga yawan mutanen waɗannan ƙattai kuma ƙarshe ya hallaka shi, ba wani tsohon mutum bane, amma canjin yanayi. Tsira da hankali suna cike dazuzzuka, karancin abinci na tsiro, ya zama beran kogon ya zama mafi haɗari, har ya fara mutuwa. Wadannan halittun sun kuma farauto dabbobin da aka koresu, wanda an tabbatar da kasusuwarsu a cikin kogon da bears din yake zaune, amma farautar ta samu nasarar samun sauki.

Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu

Hoto: Cave Bear

Cave bears gaba daya ya mutu cikin dubun dubatan shekaru da suka gabata. Ba a kafa ainihin dalilin ɓacewar su ba, wataƙila haɗuwa ne da haɗari da yawa. Masana kimiyya sun gabatar da wasu zace-zace, amma ba daya daga cikinsu da yake da ingantaccen shaida. A cewar wasu masana, babban dalilin shine yunwar saboda canjin yanayin canjin yanayi. Amma ba a san dalilin da ya sa wannan gwarzon ya tsira tsawon shekaru kankara ba tare da laima mai yawa ba ga jama'a, kuma ƙarshen ba zato ba tsammani.

Wasu malamai sun ba da shawarar cewa, aiki tsohuwar tsohuwar hanya da mazauninta na bera ya haifar da ƙarewar su. An yi imani da cewa mutane ne suka lalata waɗannan dabbobin, tunda naman su yana kasancewa koyaushe a cikin abincin tsoffin baƙi. A cikin wannan sigar ita ce gaskiyar cewa a wancan zamani yawan mutane ƙanƙan ƙanƙantawa idan aka kwatanta da yawan ƙattain kogon.

Tabbas gano dalilin ba zai yiwu ya ci nasara ba. Wataƙila gaskiyar cewa mutane da yawa suna da mummunan lalacewar ƙasusuwa da gidajen abinci wanda har yanzu ba za su iya farauta da cin abinci ba, kuma sun zama sauƙi ga sauran dabbobi, suma sun taka rawa wajen ɓatar da Kattai.

Wasu tatsuniyoyin mummunan hydra da dodon sun tashi bayan kyakkyawar binciken tsoffin kwanyar, ƙasusuwa, waɗanda suka ragu kogon dutse Yawancin zamanin kimiyya na Tsarin Tsakiya suma suna bayanin ragowar bears kamar kasusuwa na dodanni. A cikin wannan misalin, zaku iya gani cewa labarin tatsuniyoyi na mummunan dodanni na iya samun cikakkun kafofin.

Cave Bear Halayen

Amma ga bear dutsen, ya kasance mafi girma da ƙarfi fiye da grizzly bear, da kisan da aka dauke da ma fi wuya aiki. Koyaya, wannan Neanderthals ya kashe bears na kogon shekaru dubbai da yawa. A cikin tsoffin kofofin da suke adana ire-iren waɗannan mutanen da ba a san su ba, ana samun ɗaruruwan ɗarukan bear. Neanderthals ba shi da makamai ta atomatik, amma ko ta yaya sun sami damar farautar mummunan dabbar.

Gwajin kogon yana da babban kwanyar da babban goshi. Jiki yana da ƙarfi da ɗimbin yawa. Tsawonsa ya kai mita 3-3.5. Rage nauyi daga kilogiram 500-700. Matan sun yi awo kusan sau 2. Yin hukunci da lalacewar hakora, dabbar tana cin abinci ne kacal akan abinci. Amma yana yiwuwa gaba daya ya farmaki dabbobi da mutane. Kawai yawan abincin dabba a ciki ƙaramin juzu'i ne. Babban abu a cikin abincin shine zuma. Gashi ya ci shi da nishaɗi kuma yana tafiya cikin kitsen don hunturu.

Me yasa dutsen ya mutu?

A wani lokaci cikin lokaci shekaru 25,000 da suka wuce, dabbar dabbar ta ɓace. Kuma a nan shi ne abin da ya sa - a nan masu binciken ba su da ka’idar aiki a sarari. Akwai maganganu iri-iri, amma waɗannan ɗaukar ra'ayi da zato ne kawai waɗanda ba su da hujja.

Wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa yunƙurin zargi ne. A lokacin kankara, yankin gandun daji ya ragu sosai, kuma matakin yana ƙaruwa. Tsire-tsire da ake buƙata don abinci ya ɓace, beyar kuma ya mutu ya mutu. Amma mahimmin batun shi ne cewa wannan reshe na launin ruwan kasa ya mallaki madaidaiciya da kuma yuwuwar abinci iri-iri. Akalla ƙasusuwa na ungulates da ke kusa da ƙasusuwa na bears bears sunyi magana akan wannan. Bayan haka, duk shekarun kankara da suka gabata ba su yi babbar illa ga dabbar ba, amma ƙarshen ya zama mai rauni ga kwancen kafa.

Neanderthals ya lalata kogon dutsen. Irin wannan tunanin ma yana riƙe. Amma, wataƙila, wannan ba zai iya faruwa ba saboda ƙaramin adadin mutanen zamanin da. Gidansu ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanci fiye da mazaunin dabbar da ƙafafun kafa. Kuma akan zanen dutsen, hoton babbar beyar danshi mai wuya ne sosai.

Wataƙila Cro-Magnons (zuriyar mutum na zamani) sun ba da gudummawarsu. Sun zo daga Afirka kuma sun fara yadawa cikin sauri a cikin Turai da Asiya. Suna bukatar kogon dutse, wanda dabbar ta zaba ya zaba. An bar beyar ba tare da mahalli ba, yana magana da yaren zamani, kuma a sakamakon haka, ya mutu ya mutu. Amma, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, dabbar ta sami rashin himma ba kawai a cikin kogo ba. Ya gina rami a cikin kurmi mai zurfi.

A wata kalma, babu amsa ga wannan tambayar, dalilin da yasa dutsen bera ya mutu waje. Idan ka koyi gaskiya, ba zai zama da wahala ka fahimci tsarin halakar wasu dabbobi ba, kazalika da Neanderthals. Amma babban lokaci mai girma ya dogara da bayanan daga tunanin mutum, yana mai barin mutane suyi begen gaskiya.

Tsarin halitta

A watan Mayu na 2005, masanin kimiyyar murhun Amurka daga Cibiyar hadin gwiwa don Genome a California ya ba da sanarwar sake gina DNA na dabbar bera da ta rayu shekaru 42 zuwa 44 da suka wuce. Don zane-zane, an yi amfani da kayan gado da aka samo daga haƙoran wannan dabbar da aka samo a Austria. Ta hanyar gudanar da jerin abubuwan kai tsaye daga sassan jikin DNA da kebe daga kasusuwa, da kuma kwatanta su da DNA na kare, masana kimiyya sun sami damar dawo da kwayoyin halittar guda 21 na kogon dutse. Bayan haka, kawai 6% na jerin kwayoyin halittar DNA mallakar bear ne, sauran mallakar kwayoyin cuta ne ko kuma masana binciken burbushin halittu game da kasusuwa.