Ana ganin ƙananan ƙananan koguna daga tsawon kilomita 10 zuwa 200. Kasancewa farkon hanyoyin haɗin silsiyoyin ruwa, suna kasancewa, a matsayin mai mulkin, a cikin yanki ɗaya na yanki. A Rasha akwai kusan ƙananan koguna da miliyan 2.5, wanda a matsakaici kusan kashi 50% na matsatsar kogin da ke gudana a ƙasar. Wani muhimmin sashi na yawan jama'ar Tarayyar Rasha suna zaune ne a gabar koguna da matsakaitan ruwa.
Halin muhalli na ƙananan koguna a Rasha
Sakamakon sauke nauyin anthropogenic da ke ƙaruwa, yanayin ƙananan koguna, ba wai a cikin Rasha kaɗai ba, har a ko'ina cikin duniya, ana ɗaukarta azaman masifa. Ruwarsu yana ragu sosai, koguna suna zama mara zurfi kuma suna zama mara amfani. Sakamakon kuskuren mutum, ana lura da karkatar da kofofin kogin, kuma a lokacin dumama ruwan “fure”. Saboda gurbacewar wuraren ruwan, ana lura da asarar yawancin dabbobin dabbobi kogin.
Fitar da ruwan sha na masana'antu da na birni
Sakamakon karancin wuraren kula da ruwa, masu samar da masana'antu da kuma shara ta birni sun shiga kogunan. Bayan haka ƙwayoyin sunadarai sun lalata, guban kogin yanayin ƙasa tare da mai guba da abubuwa na carcinogenic. Wannan yana haifar da mummunar lalacewa a cikin ingancin ruwan kogi, lalatawar ƙasa. A zahiri, yawancin ƙananan koguna suna juya zuwa gutters.
Kifin kasuwanci ya mutu, sauran nau'in kifayen sun zama abincin da bai dace ba.
Jiyya
Don tabbatar da cewa ruwan yana da tsafta lokacinda ya shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha na birni da ƙauyuka, ya kan wuce matakai da yawa na tsarkakewa da yin tsaftacewa. Amma a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban, bayan magani, ruwa koyaushe ba ya cika ka'idodin tsabta. Akwai ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda, bayan shan ruwan famfo, za a iya sa ku guba. Kari akan haka, magudanan ruwa na cikin gida da na masana'antu ba koyaushe ake bi da su ba yayin da aka jefa cikin jikin ruwa.
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Abubuwan gurɓatar iska daga magunan ƙasa da kuma magunan ƙasa
Tare tare da narkewa da ruwa mai haɗari, sharar gida mai haɗari daga abubuwan zubar da ruwa da tarkacewar ƙasa yawanci suna shiga cikin kogin. A sakamakon haka, ana lura da haɓakar haɗuwa da abubuwa na kwayoyin, abubuwan gina jiki da kuma abubuwan hana ƙwacewar ɗan adam a cikin ruwa.
A cikin yankuna da yawa na Rasha, saboda kusancin abinci mai narkewa a cikin koguna, matakan Mercury, gubar, jan ƙarfe, karafa mai nauyi, phenol da sauran ƙwayoyin guba sun wuce.
Babbar barazanar musamman ita ce gurbata koguna a wuraren da kan iyakokin ruwa waɗanda sune tushen ruwan sha.
Wutar lantarki da koguna
Wata matsalar kogunan na da nasaba da bangaren wutar lantarki na tattalin arzikin, wanda a lokacin da ake amfani da kananan koguna, aikin na samar da wutar lantarki ga jama'a. Kimanin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki kimanin 150 suna aiki a kasar. A sakamakon wannan, tasirin hanyar kogin ruwa ya gurbata ruwa, aikin jikin ruwa ya cika da yawa, sakamakon yanayin rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli baki daya ke tabarbarewa. Hakanan a kowace shekara daruruwan kananan koguna suna bacewa daga fuskar Duniya, wanda ke haifar da lahani ga muhalli, asarar flora da fauna.
Rashin ruwan sha mai tsafta ga gida da sauran buƙatu
Albarkatun kananan koguna ana amfani da su sosai ga aikin gona: don ban ruwa na filayen, samar da ruwa na mahalli da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. Rashin ruwan kogin sarrafa shi ba tare da kulawa ba yana haifar da karancin albarkatun ruwa, canjin hanyar kogin. Canza ruwa daga kananan koguna zuwa wasu tsarin ruwa ya haifar da rufewar kananan kananan koguna. Matsayin ruwan karkashin kasa a yankin da ke kewaye, a akasin wannan, na iya tashi, kuma rafin kogin ya zama fadama. Hadarin ambaliyar kasa mai araha da matsuguni a lokacin ambaliyar ko a lokacin ambaliyar bazara zai iya zama mai yiwuwa.
Ci gaban birni
Dangane da haɓaka birane da saurin bunkasuwar masana'antu, mutane suna buƙatar sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi da ruwa. A saboda wannan, ana ƙirƙirar tsarin samar da ruwa na tsakiya da manyan sikelin hydraulic. Riversanan ƙananan koguna, saboda haɗarin su na halitta, da farko suna amsa ayyukan mutane. Yankunan ambaliyar ruwa suna fuskantar matsalar kwararowar hamada, haka kuma canjin fulawa da fauna zuwa cikin jeji da hamada.
Ruwa
Shigarwa kowane tsararren tsarin hydraulic - wuraren ajiyar ruwa, wuraren samar da ruwa, madatsun ruwa, madatsun ruwa, rijiyoyi da bututun mai - suna haifar da haɗari ga muhalli.
Abubuwan halittar kogi da wuraren ambaliyar ruwa suna zama cikin haɗari musamman. Akwai lalacewar yanayin halitta, rayayyun tsirrai da dabbobi.
Ayyukan iska, amo, rawar jiki, gurbata jikin ruwa - duk wannan yana haifar da lalacewar lalacewar ichthyofauna da ruwa mai ruwa.
Gabatarwa:
Cibiyar ilimi ta birni
"Makarantar sakandare A'a. 9 tare da azuzuwan Cossack mai suna bayan ataman A. V. Repnikov"
Tsarin muhalli kan batun:
"Matsalar muhalli na kogin Rashevatka"
Aalibin ɗan aji na 11 ya yi wannan aikin:
Malami game da labarin kasa Peshikova Svetlana Aleksandrovna
Fasali na 1 Halayen kogin
- Matsayin jujin wurin kogin ……………………………………… 6
- Flora da fauna na kogin Rashevatka ……………………………………………. 7
- 2. 1. Dabbobin ruwan kogin, suna ƙarƙashin kariya ……………. . 8
Fasali na 2 Matsalar muhalli na kogin Rashevatka
- Matsalolin muhalli na kogin Rashevatka ………………… .. 9
- Hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli na kogin ……………… .. 10
- Aikin da aka gudanar tare da jama'a Rashevatskaya kan inganta yanayin yanayin yanayin kogin Rashevatka …………… goma sha tara
2.4. Shawarwarin inganta yanayin lafiyar yanayin kogin Rashevatka
Littattafai da aka Yi Amfani da su .......... 24
"Idan kowane mutum a kan yanki
yayi duk abinda zai iya kamar nasa
kyakkyawa, duniyarmu zata kasance. ”
Rijiyoyin ruwa ba kawai asalin ruwan sha ba ne, har ma rayayyiyar hanyar da ta haɗa mu da abubuwan da suka gabata, yanzu da kuma nan gaba.
Kusan shekaru 250 da suka gabata M.I. Lomonosov ya ba da shawarar shigar da yara a cikin nazarin ilimin ilimin ƙasa na ƙasarmu.
Ruwa ma wani nau'in ma'adinai ne, kuma masana ilmin dabbobi na iya samar da taimako mai mahimmanci ga tattalin arziƙin ƙasa ta hanyar yin nazarin koguna, rafuffuka, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa.
Fiye da ambaliyar ruwa ke ta gudana fiye da shekara dubu biyu. Kuma idan a baya mutane ba su lura da wannan matsalar ba, yau ta kai matsayin duniya.
A cewar masana, yawancin cututtukan da ke cikin mutanen da ke rayuwa a yankuna masu rabe da muhalli suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin ingancin ruwa, yanayin ruwa mara tsafta.
A cikin yankuna masu fama da lafuzza masu matsala, a wuraren gurɓataccen ruwa, an lura da babban matakin cutar kansar da sauran cututtuka masu haɗari. Hadarin gurbacewar albarkatun ruwa ya ta'allaka ne akan cewa a wasu halaye yakan kasance a waje baya ganuwa, tunda yawancin abubuwa masu guba suna narkewa cikin ruwa ba tare da saura ba.
Dangane da wannan, mun zabi taken aikin "Matsalolin muhalli na Kogin Rashevatka"
Amfanin da ake magana a kai: Muna rayuwa ne a wani yanki na yanayin rayuwa mai rashin isasshen danshi. Halin manyan koguna ya dogara da ƙananan koguna, rafuffuka, maremari. Idan kogunan ruwan sun mutu, to dukkanmu za mu rasa babbar ƙasa mai samar da hatsi, za mu rasa hanyar samun ruwa da albarkatun kifaye.
Kogin mu mu'ujiza ce ta dabi'a, wacce ke kula da tasirin mutane.
Kowace shekara ruwanta yana ƙaruwa
gurbata ta hanyar masana'antu, gida da aikin gona. Wannan ya sanya ruwa cikin tsaftar muhalli. Idan ba mu dauki matakan da suka dace ba, kogin mu zai zama wanda bai dace ba har ma da ban ruwa da amfani don dalilai na fasaha.
Manufar aikin: nazarin matsalolin Kogin Rashevatka da tantance matsayin muhalli.
Makasudin Bincike:
1. Don ƙirƙirar bayanin hydrogeographic na Kogin Rashevatka.
2. Yin nazarin flora da faren halittun da suke rayuwa a cikin kogin da kuma bankunan.
4. Don gano manyan hanyoyin gurbata kogin, don yin nazarin cutar lahani da kuma samar da wasu shawarwari don inganta yanayin lafiyar kogin.
Tsammani: muna ɗauka cewa matsayin gurɓatar kogin ne matsakaici, babba
tushen gurbata yanayi.
Makasudin yin nazari: kogin Rashevatka, kwamandan dama na kogin Kalala.
Maganar bincike: bankuna da ruwa na kogin Rashevatka
Darajar amfani: kayan bincike na iya yin hidima
Dalili don ƙarin sa ido kan yanayin yanayin yanayin kogin Rashevatka.
Hanyar Bincike:
1. nazarin hanyoyin samun bayanai,
2. lura
4. bayanin da daukar hoto,
5. bincike game da zamantakewa,
6. bincike.
Kayan aiki: Litattafai, alkalami, kamara, mai ganowa.
An gudanar da aikin ne a cikin bazara na shekarar 2018 a Art. Rashevatskaya.
Mataki na farko shine ƙudurin matsalar bincike da kuma gano mahimmancinta. An saita maƙasudi, ayyukan da aka tsara.
Mataki na biyu shine tattara bayanai da tattara bayanai, tambayoyi, bincike da ra'ayin jama'a na mazauna karkara.
Babban bincike game da halaye masu kyau da marasa kyau na ayyukan tattalin arziƙin jama'a dangane da kogin.
Matsalar ilimin halittu da ke cikin Kogin Rashevatka an gano, an gabatar da matakan ne don maganin su.
Bukatar aikin ilimi don haɓaka al'adun muhalli a yankin tsakanin alƙaluma da karuwar bukatun muhalli.
Mataki na uku shine nazarin sakamakon da aka samu, samarda abubuwa da kuma gabatar da sakamakon binciken.
Fasali na 1 Halayen kogin
- . Matsayi na yanayin kogin
Louse - kogin Rasha tare da gudummawar shekara.
Yankin Basin na Azov
Tsarin ruwa: Rashevatka kogin - Kogin Kalala - Babban Yegorlyk - Yammacin Yamma - Don - Tekun Azov
Ya samo asali daga tsaunin arewa maso yamma na stavropol Upland. Tushen kogin a wasu hanyoyin yana cikin tashar. Karmalinovsky Novoaleksandrovsky gundumar, a cewar wasu a ƙauyen. Advanced Izobilnensky na lardin Stavropol.
Bakin kogin yana bakin kwarin dama na Kogin Kalala, ba kusa da kauyen Uspenskaya (Krasnodar Territory)
Tsawon kogin ya kai kilomita 74, yankin kama shi shine 962 km²
Mazauna daga tushe zuwa baki
Sunan kogin ya fito ne daga sunan Turkic "arsha-su" ko "archa-su", wanda mazaunan suka canza zuwa "Litter". Tsofaffi a yau ba su kira shi da komai ba sai “Arshavatka” ko “Arshavatka”
Banki na hagu yayi steeper, kuma na dama shine mai ladabi. Bishiyoyi suna bin ruwan Kogin Rashevatka a gefen hagu: Kazachya, Platonova (Platonikha), Chekalin (Stinker), Kochetova, Vodyanaya, Sidelnikova, Popova, Voronina, Lovlinskaya, a hannun dama - Miskova, Glubokaya, Kovaleva, Verbova, Shcherbakova da kaza.
Girman kogin a madatsun ruwa ya kai fiye da 100 m.
Kogin yana gudana tare da Azov-Kuban Lowland
Ruwan kogin: dusar ƙanƙara da ruwan sama. Ruwa da ruwan karkashin kasa suna taka rawa sosai.
Ba a cinye kogin kogin kuma ba a cinye shi sakamakon ɗacinsa, da taurin sa.
- Flora da fauna na kogin Rashevatka
Yanayin kogin yana daɗaɗɗa, lebur-mai lalacewa, tare da hatsin-sunflower-gwoza-fodder agrocenosis akan gonar chernozems. Fiye da kashi 85% na ƙasar yana hannun filayen noma.
Rashin damuwa kawai (gangara na koguna, ciyayin), yankin da bai wuce kashi 1% ba, yanayin isar da sakonnin halitta ba su cutar da shi ba.
Ana tsara yanayin ƙauyuka yayin aiwatarwa da aiki da ƙauyukan birane da ƙauyuka.
Yankunan shakatawa suna wanzu a kusan dukkanin ƙauyuka, yawancinsu suna ba da sabis na kamun kifi.
Kowane kogi yana da nasa dabba da shuka duniya. Wannan ingantaccen tsarin halittu ne, wanda yake da 'yanci daga bayyanuwa ta waje. Kwayoyin da suke rayuwa a nan suna da karbuwa zuwa rayuwa cikin yanayin motsa ruwa. Ba kamar sauran tsarin halittu ba, ana rarrabe kogin ta hanyar cewa a ciki tushen samar da makamashi shine kwayoyin halitta wanda yake zuwa daga yanayin kasa da sauran albarkatun ruwa na ruwa (tafkunan).
Reeds, kuga, chakan, sedge suna haɓaka gefen tekun a cikin ruwa mara zurfi. A ƙarshen bazara da farkon lokacin bazara, busasshen kogin yana rufe da ciyayi (tabo), wanda ke ba da wari maras kyau.
A cikin kogin akwai: kifin, carp na madubi, kifin carci (ja da fari), roach, gudgeon, bluefish, perch, pike perch, ciyawa irin kifin, fasa. Yawancin yan amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe, leeches, mollusks. Kwanan nan, dangane da haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa, ana kuma samun pike perch a cikin kogin.
Daga tsuntsayen kujerun coots, chomga, farin heron, dives, mallards, waders, reeds. A lokacin jiragen, zaka iya samun geese na daji da swans.
Ana samun muskrat a cikin kogin.
- 2. 1. Dabbobin rafin kogin a ƙarƙashin kariya
Iyakar nau'in cran a cikin fauna dinmu wanda ke cikin rukunin muhalli na waterfowl.
Yawan coccun na ci gaba da faduwa sakamakon lalacewar jikkunan ruwa, karuwa a cikin lamarin tashin hankali, da kuma ƙaruwa da adadin kuwwuyu. Ana taka rawar musamman musamman ta hanyar kamun kifi da kamun kifi na muskrats, wanda, ban da damuwa, ke haifar da mutuwar couto a raga da tarkuna.
Endemic na gundumar Novoaleksandrovsky.
Babu shakka, a cikin shekarun amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, yawan Radar hamster yana raguwa kuma yana murmurewa sannu a hankali saboda - idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙwanƙolin - saurin kiwo mai sauƙi.
Ciyawar dabbobi, da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, matsanancin fari na rage yawan jama'a.
Tasirin Anthropogenic yana haifar da raguwa ga mazaunin mazauni.
Ba a gano dalilai mara kyau da ke shafar yawan jama'a ba.
Fasali na 2 Matsalar muhalli na kogin Rashevatka
2.1. Matsalolin muhalli na kogin Rashevatka
Matsalar lalata koguna
Siltattun jikin ruwa shine, a matsayin mai mulkin, sakamakon gurɓataccen kwayoyin da ke haifar da ayyukan ɗan adam. Siltation shine ajiya na dakatarwa da shigarda hankali a cikin tafki daga waje.
Sanadin lalacewar kogunan na cikin zubar da shara ko kuma ba a kula da su ta cikin gida, fitar da takin zamani daga filaye da sharar gidaje daga gonakin dabbobi, da kuma lalata bankunan.
Tun da yake yawan kwarara a cikin ƙananan koguna yawanci low, yashi, silt, tsakuwa, datti Organic da mahaukacin sunadarai mai guba suna tarawa a cikin ƙasa. Rashin zurfin ƙasa shine waɗanda ke maida hankali a cikin gurɓatattun abubuwa, kuma a cikin ruwa na ruwa za su iya ƙanƙanta sosai.
Juyawar kananan kogunan na haifar da mummunan sakamako - canji a cikin yanayin halittu baki daya, mutuwa da maye gurbi a cikin kogin. Tsarin mai guba a cikin gindin ƙasa yana tsoma baki tare da tsarkake kankaren mahallin ruwa kuma sune tushen tushen gurɓataccen matattara na cikin tafki.
(Ba a tantance ba tukuna)
Hydrogeological da yanayin hydrodynamic
Yiwuwar tsabtace kogin muhimmanci da dogaro da yanayin yadda ake aiwatar da shi. Irin wannan tsarkakewa ya hada da dukkanin biocenosis, wanda ya kunshi kwayoyin cuta, tsirrai, protozoa, kananan da manyan kwayoyin halitta.
Ya danganta da nau'in kogin, muhimmin abu game da wannan tsari na iya zama ciyayi cikin ruwa, kwayoyin cuta da sauran halittu da suke rayuwa ruwan da ke gudana a tsakanin yashi mai yalwar ruwa, da suke matsayin manyan matattara, ko kuma yawan matattarar iska. Hakanan, kayan kwalliyar kwalliyar kogin tayi nasarar cire abubuwa masu guba (alal misali, karafa masu nauyi) da kuma ƙoshin abinci na ruwa.Babban mahimmin tsari na tsabtace kai shine ingantaccen hadawa da haɓaka ruwa tare da iskar oxygen, da kuma gurɓatar da gurɓatattun abubuwa, kuma duk wannan yana samar da isasshen tsari, cike da ruwa mai gudana.
Abin takaici, a halin yanzu, ayyukan tattalin arziƙin mutane sun ƙaddamar da hanyoyin mutuwar kogin.
- Juyawa
- Ruwa na ruwa na gangara
- Tashoshin tashar ruwa tare da ciyayi mai ruwa-ruwa da kuma rairayin bakin teku-ruwa
- Gurbataccen gurbi na birni
- Amfani da sunadarai na noma da magungunan kashe qwari
- Amfani da sinadarai da kayayyakin tsabtatawa
- Sharar gida da datti
- Tsarin kemikal
- 2. Hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli na kogin
A halin yanzu, kogin Rashevatka ya zama ƙarami, ya kwarara yana raguwa saboda aikin gina madatsun ruwa, magudanan ruwa da tsallakewar tubular. Sai kawai a asalin kogin a cikin st. Karmalinovskaya akwai tafkuna 17.
Fitar da wuraren da ake kama ruwa ya haifar da karɓar kwararar ƙasa, wadda take wadatacciyar ƙasa mai kyau kuma tana haifar da lalata koguna.
Matsalar da ambaliyar ruwan ta haifar sun hada da masu zuwa:
- Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ƙasar noma.
- Rage ruwa
- Increasearuwar haɓakar ruwa, musamman lokacin da aka mamaye da sauran edan itace, wanda ke ƙara asarar ruwa ta hanyar 3,
- Tsabtace ruwan kogin ta hanyar abubuwan da ke cikin kwari da magungunan kashe qwari lokacin da ake hakowa daga wuraren da ake amfani da takin ma'adinai,
- Rage adadin oxygen da mutuwar kifi.
- Tara tarin raguna na ciyayi, algae da plankton, ganyayen ganyayyaki.
Hanyoyin magance silsilar sun hada da:
- Thearfafa tekun. Shuka nau'ikan huhun ciki wanda ke jinkirin saukar ruwan sama da rage lalacewar iska, saiwoyin bishiyun suna karfafa kasar kuma suna rike da kwararar ruwa.
- Yin la'akari da tsari na tashar a cikin ƙira
- Taimaka tsarin tsarin kogin tare da share tashoshi. Fasaha ta zamani tana tsaftace tashar kuma tana tattara tarin abubuwa daga tushe. Silt abu ne mai ban mamaki na Organic mai wadataccen mai da ke cikin potassium, nitrogen da phosphorus.
Ruwa na ruwa na gangara
Ambaliyar yankuna na gabar teku suna da dalilai na anthropogenic kawai. Kirkirar wuraren tafkunan ruwa ya kara hadarin ambaliyar yankunan bakin ruwa a yayin da ake kokarin samun magudanan ruwa. Bayyanar kogin yana bayyana zuwa ƙasa kaɗan a nan fiye da iska mai narkewa, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙananan rafin kogin da tsananin ambaliyar su.
Babban yanki na ambaliyar ruwa ya zama ruwan dare a yankin katako.
Ba a lura da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin rafin kogin Rashevatka ba.
Har zuwa karni na 19, a wurare da yawa na kogin Rashevatka st. Rashevatsky ya shirya madatsun ruwa, tare da taimakon wanda suka daukaka matakin ruwa a cikin kogin. Sun sanya injinan ruwa. A ƙarshen XIX-farkon ƙarni na XX. tara daga cikinsu. To, lokacin da injin tururi ya bayyana, sannan injunan kone-kone na ciki, buƙatar matatun ruwa kusan ta ɓace. A cikin shekarun prewar da postwar, madatsun ruwa ya zauna a kan kogin: Derevyashkina, Korvyakova, Sidelnikova, wanda kawai za ku iya tafiya. Damre Derevyashkin yana gefen yamma na titin Zhevtobryukhov na yanzu, ya haye kogin kuma ya tsallake hanyar. Zarechny. Wannan madatsar ruwa da kandami da aka kafa ta ne suka zama babban wurin yin iyo lokacin rani, wasannin hunturu, yaƙe-yaƙe a kan kankara. A cikin hunturu, yawanci kankara yawanci a wannan wuri kuma an kai shi cikin zurfin kantuna inda ake adana kayayyaki masu lalacewa. A cikin lokutan prewar da postwar, an kawo kankara a masana'antar kiwo da cuku, wanda. sun kasance a kan babban yankin Athanasius Trubitsyn. Irin waɗannan cellar sunyi aiki a matsayin firiji. Ba a zaɓa wurin da za a yi ginin Derevyashkin Dam ba kwatsam. Streamasa zuwa ƙasa, nisan mil 300, ƙwannin Chekalin (Stinky) ya kwarara zuwa Rashevatka. Ta ba ruwan nan wari mara dadi. Ba za a iya amfani da wannan kankara don sanyaya abinci a cikin ɗakunan abinci ba.
Wurin da Damre na Derevyashkina ya kasance fadi. Ambaliyar ruwan sama da raƙuman ruwa a cikin yanayin iska sun lalata ta. Dam din ya buƙaci manyan kuɗaɗe masu tsada kowace shekara don gyara, wanda babu shi. A ƙarshen 40s na XX karni. kusan ta shiga damuwa. Daga nan sai hukumomin yankin suka yanke shawarar gina sabon madatsar ruwa, wacce ake zaton ta wuce ta hanyar katako na Vonyuchka kuma ta hada bankunan kusa da kasuwar (tashar motar bas ta yanzu) da kuma hanyar Zarechny. Madatsar ruwan ta samar da haɓakar matakin kogin da tsawan mita 3-6, wanda yakamata ya rage wuraren kiwo, kuma, a sakamakon haka, gidan sauro.
An gina dam din ne a shekarar 1949. Tare da aikinta, an gano kurakuran ginin nan da nan. A ƙarƙashin dam ɗin sanya bututun ƙarfe kusa da hanyar. Zarechny, wadanda aka silted kuma basu iya wuce ruwan da aka tara ba, musamman a lokacin narkewar dusar ƙanƙara da lokacin bazara. A wannan lokacin ne matakin ruwa ya tashi sosai kuma ruwa mai yawa ya kama hanya, wanda a yanzu ya wuce tashar motar safa kusa da shagunan kusa da rafin da yake samarwa kuma ya sake komawa kogin. Lash Kogin yana cike da ruwa da sauri, ba zai yiwu ku bi ta ciki ko hau kan dawakai ba. An rarraba ƙauyen a wannan lokacin zuwa kashi biyu. Yaran da ke makarantar banki na dama waɗanda ba sa iya zuwa makarantar sakandare musamman abin ya shafa. Zai yiwu a haye wannan rafin mai ƙarfi kawai a kan tractors S-80 ko TsT-54. A wannan lokacin, ana gudanar da aikin hako mai mai zurfi domin iskar gas a cikin kasashen kauyen, da kuma “masu bakin ciki”, saboda haka ake kiransu, kuma direbobin motar kwastan MTS suna jigilar yaran makaranta da safe da maraice. Kananan hukumomi, doki da sauran motocin da aka yi amfani da su a wancan lokacin gadar, wacce take a masana'antar bulo ta gabas a yanzu, da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Sidelnikov a arewa maso yamma. Wannan rafin na ruwa ya katse ta gidaje da dama da ke gaban shagunan yau, gami da gidan tsohon kwamandan ƙauyen S. Zotov. Daga baya an rushe su kuma a wurin su an dasa bishiyoyi a gindin bakin tekun. Ruwan sama mai hauhawar ruwa ya mamaye gadar Chekalin da kuma lambunan Stinky katako. Mutanen da suka rayu a gefen wannan katako, ruwa ya yanke daga cibiyar. Da alama yana kusa da kusa, mituna 70 - 80, amma yana yiwuwa a kai shi a cikin hunturu kan kankara, a lokacin rani ta jirgin ruwa. An yi nasarar amfani da hanyar jirgin ruwan cikin nasara ta hanyar Kumichev, Podovilnikovs, Zaichenko, Meshcheryakovs, Gorlovs da sauransu Yawancin mazaunan Shevchenko, Zhevtobryukhov, Kooperativnaya tituna dole ne su zagaye gadar Momotov don yin muhimmin zagaye. Wannan ya ci gaba shekaru da yawa, kuma har zuwa 1958 ne aka haɗa waɗannan gaɓoɓo biyu ta hanyar gada na katako, wanda ya zama ba za a iya amfani da shi ba a ƙarshen 90s. A shekara ta 2000, an canza wannan canjin ta hanyar karfe. Daga aikin ambaliyar ruwa gadar "baitul mali" ta kuma sha wahala, wanda sau ɗaya ne girman kan shugabannin ƙauyukan. An kusan kusan kowace shekara ana gyara ta, amma ba ta ba da sakamakon da za a iya samu ba. Kuma kawai lokacin da shimfida hanyar kwalta, an maye gurbin wannan gada gaba daya. An saka bututu mai siphon mai nunin 300 mm a tsakiyar dam, wanda za'a yi magudanar ruwa. Amma wannan bai isa ba. Saboda haka, an girka gada da kwandon shara a gefen hagun dam din, wanda hakan ya wuce magudanar ruwa. A ƙasa, an sanya wata gada ta ƙarfe, ta hanyarta ta mazaunin daga titi. R. Luxembourg a kan titi Adireshin Canjin yana ci gaba tare da Dam dam na Korvyakova, kuma gadar Voronin bayan sake ginawa ta zama dam tare da magudanar ruwa. A shekara ta 1977, aka gina wani madatsun ruwa wanda ya hada hanyar Novoaleksandrovsk-Rashevatskaya tare da ul. I.Zhevtobryukhova kuma yana ratsa ƙauyen zuwa ƙauyen Rainbow.
Hanyar magance yaduwar ruwa na gangarawar sun hada da:
- Kayan aikin kula da kogin (madatsun ruwa, madatsun ruwa-ruwa, jijiyoyi, magudanar ruwa, rigunan kare gabar ruwa, da sauransu
- Thearfafa tekun.
- Crossetare shinge na gona mai amfani tare da kogin.
Tashoshin tashar ruwa tare da ciyayi mai ruwa-ruwa da rairayin bakin teku-ruwa
A cikin lokacin ciyayi, ciyayi na ruwa mai ruwa ke haifar da aikin tantancewar halittu, yana daukar abubuwan gina jiki da sauran abubuwanda aka watsar dasu daga ruwa da gindin zama. Lokacin da mutuwa, ciyawar ciyawar ruwa ta zama tushen gurɓataccen ruwan tafkin.
Ruwan magudanar ruwa ya tsiro daga kan ruwan har zuwa bakin. Tana haɓaka yawancin kwarin kogin da katako, ana lura dashi sakamakon toshe farfajiyar hanyoyin da ke tattare da fasalin injiniya daban-daban (hanyoyi, dam.) Ana lura da babban ɗamarar a cikin zurfin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa da 0.5 m. 1.5-1.8 mm zuwa mm 10 a kowace shekara.
Matsalolin da ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar ta hanyar ciyawar ciyawar ruwa da kuma ruwa-ruwa na ruwa sun haɗa da masu zuwa:
- Bazuwar ciyayi ciyayi yana tare da babban amfani da narke oxygen.
- Canje-canje a cikin tsarin gudanawar tashar.
- Inara zafi
- Ctionwayar da kwari-jini masu tsotsa, masu ɗaukar cututtuka.
Don haka, a baya cikin Art. Yawancin sauro ana samun su ne a cikin ciyawar ciyayi, coge, da kuma chakons a cikin dajin Rushes, galibi suna ba da zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda mazauna garin da dama suka mutu. A shekara ta 1934, sama da mutane ɗari suka mutu daga zazzaɓi. Relapses ya faru a cikin prewar da postwar shekaru. Dangane da wannan, kwamitin zartarwa na majalisar kauyen ya nemi hukumomin yankin su aika da jirage zuwa ƙauyen tare da taimakon wanda zai yuwu a yada abubuwa masu guba a kan sauro. Kuma a cikin shekarun bayan hakan, jiragen sama sun tashi sau biyu ko uku a lokacin bazara, suna saukar da turɓaya a kan shinge. Wannan hanyar shigar sauro sauro ta cutar da ruwa, har ma da gida, kifi, kifayen dabbobi, wanda ya mutu sakamakon aikin wannan guba.
Hanyoyin gwagwarmaya sun hada da:
- Irƙirarin yanayi don inganta tsabtace lafiyar muhalli, mahalli da ilimin halin tsirrai.
- Tsarkakewar kwayoyin halitta dangane da amfani da ikon dabi'ar halittar kananan halittu don lalata kwayoyin, daga baya suka canza kaya da kuma abubuwanda aka lalata halittarsu da sinadarin kwayar halitta ta nitrogen da phosphorus a cikin tsarin kwayoyin. Da'irar sarrafa kwayoyin halitta na kasan sludge shine ke samar da ruwa da carbon dioxide azaman samfuran karshe, ba tare da yin sulhu da ingancin ruwa ba. taro haifuwa na shuɗi-kore mai launin kore, tina, duckweed an shafe ta yadda yakamata ta hanyar dawo da ma'aunin ƙirar halitta a cikin tafkin
- Sake dawo da karfin magudanar tashar
- Annual mowing na ruwa na ruwa rairayin bakin teku
Gurbataccen gurbi na birni
Babban abin da ke haifar da gurbata ruwan kogi shine ci gaban aiki da haɓaka rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a bankunan sassan ruwa.
Rashin wuraren shan magani da kuma ruwan guguwa, zubar da shara ba izini a cikin kogin a mazauna, rarar ma'adinan dabbobi da kwararar garkunan dabbobi na haifar da karuwar kwararar gurbataccen iska da yawan cututtukan da ke cikin kogin.
Matsalar da gurbatacciyar iska ta haifar da gurbataccen ruwan gida sun hada da masu zuwa:
- Canja a cikin yanayin sunadarai na ruwa
- Rage yawan oxygen.
- Yawan algae da ke yawan kamun kifi da sauran dabbobi yana ƙaruwa. Yawancin jinsunan na iya mutuwa daga wannan.
- Sanadin kamuwa da cuta da cututtuka na mutane.
- Kwayar halitta ta fada cikin ruwa, a wani babban taro, take kaiwa zuwa ga samuwar methane, hydrogen sulfide. Ruwa yana ɗaukar ƙanshin wuta.
Hanyoyin gwagwarmaya sun hada da:
- Tsabtace kogin a matakin jiha.
- Gina wuraren ba da magani.
- Kula da ka'idodin tsabtace ruwa a cikin kogin.
Amfani da sunadarai na noma da magungunan kashe qwari
Kogin Rashevatka yana gudana a cikin gonakin da ake noma chernozem, wanda akan yi amfani da takin mai yawa, akasarinsu nitrogen da
phosphoric, magungunan kashe kwari da ciyawa da ke narke ruwa da ruwan sama sun fada cikin kogin.
Increasearuwar taro mai guba cikin ruwa yana haifar da:
- tashin hankali na nazarin halittu a cikin kogi.
- Yawan microgart na algae da duckweed suna ƙaruwa sosai.
- Mutuwar dabbobi a rafi.
- Oncological cututtuka na mutane saboda abinci sarkar. Ba a kawar da magungunan kashe ƙwari ba, amma a hankali yana tara cikin jiki.
Hanyoyin gwagwarmaya sun hada da:
- Ikon ingancin taki.
- Canza magungunan kashe qwari tare da masu aminci.
- Binciko hanyoyin hanyoyin nazarin halittu (alal misali, girma cikin ruwa wanda yake saurin aiwatar da magungunan kashe qwari zuwa cikin hadaddun lafiya)
Amfani da sinadarai da kayayyakin tsabtatawa
Kamar yadda gurɓatattun abubuwa na jikin ruwa, wakilai masu aiki da ruwa, gami da sabulun roba, waɗanda ake amfani da su sosai a rayuwar yau da kullun, suna ƙara zama mahimmanci.
Bayan kankara ta narke a Kogin Rashevatka, ana iya ganin tarin kumfa a bakin tekun. Wannan yana nuna cewa, tare da ruwan mai, mai yawa na sabulun roba suna shiga cikin kogin, wanda, sabanin sabulu na gidan da aka yi amfani da shi, ba su lalata cikin ruwa.
Gurbataccen kogin yana bayar da gudummawa ga:
- Tarawa cikin dabbobi masu ruwa da kuma shiga jikin mutum.
- M samuwar blue-kore algae.
- P haifar da guba na abubuwa masu rai.
- Suna haifar da cutar kansa, cututtuka na tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, suna ba da gudummawa ga abin da ya faru na atherosclerosis, anemia, hauhawar jini, halayen rashin lafiyar jiki.
- Suna lalata sunadarai, suna cutar da fatar jiki da gashi.
Hanyoyin gwagwarmaya sun hada da:
- Tsabtace kogin a matakin jiha.
- Gina wuraren ba da magani.
- Kula da ka'idodin tsabtace ruwa a cikin kogin.
Sharar gida da datti
A cikin jerin karafa masu nauyi, wasu suna da matukar mahimmanci don tallafar rayuwar mutum da sauran halittu masu rai kuma suna cikin abubuwan da ake kira abubuwan samar da kwayoyin. Wasu suna haifar da kishiyar sakamako kuma, shiga cikin kwayoyin halitta, yana haifar da gubarsa ko mutuwa. Waɗannan baƙin ƙarfe suna cikin rukuni na ƙwayoyin maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta, wato, baƙon rayuwa. Daga cikin karafa mai guba, an gano rukuni mai mahimmanci: cadmium, jan ƙarfe, arsenic, nickel, mercury, gubar, zinc da chromium a matsayin masu haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da dabba. Daga cikin waɗannan, Mercury, gubar da cadmium sune masu guba.
Daga cikin gurɓatattun abubuwa, gwargwadon ƙididdigar ma'adanai na “ƙididdigar damuwa”, ƙarfe masu nauyi suna ɗaukar matsayi na biyu, na biyu kawai ga magungunan kashe ƙwari.
Za'a iya bambance abubuwa masu zuwa daga hanyoyin shiga kogin:
- gurbatawar kai tsaye da kwararar filaye.
- sufurin yanayi
- Ayyukan aikin gona
. Mai guba mai ƙarfi:
- halittun planktonic (musamman masu daukar hoto) suna tattarawa da karafa, wadanda, saboda rashin jituwarsu, suke a kyallen takarda masu rayuwa mara iyaka, suna bayar da gudummawa ga mutuwar plankton, kuma suna zauna tare da matattun plankton a cikin kasa.
- Ya tattara kwayoyin halitta kuma ya mai da hankali cikin sarƙoƙin abinci
- M ga lafiyar ɗan adam
Filastik yana haifar da mummunar lalacewar yanayin, daga samarwa zuwa zubar dashi. Kimanin nau'ikan dabbobi kusan 800 a yau suna fuskantar barazanar lalata saboda abinci da guba na filastik. Sakamakon tashin hankali, filastik ya rushe zuwa kananan abubuwa kuma ya gurbata yanayin rayuwa na kwayoyin. Sakamakon haka, gutsutsuren sharar filastik ya shiga abincin dukkanin halittun da suke rayuwa a duniyar. Sakamakon haka, ya zama cewa wannan ɓarnar da muke zubar da ita tana dawowa garemu a kan teburin cin abinci tare da abinci ko ruwa.
Za'a iya samun ƙurar filastik a kowane yanki na gabar teku a duniya.
Rage filastik yana jefa yanayin cikin sunadaran da aka kara dasu yayin samarwa. Zai iya zama chlorine, magunguna daban-daban, misali mai guba ko carcinogenic. Jaka na filastik waɗanda ba a cika ba suna shiga cikin dabbobi dabbobi da tsuntsayen. Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta cewa yawancin sharar filastik - har zuwa kashi 74% - suna shiga teku daga koguna
- Guba da yanayin
- Kifayen suna kama da dakatar da ruwa da filastik.
- Kogin clogging
- Gurbataccen filastik na iya cutar da dabbobi, wanda, bi da bi, na iya shafar wadatar abinci ga mutane.
Hanyoyin gwagwarmaya sun hada da:
- Tsabtace matakin Kogi
- Ilimin muhalli da kuma tarbiyyar 'yan ƙasa
- Kula da ka'idodin tsabtace ruwa a cikin kogin
Tsarin kemikal
Kogin Rashevatka ya karu da salinity, wanda ba shi da ƙima a cikin yanayi, kuma an bayyana shi da ƙarancin kogin, tsaunukan ma'adinai, matuƙar ruwan ƙasa da haɓaka taro na gishiri sakamakon ruwa.
A wuraren da ruwayen da ba a kwantar da su ba kuma suka kai kogin, ana lura da haɓakar haɗarin sunadarai.
. An yi amfani da ruwan kogin Rashevatki kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi kawai don shayar dabbobi, ban ruwa a filin da kuma bukatun fasaha.
Hanyoyin gwagwarmaya sun hada da:
- Kula da ka'idodin tsabtace ruwa a cikin kogin
2.3. Aikin da aka gudanar tare da jama'a Rashevatskaya kan inganta yanayin lafiyar yanayin kogin Rashevatka
Ofayan dalilan da ke haifar da lalacewar yanayin yanayin kogin shine ƙarancin masaniyar muhalli da haɓaka rayuwar mazauna karkara da baƙi.
Ilimin muhalli tsari ne, mai ci gaba, mai da hankali kan tarbiyya, horo da ci gaban mutum wanda aka tsara don samar da darajar fadakarwa, kyawawan halayen mutane, aikinsu da halayyar halayen mu'amala da yanayin mutum da yanayin zamantakewa.
Saboda haka, mun aiwatar da matakai da yawa don jawo hankalin jama'ar ƙauyen ga matsalolin kogin:
- Eldoye aikin "Tsabtace koginmu daga datti!". Matakin ya samu halartar daliban aji 7. Sun cire yankin bakin teku a bakin rafin kogin.
- Daga cikin azuzuwan 5.6, gasa mai zane "Kogin ya nemi taimako!"
- An gudanar da aikin "Blue Ribbon" tare da ɗalibai na aji 1,7,8. Daliban sun ba wa masu wucewa litattafan litattafai a bankin kogin tare da bayani game da yanayin muhalli na Kogin Rashevatka da kuma neman girmamawa ga ruwan da arzikinta.
- A tsakanin mazauna tsararraki daban-daban, an gudanar da bincike don gano ilmin rubutu game da muhalli da halayyar mazauna wurin gurɓatar kogin.
A cikin duka, mutane 36 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 53 sun shiga cikin binciken.
Kashi 62% na waɗanda suka amsa sun yi imanin cewa yanayin muhalli a ƙauye ne sosai
Kashi 68% suna zaton yanayin muhalli a ƙauyen yayi kyau saboda yawan datti a yankin
100% na waɗanda suka amsa sun yarda cewa mutane da kansu suna da alhakin yanayin muhalli a ƙauyen
Kashi 33% cikin wahalar amsa tambaya ita ce hukumomin yankin suna ɗaukar matakan tsabtace muhalli a ƙauyen?
Kashi 79% daga cikin waɗanda suka amsa sun shiga aikin dasa itace, kamfen ɗin tattara shara
Kashi 51% na waɗanda suka amsa sun yi imanin cewa rafin Rashevatka ƙazanta ne sosai
Kashi 97% na mutane sun zaɓi wata amsa dabam - Ee, ga tambayar, yaushe kuke hutawa a kan tafkunan, kuna fitar da sharan?
Kashi 53% ya amsa eh ga tambayar, shin kun san yadda ake amfani da ruwan kogin Rashevatka?
Kashi 95% daga cikin waɗanda suka amsa sun yi imanin cewa lafiyar ta dogara da yanayin lafiyar yanayin kogin Rashevatka
- Shawarwarin inganta yanayin lafiyar yanayin kogin Rashevatka
- Upan makarantar sakandare №9 kowace shekara suna kula da yanayin yanayin kogin,
- Kawo matakan tsaftace bakin tekun daga tarkace,
- Kada ku zama masu nuna damuwa. Don yin tsokaci ga waɗanda ayyukansu ke cutar da muhalli,
- Bayyana wa abokanka da kuma waɗanda ka san yadda yake da mahimmanci a kula da yanayi,
- Tun daga yarinta, gabatar da yara ga dabarun ilimin muhalli da kare muhalli. Createirƙiri ƙwararrun masu aikin sa kai don aiki tare da yara don gudanar da tattaunawa, gasa, gabatarwa kan kare Kogin Rashevatka,
- Nemi hukumomi su karfafa matakan gudanarwa da majalissar dokoki domin hana kai hare-hare a wuraren da ake amfani da su,
- Jiyya da sake amfani da ruwan sha na cikin gida cikin gona,
- Haɓaka ƙwararren ilimin halittu don kulawa da sharar gida,
- Kariyar ruwan karkashin kasa: haɓaka hanyoyin noma wanda ba ya haifar da lalata ƙasa,
- Yi amfani da ruwan famfo tattalin arziƙi.
- Guji sharar gida a cikin magudanar bututan.
- Ma'aikatan aikin gona sun sami wani madadin zuwa takin gargajiya
- Zubar da datti
- Don yin kira ga mazauna ta hanyar wata jarida tare da neman kariya daga Kogin Rashevatka
- Sanya kwantena na shara a cikin kogin da ba a ba da izini ba a kan kogin
- Yi taswirar kogin kuma yi alama ga sassan da aka ƙazantar da shi
- Don fadakar da mazauna game da tsarin tara kudi don keta hakkin muhalli: lalacewar bishiyoyi, take hakkin murfin ƙasa, ginin filayen ƙasa ba tare da izini ba
- Don inganta tsarkakewar kai da warkarwa da kogin.
- Irƙirar wani kyakkyawan aikin don inganta yanayin lafiyar kogin
Babu wanda ya bamu Duniya,
mun aro shi daga yaran mu!
Me za mu biya?
Tun a tarihi, mutane sun yi amfani da ruwan kogi a cikin gidaje da gidaje. Amma ga dukkan rayuwa a duniyarmu, da kuma mutanen da suka hada da, ba ma bukatar ruwa kawai, amma wani irin yanayi mai inganci.
Da farko dai, abin da ake kira "sabo", i.e. dauke da a cikin 1 lita na girma ba fiye da 10 g na narkar da abubuwa. Ruwan sha zai zama sabo ba kawai, har ma da tsabta, i.e. tsakanin narkar ko dakatar da shi a cikin magunguna bai kamata ya zama cutarwa ga lafiyar ba. Ko da rashin isasshen abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwa masu guba da yawa a cikin ruwa ya sa ya zama mummunan guba ga mutane. Yawancin sunadarai, suna tarawa a cikin jikin mutum, har ma da ƙarancin iko, suna haifar da canje-canje ga kwayoyin halittu, mummunan cututtukan da ake ɗauka daga tsara zuwa tsara.
Yanayin muhalli a ƙauyen namu ya bar abin da ake so, kuma ingancin ruwa a cikin kogin Rashevatka yana taɓarɓarewa kowace rana.
Kasancewar kogi a ƙauyenmu yana da matukar muhimmanci, yana ƙirƙirar microclimate nasa, microflora da fauna, suna da matukar mahimmanci ga mazaunan ƙauyen.
Yana da gaggawa a dauki matakai da kuma jan hankalin mutane da yawa daban-daban shekaru daban-daban da kuma sana'o'i yadda zai yiwu domin tsarkake ruwa a cikin kogin da kuma adana nau'ikan jinsin.
Dangane da binciken, ba shi yiwuwa a kusantar da ma'amala mai zurfi game da yanayin ruwa a cikin kogin, amma har ma irin waɗannan bayanan masu sauƙi suna nuna cewa ba komai ke cikin tsari tare da koginmu ba.
Tare da taimakon aikinmu, muna son sanar da hukumomin birni game da buƙatar ɗaukar matakan kawar da duk waɗannan kasawa.
Jerin abubuwan da aka ambata
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3. Erofeev V.V. E.A. Chubachkin. Lardin Samara - nativean ƙasar. T.1 Samara: Gidan wallafa littafin Samara, 2007 416 p, P. 29, shafi 353.
4. Ivanteev A.O. // "A duniyar kimiyya" A'a. 06, 2010.
5. Isra'ila Yu.A. Lafiyar Qasa da kula da muhalli. M.: Gidrometeoizdat, 2014.
7. Rechkalova N.I. Wane ruwa muke sha // Chemistry a makaranta .- 2004. No. 3 p. 7-14
8. Terentyev D.V. Matsalolin muhalli // “Muhawara ta Sati”, No. 23 (365)
9. Shilov I.A. Lafiya Jiki: Littattafai. don biol. da zuma. gwani. jami’o’i.- M.: Babban makaranta, 1997.-512s.
10. Lafiyar Jiki. Littafin rubutu.- M: Ilimi, 1997-288s.