Kidaya Dracula ya rayu a karni na 15 a cikin Romania. Centuriesarnuka huɗu bayan haka, marubuci Bram Stoker ya juya shi cikin shahararrun dabbobi. Yanzu - wannan shine ɗayan hotuna masu mashahuri akan Halloween. Menene tarihin rayuwa na Vlad III, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Tepes?
A watan Agusta 1431, babban farin ciki da masifa sun faru a lokaci guda a cikin mulkin Romania na Wallachia. Farin ciki - saboda an haifi magajin Yarima Vlad II Dracula. An sanya wa yaron sunan mahaifinsa - Vlad III Dracula. Kuma rashin farin ciki - saboda bisa ga dokokin wannan lokacin, dole ne a ba jariri damar neman ilimi ga Turkawa. Wallachia, kamar sauran mulkoki waɗanda ksan Turkiya suka kame, sun biya Sarkin Musulmi harajin shekara shekara. Kuma don haka shugabannin ba su manta da biyan haraji ba, sun tura elda sonsan su mafi kyau. Idan yariman ya fara tawaye, to magajin nasa na jiran azaba da mutuwa. Sly Turkawa sun yi wa yara na kwarai da manyan daraja kuma sun girma girmamawa ga bangaskiyar musulinci a cikinsu ta yadda idan magaji ya dawo gida, zai sami “mutumin” shi a kursiyin.
Yaran Vlad III ba su da bambanci da rayuwar mahaifinsa da kakaninsa. Ya yi amfani da shi a Adrianople, Turks suka kama su. Malamin yaron ya kasance tsohon jarumi na Nairah, wanda yake da manufa guda a rayuwa - don kashe kafirai. Mafi yawan lokaci, Nairah da Vlad suna cikin shingen gidan, inda, suke kwankwaso a kan katako, suna kallo yayin da suke azabtar da makiya Sarkin Musulmi. Sau ɗaya a cikin birni akwai hutu. Nairah ya kawo Vlad a filin tsakiyar, inda ya fara ganin Sarkin Musulmi Murad da kansa, yana zaune a kan kursiyin. Ya durƙusa a gabansa ya sunkuyar da kansa, ya lura da waɗansu yara biyu a kusa kusa da su. "Ka ɗaga kan ka, Vlad," in ji Murad. "Dubi wadannan matasa? Waɗannan shugabannin maƙwabta ne. Mahaifinsu ya yi tawaye don haka ya yanke wa 'ya'yansa maza hukuncin kisa. Amma Sarkin Baturke ba shi da tausayi kuma yana ba su rai. ” Abin da ya faru a gaba, Vlad ya tuna tsawon rayuwarsa. Murad ya ɗaga hannunsa, ɗaya daga cikin masu tsaron lafiyar Sultan tare da ƙarara ya makantar da samari. Bayan faruwar hakan, Vlad ya yanke shawarar cewa, da ya dawo ƙasarsu, zai tattara sojoji ya ɗaukar fansa. A shekara ta 1452, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa mai ban tausayi (mahara daga cikin manyan mazaunan yankin sun yi hayar wadanda suka kashe Vlad II a gidansu), ya mamaye kursiyin mara komai. Rashin jituwa ya yi mulki a cikin shugabanci, masu ladabi sun raina yariman sarki - kawai shi ɗan fursuna ne na sarkin Musulmi.
Fansa ta Yarima
Vlad III ya yanke shawarar yin murnar kasancewarsa kan karagar mulki a babban matsayi. Ya gayyaci babban birninsa, a cikin Targovishte, kusan daukacin darajar mawakan Wallachi. Wadancan makircin da suka kashe mahaifinsa. Wannan biki ya kasance mai wadatarwa da farin ciki. Vlad ya kasance - fara'a da kanta. Amma a tsakiyar idin, sai ya bar zauren, da barorin sun kulle ƙofofin bayan sa kuma suka kunna wuta a ɗakin. Mutane ɗari biyar sun ƙone da rai a cikin wutar. Wadanda suka yi nasarar tserewa daga wuta, Yarima Vlad III ya hau kan gungumen azaba. A cikin Romaniyanci, “kirga” suna kama da “flail”. Don haka, washegari, Yarima Vlad Dracula ya sami sabon suna - Vlad Tepes, wato Vlad the Slayer. Darussan Nairah ba a banza suke ba.
Daidai shekara guda bayan haka, Vlad III bai yi ladan Sarkin Musulmi a lokacin da aka kayyade ba. Ba shi da 'ya'ya, wanda ke nufin babu masu garkuwa da su. Turkawan ba su da wani zaɓi face in ayyana yaƙi a kan yariman Wallachian tawaye. Shirinsa yayi aiki.
Sultan Murad ya aika da mahaya dawakai dubu zuwa ga Wallachia, waɗanda suka kamata su kawo masa shugaban Dracula. Amma ya juya daban. Turkawan sun yi kokarin jawo Vlad cikin tarko, amma su da kansu sun kewaye kuma an mika wuya. An kai fursunonin zuwa Targovishte kuma an aza su a kan gadaje - ɗaya kuma duka. Ga Baturke Aga, wanda ya ba da umarnin a kame, an shirya gungumen azaba tare da tukin zinare. Ya mutu cikin baƙin ciki a dukan yini. Daga nan sai Sarkin Musulmi ya fusata ya tura wata babbar runduna zuwa Wallachia. Yankin ya ƙaddara ya faru ne a cikin 1461, lokacin da abubuwan da suka ɓace na Vlad III sun sadu da sojojin Turkiya, waɗanda suka mamaye Wallahians sau da yawa. Turkawan sun kewaye tawagar Dracula. Yaƙin ya munana, sarki guda ne kaɗai ya tsere. Sun ce ba zato ba tsammani ya ɓace a cikin iska, ya ɓace. Bayan haka, jita-jita sun bazu cewa an san yariman tare da mugayen ruhohi. Ta yaya kuma mutum zai iya bayanin gaskiyar cewa ƙaramar rundunar Wallachia ta riƙe sojojin da ba za a iya rarrabewa daga Daular Ottoman ba har abada? Kira Dracula an kira shi da dako da ghoul. A karni na 15, wannan yana nufin mai sihiri, mayaƙa wanda ya yi yarjejeniya da shaidan.
Shekara guda bayan haka, Murad da kansa ya jagoranci sojojin ya ci gaba da shirye-shiryen yanke hukunci. A karkashin matsin Turkawa, sojojin Wallachian da aka ci an tilasta su koma baya. Ingetare Danube, Turkawa suka tsaya a Targovishte. Ba wai masu kare ne suka hana su ba - birnin ba shi da sojoji. Mutanen da suka mutu sun tsare Targovishte. Ya mutu a kan hadarurruka. Turkawa 800 sun kame tsawon shekaru. Noabilar Turkiyya a cikin suttura masu ƙyalli na zinare. Isswararrun Janissaries tare da matsanancin fuskoki a fuskokinsu. Duwatsu suka makale ko'ina - duwatsun ke gaban birni an girke su. Tepes ya daɗe yana ta shiri don wannan "aikin" tsawon lokaci: duk lokacin da yaƙi ya ci gaba, talakawansa sun tara Turkawan da suka mutu daga fagen daga kuma suka sa su cikin shinge. Don kada matattu su mutu, an saka su cikin zuma.
Don kusanci ƙofar, ya zama dole don wuce wannan daji eerie. Hatta Sarkin Musulmi na zalunci ba shi da isasshen ruhi don wannan - ya kamu da rashin lafiya daga yanayin da ba za a iya jurewa ba. Yana faɗar kalmomin: “Me za mu yi da wannan mutumin?”, Ya ja da baya, ya jagoranci sojojinsa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, babu wanda ya taɓa ganin Vlad III Dracula.
Kalmar "yayi faɗa" cikin harshen Romanan ma'ana "dragon". Mahaifin Tepes, ya kasance mai fa'ida a kan Dokar macijin, wanda burin sa shi ne yakar musulmai. Sun kira shi wancan - Vlad Dragon, ko Vlad Dracula. Da kyau, mummunan sunan ya gaji ɗansa, amma daga baya ya fi shi barata.
Dracula: Komawa
Dracula na Bram Stoker
An tayar da Vlad Dracula a karni na 19, amma ba kamar mayaƙi tare da Daular Ottoman ba, amma a matsayin tururuwa. Wannan ya faru godiya ga Bram Stoker, marubucin Irish. Koyaushe yana ƙaunar tafiya da kuma, tafiya ko ta yaya ta hanyar Romania, kuma da ya ji mummunan labarin Tepes, Stoker, dawo gida, ya rubuta sanannen littafin vampire, wanda ya zama wani sabon salo. An buga littafin a cikin 1897 kuma ya zama mai ba da izini. Da kyau, ba da daɗewa ba Dracula ya bugi allon - kuma sanannen hoto na duniya na wata turmutsutsi ya bayyana tare da fatar fata, manyan kuguna da idanu masu duhu. Kamfanin "Universal" ya samu shahararren jarumin fim din ne wanda kamfanin ya samu, wanda daga shekarar 1930 zuwa 1960 ya saki fina-finai bakwai game da Count Dracula.
"Menene sunan?"
Don haka Shakespeare ya rubuta, kuma ya daɗa: "Bayan haka, fure na ƙanshi kamar fure ..." Tsararren kuskure ne. Sunan yana da yawa. Kuma Vlad Basarab yana da biyu daga cikinsu:
1. “Tasiri” - a cikin harshen Rumana na nufin “kirga”. Marubutan tarihi sun nuna cewa mai mulkin ya so yin amfani da wannan kayan aikin don yin kisa. Kuma ya yi amfani da cola sau da yawa har suka fara kiran shi Vlad Tepes.
2. "Dracula." Yana da ƙari kuma mafi rikitarwa anan. Da fari dai, a cikin Romaniyanci, "Dracula" shine "shaidan". Ba mafi kyawun sunan barkwanci ba ga mai mulkin Turai. Amma ya ce da yawa. Akwai fasalin wanene Vlad kuma, a hanyar, ana kiran mahaifinsa Dracula, saboda suna cikin tsari na dragon, wanda sarki Sigismund na Hungary ya kafa. An faɗi cewa ɗayan ayyukan umarni shine bincika mahalli na ƙuruciya ta har abada da rashin mutuwa. An yi imani cewa an dauki jinin mutum a matsayin irin wannan warkarwa ta mu'ujiza. Wannan shine farkon ambaton vampirism.
Bayyanar
A cikin karni na 20, wani masanin ilimin hauka Cesare Lombroso ya zauna a Italiya. Ya zama sanannen godiya ga gaskiyar cewa ya gabatar da ka'idar: sha'awar mutum ga wasu laifuka ya dogara da bayyanar. Ina mamakin abin da Lombroso zai iya faɗi game da Tepes. Vlad yana da hanci mai tsawo, idanunsa masu kauri, yana fitowa daga lebe. Gabaɗaya, yana yiwuwa a ɗauke shi a matsayin tururuwa saboda bayyanar.
'Yan Adam ko masu amfana?
Vlad Tepes, a cewar bayanai daban-daban, muguwar sarki ce. Sau da yawa ana aiwatar da hukuncin kisan kai. Abu ne mai sauki ka dauki irin wannan mutum a matsayin wani nau'in shaidan ko aljani. A halin yanzu, Dracula da son rai ya taimaki cocin, ya kasaftawa kudi don gina haikalin a Romania da Girka.
Af, akwai sigar da Vlad Tepes ya zama vampire saboda ya maye gurbin Orthodox da Katolika. Wallachia yanki ne na Orthodox. Amma Katolika sun yi rauni. Kuma mai mulki yayi sallama. Akwai jita-jita: a cikin Katolika ba sa cin gurasa da giya (jiki da jinin Ubangiji), wanda ke nufin cewa Dracula ya sha jinin ainihin. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi fushi sosai da jinƙai.
Vlad the Impaler Dracula. Gaskiya da almara.
Kuma bari muyi magana game da wannan halayyar mai ban sha'awa yayin rayuwarsa wanda ya zama labari kuma ya sami lakabi "tsoran 'yan Ottomans." Kuma a lokaci guda yi ƙoƙarin raba abin da ake kira "hatsi daga hatsin." Ya zama yariman (mai mulkin) na Wallachia har sau uku, ya shafe shekaru 12 a kurkuku, ya ɓoye wa makiya sau da yawa, ya kasance "mubaya'a" ne tsakanin Turkawa, ya kawar da laifi a cikin mulkinsa kuma kawai abokin gaba na Ottoman warriors wahayi zuwa tsoro, kan iyaka a kan daya daga nasa tsoro. bayyanar a fagen fama.
Daidai ranar haihuwa Vlad III Basaraba, kuma wannan shine yadda sunansa na gaske yake sauti, ba a sani ba. Tsakanin 1429 zuwa 1431 a cikin garin Sighisoara, an haifi ɗa a cikin gidan Yarima Vlad II Dracula da Princess Vasilika na Moldavian. Gabaɗaya, mai mulkin Wallachia yana da 'ya'ya maza guda huɗu: babba ɗan Mircea, na tsakiya Vlad da Radu, kuma ƙarami - kuma Vlad (ɗan Yar Vlad II matar ta biyu - Koltsuna, daga baya Vlad IV Monk). Fate ba za ta goyi bayan ukun farko ba. Za a binne Mircea da rai na Wallachian boyars a cikin Targovishte. Radu zai zama wanda aka fi so da Sarkin Sultan Mehmed na II, kuma Vlad zai kawo wa dangin shi mummunan suna na cannibal. Kuma Vlad IV Monk ne kawai zai ci gaba da rayuwarsa fiye da ƙasa ko a hankali. Crest dangi shine dragon. A cikin shekarar haihuwar Vlad ne mahaifinsa ya shiga cikin Ka'idar dragon, wanda membobinsa suka yi rantsuwa da jini don kare Kiristocin daga Turkawan Musulmi. Daga mahaifinsa ne Vlad III zai gaji sunansa na asali - Dracula. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, an kira Vlad III Dracul (rum. Dracul, watau "dragon"), yana gaji da sunan mahaifinsa ba tare da wani canji ba. Koyaya, daga baya (a cikin 1470s) ya fara nuna sunan shi mai suna tare da harafin “a” a ƙarshen, saboda a wannan lokacin ya sami mafi girman suna a cikin wannan tsari.
Yaron Dracula ya wuce a cikin wannan gidan, wanda aka adana a cikin garin Sighisoara a Transylvania har zuwa yanzu, a ul. Zhestyanschikov 5. Abinda kawai shine shine a cikin shekaru 500 da suka gabata yankin Transylvania da kansa ya canza asalinsa, a cikin karni na 15 mallakin masarautar Harta ne, amma yanzu, garin Segisoara da gidan da Dracula ke zaune tare da mahaifinsa, mahaifiyarsa da kuma babban ɗan'uwansa, suna kan ƙasar Romania. 
Gidan dangi na gaba Ubangiji Wallachia ya zauna a Segisoara har zuwa 1436. A lokacin bazara na 1436, mahaifin Dracula ya mamaye masarautar Wallachian kuma ba a ƙarshen faɗuwar shekarar ba ya matsar da dangi daga Sighisoara zuwa Targovishte, inda a wannan lokacin babban birnin Wallachia yake. Dangane da duk rahotanni, Vlad III ya sami kyakkyawan tsarin ilimin Byzantine a wancan lokacin. Koyaya, ya gaza kammala karatun sa gabaɗaya, saboda tsoma baki cikin siyasa. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1442, mahaifin Dracula ya yi rikici da Janos Hunyadi, wanda a lokacin shi ne ainihin mai mulkin Hungary, wanda a sakamakon hakan ne Janos ya yanke shawarar sanya wani mai mulki a cikin Wallachia - Basaraba II.
A lokacin bazara na 1442, mahaifin Dracula ya tafi Turkey wurin Sultan Murat II don neman taimako, amma an tilasta shi ya zauna a can har tsawon watanni 8. A wannan lokacin, Basarab II ya kafa kansa a cikin Wallachia, kuma Dracula da sauran danginsa suna ɓoye. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1443, mahaifin Dracula ya dawo daga Turkiya tare da sojojin Turkiyya kuma ya cire Basaraba II. Janos Hunyadi bai tsoma baki a cikin wannan ba, a daidai lokacin da yake shirin murkushe 'yan Turkawa. Yaƙin neman zaɓen ya fara a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1443, kuma ya ƙare har zuwa Janairu 1444. A lokacin bazara na 1444, tattaunawar sulhu ta fara tsakanin Janos Hunyadi da Sultan. Mahaifin Dracula ya shiga cikin tattaunawar, a lokacin da Janos ya yarda cewa Wallachia zai iya kasancewa karkashin ikon Baturke. A lokaci guda, Sarkin, yana son tabbatar da amincin “gwamna Wallachian”, ya nace kan “jingina” (Baturke zaiat). Kalmar "jingina" na nufin cewa '' '' voivode '' 'ya kamata su zo kotun ta Turkiya - wato, Dracula, wanda a wancan lokacin ya yi kusan shekara 14, da ɗan'uwansa Radu, wanda ke da kusan shekaru 6. Tattaunawar da mahaifinsa Dracula ya ƙare a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1444 na shekara. Dracula da ɗan'uwansa Radu sun tafi Turkiya a ƙarshen watan Yulin 1444.
Masu bincike na zamani sun yarda da abu ɗaya: a cikin Turkiyya ne Vlad ya sami wani nau'in rauni na hankali wanda har abada aka yi shi, wanda aka tuna da abin tsoro da jin daɗi a duk faɗin Romania. Akwai sigogin da yawa na abin da ya faru:
1. Baturke ya azabtar da mai mulki a nan gaba wanda ya sa suka shawo kansu su musulunta.
2. Kamar dai saurayin Vlad, Radu, wanda ya gaji magajin Turkiyya, Mehmed ya yaudare shi, ya mai da shi babban masoyin da ya fi so. Wannan musamman rubutaccen marubuci ne - ɗan masanin tarihin Girka, Laonik Halkokondil. Koyaya, a cewarsa, wannan labarin yana nufin wani lokaci na ƙarshe na 1450s.
3. kisan gillar da aka yiwa mahaifinsa da kaninsa a watan Disamba 1446. Mutuwar ta faru ne sakamakon wani juyin mulki da kungiyar Wallachian boyars ta yi, tare da taimakon ariansan Hungary. Henchman na Hunyadi, Vladislav II, ya hau bango na Wallachia. A kan umarnin kwamandan na Hungary, an yanke mahaifin Dracula, kuma an binne babban d'an Dracula da rai.
4. To, abin da aka fi so - halayen gidan Sarki na Sarki "sunada sauki" wanda a qarqashin ikonsu, Vlad shima daga baya ya nuna sha'awar sa. Misali, gwargwadon labari, Vlad da ƙanensa suka zama shaidu (an kawo su musamman) na "bincike" na satar wani ɗan kayan lambu (wataƙila kokwamba!) A cikin gidan masarautar Sultan. Kowane ɗayan lambu 12 da suka sami damar shiga gidan kore a lokaci guda ko wata a wannan ranar sun buɗe ciki, kuma na bakwai a jere sun sami abin da aka nema. Waɗanda ba sa cikin ciki, sun yi sa'a, waɗanda an riga an tsage su an "ba su da izini su rayu," amma mai laifin da ya ci ɗan itacen an ɗauke shi zuwa gungume.
A faɗuwar 1448, Dracula, tare da sojojin Turkiyya waɗanda Sultan ya aro, sun shiga babban birnin Wallachian - Targovishte. Lokacin da daidai wannan ya faru, ba a san shi daidai ba, amma akwai wata wasiƙa daga Dracula wacce aka sanya ranar 31 ga Oktoba, inda ya sanya hannu a matsayin "gwamnan Wallachia." Nan da nan bisa ga hawa zuwa kursiyin, Dracula ya fara bincike game da abubuwan da suka danganci mutuwar mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa. A yayin binciken, ya sami labarin cewa a kalla 7 boyars waɗanda ke bautar da mahaifinsa sun shiga cikin maƙarƙashiyar kuma sun goyi bayan Yarima Vladislav, wanda suka sami tagomashi daban-daban.
A halin da ake ciki, Janos Hunyadi da Vladislav, wadanda suka yi rashin nasara a filin Kosovo, sun isa Trans Trans. A Nuwamba 10, 1448, Janos Hunyadi, yayin da yake a Sighisoara, ya sanar da cewa yana ƙaddamar da yakin soja a kan Dracula, yana kiran shi "mai mulkin doka". A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, Janos ya riga ya shiga Brasov, daga inda yake tare da sojoji ya koma Wallachia. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, ya shiga Targovishte, amma tuni Dracula ya tsere daga wannan lokacin.
Daga 1448 zuwa 1455, Vlad Dracula yana zaune gudun hijira a kotun masarautar Moldavian. A shekara ta 1456, Dracula ya kasance a cikin Transylvania, inda ya tattara sojojin masu aikin sa kai don zuwa Wallachia kuma ya sake karɓar kursiyin. A wannan lokacin (daga watan Fabrairu na 1456), wakilan sufaye na Franciscan karkashin jagorancin Giovanni da Capistrano sun kasance a Transugal, wanda kuma ya tattara sojojin masu ba da agaji don 'yantar da Konstantinople, waɗanda Baturke suka kame a shekara ta 1453. Cungiyar ta Franciscans ba ta ɗauki Ostiraliya ba a kan kamfen, wanda Dracula yayi amfani da shi, yana jan hankalin militian bindigar da aka ƙi zuwa ga matakinsu .. A watan Afrilun 1456, jita-jita ta bazu ko'ina cikin Hungary cewa sojojin Turkiyya suna gab da kan iyakokin kudancin ƙasar, wanda Sultan Mehmed ya jagoranta. A ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1456, a wata wasika da ya aika wa "Saxons na Transylvania," Janos Hunyadi ya sanar cewa ya nada Dracula "mai kula da yankuna na Transylvia." Bayan wannan, Janos da sojojinsa suka tashi zuwa Belgrade, wanda tuni sojojin Turkiya suka kewaye su.Belgrade shi ma ya biyo bayan wata runduna ta mayaƙa ta Franciscan monk Giovanni da Capistrano wacce aka yi tsammani ta tafi Konstantinoful, kuma sojojin Dracula sun tsaya a kan iyakar Translana tare da Wallachia, sai dai yarima Wallachian Vladislav II, yana tsoron cewa Dracula zai iya karɓar kursiyin a cikin rashi, bai je ba ga tsaron Belgrade.
A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1456, sojojin Turkiya sun yi biris da daga sansanin soja na Belgrade, kuma a farkon watan Agusta, sojojin Dracula suka koma Wallachia. Boka Wallachian boyar Mane Udrishche ya taimaka wa Dracula ya sami iko. A ranar 20 ga Agusta, an kashe Vladislav, Dracula ya zama yariman Wallachi a karo na biyu. Kwanaki 9 da suka gabata (11 ga Agusta), a Belgrade, magabcin Dracula da ya daɗe da kisan mai mahaifinsa, Janos Hunyadi, ya mutu sakamakon annobar.
A cikin gidan dangin Targovishte Vlad sun rama mutuwar mahaifinsa da babban ɗan uwansa. A cewar almara, ya gayyaci masu sona zuwa liyafa don girmama Ista (mutane 500), sannan kuma ya ba da umarnin yanka (azaman zaɓi, guba ko saka a kan gungumen) dukkansu zuwa ɗaya. An yi imani cewa yana tare da wannan kisa ne za a fara zubar da jini na babban azzalumi Vlad Dracula. Wannan labarin tatsuniya ne, amma labarin tarihi ya shawo kan aboki - a wurin bikin Dracula kawai ya tsorata boyars, ya kuma kawar da waɗanda kawai ya ke zargi da cin amanar kasa. A lokacin mulkinsa na farko, ya kashe 11 boyars, yana shirya juyin mulki a kansa. Guji haɗari na gaske, Dracula ya fara dawo da tsari a cikin ƙasar. Ya fito da sababbin dokoki. Don sata, kisan kai da tashin hankali na masu laifi ana tsammanin hukunci ɗaya kawai - mutuwa. Lokacin da aka fara kashe mutane a cikin ƙasar, mutane sun fahimci cewa shugabansu ba wasa ba ne.
Dangane da wannan, mahimmar Wallachia ta yi mulki na daidaici a gaban doka: ko da kai wanene, ɗan boyar da tsararrakin ɗan shekara ɗari uku, ko mai roƙon ƙasa, don kowane irin laifi, ko rashin biyayya ga sarkin dutsen, mutuwa tana jiranka. Yawancin lokaci mai tsawo da raɗaɗi. Legend yayi ikirarin cewa ta wannan hanyar ya lalata duk matalauta da waɗanda ba sa son aiki. Akwai ra'ayi wanda sannu a hankali ya sanya mutane da tsoron kansu. Har ma ya zaɓi mummunan labarai game da zaluntar sa. Amma, m isne ne mafi ƙarancin mutane da suke ƙaunar “dragon”.
Wani zamani yayi bayanin Wallahi a matsayin mutane masu yawan satar mutane da girman kai. Ka yi tunanin mamakinsa lokacin da, shekara guda bayan farkon mulkin Vlad Dracula, mutum zai iya jefa tsabar zinare a kan titi ya zo gobe don ya same shi kwance a daidai wurin.
Sanannen sananne shine taron tare da jakadu na Turkiyya, wanda jakadan Rasha a Hungary, Fyodor Kuritsyn ya bayyana a 1484 a "Thele of Dracula Voivode":
"Na zo gare shi sau daya daga Turkawa, kuma koyaushe na sauko gare shi kuma na sunkuyar da kai bisa ga al'adata, amma ban kawar da darasi na daga baburansa ba. Ya tambaye su:" Menene dalilin irin wannan masanin ga babban sarki kuma wannan abin kunya ga masanin? " Bafulatani ne: “Wannan al'ada ce, sarauta, ƙasarmu kuma tana da.” Ya kuma ce musu: “Kuma ina son in tabbatar da dokarku, amma ku tsaya,” kuma ya bisu da ƙaramin ƙusa na baƙin ƙarfe a kawunansu ya naɗa bakin bakin ya kyale su, koguna. a gare su: "ku ci gaba da gaya wa sarki, ya dawwama kunyarku daga gare ku, amma ba mu da wata dabara ba ce, kuma baya aika al'adar shi ga sauran sarakuna, waɗanda ba sa son su, amma ku kiyaye ta tare da su."
A shekara ta 1461, Vlad Dracula ya ki yin biyayya ga Sultan Mehmed. Ottomans ba su gafarta wannan ba, kuma a cikin wannan bazara sojojin da ke da ƙarfi na Turkiya 250,000 sun mamaye Wallachia (bisa ga bayanan zamani, har yanzu ƙasa da "kawai" 100-120 dubu). Koyaya, Dracula bai karaya ba kuma ya ƙaddamar da yaƙi na gaskiya da tausayi a kan masu cin nasara. Ya kama kowa da kowa. A cikin rundunarsa ta 30,000, manyan mutane masu daraja, dodanni da masu farauta, har da mata da yara daga shekara 10, sun yi yaƙi tare da Turkawa. A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1461, sakamakon sanannen 'harin dare', sojojin Vlad sun ci nasara kuma suka tilastawa babbar runduna ta Mehmed II komawa baya. Fursunonin Turkiyya daga 2000 zuwa dubu 4000 da aka kama a wannan yaƙi an sanya su a kan katako. Haka kuma, manyan kwamandoji na hadarurruka tare da tukwanen zinare, shuwagabannin hadarurruka da amsar azurfa, da kyau, sojoji na yau da kullun sun gamsu da bishiyar talakawa. Ko da ka'idodin Baturke, irin wannan daukar fansa ya yi yawa sosai. A wannan lokacin ne Vlad ya sami sunan Ottoman - Kazykly (yawon shakatawa. Kazıklı daga yawon shakatawa. Kazık [kazyk] - "kirga"). Ma'ana, an fassara shi "kolshik", ko "spiker". Daga baya, wannan sunan barkwanci da aka fassara shi a zahiri zuwa harshen Romaniyan - Tepes (rum. Țepeș). Idan kun takaita manyan shahararrun sunaye da sunayen barkwanci na Vlad, kuna samun: Vlad III Dragon the Spinner. Sautiƙa?
A wannan shekarar 1461, bayan cin amanar sarkin Hungary Matthias Korvin Dracula, aka tilasta masa ya gudu zuwa Hungary, inda daga baya aka tsare shi bisa zargin karya da hada hannu da Turkawa sannan ya shafe shekaru 12 a kurkuku.
A shekara ta 1475, an sake Vlad III Dracula daga kurkukun Hongariyanci kuma ya sake shiga cikin yaƙin Turkiya. A cikin Nuwamba 1475, shi, a matsayin ɓangare na sojojin Hungary (a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojin soja na Matt Mattas, "sarkin masarauta") ya tafi Serbia, inda daga Janairu zuwa Fabrairu 1476 ya shiga cikin kuntatawa na sansanin Šabac na Baturke. A cikin Fabrairu 1476, ya shiga cikin yaƙi da Turkawa a Bosniya, kuma a lokacin rani na 1476, tare da wani "kyaftin na sarki" Stefan Batory, ya taimaka wa Moldovan Prince Stefan Mai Girma ya kare kansa daga Baturke.
A cikin Nuwamba 1476, Vlad Dracula, tare da taimakon Stefan Batori da Stefan the Great, sun hambarar da yarima mai jiran gado na Turkiyya Laiot Basarab. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1476, aka ɗauki Targovishte. An dauki Bucharest a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, babban taron jama'a na mutanen Wallachia suka zabi Dracula a matsayin yarima.
Sannan sojojin Stefan Batori da Stefan the Great sun bar Wallachia, kuma waɗannan sojoji waɗanda suke ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye (kusan mutane 4,000) suka rage tare da Vlad Dracula. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Vlad yaudari yaudarar da aka kashe a ƙaddamar da Laota Basaraba, duk da haka, maɓuɓɓuka sun ɓoye cikin labaru game da hanyar kisan kai da masu aiwatarwa kai tsaye.
Masu ba da labari na zamanin daka Yakubu Rikicin da Jan Dlugos sun yi imanin cewa bawansa ne ya kashe shi, amma Turkiya sun cireshi. Mawallafin littafin The Tale na Dracula Gwamna Fyodor Kuritsyn ya yi imanin cewa an kashe Vlad Dracula a yayin yaƙin tare da Turkawa.
Hakanan an kiyaye shi kuma shaidar yarima Moldavian Stefan, wanda ya taimaki Vlad ya mamaye kursiyin Wallachian:
"Nan da nan na tara sojoji, kuma da suka zo, sai na yi aiki tare da ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin muƙamin, kuma daɗaɗɗu, muka kawo Drahul da aka ambata a cikin iko. Kuma lokacin da ya hau kan mulki, ya nemi mu bar mutanenmu a gare shi a matsayin masu tsaro, saboda bai amince da Vlachs sosai ba, ni kuwa na bar mutum 200 daga mutanen sa, kuma lokacin da na yi hakan, mu (tare da kyaftin na sarki) muka tafi. Kuma wannan abokin cinikin Basarab ya dawo nan da nan kuma ya kama Drahulu, wanda ya ragu ba tare da mu ba, muka kashe shi, kuma duka amma mutane 10 suka mutu. "
Tushen duk wani labari na gaba game da zubar da jini wanda ba a taɓa yin irin sa ba wanda ya kasance marubucin da ba a san shi ba (wanda yake shi ne ta umarnin sarkin Hungary) wanda aka buga a cikin Jamus a cikin 1463. A wannan ne karo na farko da aka samo duk wani bayanin kisa da azabtarwa da azabtarwar Dracula, da kuma dukkanin labaran kisan gilla.
Daga ra'ayi na tarihi, dalilin shakkar amincin bayanan da aka gabatar a cikin wannan takaddar yana da matuƙar girma. Baya ga shahararrun kursiyin Hungary a kwafin wannan takarda (sha'awar ɓoye gaskiyar cewa Sarkin Hungary ya saci babban kuɗaɗen da masarautar papal ta bayar ga Crusade), ba a sami nassoshin da suka gabata ga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan labarun “labarun gargajiya” ba.
Jerin kisan-kiyashi na Vlad Dracula Tepes a cikin wannan takaddara mara izini:
Akwai wata sanarwa da aka sani lokacin da Tepes ya hallara kusan boyars 500 kuma ya tambaye su adadin masu mulki kowannensu ya tuna. Ya juya cewa ko mafi ƙarancinsu yana tunawa aƙalla 7 na sarauta. Amsar Tepesh wani yunƙuri ne na kawo ƙarshen wannan umarni - an saka dukkanin boyars a kan gungume kuma aka haƙa a kusa da ɗakunan Tepes a Targovishte babban birninsa,
Hakanan an ba da labarin mai zuwa: baƙon ɗan kasuwa wanda ya zo Wallachia an sata. Ya shigar da karar Tepes. Yayin da aka kama ɓarawo kuma aka sa shi a kan gungume, an jefa jakar a cikin ɗan kasuwa ta hanyar Tepes, a nan akwai kuɗin da ya fi guda ɗaya. Kasuwancin da ya gano ragin, nan da nan ya sanar da Tepes. Ya yi dariya ya ce: "Gaskiya na yi, ba zan faɗi ba - zaku zauna a kan gungume tare da ɓarawo,"
Tepes ya gano cewa akwai masu bara a kasar da yawa. Ya tattara su, ya ciyar da gamsassunsu kuma ya yi jawabi tare da tambaya: "Shin kana son kawar da wahalar duniya har abada?" Don amsar da ta dace, Tepes ya rufe ƙofofi da windows kuma yana ƙone duk waɗanda suka taru da rai,
Akwai labari game da wata farka da take ƙoƙarin yaudarar Tepes ta hanyar magana game da ciki. Tepesh ya gargade ta cewa ba ta yarda da karya ba, amma ta ci gaba da nacewa da kanta, sai Tepesh rips din ta bude ciki ta fashe da kuka: "Na ce ba na son karya!"
Hakanan ana bayyana shari'ar yayin da Dracula ya tambayi dodanni biyu masu yawo a kan tambaya game da abin da mutane ke faɗi game da mulkinsa. Daya daga cikin dodannin ya amsa da cewa yawan mutanen Wallachia sun zage shi a matsayin azzalumin dan gari, wani kuma ya ce kowa ya yaba masa a matsayin mai 'yanci daga barazanar Turkawa da kuma dan siyasa mai hikima. A zahiri, ɗayan kuma ɗayan hujjoji sun kasance masu adalci a yadda ya dace. Kuma almara, a takaice, yana da wasan karshe biyu. A cikin "sigar" ta Jamusanci, Dracula ya kashe na farko saboda bai son maganarsa. A cikin fassarar labari na Rasha, mai mulki ya bar modo na farko da rai, kuma ya kashe na biyu don karyar,
Ofaya daga cikin shahararrun shaida mafi ƙaranci a cikin wannan takaddar ta ce Dracula ya fi son cin karin kumallo a wurin kisan ko wurin da aka yi kwanan nan. Ya umarta a kawo masa tebur da abinci, ya zauna ya ci abinci tare da matattun da ke mutuwa a kan gungumen azaba. Hakanan akwai ƙari ga wannan labarin, wanda ya faɗi cewa bawan da ya yi hidimar abincin Vlad, ba zai iya jin ƙanshi na lalata ba, kuma, yana ɗaukar makogwaronsa da hannuwansa, ya sauke tarar a gabansa. Vlad ya tambaya me yasa yayi hakan. "Babu ƙarfin da za a jure, mummunan ratayewa," in ji maraƙin ya amsa. Kuma Vlad nan da nan ya ba da umarnin a sa shi a kan gungume, wanda ya fi mita yawa fiye da sauran, bayan haka ya yi kira ga bawan da yake raye: “Ka gani! Yanzu kun fi komai kyau, kuma gurɓatuwa ba ta same ku ba ”,
Dangane da shaidar tsohuwar tatsuniyar Rasha, Tepesh ya ba da umarnin gwanayen matan aure marasa aminci da matan da suka karya ka'idodin tsabtace dabi'u da yanke fata, da fallasa gawarwakin har yakai ga lalata jikin mutum da cin shi ta tsuntsaye, ko yin hakan, amma tun farko ya soke su da poker daga perineum a bakin
Da ya zo wurinsa na neman sanin vassality, jakadu na Daular Ottoman, Dracula ya yi tambayar: "Me yasa ba su cire gashin kansu a gaban mai mulkin Orthodox ba." Da yake jin amsar cewa za su kaɗa kawunansu a gaban Sultan, Vlad ya ba da umarnin kusoshi don ƙusa rawani a kawunansu.
Kawai misalai na wannan "daftarin aiki" daga 1463
Koyaya, masana tarihi na zamani sun musunta galibin waɗannan finafinan ban tsoro, idan suka ɗauke su almara. Duk da cewa Tepesh ya sanya mutane a kirga cikin daruruwan, kuma Turkawa (wanda da alama bai ƙidaya su mutane ba) har cikin dubbai. Kuma "mutuncin" talakawansa an saya ta hannun 15% na yawan jama'ar Wallachia. Ya kasance mai tsoron cewa ya suma, ya ƙi shi, ya yi masa bautar Allah da kuma ƙaunarsa. Kadan daga cikin masu mulkin mallaka sun kori irin wannan tunanin na saɓani tsakanin waɗanda ke kewaye da su.
Wani kuma, kuma sanannen "rayuwa" na Vlad Tepes Dracula ya fara a farkon kwata na karni na XX, bayan zuwan littafin Bram Stoker na "Dracula".
Dangane da almara, shugaban Wallachia, Vlad III, Basarab Dracula, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Tepes, an binne shi ko a nan: a cikin gidan sufan nan na Komana, wanda Vlad ya kafa shekaru 15 da suka gabata.
Ko a cikin Ikilisiyar Annunciation a Snagov.
