Bayyanar mutum da hali. Mafi na kowa a tsakanin mu woodpeckers, girman babban murkushe (tsawon tsayin 22-23 cm, wingpan 42-45 cm, nauyi 50-100 g).

Bayanin. Filo mai launin shuɗi ne fari. A kan fikafikan fuka-fukan tsuntsu zaune, tare da babban farin tabo. Jirgin kasa ya yi haske ja. Bango na baya, baya, nuhvost, murfin fuka-fukai baki ne .. Tashin gashin fuka-fukai tare da jujjuyawar yanayin, yayin da farin yake mamaye akan matsanancin iri, kuma tsakiya na gaba daya baki ne. A cheeks, bangarorin wuyansa, kirji da ciki fari, wani lokacin tare da cream ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. Fuka fuka-fukin baki ne tare da fararen fata. Haɗin baki "gashin baki" an haɗa shi ta hanyar ci gaba da raɗaɗi tare da rami na baki na baya da ƙusa. Namiji yana da jan tabo a bayan kai, mace kuma tana da kan baƙi. Babu bambance-bambancen yanayi na magabaci. A cikin tsuntsayen matasa, launin shuki yafi birgewa, rawanin kai ya yi ja, shuɗi mai duhu ya fi ko pronounasa sanarwa a tarnaƙi. Manyan fararen fuka-fukai a jikin fuka-fukai masu launin, baƙar fata lintels a bayan farin cheeks, kasancewar baƙar fata mai haske da takaddar baƙar fata a ɓangarorin ciki sune halayen halayyar da ke bambanta manya da wasu masu shinge.

Kuri'a. Waƙar gajere ce (ba ta wuce 1 ta biyu ba) da kuma tarin juzu'i mai "drum", yana ƙaruwa zuwa ƙarshensa. Idan aka yi alfahari, za a fitar da babbar murya mai kaifi "harbi". Wani lokacin waɗannan kukan suna haɗuwa cikin "yanayin bakin ciki" "harbi. "Kwatanta kukan sanyi.

Matsayi na Rarraba. An rarraba shi sosai a arewacin Palearctic daga Atlanta zuwa tekun Pacific. Penetrates arewa zuwa iyakar ciyawar ciyawa. Tana zaune a yawancin Turai ta Rasha (ba a cikin kawai a cikin yankunan da ba a yin itace). Na kowa. Yana haifar da rayuwa mafi tsaka mai wuya, a arewacin kewayon ƙaura zuwa kudu don hunturu.

Rayuwa. Yana zaune dazuzzuka daban-daban da abun da ke ciki, faduwa da konewa tare da bishiyoyi masu 'yanci ko labule, wuraren shakatawa, lambuna, makabartu, da dai sauransu Hollows a cikin bishiyoyi tare da itace mai taushi: Aspen, ba wuya, alder, Birch. Yawancin lokaci sabuntawa na bara na cikawa ko ɓoye ɗaruruwan wasu bishiyoyin katako. Bakin ciki galibi maza ne suka gina shi. Duk iyayen sun saka abin kama kuma suna ciyar da kajin. Chickks kyan gani tsirara da makafi.

Mai iko duka. A lokacin rani, tana ciyar da tururuwa, kwari, dafila, musamman yayin barkewar lambobin su, da sauran kwari. A cikin hunturu, spruce da pine tsaba, wanda aka samo daga cones, ya zama babban abinci. Don yin wannan, ana sanya mashin a wurare na musamman - “ɓulle”: fasa da sauran maɓuɓɓuka a cikin itace, yawanci a wuraren da katako ko manyan reshe suka fashe, a saman katako, da sauran wuraren da za a iya ɗaure mazugi. A cikin bazara, ya sha ruwan 'ya'yan itace na maple da Birch, yana taushi a kwance layuka na ƙananan ramuka a cikin haushi. A cikin ƙauyukan da ya ke ziyartar filayen ruwa, na iya lalata nunin ƙananan tsuntsaye.

Lokacin ciyarwa, yana amfani da dabaru daban-daban - chiselling, peeling, peeling the haushi da sauransu. A cikin shekara guda, yakan fara haihuwar zuriya sau ɗaya. An kwatanta shi da babban aiki da motsi. A cikin kaka da damuna, yana nuna tsananin yankan yanki.

Spotted kocin, ko Babban Tashin hankaliBabban Dendrocopos)

Janar bayani

Kowane nau'in tsuntsaye yana bambanta ta hanyar fasali na musamman. Awari mai kuzari tare da manyan sheƙunsa, hummingbirds masu ƙanƙanana girman girma, dako mai danshi mai ban sha'awa, da babban katako mai ƙyalƙyali tare da bishiyoyi masu bushewa. Masu son gandun daji suna tafiya tun da sanyin safiya har zuwa faɗuwar rana zasu iya jin halayensa “tuk-tuk”. Woodpecker ya busa a kan akwati yana tunatar da dutsen dutsen. Kowane lokaci yana wuce 0.6 seconds, a cikin lokacin da tsuntsu ke sarrafawa don kammala har zuwa 13 (a cewar wasu bayanan, har zuwa 23) bugun jini. Idan kaji irin wadannan kararraki, wannan yana nuna cewa manyan katako masu katako shine suka fara tsara lokacin. Lokacin da tsuntsu ya fitar da kwaro daga gindin itacen, sautikan zasu iya zama daban.

Mutane da yawa suna sanannen itace da katako. Har ila yau ana ambata cikin tatsuniyoyi da almara. Don haka, wannan tsuntsu ne ya taimaki macen-kyar ta ciyar da Rem da Romulus, waɗanda suka zama magabatan Rome.

A Turai a zamanin Neolithic an sami bautar katako mai tsabta. A ƙarni na uku BC, 'mazan gandun daji' 'sun yi matukar daraja ga Sabinians. Ofayansu yana ɗaukar mai itace. Saboda haka, an yi shirka da tsuntsu kuma bai taba cutar dashi ba.

Habitat

Za'a iya samun babban ɗan itacen ɓora a manyan wurare na Eurasia - daga Scandinavia da Iberian Peninsula a yamma, zuwa tsibirin Kuril da Japan a gabas, daga Laos a kudu zuwa Yammacin Siberiya a arewa (67 ° N). Wannan nau'in katako na itace yana zaune a Burtaniya, da Kola Peninsula, a Iran, da Corsica, a Sicily da Sardinia, China da Mongolia, a Ukraine da sauran kasashen Turai. A Rasha, ana samun babban katako mai kafaɗaɗɗun katako a cikin duk yankin Turai, gami da yankin Moscow. Yana zaune a Kamchatka, tsibirin Kuril, Sakhalin, a cikin Transcaucasus, Crimea, Arctic da Urals.

Woodpeckers na wannan nau'in suna rayuwa har ma a cikin Afirka - a cikin arewacin yankunan Aljeriya da Tunisiya (a gwal ɗin Babban Atlas), a tsibirin Canary, a Maroko.

Waɗannan tsuntsayen suna zaunar da su duk inda katako ko bishiyoyi masu girma suka girma. Idan akwai zabi, masu amfani da katako suna son kananzir, amma suna iya zama a tsakanin zaitun, kanduna, rhododendrons, itacen oak, Aspen, Birch. Sai kawai duhun fari na bishiyar bishiyoyi da basa so. A cikin irin wannan dazuzzukan, ba a samun babban katako mai tsinin katako.

Wannan nau'in ya kasance mafi aminci ga mutane fiye da wasu, saboda haka yana iya tsayawa a wuraren shakatawa da kuma shirye-shiryen sirri.

Bayani game da Babban Motley Woodpecker

Ja "hat" sa wannan tsuntsu sanannen abu ne kuma za'a iya sanin sa. Kuskurenku idan kun yi tunanin duk masu son katako suna “sawa”. Wannan “gashin kai” na kananan gashin fuka-fukai masu rauni wadanda ba a iya ganin su da bakunan bugun fatar baki daya ne kawai ga matasa maza da mata da maza. A cikin tsuntsaye manya, gashin fuka-fukan baƙi suna zuwa domin maye gurbin fuka-fukan launin ja yayin aiwatar da cudanya ta shekara. A cikin maza, ratsin ja kawai ya rage a bayan kai. A kanta ana iya bambanta su da mace. Dukkanin maza da miji suna da haske mara nauyi. Ragowar jikin wasu manyan katako masu launuka masu kyau an kawata su da gashin fuka-fikan tawada da fari. Suna da bakar baya tare da shuɗi, wutsiyoyi, wutsiya da saman kai. Gashin gashin fuka-fuki a jikin fikafikan suna da launi iri ɗaya. Yankin bakar fata, kamar antennae, yana shimfiɗa daga gwanayen mai itace zuwa wuyansa.

Cheeks, goshi, ciki, kafadu da matsanan gashin gashin wutsiya fari ne ko launin ruwan kasa-fari a wurin mai wankin itace. Akwai kuma fararen fata a jikin gashin fuka-fukan.

A girman, wannan tsuntsu karami ne, amma ba karami ba. Yayi nauyi har zuwa gram 100. Tsawon jikin mutum ya kasance daga 22 zuwa 27 cm, fuka-fukan har zuwa 47. Don kwatantawa, mun lura cewa ɗan ƙaramin itace mai ɗauke da nauyinsa ya kai gram 26, girman jikinsa na iya zama daga 14 zuwa 16 cm, kuma fuka-fukan fuka-fukai ya kai 30. Ba masana ba cikin sauƙin rikicewa. Tsuntsayen wadannan jinsunan guda biyu, suna daukar karamar bishiya a matsayin karamin mutum.

Thean katon babban katako mai katon katako mai launin shuɗi ne. Gefen baki ne mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, ƙaƙƙarfan iko, kama da bututun ƙarfe. Risarfin iris na yawancin katako yana da launin ruwan kasa, amma kuma yana iya zama ja.

Ra'ayoyi iri daya

A cikin dazuzukan ka na iya haduwa da wani dan itacen katako na Siriya, wanda yayi kama da na babban mai yin tsinkaye. A cikin girman, ya ɗan ƙarami. Don haka, nauyinsa ya kai gram 80, tsayin jikinsa ya kai cm 23. A duban farko, ba shi yiwuwa a rarrabe tsuntsaye da wannan alamar. Kuna iya fahimtar wane mai itace ne a gabanka ta hanyar “eriya” daga bakin beki. A cikin Siriya, ba su nan ko katse su a kan kunci. Hakanan, a cikin wakilan wannan nau'in, farar fata a kan kafadu sun fi kama da siffofi.

Rayuwa a cikin gandun daji na Rasha wani nau'in itace ne na katako, wanda yayi kama sosai da manyan iri-iri. Wannan wakilin farin-goyon baya ne. Yayi girma da dan kadan. Babban nauyinsa zai iya kaiwa gram 140, kuma tsawon tsawon jiki - har zuwa cm 31. Amma manyan bambance-bambancen suna cikin launuka. Podauren farar fata yana da ruwan hoda, na baya ya zama fari, kuma babu fararen fata a kafadu.

Fasalin halayen

Idan ka bayar da kwatancen babban dan itace da ke da karfi a cikin wasu 'yan kalmomi, za su zama kamar haka: daidaitaccen mutum, mai haske, sanannen abu, mai yawan surutu. Ornithologists sun sani cewa wannan nau'in na musamman shine mafi yawan launuka. Tsuntsu zai iya yin fushi, ya yi farin ciki, ya kare yankinsa, ya nuna halinta, ya shawo kan mace ya aura. Duk waɗannan suna haɗuwa da tsawa da ƙima iri daban-daban da maimaitawa. Manyan katako masu aikin katako suna bayyana motsin zuciyarmu akan karamin lokaci. Idan bashi da hannu a murkushe bututun, to sai ya fashe da kuka kamar haka. A cikin kalmomin “ƙamus” kalmomin masana sun bambanta “harbi”, “cr-cr”, “ki-ki” da sauran sautuka waɗanda ba za a iya rubuta su a haruffan mutum ba. Yarda, yana da wuya kada ku kula da irin wannan mai yin kururuwa.

Yana da kyau manyan katako masu son gandun daji suna son kadaici. Ka yi tunanin abin da gamsuwa za su tsaya idan za su shiga cikin fakitoci! Koyaya, sun fi son samun yanki guda ɗaya, ƙofar wacce take rufe ga waje. In ba haka ba, nan da nan mai shi zai fara nuna barazanar. Yana zaune a gaban mai kutse, ya lullube gashinsa, ya buɗe baki ya fara kururuwa (wataƙila ya ba da shawarar bakon ya tafi). Bayan haka, maigidan ya fara buga bugun jirgin kuma ya hau kan baƙon. Idan wannan baiyi aiki ba, ana amfani da cuffs tare da fuka-fuki da baki.

Yankin mallakar kowane yanki mai tsire-tsire iri daban-daban ya bambanta daga kadada 2 zuwa 25, wanda ya danganta da girman girman gandun daji da yawan ciyarwa.

Ko da a haɗin gwiwar ciyar da kajin, namiji da mace na manyan dabbar da ke da katako mai kyau shine ke ɗaukar su a bangon daban daban na shafin.

Ana iya ganin tara tarin waɗannan dattijo a lokacin mamayewa (tsuntsaye sukan taru a cikin manyan garkuna kuma suna yawo cikin sababbin yankuna).

Abincin

Me ke cin babban tabon bishiyar itace? Kuna kuskure idan kunyi tunanin cewa kwari kawai. Kwayoyin suna samar da tushen abincinsa ne kawai a lokacin kakar, wato, daga tsakiyar bazara zuwa tsakiyar kaka. A wannan lokacin, masu katse itace suna lalata gandun bishiyar bishiyoyi, ganyen magarya, alkyabba, bakara, gwoza ƙasa, tururuwa, duwatsun dabbobi da sauran nau'in kwari. An gano masana kimiyyar kere-kere a cikin cikin tsuntsayen har zuwa guda 500 na mutane daban-daban. Itatuwan itace suna yin rami a cikin akwati tare da baki, sai aka cire ɗanɗano ko tsutsa daga shi tare da dogon harshe.

Lokaci-lokaci, masu katse itace masu katsewa, suna iya cin kananan crustaceans. Ba su ƙin yarda daga 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, berries, kwayoyi.

Woodpeckers ba tsuntsaye masu cin nama ba ne, amma idan har shari'ar ta fito, kada ku yi shakka a rusa ƙaƙƙarfan tsuntsayen tsuntsayen (tsuntsayen, 'yan fashi, kifayen, bolaji), cin ƙwai har ma da kajin.

A lokacin bazara, masu katako suna lalata kwari, juzu'i a kwari masu rarrafe ba kawai cikin bishiyoyi ba, har ma a ƙasa.

A cikin hunturu, suna canzawa zuwa ƙwayar cones, kwayoyi, 'ya'yan itacen ɓaure. Hanyar cire wannan abincin shima yana da ban sha'awa. Woodpeckers sami ko gina musamman maƙera da kansu, wakiltar wani ɓoye a cikin akwati ko fused rassan. Sun saka mazugi a cikin ramin, bayan haka suka fara warware shi da baki. Kowane katako yana yin irin wannan zaluncin don kansa. Masanan ilimin kimiyyar jiki sun kirga su har guda 56 a wani rukunin yanar gizon, kuma a ƙarƙashin itacen "ɗakin cin abinci" wani lokacin ana tattara abubuwa kusan 7 dubu na Cones.

A cikin jerin manyan yan bishiyoyin motley akwai mai dauke da kaya, wanda suma basa musu rashi. Wannan nau'in ne wanda zai iya zama kusa da gidan mutum, inda yake yawan cin abinci a cikin wadatar ƙasa, cin abincin da yake ci.

Kiwo

Manyan manyan woodan tsire-tsire iri daban-daban yawanci suna da alamu ɗaya. Tsuntsaye suna yin jima'i a ƙarshen shekarar farko ta rayuwarsu. Wasannin kiwo suna yin kusan watanni biyu - daga tsakiyar Maris zuwa tsakiyar Mayu. Koyaya, maza sun fara fuskantar tashin hankali a watan Janairu. An bayyana wannan ta hanyar matsanancin kukansu da rawar dutsen. Domin lokacin zuriyar da suka girma, mace da namiji suna haɗuwa da mazauninsu na kowa. Bayan aiwatar da kiwon kajin ya ƙare, ma'auratan sukan tashi baya, amma a lokacin bazara zasu iya sake haɗuwa.

Bayyanar amarya an nuna shi ba kawai ta hanyar yin kururuwa ba, har ma ta hanyar wutsiya da wutsiya mara kyau a kusa da ita. Hakanan, maza za su iya nuna wa mace mace mai ɗorawa. Mafi yawan lokuta amarya da ango suna wasa da juna. A cikin wannan aikin, uwargida koyaushe tana nasara.

Cin amanai ya kare.

Za'a iya amfani da gidan da aka shirya dashi akai-akai, amma galibi tsuntsaye sukan gina sabon. A shafin yanar gizon da wani babban katako ya ke zaune, zaku iya samun dozin da aka fara, amma aka bar su. Wataƙila, ƙusoshin da aka kama a cikin akwati suna hana tsuntsaye kammala aikin. Inda za a gina gida, koyaushe zaɓaɓɓen mai ladabi. Wannan yawanci itace jigon itace, amma masu katako ma sun sami gidaje a cikin katako na katako. Itace bishiyar da ta dace yakamata ta zama mai taushi, amma ba ta lalace ba ba ta lalacewa. Yawancin masu rubutun itace kamar Aspen. Suna iya son Pine, Birch, larch, Linden. Mafi yawancin lokuta suna gina rami a tsayin kimanin mita 8, amma masanan ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere sun gano gidajensu a tsayin mita 26, kuma kawai santimita 30 ne. Girman dutsen yana da kusan 12 cm, zurfin gida kuma ya kai 35. Kyakkyawan zaɓi don katako shine gidan da mai kallo, wanda acikin sa naman gwari yake aiki.

Kayan kaji

Bayan da aka kammala halittar mazauniyar, mace za ta sanya fararen launuka masu haske mai nauyin 4 zuwa 8. Matsakaicin matsakaicin su shine 24x30 mm. Yin kiyayya yana wuce kwanaki 10-12 kawai. Duk wannan lokacin, namiji yakan taimaka wa 'matarsa' sosai, sau da yawa ya maye gurbin ta, kuma a cikin dare yakan kasance cikin kansa. Ana haihuwar kaji ne da makafi, babba-kai, kusan kowa ya bushe, ba shi da taimako. A kwanakin farko suna yin halayya sosai. Iyaye suna kawo musu abinci kowane minti 2-3. Tare da irin wannan ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki, yara suna girma da sauri. Washegari, idanunsu a buɗe, kuma bayan daysan kwanaki, fuka-fukan farko ta fara maye gurbin hasken da ke jikinsu.

Tuni a rana ta 10, kajin suna kan hanyarsu zuwa ƙofar (fita daga rami). Nan suka jira iyayen suka kawo abincin. A cikin rami, 'ya'yan babban katako mai katako mai kafafu suna kwana 20-23, bayan wannan suna gwada karfin su gudu kuma zasu fara koyan ciyar da kansu. A wannan gaba, an raba dangi. Partangare na yara suna bin mahaifin, ɗayan kuma yana bin uwar. Suna kwana kusa da gida na wani sati 2-3. Duk wannan lokacin, iyayensu suna ciyar da su. Bayan haka, kowane matashi ɗan itace zai fara kula da kansa.

Abokan gaba da parasites

Manyan katako da ke gani, suna haifar da barazana ga wasu ƙananan tsuntsaye, kansu suna fama da tsuntsayen da ke cin abincinsu. Goshaws, sparrows, farmaki, wasu lokutan ma harda peregrine falcons, idan tsuntsu a bude take. Har ma da wahala shine kajin wanda har yanzu basu san yadda ake tashi ba. Woodpecker gidaje suna rushewa sau da yawa ta hanyar squirrels, ermines, martens, da kuma ginger maraice (asalin halittar jemagu). Kwana ɗaya, wanda yake da ikon fitar da mai itace daga gidan da aka shirya, na iya zama mai ɗaukar hoto kamar rami.

Ba wai kawai manyan ba, har ma da kananan rayayyun halittu suna tsokanar katako. A cikin ramukarsu, masana kimiyyar kere-kere sun samo ƙoshin itace, ƙanƙara, ticks, fleas.

Siffofin motsa jiki na Babban Bishiyar Saki

Wadannan tsuntsayen masu ban mamaki yayin aiwatar da juyin halitta sun kirkiro sifofi na halaye waɗanda ke ba su damar mamaye wadatar al'adunsu. Don sauƙaƙe saman gangar jikin, suna da kaifi mai kaifi. An shirya yatsun ƙafafun su yadda yatsunsu huɗu ke nan, biyu ana fuskantar gaba, biyu kuma zuwa baya. Wannan yana bawa tsuntsaye damar motsawa cikin sauri da sauri cikin bishiyoyi. Ba za su taɓa kauda kai ba.

Hakanan an daidaita wutsiyar katako na katako don dacewa da ingantacciyar wuri a saman akwati. Yayin da tsuntsaye suka zauna a kansa, wutsiya ta zama abin tallafawarsu.

Woodpeckers suna da mamaki mai ban mamaki, yana basu damar kama sauti kadan na tsutsa ko ƙwaro irin ƙwaro a cikin akwati.

Babban kulawa kuma ya cancanci yaren da suke na ɗan adam. Dogayen katako masu kafafu suna da tsawon kusan 40 mm. A karshen, harshen yana nuna. Tsuntsu ya tsoma shi cikin rami ya huɗa tsutsa da ƙarfi, kamar hargo. Kari akan haka, harshe yana da glandon na musamman wanda ke lullube wani abu mai ƙarfi.

Amma babbar sha'awa ita ce damar da masu bada itace ke bi da itace a jikin bishiya ba tare da cutar da kai ba.Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta cewa damuwar da tsuntsuwar ke fuskanta lokacin da ta bugi gangar jikinta da gemunsa yakai kusan sau 250 fiye da wanda ke faruwa lokacin da aka harba roka. Wanda aka saran itace a hankali yana tsayayya da irin wannan nau'in, saboda begen ya rabu da kwanyar ta hanyar matashin kai ta musamman "matashin kai". Jikin ne mai laushi, wanda godiya yake ga wanda tsuntsun yake jin dadinsa, duk ranar da yake yin ramuka a cikin kututtura da kamun kifayen dajin daga can.