Deinonychus - karamin dinosaur na tsinkaye, wanda tsawon jikinsa bai wuce mita 3-4 ba, kuma yawancinsa ya fadi akan wutsiya, kuma nauyi 50 kg. Wadannan masu iya magana da squat zasu iya motsawa da sauri, yayin da suke sanya jikinsu kusan a layi daya zuwa kasa kuma amfani da wutsiya a matsayin kiba.
Sizearamin girman bai hana deinonychus riƙe martabar ɗaya daga cikin masu haɗarin haɗari na lokacinta ba. A kowane daga cikin wata gabar mahaifa akwai doguwar tsayi (kusan 13 cm) da kambori mai kaifi. 'Yar wasan liyafa ta yi amfani da ita da fasaha a yayin farauta, ta cutar da mummunan raunuka a kan wanda aka cutar. Sauran yatsunsu kuma sun ƙare da hakora, amma gajerun yatsa. Godiya ga wannan fasalin, an kira lizard da diinonychus, wanda ke nufin "ban tsoro mai tsami".
Kafafuwan gaban dinosaur sun kasance masu matukar karfi kuma suna da iko kuma an basu damar ci gaba da cinye matsakaici, yayin da deinonychus din ya tsage shi da hakora da toshewar gwiwoyin. Tsarin muƙamuƙi ya ba da wata dama ta ɗaukar abin farauta da kyau, ko da ya fi girma: haƙorin maƙiyin sun ɗan ja da baya, don haka ne maɗaurin abin da ya fashe ya fi ƙarfin shuka a kansu. Yin hukunci da ragowar mutane da yawa da aka samu a kusanci da juna, deinonychus ana farauta a fakitoci ko ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, kai hare-hare galibi ya raunana matasa ko kuma samari, ba su iya ba da juriya ga masu farauta.
Deinonychus
Deinonychus - fassarar zahiri "ban tsoro kambori" - yana nufin ƙungiyar masu lizah da dinosaur. Kasancewa a farkon Tsararru kimanin shekaru miliyan 100 da suka gabata a cikin gabashin hemisphere a kan yankin arewacin Arewacin Amurka. Matsakaicin matsakaitan ma'aurata - nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 80, tsayinsa yakai mita 1.5, matsakaicin tsawon mita 4 - baya rabuwa da farauta daga dinosaur mai cin gashin kansa.
Wani sashi mai mahimmanci na jiki (fiye da rabin jimlar tsawon) ya fadi akan wutsiya, isasshen tsauraran matakan tsaro wanda ya tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a cikin motsi kuma, mafi mahimmanci, a cikin faɗa tare da sauran dabbobi. Teethan haƙoran haƙora da leƙo asirin ƙasa sun haifar da mummunan haɗari ga waɗanda ke fama da dodo na prehistoric.
A kowane reshe na zaren an samu babba da yatsun kamshi, wanda ke jujjuyawa sama yayin da yake gudana. A lokacin da ya kaiwa wani wanda aka azabtar da shi rauni, sai ya tona sandar a jikinta da mummunan ƙarfi. An kara murfin kambunan yayin da zazzafan akushi tare da goshin sa ke riƙe ganima, kuma tare da haƙoran haƙora ya afka jikin wanda aka bashi kariya.
Wurin da haƙoran leƙen kare tare da ɗan koma baya, wani mataccen kama ya kama ganima. Idan wanda aka azabtar ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa, to, hakora sun shiga zurfi a jikin ta.
Ya farautar dinosaur matasa, galibi herbivores, alal misali, iguanoda da gypsilophodon. Tare da dabi'un farautarsa, masaniyar dabba ta yi kama da damisa ta zamani - tana iya farautar dabbobi da suka fi girma da girma fiye da kanta.
M makami
Mafarauta waɗancan dabbobi ne ke kashe irin nasu don abinci. Irin wannan aikin yana buƙatar halaye na musamman na musamman da na'urorin waje waɗanda ke ba ka damar bin hanya, kamawa da ganima da kuma kai hari. Tsakanin dinosaur, mafarautan da ke cin naman farauta suna farautar dabbobin-masu - dabbobin ruwa. Dinosaurs na wannan rukunin ya hau kan kafafu biyu, yayin da aka yanyan goshin goshin su zuwa kananan kayan girke-girke. Legsafafun kafaffun hular, suna sanye da ƙwayoyi masu ƙarfi, sun ƙyale dabbobin suyi sauri mai sauri. Dangane da lissafin, tyrannosaurus - wanda ya fi kowa karanci - yana iya motsawa da sauri 30 km / h, wanda yake da yawa ga halittar 7-ton. Amma, hakika, wannan alamar tana da ƙarancin ƙarfi da saurin manyan masu cinyewar zamani, alal misali, baƙi, wani lokacin har ya kai kilomita 80 / h. Dinosaurs ƙanana da tsufa dangane da saurin nasara. An kiyasta cewa kompognat 3-fam (wanda ya rayu a Turai miliyan 150 da suka gabata) na iya gudana a iyakar gudun 64 km / h.
Tunda goshin dinosaurs na carnivours kusan basa aiki, hakoran su sune manyan makaman farmaki. Sun haƙiƙa sun kai girma girma da sifofi a wasu theropods. Misali na yau da kullun shine bakin azzalumi, mai ɗaukar haƙoran haƙoran haƙora shida masu girma dabam dabam, daga cikin fitattun santimita 30 na “daggers”. Duk hakora suna da wata tabarma mai hade da gefen bayan ta da kuma koma baya, wanda hakan yasa ya sami damar rike wanda aka cuta ya tsage shi. Masana kimiyya sun gano burbushi na cizon sauro a ƙashin sauran dabbobi. Misali, alamomin tamanin suna nan a jikin kasusuwa na kasusuwa, wanda hakan ke nuna kisan sa. Lokacin nazarin daya daga cikin alamun zalunci, an samo alamun cizo a cikin kasusuwarsa na cranial, kuma an sami hakori mallakar wani wakilin jinsi daya a cikin kashin jikin na mahaifa. Shin wannan yana nufin yaƙi tsakanin azzalumi ne? Haka ne, suna iya aure saboda abinci ko mace. Kodayake ƙarshen ba zai yiwu ba, kamar yadda yake nuna kasancewar halayen jima'i masu haɓaka, kuma dinosaurs ba zai yiwu a sami ɗayan ba. Maimakon haka, ana iya ɗauka cewa azzalumai suna aikata cin naman mutane a lokacin yunwar.
Allurancius, wanda ya rayu a gaban azzalumi, zai iya cinye manyan kantunan diflomasiya da apatosaur. An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar vertebrae wutsiya na apatosaurus da aka samo a cikin jihar Wyoming ta Amurka tare da zurfin halayen hakoran ginin allosaurus, kuma haƙarim na centimita 15 na allosaurus, kamar a cikin misalin da ya gabata, ya kasance cikakke a cikin wutsiyar abokan gaba. A bayyane yake, an buga shi a cikin fada tsakanin dinosaur.
Wata mummunar makamin kai hari - mai kaifi mai kaman kifi ta bayyana a kananan dinosaur na tsattsauran ra'ayi ba nan da nan ba, amma a zamanin Cretaceous (shekaru miliyan 145-65 da suka gabata). Yankin sassaka mai siffa a goshinsa yana da karamin dinosaur, Baryonyx, “babban karen” wanda ya rayu a Ingila ta zamani shekaru miliyan 130 da suka gabata. Faffadan hanun kafafunsa biyu, kowane ɗayan, an ɗauke shi da Velociraptor, "mafarauci mai sauri," ƙasa da mita biyu. Mai kama da shi, deinonychus na mita 3 (Deinonychus), da "mummunan kambori", yana da tafin hannu uku a saman goshinsa da kuma madaidaiciyar kamannin santimita 13 wanda yake bisa dutsen. Wannan doguwar zumar ya zama mai motsi kuma ya jingina da baya yayin da yake gudana. Deinonychus ya yi kama akan dinosaurs na matasa kamar na gypsilophodones da iguanodons, suna kamawa tare da wanda aka azabtar, suna tsalle zuwa bayanta ko kuma suna manne a gefenta, nan da nan suka jefa sabobbinsu kamar na toka a cikin wanda aka azabtar.
Cikakkun bayanai game da yadda dinosaurs na tsinkaye suka yi amfani da haƙoransu da kalamu, da kuma jerin waɗanda abin ya shafa sune mafi yawan abubuwan da ake gabatarwa, akwai 'yan kananun bayanai kai tsaye (shine, samo), kuma harma suna da fassarori daban-daban. Kamar, alal misali, sanannen sananniyar kasusuwa biyu na lazabi na lalacewa - tsarin kariya daga herbivorous da velociraptor na tsinkaye, wanda aka yi a 1971 a cikin hamadar Gobi ta hanyar masanan kimiyyar Soviet-Mongolian balaguron balaguro. Da alama dai komai a bayyane yake: duka dinosaur sun sami ganyaye masu yawa a yaƙin, kuma ba su da ƙarfi don buɗe juji da gudu yayin da iskar ƙurar ta fara. Don haka makiya suka mutu a hannun junan su. Koyaya, a cikin ilimin burbushin halittar wannan hujja ana iya fassara shi sau da yawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A'a, ba a yi wani yaqi ba, abokan hamayya sun ce, amma kawai rafi ne kawai ya hade dabbobin biyu da suka mutu, suka binne su a karkashin wani yashi da rami.
Gyarawar jikin mutum, irin su hakora ko kiba, hakika sune manyan kayan aikin maharbin, amma sun zama marasa karfi a gaban dabbobi masu kamanni. Don shawo kan manyan kayan cin abinci, wanda kuma ke da dabbobin kiwo, suna buƙatar ƙarin dabaru. Masu binciken sun yi imani cewa saboda inganci, wasu mahara zasu iya koyon farauta na gama gari, haka kuma zaki da kyarketai. Gaskiya ne, farautar fakitin yana da fa'idarsa da fursunoni: a gefe guda, yana da sauƙin hulɗa da wanda aka azabtar, a gefe guda, kowane mafarauci yana samun abinci kaɗan. Akwai tabbacin wani hari na ƙungiya, har ma a tsakanin manyan abubuwan dinosaurs: alal misali, ƙasusuwan kasusuwa bakwai da aka samo lokacin rami a Argentina suna kwance kusa. Masu binciken sun gano cewa waɗannan abubuwan cin abinci sun mutu a lokaci guda kuma wataƙila sun kasance wakilai ne na farauta tare. A zahiri, 'yan' Mapusaurs 'sun yi jigilar Argentinosaurus mita 40, babu wani abin mamaki. An kuma sanannan nau'ikan binne mutane daban-daban na coelophysis. An yi imani da cewa gigantosaurus biyu ko uku suna farauta. Kodayake, a gefe guda, gano tarin kwarangwal na mahara da suka mutu a lokaci guda, kawai kai tsaye suna nuna cewa wannan garken ne. Za a iya bayanin wurin gama mutuwarsu ta wata hujja, alal misali, dabbobin da zafi ya ƙare lokacin da suka je wani wuri mai bushe.
Yaƙin Styracosaurus tare da Tyrannosaurus Rex
Red Deer River Valley, Kanada, miliyan 65 da suka gabata
Ana ci gaba da mahawara game da ko azzalumi ko kuma ya ci gaba. Ko da zato na ƙarshe gaskiya ne, a cikin ainihin halittu masu rarrafe, ba shakka, an sami gwagwarmaya da mutane masu girma dabam. Rashin wahala, yana jin yunwa sosai, yana iya kaiwa hari farkon abin da ya same shi, har da mara lafiya, amma har yanzu yana da ƙarfi dabba, wacce ta ɓace daga garken. A lokaci guda, maƙiyi ba lallai bane ya zama mai kariya a gaban hakoran ɗan farauta, amma zai iya tsayawa da kansa, kamar Styracosaurus, farfajiya mai kahon rabin-mitir a fuskarsa da kaifin kaifi a wuyan wuyansa. Ta yaya daidai yaƙin tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan dinosaurs zasu iya faruwa kuma waye zai fito daga nasara daga gare ta, mutum zai iya tsammani. Cutar Tyrannosaurus zai bar mummunan yatsan jikinsa a jikin styracosaurus, kuma yana iya yin rauni akan lokaci, yana zub da jini. A lokaci guda, maƙiyin ma yana da dusar ƙanƙararsa - ciki, buɗe ga kaifi mai kaifi na abokan gaba.
Hankali - babban makamin maƙiyi
Bai isa ba da haƙoran haƙora da falle, har yanzu suna buƙatar amfani da su da fasaha, kuma wannan ba zai yiwu ba tare da hankali. Bayan haka, salon mafarauci yana nuna buƙatar motsawa cikin motsa jiki don waƙa da bin wanda aka kama, don hangen nesa. Don haka hankali da azanci da gabobin dinosaurs ke haifar da tsinkaye fiye da wadanda suke jagorantar rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali. Kuma mafi girman wayewar kai, girman kwakwalwar sa, da dinosaur ba ban da wannan dokar. Ssarfin burbushin halittu ya nuna cewa ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar theropod ya fi girma fiye da kwakwalwar sauropod, girman girman dinosaurs na herbivorous tare da dogaye da ƙaramin kai. Velociraptor da deinonychus suna da babban kwakwalwa, kuma babban majibinci a cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa shine Stenonichosaurus: kwakwalwar sa sau shida ta fi ta girma irin ta zamani. Bugu da kari, stenichosaurus yana da manya-manyan idanu kuma, mai yiwuwa, hangen nesa ne na tsuntsu, kamar yadda yake a cikin tsuntsaye da mutane. Tare da wannan nau'in hangen nesa, dabba ba ta ganin hoto daban da kowane ido, amma yanki na katsewar hotunan da aka samu daga idanun biyu. Wannan yana ba shi damar motsawa daidai zuwa maƙasudin da aka nufa. Ba tare da wata shakka ba, irin wannan damar - sababbi don fauna ta waccan lokacin - ya taimaki stenichiosaurus don samun nasarar yaƙi da ganima. Fasaha ta zamani ta sami damar tsara wasu game da abubuwan jikin mutum game da kwayar halittar dabbobi. Sergey Saveliev daga Cibiyar Nazarin Humanan Adam na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha da Vladimir Alifanov daga Kwalejin Paleontological na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha ya sanya silicone na kwakwalwa ta hanyar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar tarbosaurus ta amfani da kwanyar ta, kuma idan aka kwatanta shi da kwakwalwar tsuntsayen da kuma abubuwan rarrafe na zamani. Sai ya juya ga cewa tarbosaurus yana da manyan kwararan fitila, ingantattun takaddun zaitun, da ji mai kyau. Amma tare da tsarin gani, komai ya juya daban - ba a bunƙasa shi ba. Sai dai itace cewa tarbosaurus na neman ganima ya dogara ne akan turare fiye da gani. Me yasa ya bukaci hakan? Mai yiwuwa ne don jin daɗin naman da yake jujjuya daga nesa. Wataƙila, tarbosaurus, kuma ta hanyar kwatanta shi, sauran manyan abubuwan cin abinci ba su jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa gaba ɗaya - ba su ƙyale su ci abinci ba. Tare da goyan bayan wannan ƙarshe, masana kimiyya ma sun mai da hankali ga girman girman haɗarin - masu farauta, irin waɗannan ƙattai kamar tarbosaurus da tyrannosaurus ba sa iya ciyar da kansu koyaushe, wataƙila sun gamsu da abin da ya faɗi a ƙafafunsu. Akwai nau'in sasantawa mai bambanci na tsinkaye: dabba tana farauta a ƙarƙashin haɗuwa mai nasara, alal misali, lokacin da wanda aka azabtar yana da kusanci kuma zaka iya gudu da sauri don karbe shi lokacin da bashi da lafiya kuma ba zai iya tserewa ba, ko wanda aka azabtar ya kasance kamar ɗan ƙarama. Baya ga wannan yarjejeniya, maharbin ya ci abinci mai araha, binciken abin da baya bukatar dimbin kudaden kuzari.
The makamai da karfi
Ganima wacce dinosaur ta “cinye” hakoransu na dagula lamura ne daban-daban: duk nau'ikan halittar dabbobi iri iri, da kuma na dabbobin da suka ciyar da kifi, basa raina lamuran auta da arthropods. A halin yanzu, rarrabuwar dinosaur zuwa gidajen dabbobi da ciyawa a koyaushe abu ne mai sabani, yawancin su yakamata a yi la'akari dasu. Bambanci tsakanin dabbobi masu aiki da dabbobin da ke birgewa sun fi bayyana, domin ƙarshen shi ne galibin abin da ya zama ganima na tsohon. Dinosaurs wadanda suka jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa, watau basu san yadda zasu yi farauta ba, tabbas halittu ne masu ban mamaki da suka taɓa rayuwa a duniya. Yawancinsu suna sauƙaƙe saboda girman su. Kamar yadda, alal misali, sauropods masu girma - diflosecus, brachiosaurus, brontosaurus - ya kai mita 40 a tsayi kuma yana da nauyin tan dubu goma. Ba shi da sauƙi a kashe irin waɗannan, ba wani ɗan takaddara na wannan lokacin da za a iya kwatanta shi da girman su. Ya bayyana cewa nau'ikan sauropods na jikinsu sunyi aiki dasu azaman kariya. Allosaurus da ceratosaurs, waɗanda suke zaune kusa da diflomasiya, ba su yiwuwa su farauto manya kawai. Mafi muni, mafarautan sun bi garken suna jira don dattijo ko ko ɗan da za a doke shi. Zai yuwu a cike babban jami'in diflomasiya ko brontosaurus kawai tare da ƙoƙarin manyan magabatansu.
Wakilan dinosaurs na kaji-gaseous-stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, da dinosaurs masu ban tsoro ba su da girma kamar sauropods, amma a waje na daban. Spaƙansu, ƙahoni, gurnani da shearfinsu suna kama da kariya ta tsaro. Misali, stegosaurs suna da farantin kasusuwa a bayansu wadanda suke shimfida daga vertebrae. A baya daga cikin shahararrun jinsunan, stegosaurus kanta, a cikin layuka biyu an sanya su farantin kasusuwa waɗanda ke da ban sha'awa sosai. Amma sun ba da kariya daga hakoran mai farauta? Yawancin masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa farantin ba abin dogaro ba ne a matsayin hanyar kariya: suna da sauƙin karya kuma sun bar buɗe sassan jikin mai rarrafe. Wataƙila, faranti sunyi aiki don thermoregulation na mutum: fatar da ta rufe su tabbas wata cibiyar sadarwa mai tarin jini, wacce ke ba da izinin yin zafi da sauri da rana kuma ta fara motsawa yayin da masu farautar suke bacci. Amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya jefa shakku kan wannan sigar: idan da akwai tasoshin jini a wurin, an same su ne ta hanyar da ba za su iya cire zafin da ya wuce kima ba. Wataƙila faranti ya zauna a matsayin halittun insignia, kamar launi mai haske na ɗibar tsuntsaye, amma wannan ba shi da tabbas. Misali, me yasa ɗayan stegosaur, “Laƙabin ƙaya” Kentrosaurus, wanda aka samo a cikin Afirka, yana da faranti masu kaifi a baya da doguwar fulawa a ɓangarorin kowane ɓangaren? Kari akan haka, stegosaurs din suna da dunkulallu hudu masu karfi a wutsiya, wadanda zasu iya amfani dasu da kyau don tinkarar harin mafarautan.
Ankylosaurs suna sanye da kayan kariya ta gaske, sun mallaki wurare da yawa na tsohuwar Duniya - daga Arewacin Amurka zuwa Antarctica. An rufe jikinsu gabaɗaya da wasu siraran daga garkuwar kasusuwa masu launin zoben baya, wanda ke ba da kariya ta kariya. A cikin wasu nau'in, ana hada garkuwar, kamar a kunkuru. Garkuwa a kan kwaswar ankylosaurus (Ankylosaurus) an cika su da tufka da dunkule, har ma sautin ya zama kamar babban karo. Irin wannan kariyar tana da halin kaka: dabbobin da ke garkuwa da makamai a cikin jinkirin da suke hawa, suna motsi da saurin da bai wuce 3 km / h ba. Shin harsashi ya kare su daga magabatansu? Wataƙila hakan ne. Ankylosaurus ya zama mai iya rauni kawai idan ya juya tare da ciki wanda babu wani ɓaɓɓen harsashi. Amma ko da mafarauci babba bai iya yin irin wannan abin tare da shi ba. Kari akan haka, ankylosaurus ya sami nasarar kare wutsiyarsa da wata kasusuwa mai rauni, yana harba karfi a kan abokan gaba da shi.
Kakakin akan fuska sun samo kasala masu rarrafe daga rukunin gidajen gona, dabbobi masu kafafu hudu da manyan kai. A karo na farko, an gano kwarangwal dinsu mai dauke da kahon kasusuwa masu ban sha'awa kai tsaye daga kwanyar kai tsaye a 1872, kuma binciken da aka biyo baya ya nuna cewa a ƙarshen zamanin dinosaur, “masu-zafin zina” sun sami babban halaye. Ceratops sun sa "abin wuya" na kasusuwa kwance a wuyan wuyan su, kuma ƙarshen wuyansu kamar bera yake. Maƙiyan gwanayen Arewacin Amurka, Triceratops, sun sa ƙaho uku: ɗaya a hanci, kamar mahaifa, da biyu, tsayin mita ɗaya, tsinkaye daga idanun. Kamar yadda yake a cikin dabbobi masu ban tsoro na zamani (deer, rhinoceros), ƙahonin dinosaur sunyi rawar farko a zaɓi na jima'i: wanda ke da ƙarin ƙaho, yana cin nasara mafi kyawun mace kuma ya sami ƙarin zuriya mai nasara. Bugu da kari, Triceratops na iya kare kansu daga masu dabaibaye ta hanyar kaho: tsoratarwa, goge su, bugun abokan gaba daga kasa, yaja hancin ciki, wanda a hanya, ya kasance a bude yake. Dangane da halin da ake ciki, mai yiwuwa an yi amfani da ƙahoni a matsayin makamin hari - don fayyace alaƙar da ke tsakanin abokan hamayya iri ɗaya, alal misali, yayin matsi.
Collaayan ƙasusuwa na rukunin gidajen ya kuma yi aiki, wataƙila, alama ce ta bambancin waje, kamar gashin fuka-fukai. Bugu da kari, kayan kwalliyar kwalliya na jan kunne sun kasance a haɗe da su. Amma duk da haka, ginin zai iya kare wuyansa, kodayake ba gaba ɗaya ba, tunda a yawancin jinsunan dinosaur suna cike da ramuka. Kwancen torosaurus (Torosaurus), wanda aka baiwa abin wuya, ya kai girman girman mita 2.6, kuma yana da “windows” da yawa. Kuma a styracosaurus (Styracosaurus), wanda aka samo a Kanada, ya yi akasin haka, abin wuya yana da ƙarfi, har ma sanye take da dogayen layuka shida masu kaifi. Masana binciken burbushin halitta sunyi imani cewa irin wannan kyakkyawar kariya ta tsoratar da masu hasashen daga ci gaba da yanayin sa-in-sa.
A cikin Nuwamba 2007, masana binciken masana kimiyyar Kanada sun gano asalin dinosaur na duniya mafi tsayi, tsayin mita 9.75, a cikin Horseshoe Canyon na lardin Alberta na Kanada. An gano shi a matsayin magabacin triceratops kuma an sa masa suna Eotriceratops xerinsularis. Tsawon kwanyar Eotricheratops yakai mita uku, kusan kamar mota. Wakilan yawon shakatawa tare da babbar wahala sun dauke shi zuwa gangara. Kamar triceratops, eoticeratops yana dauke da makamai tare da ƙaho biyu na ƙetare hanya da tsayin mita rabin da ƙaramin ƙaho pyramidal akan hanci. Hakanan yana da abin wuya kashi da spikes a gefuna.
Dinosaurs ya lalace shekaru miliyan 65 da suka shude, kuma mazauninsu da mamaye matsayinsu akan ƙasa suka shayar da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Akwai abubuwa da yawa a tsakanin su, musamman, dabbobi masu shayarwa suna amfani da na'urori iri ɗaya don kai hari da tsaro kamar yadda dinosaur. Zakara da damisa, da kuma Mesozoic theropods, sun bambanta da jijiyoyin jiki, da haƙora da kaifi. Kuma baranda, shinge da kuma armadillos sun sami harsasai da allura, wato, kariya ta kariya, kamar su stegosaurs da ankylosaurs. Kakakin a matsayin hanyar kariya ba su rasa mahimmancin su ba - ana amfani da su ne ta mahaifa, buffalos da masse. Daga ina wannan kamannin ya fito? Ba za mu iya cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa sun gaji duk wannan daga dinosaur ba, tunda ƙungiyoyin dabbobi ba su da alaƙa kai tsaye. Masana ilimin halittu suna da wani bayani: a fannoni da yawa, mazauni mai kama da haka, da sauran sifofi iri iri na tsarin halittar mutum, da girman mutane daban-daban sun jagoranci dabbobi masu shayarwa iri iri irin na dinosaur.
Misalai na Olga Orekhova-Sokolova
Uswayoyin Halittu / Jinsuna - Deinonychus antirrhopus. Deinonychus
Tsawon Yanayi: 2 cm (tsayin kambi).
Rayuwar rayuwa da asalin wannan dinosaur mai cin naman dabbobi har kwanan nan babban lamari ne ga masu bincike. Yanzu, idan muka kalli kashin halittar wannan dinosaur, zaku iya lura da siffofinsa nan da nan: jaws mai ƙarfi, babban yatsan hannu da manyan kannun goshi. Wannan shi ne ya ban mamaki da hankalin Deinonychus antirrhopus.
Har izuwa yanzu, masana kimiyya basu san yadda dinosaurs na deinonychus suke yadawa ba. An yi imani da cewa mace ta sanya ƙwayayensu, waɗanda aka kula da su, kamar tsuntsayen zamani.
Abinci: ya kasance mafarautan abar burgewa, wataƙila ma yana ciyar da abinci. Da alama, ya yi farauta a garken don ya ci manyan ganima.
SAURARA
Jikin dinosaur deinonychus mai yawan carnivour ya kasance tsawon 3.3 tsawo, ya kai kusan m 1.5. Deinonychus ya fi girma fiye da sauran wakilan dangin dromaeosaurus. Wannan maharbin yana da babban kai - 35 cm tsayi.
Deinonychus yana da ƙarfi da sassauƙa wuya. Yana da manyan hakora waɗanda suke yi kama da firam mai kaifi sau biyu. Sake maimaita tsokoki na kai ya nuna cewa motsin su yakamata suyi sauri, muƙamuƙen kuwa na ƙarfi, don haka maƙiyin, wanda ya liƙe haƙoransa a jikin wanda abin ya shafa, zai iya cire nama da sauƙi. Saboda yanayinsa mai nauyi da kuma ikon tsayawa akan kafafu 2, Deinonychus ya kasance kyakkyawan mai gudu. Wannan dinosaur na iya bibiyar ganimarsa na dogon lokaci. Tsayawa cikin daidaituwa yayin gudu yana taimaka masa da dogon wutsiya. Saboda tsarin musamman na wutsiya (a ciki, kusa da ƙarshen akwai faranti kashi), deinonych ya ci gaba da gudana
da daidaici zuwa ga ƙasa. Canja wutsiyarsa, sautin liyel na iya canza saurin motsi. Yayin farauta, sai ya kama wanda aka azabtar da shi da hannun damansa, a lokaci guda tare da kaifin baki daga gwiwar, ya yage mata ciki. Amma abin da ya fi ba da mamaki game da halayen deinonychus ba kwalliya mai ƙarfi ba ce, ba mai kaifi mai kaifi ba, ko hakora kamar-hakora.
Babban abin mamaki, a cewar masana kimiyya, shine cewa yana da babbar kwakwalwa. Girman kwakwalwar sa yana kusa da girman kwakwalwar tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa!
KYAUTA DA DARAJA
An samo nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da Deinonychus a Mongolia da Arewacin Amurka. Ofaya daga cikinsu shine Phaedrolosaurus, ko kuma “begen mage”, wanda aka gano burbushin halittu a cikin Sin.Ya rayu a daidai wannan lokacin da deinonychus .. Duk ɗayan ilimin da yawa (dabbobi masu hawa akan kafafu biyu) waɗanda suke rayuwa iri ɗaya lokaci, kamar yadda deinonychus, zai iya zama babban maƙiyinsa.Most manyan sauropods waɗanda suka motsa akan ƙafa huɗu zasu iya cin nasara da deinonychus, amma waɗannan bian wasan kwastomomi da wuya su faɗi maƙwabta, sai dai idan, ba shakka, sun tsokane su su kawo hari. babban haɗari gr Dinosaur matasa dinosaurs waɗanda suka rabu da iyayensu ko garke .. Kamar yadda deynonihi ke farauta a cikin fakitoci, zasu iya kai hari kan manyan abubuwan cin abinci.
Yaduwa
Game da yadda deinonychs ke yaduwa, kusan ba a san komai ba. Dangane da bayanan da aka samo daga nazarin wasu nau'in dinosaur, irin su sauropods da hadrosaurs (wanda ya haɗa da mayosaurs da aka gano kwanan nan), an yi imanin cewa waɗannan masu haɗarin za su iya sanya ƙwai. Abubuwan da ke cikin kasusuwa na baya da aka kiyaye su sun ba da shawarar dabbobi kamar su deinonychus, a cikin fakitoci, ba wai kawai suna yawo da farauta ba, har ma sun sanya ƙwai. An yi imani da cewa rigakafin cututtukan jini ya faru tsakanin maza tsakanin maza. Abokan hamayya sun yi tsalle kan juna suna musayar wuta. Wataƙila da gwargwadon yatsunsu sun sami munanan raunuka ga juna.
BAYANIN BAYANAI. KA SAN CEWA.
- Farauta a cikin garken ya taimaki waɗannan ƙananan masu shayarwa suyi nasara har ma da manyan dabbobi.
- Yayin tseren, an ɗora manyan yatsun kafafun diinonych, saboda haka an kori dinosaur daga ƙasa tare da wasu yatsunsu biyu. Farkon dinosaur yana da ƙarfi sosai.
- A shafukan yanar gizo na ragowar deinonychus na Deinonychus antirrhopus, burbushin tenontosaurus suma sun zama ruwan dare. Wannan babban dinosaur na herbivorous mai yiwuwa shine babban abincin Deinonychus, wanda, kodayake karami ne, ana farauta a fakitoci. Idan tenontosaurus yayi ƙoƙarin tserewa, ɗayan deinonychs ya manne da wutsiyarsa ko kafafunsa baya, yayin da sauran membobin garken suka soke wuyan wanda aka azabtar, ko ciki, ko kirjin.
SIFFOFIN SAURARA
Shugaban: yayi yawa idan aka kwatanta da jiki (tsawon sa game da 35 cm). Motsa jaws da baya, haƙoran hakora suna aiki don tsage nama.
Kashin kai: tsayi da m.
Wuta: kusa da ƙarshensa, an ƙarfafa tsarin wutsiya tare da sandun ƙashi, yana taimakawa dinosaur ya kiyaye gaba ɗaya da wutsiya zuwa ƙasa yayin motsi. Tare da taimakon wutsiya, deinonychus ya canza saurin motsi. Bugu da kari, wutsiyar ta taimaka masu iya magana su kiyaye daidaituwa lokacin da ya tsaya akan kafa daya ya bugi wanda aka azabtar.
Claws a kan forelimbs: godiya ga kaifin tsinkayensu, sun kasance cikakke saboda kamun ganima. Dabbobin tare da taimakonsu na iya karewa ko kaiwa hari.
Yana tafe a kan wata gabar jiki musamman kaifi. An sami babbar kambori a yatsan ciki. Yawancin lokaci an tashe shi, don haka dinosaur yayi gudu akan yatsu 2. Deinonychus na iya buge wanda aka azabtar yayin da yake tsaye a ƙafa ɗaya.
- Mahalli mai tushe
INA DA SA'AD DA RAYUWAR RA'AYIN
Wannan magabcin ya zauna da yankin Arewacin Amurka na zamani a ƙarshen zamanin Jurassic. A cikin 1964, an samo ƙasusuwa da yawa na wannan pangolin a ƙarƙashin wani tsauni a Montana. 'Yan uwan sa na nesa - velociraptor, wanda ke nufin "ɓataccen ɗan fashi" da kuma dromaeosaurus, wanda ke nufin "maƙaryaci mai gudu" - ya rayu a ƙarshen Maƙarƙashiya.
A garken ceratosaurs farmaki stegosaurus
Colorado Plateau, Amurka, shekaru miliyan 150 da suka gabata
A ƙarshen zamanin Jurassic, dinosaur na nau'in halitta mai laushi, Stegosaurus (Stegosaurus), ya mamaye yankin Arewacin Amurka. Suna zaune gefensu tare da manyan masu farautar, suna da matakan kariya da yawa: girman jikinsu ya yi kama da bas, kuma tare da tsohuwar daga wuyan da kanta ya shimfiɗa layuka biyu na spade-kamar faranti, suna wucewa a kan wutsiya zuwa kashin kasusuwa huɗu. Amma tare da irin wannan bayyanar mai ban tsoro, sun kasance masu ƙyalli kuma suna wakiltar sassauƙa ga mafarautan mafi haɗari na lokacinsu - ceratosaurs (Ceratosaurus). Gaskiya ne, ba mai ɗaukar hoto guda ɗaya da zai yanke shawara don jimre wa irin wannan babbar ƙungiyar ba ita kaɗai, don haka ceratosaurs sun fi son su kai hari cikin garken. Ba zai yiwu ba cewa farauta ya kasance mai sauƙi ne kuma mai sauri, wataƙila, wasu daga cikin maharan sun mutu sakamakon buguwa daga wutsiyar stegosaurus, amma idan aka yi nasara, sauran sun sami ƙarin nama.
Kai hari wata dabara ce ta gama gari a duniyar dabbobi. Dalilinsa sun bambanta: suna kai hari saboda abinci, mallakar mace, yayin da suke kare cuban sanduna ko na sheƙansu. Dinosaurs ba wani togiya ba ne, akasin haka, sun zama ɗayan manyan misalai na irin wannan halayyar, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira su, ta hanyar, ta fuskoki daban-daban kuma tsawonsu - shekaru miliyan 570 da suka gabata. A lokacin ne kwayoyin da ke ciyar da abincin dabbobi suka yaɗu a duniya, a maimakon su ci matattun kwayoyin halitta ko algae. A takaice dai, masu farauta. Kuma ko da a wancan lokacin akwai kayan aikin farauta (kayan girke-girke daban-daban, dunƙulen hannu, “harpoons”, gland gubar) da kayan kariya (ƙwallan wuta, bawo). Sakamakon sabon tsarin rayuwa, na'urori don kai hari da kariya a dabi'ance sun canza, gyare-gyare na asali su ma sun bayyana a cikin dinosaurs: lanƙwasa haƙoran da hakora a cikin layuka da yawa, manyan ƙaho, gwanaye da bawo Kodayake a dabi'a duk waɗannan na'urorin ban mamaki ba komai bane illa gyara fata ko ƙasushin kwanyar. Bayan dinosaur, wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe da dabbobi masu shayarwa ma sunyi kokarin hada kansu da kuma kare kansu ta irin wannan hanyar, amma sun yi nisa da dukkanin dinosaurs na Mesozoic. Yanzu a duniya, kunkuru da karkara sun gamsu da ɗan raunin kayan aikin abubuwan tsoro waɗanda dinosaur suka mallaka.
Tarbosaurus yana saukar da ankylosaurus
Baƙin Gobi, Mongolia, shekaru miliyan 70 da suka gabata
Wani dangi dan Asiya ne na masu mulkin zalunci - tarbosaurus ya kasance mafi girma daga cikin masu hasashen lokacinsa kuma ya mamaye matakin farko a sarkar abinci. Dinosaur na mita biyar ya motsa akan kafafu biyu na tsoka kuma yana iya riskar kowane irin dinosaur na herbivorous. Yawancin manyan kannunsa bakin ne da hakoransu kamar 64. Irin hakora sun shiga jiki, kamar kaifi, mashi mai kaifi, kuma, barin, ya kece shi da gefunan da aka goge. Amma wannan “sarkin dabba” ya yi yunƙurin kai hari Tarchia? Bayan wannan, ƙarshen shine dodon roko daga gidan ankylosaurids kuma yana da wuri guda wanda ba shi da kariya - ciki, wanda za'a iya samu kawai ta juya pinacosaurus, yayin da guje wa busa da wutsiya macen. Irin wannan harin yana da haɗari har ma don tarbosaurus - shin zai iya zama sauƙi a nemi ƙaramar ganima ko kuma a ɗauke wani kayan daga hannun wani? A cikin gaba: tsayin gwagwarmaya tsakanin Velociraptor (yana daga ƙasa) da Protoceratops.
03 Godiya ga deinonychus, wata ka'ida ta bayyana cewa tsuntsaye sun fito daga dinosaur
A ƙarshen 60s - farkon shekarun 70s na ƙarni na karshe, masanin ilimin burbushin halittar ɗan adam John Ostrom ya lura da kamannin deinonychus da tsuntsayen zamani. Shine farkon wanda ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa tsuntsaye sun fito daga dinosaur. Ka'idar, wacce a wancan lokacin ake ganin ta kasance mai karfin gwiwa, a yau ba a tambayar ta a bangaren ilimin kimiyya. Yawancin malamai sun inganta shi kuma sun ba da izini, ciki har da mai koyar da Ostrom Robert Becker.
05. An gano ragowar farko na deinonychus a cikin 1931
Shahararren ɗan Amurka “dinosaur dinta” Barnum Brown ya gano gawar deinonychus lokacin da yake neman jinsin ɗabi'a daban-daban a cikin jihar Montana - hadrosaurus (aka yi lakabin dinosaur). Brown bai da matukar sha'awar raptor-ƙananan, wanda da gangan ya haƙa, tunda ba abin da ake tsammani ba. Mai binciken ya kira nau'in da aka samo da daptosaurus kuma ya manta da shi.
08. Wataƙila Deinonychus yana farautar manoma ne
An samo ragowar deinonychs tare da ragowar hadrosaurs (su ma duckbill dinosaurs). Wannan yana nufin cewa su biyun sun rayu a Arewacin Amurka a kan yanki guda a Tsakiyar Cretaceous. Ina so in kammala cewa deinonychus preyed akan hadrosaurs, amma matsalar ita ce cewa wani hadadsaur ya yi nauyi game da tan biyu, kuma wakilan karamin nau'in zasu iya cin nasara tare.
09. Deinonychus jaws suna da rauni, kamar yadda ba abin mamaki bane
Bincike ya nuna cewa Deinonychus ba zai iya cizon kowa ba, sabanin sauran, ya fi girma yanayin zamanin Cretaceous, misali, Rex tyrannosaurus da spinosaurus. Wadannan ba zasu iya kama wani mummunan rikici ba sai dai zamani. Kamar dai ba a buƙaci ƙarfin jajojin ƙarfinmu ba, tun da maƙallan biyu da na dogon gabansa sun isa sosai.
An samo kwai na farko deinonychus a cikin 2000 kawai
Kodayake qwai wasu nau'in tsiro na Arewacin Amurka, musamman troodons, masana kimiyya sun sami yalwa, amma kusan babu ƙoshin deinonychus. Onlyan takarar kaɗai (amma ba kashi ɗari cikin ɗari) ba a cikin 2000. Bincike ya nuna cewa Deinonychus ya ƙi zuriyarsa ta hanyar nau'in dinosaur da aka yi wa fata zina. Chitipati ba raptor bane a cikin cikakkiyar ma'anar kalmar, amma wani nau'inropropod da aka sani da oviraptor.
Ba tare da wata damuwa ba, ana kiran wannan dinosaur din Birtaniyar "Clawed." Manyan maganganun da suka girma a yatsun gaban goshinsa kusan tsayin hannun mutum ne!
A karo na farko, an samo ragowar baryonyx kusa da kasusuwa na kashin bayan cinyanodon - wani dinosaur tare da yatsan yatsunsu.Idan akai la'akari da kwarangwal din baryonix, wadanda masana suka tattara daga sassan disparate, zamu iya sanin karfin halaye da yawa a tsarin jikin sa. Irin waɗannan alamu sun haɗa da, alal misali, kwanyar da ke zaune kusa da kan wuya.
Jikin baryonyx ya kasance tsawon motar bas - kimanin mita 9, kuma aka auna daidai - kimanin tan 2. Don kwatantawa, mun lura cewa wannan nauyin daidai yake da duka nauyin maza ashirin da biyar na manya masu matsakaiciya.
Take | Class | Squad | Kamewa | Orderasashe |
Baryonyx | Abubuwa masu rarrafe | Dinosaur | Lizopharyngeal | Kawain |
Iyali | Height / Length / Weight | Abin da aka ci | Inda ya rayu | Lokacin da ya rayu |
Spinosaurids | 2.7 m / 8-10 m / 2 t | kifi | Turai | Lokacin Cretaceous (shekaru 130-125 da suka gabata) |
Legsa'idodun kafafun baryonyx suna da ƙarfi sosai, kodayake forelim sun kusan yi ƙarfi kamar yadda suke. Wasu masana kimiyya har ma sun yi imanin cewa baryonics na iya tafiya da kafafu huɗu, suna yawo a gefen rafin kogin kuma neman kifin.
Ka yi tunanin yanayin kamar wanda aka nuna a ƙasa. Zai yiwu a taka leda irin waɗannan wuraren shekaru miliyan 120 da suka gabata a wannan ɓangaren ƙasa, wanda a yanzu ake kira Ingila. Akwai wani lokacin farko na Cretaceous, kuma ciyayi mai dausayi yayi girma a gefen gabar koguna da tabkuna.
Abincin dabbobin shaye-shayen baryonyx zai iya samun abincin sa ta hanyar halittar kananan halittu masu yawa. Koyaya, akwai shaidun cewa ya sami abinci ta wannan hanyar wacce baƙon abu ba don dinosaur kamar kamun kifi, wanda aka nuna a cikin adadi.
Babban abin ɗora a kan bututun mai hamayya na iya zama da amfani sosai ga kamun kifi. Masana kimiyya sunsan cewa baryonyx ta ciyar da kifi ta hanyar samo burbushin kifin a ragowar.
Wani fasalin na baryonyx shine ninki biyu (idan aka kwatanta shi da wasu ƙyallen carnivorous) adadin hakora a cikin tsoffin faifan sa, na maimaita gwanayen. Babban hakora sun kasance a cikin rami na bakin ciki, tare da nisanci daga baya, girman hakora ya ragu.
Hakora sun kasance daidai, sun yi dan kadan - sun dace da kama zage-zage, daɗaɗɗen nama, kamar kifi ko ƙaramin dinosaur kamar gypsilophodon ko ma ɗan ƙanododon.
Masana kimiyya sun yanke shawara cewa baryonyx bashi da wani babban fa oni a kan tafin kafafunsa kamar na goshin sa. Baryonyx ya yi nauyi sosai ya iya tsayawa a kan kafafunsa ɗaya kuma ya ɗaure ɗayan don ƙoƙarin bugun abokin hamayya, kamar ƙarancin ƙanƙana da wuta mai ƙarfi kamar deinonychus zai iya sauƙi.
Duk da haka forelog na baryonyx sun kasance masu iko da karfi don ɗaukar irin wannan makami mai ƙarfi. Wataƙila, ya kasance da wuya ga kifayen teku, har ma da mafi yawan ƙasƙanci, lokacin da baryonyx ya tafi farauta!
- Class: Reptilia = Abubuwan rarrafe ko dabbobi masu rarrafe
- Subclass: Archosauria = Archosaurs
- Su Emperorder: Dinosauria † Owen, 1842 = Dinosaurs
- Umarni: Saurischia † Seeley, 1888 = Lizain-Dinosaurs
- Iyali: Dromaeosauridae † Matthew et Brown, 1922 = Dromaeosaurids
- Harshen Genus: Deinonychus Ostrom, 1969 † = Deinonychus
- Jinsuna: Deinonychus antirrhopus Ostrom, 1969 † = Deinonychus