A zahiri farantin-gill (mashaya mai lu'u-lu'u, mara ƙoshin lafiya, da sauransu) faranti biyu na gill madaidaiciya sun rataye daga rufin kwandon shara a kan ɓangarorin biyu na ƙafa. Kowane farantin yana ninki biyu, jifa-jifa, tare da tsarin hadaddun kayan haɗin gwal. Gill lattices an rufe shi da ciliated epithelium. Theaurawar ruwa a cikin kogon kwanyar ana lalacewa ta hanyar bugun cilia na epithelium na mantle, gills, da na baki. Ruwa yana shiga cikin siphon, yana wanke hannu, yana wucewa ta faranti, sannan ta hanyar rami a bayan kafa yana shiga ɗakin dawa, daga ciki kuma sai ya fita daga cikin siran na alkama.

A cikin wasu rukunin gilli na bivalve, tsarin yana da banbanci, kuma nazarin kwatanci na kayan aikin gill yana sa ya yiwu a canza canjin yanayin ctenidia zuwa lamellar. Don haka, a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na biineves na ruwa - daidai hakora (Taxodonta) - akwai ctenidia kaɗan da aka canza sosai. Tushen kowane ctenidium a gefe ɗaya ya girma zuwa rufin katako, kuma a kansa akwai layuka biyu na fure mai gill.

A cikin babban rukuni na muscular daban (Anisomyaria), an lura da ƙarin canji a cikin ctenidia. Gyaran sa suna kara tsayi kuma suka zama zaren bakin ciki, har ya zuwa wannan lokacin, har suka isa gindin murfin, sai su tanadi sama. Endingarfin gwiwar da ke saukowa da ke hawa da keɓaɓɓe da wannan zaren da maƙusantansu suna daɗaɗɗa da juna ta yin amfani da keɓaɓɓen ilimin cilia. Saboda wannan, gill ɗin, wanda ya ƙunshi layuka biyu na zaren, yana da nau'i biyu faranti. Ana samun irin wannan tsarin na kwayar cuta a cikin scallops (Pecten), oysters, (Ostrea), da sauransu.

Tsarin da aka bayyana a sama na gills na gaskiya lamellar-gill (Eulamellibranchiata) yana wakiltar ƙarin canji a cikin ƙwayar filamentous. Ya ƙunshi samuwar tsummoki tsakanin hawa da sauka zuwa ga rassan kowane zaren da tsakanin zaren da ke kusa, da kuma a cikin fushin ƙarshen ƙarshen rassan ganyen fita tare da alkyabbar da kuma hau zuwa rassan ganyen ciki da ƙafar, da kuma bayan kafa tare da kafaffen gill na ciki na gefen gefen.

Don haka, lamellar gills ya fito ne daga ainihin ctenidia, tare da lamellar lamellar biyu a kowane ɗayan yayi daidai da ctenidium ɗaya, kuma kowane lamella yana wakiltar rabin-gill.

A cikin ƙaramin rukuni na birtis-diyan dabbobi, ciyar da plankton da ƙananan polychaetes, ctenidia an rage su. Ana yin aikin na numfashi ta wani sashi na juye daga cikin jijiyoyin jikin mutum, rabe yake da septum wanda ya harba da pores (a cikin Septibranchia).

A dangane da rage kai da yanayin m abinci mai gina jiki, da ectodermal na baya sashe na narkewa kamar fili bace: pharynx, glandar salivary, muƙamuƙi, radula. An sanya bakin a gaban gaban tsakanin tsakanin tsokarwar gaba - rufewa da kafa. Yawan lobes yawanci suna a gefen bangarorin bakin. Filananan ƙananan kayan abinci ana tacewa ta hanyar tsarin daban-daban na cilia waɗanda ke rufe abubuwan da ke cike da ruwa, ƙyallen rufe shi kuma shigar da tsintsiya cikin bakin, wanda ke haifar da ciwan ciki, yana shiga cikin ciki. Duhun hanji daya da aka samu a ciki da kuma jakar kwaro mai gurnani yana budewa cikin ciki. Daga cikin ciki, karamin hanjin ya fara, yana yin madaukai da yawa a gindin kafa ya shiga cikin dubura. Latterarshe yana “soke” ventricle na zuciya (a kusan dukkanin bivalves) kuma yana buɗewa da dubura kusa da siphon cloacal. Dukkanin narkewar abinci an yi shi tare da jijiyar epithelium, motsi na cilia wanda ke haifar da motsi na barbashi abinci.

Jaka mai laushi na itace mai rufin asiri wani abu mai sikari na furotin, wanda yake dauke da enzymes wanda zai iya narke mashin carbohydrates kawai. Wannan abun yana daskarewa a cikin wani nau'i mai laushi a ciki. A hankali, ƙarshensa ya narke da enzymes waɗanda ke narke abinci na ƙwayar halittar shuka an sake su.

Gashin hancin mollus na bivalve ba ya samar da enzymes kwata-kwata, a cikin makanta na makanta da narkewar kwayar abinci a cikin abinci. Ana aiwatar da narkewar kwayar ciki ta hanyar kwastomomi guda biyu ta hannu wanda yake iya narkewar furotin da mai. Tushen abinci mai guba shine phytoplankton, detritus da ƙwayoyin cuta.

Bivalves suna cikin rukunin masu aikin biofilters, suna wuce dubun na ruwa na ruwa kowace rana. Suna taka babbar rawa wajen samar da gindin ƙasa (silts).

Zuciya yawanci tana ƙunshe da ventricle da biyu atria kuma yana cikin ɓoyayyen mahaɗa - pericardium. Abubuwa biyu, daga baya da baya, suna fita daga zuciya. Wani na gaba ya shiga zuwa tarkacen jini wanda yake ba da jini ga hanjin cikin, gonak, kafa, da sauran su.Karon baya ya samar da tsokar wutsiyoyi guda biyu wadanda suka shiga cikin aljihun zuwa ga gabobin baya na jiki. Eriesananan ƙananan jijiyoyin hannu suna fashewa, jini kuma yana shiga tsakanin gatanga tsakanin gabobin - gibba, daga nan kuma ya tattara zuwa cikin sintirin da yake tsaye. Daga sinus, jini wani bangare yana zuwa kodan, inda ya kece kayayyakin kayayyakin hawan. Bayan haka, ta hanyar kawo tasoshin gurneti, yana shiga cikin kwayar, yana yin sinadari kuma ya tafi zuwa ga atria ta hanyar tasoshin (wani bangare na jini daga tasoshin jirgin ruwan da yake wucewa, yana tsallake gwajin). Da yawa, hanjin ciki ya ratsa cikin ventricle na zuciya. Wannan saboda ventricle na zuciya an sanya shi azaman haɗin mahaɗin a ɓangarorin hanjin. Wasu mollusks (Yankin), a cikin ƙuruciyarsu, suna da ventricles biyu waɗanda ke saman hanjin.

Akwai manyan kodan guda biyu da ake kira gabobin bayanus. Suna kwance a ƙarƙashin kogon rufin tsinkaye kuma suna da fasalin V-apẹrẹ. A cikin ɓoyayyen sashin farji na farji, kowane koda yana farawa tare da murfin ciliary. Abubuwan waje suna buɗewa cikin rami mai sutturar mutum. Baya ga kodan, aikin na ciki shi ma ana yin shi ta hanyar gabobin ciki, ko kuma abubuwan da ake kira Keber gabobin, sune sassan keɓaɓɓu na bangon rami na farji.

Tsarin jijiya da gabobin gabbai

A cikin bivalves, tsarin juyayi ya bambanta a wasu sauƙi a kwatanta da tsarin juyayi na gastropods, wanda aka bayyana ta abinci mai narkewa da ƙarancin motsi. Mafi yawan lokuta, akwai haɗuwa biyu nau'i biyu na ganglia, sakamakon abin da nau'i uku kawai suka rage. Kwayar cuta ta hanji da jijiyoyin jiki su na shiga cikin taron mahaifa, wanda ya ta'allaka ne tsakanin esophagus da kuma rufe tsokar tsoka. An sanya takalmin kusa da mai kafaɗɗar mahaifa, da haɗin mahaifa, an sanya shi cikin kafa. Asali da na mata da kuma visceral ganglia suma sun hade cikin visceroparietal ganglia. Suna kwance a ƙarƙashin rufin tsoka na baya kuma suna da alaƙa da ganglia na haɓaka ta hanyar haɗin kai mai tsayi sosai.

Abubuwan mamamai suna wakiltar farko da ƙwayoyin tactile, waɗanda suke da matukar arziki a gefen alkyabbar da baka. Wasu mollusks suna da ƙananan shinge tare da gefen rigar. Yawancin lokaci akwai statocysts waɗanda ke kan bangarorin kafafu kusa da fensir ɗin cinya. Osfradia suna kan rufin ɓarna na cikin katako, a gindin gurneti.

Bivalves bashi da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa, kodayake, a wasu nau'ikan sakandare suna bayyana a wasu sassan jikin mutum: akan mayafin, siphons, gill filaments, da sauransu. Saboda haka, a cikin scallops (Pecten) ana sanya idanu da yawa a gefen gefen alkyabbar (har zuwa 100) hadaddun tsari, wanda aka yi bayani ta hanyar ikon scallops don motsawa, slam fuka-fuki. Idon sakandare ba a cikin ciki daga ƙwayar mahaifa.

Tsarin haihuwa da haihuwa

Yawancin lamiclar-gill diclinous, da kuma nau'ikan hermaphroditic suma suna nan. Abubuwan glandar jima'i suna haɗuwa kuma suna kwance cikin parenchyma na jiki, yana mamaye ɓangaren ƙashi na ƙafa. A mafi yawancin halaye, an buɗe hanyoyin gonar tare da buɗe wuraren kaciya na musamman wanda ke kusa da tashin hankali. A cikin nau'ikan hermaphroditic, akwai ovaries daban da gwaje-gwaje, ko fiye da sau ɗaya nau'i biyu na glandar hermaphroditic.

An sanya ƙwai mafi yawan bivalves cikin ruwa, inda ake yin hadi. A cikin ruwa-sabo na ruwa daga dangin Unionidae (ba a kula, sha'ir lu'ulu'u, da sauransu), ana sanya ƙwai a kan faranti na waje na ƙyallen kuma ana kyankyashe su a can har sai lardin ya fito.

Ci gaban tayin na biyunves yayi kama da ci gaban polychaetes. A kusan dukkanin bivalves na marine, tsutsotsi na ciki sun fito daga kwan. Baya ga alamun alamun trophophores na yau da kullun - kasancewar prestero da posterc corollas na cilia, farantin plate, sultan, protonephridia, da sauransu - bivalve trophophores suma suna da rukunin kafa da kwasfa. Da farko an kwantar da harsashin ne a cikin farantin conhiolin wanda ba a rufe ba. Daga baya yana jujjuyawa a cikin rabi kuma ya samar da harsashi biyu. An kiyaye wurin farantin farantin conchiolin a cikin nau'i na jijiyoyin roba. Kashi na sama na trochophore ya juya zuwa cikin jirgin ruwa da aka rufe da cilia (sashin motsi), tsutsa kuma ya wuce zuwa kashi na biyu - veligra (jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwa). Tsarinsa tuni yayi kama da na babban ƙarallin ƙaralliya.

A cikin hanyoyin ruwan ruwa, haɓaka yana faruwa ta hanyar da ke da kyau. M da sauran mollusks daga Unionidae iyali daga qwai hatched a kan kwayoyi, larvae na musamman fito fili - glochidia. Glochidia suna da harsashi mai motsi sau uku, tare da hakora masu kaifi a tsakiyar ƙarshen kowane ganye, ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa da hanjin glandar. Glochidia yana haɓaka a cikin fall da hunturu a cikin abubuwan mahaifar. A cikin bazara, ana jefa su cikin ruwa kuma suna haɗe da fata, gills da ƙoshin kifaye tare da daskarar ruwan itace da denticles. To, a karkashin rinjayar kifi fata hangula, fushin glochidia yana farawa da epithelium na fata mai watsa shiri, kuma siffofin mafitsara tare da glochidium a ciki. A cikin wannan yanayin, glochidia yana ba da izini ga fatar kifi har tsawon watanni biyu ko fiye. Sannan fatar fata ta fashe, da kuma karamin clam wanda ya inganta ta wannan lokacin daga glochidia ya fadi zuwa kasan. Irin wannan hanyar ci gaba da ke haifar da sake fasalin mollusks.

A cikin sauran biyunves na ruwa, alal misali a cikin kwallaye (Sphaerium), tayi tayi a manyan dakuna na musamman a jikin kwayar. Cikakken kananan kwayar halittar mollusks suna fitowa daga rami na katifa.

Ilimin halitta da mahimmancin amfani

Yawancin bivalves dabbobi ne na yau da kullun, na yau da kullun a cikin yashi, kuma wasunsu ma suna da zurfi a ƙasa. Solen marginatus, wanda aka samo a cikin Tekun Bahar Maliya, yana lalata kansa a cikin yashi zuwa zurfin 3 m. Yawancin Bivalves suna jagorantar yanayin rayuwa. A lokaci guda, wasu daga cikin mollus na motsi, alal misali, mussel (Mytilus), an haɗe su da zaren byssus, amma yana iya, ta hanyar watsar da byssus, matsa zuwa wani sabon wuri, yayin da wasu - oysters (Ostrea) - girma zuwa musanya ga rayuwar gabaɗaya na ɗayan ganye na harsashi.

Yawancin ƙwayoyin lamellar sun dade suna cinyewa. Wadannan sune mussel (Mytilus) mafi yawa, oysters (Ostrea), mai kamannin zuciya (Cagdium), scallops (Pecten) da kuma wasu da yawa. Musamman na kowa shine amfani da oysters, wanda ba a kama shi kawai a bankunan kawa ba - wuraren da mazauninsu ke zaune, amma kuma a wucin gadi a cikin tsire-tsire na ciyawa na musamman, waɗanda sune tsarin na'urori don haɓaka oysters. Muna da bankunan kawa a cikin Bahar Maliya wanda Ostrea taurica ke zaune.

Bivalves

An rarraba aji biyu zuwa umarni huɗu, waɗanda waɗannan masu mahimmancin mahimmanci sune: 1. Equine-toothed (Texodonta), 2. Miscellaneous (Anisomyaria), 3. A zahiri lamellabic (Eulamellibranchiata).

Kamewa. Ootharshe haƙori (Texodonta)

Mafi yawan bizzaves na yau da kullun. Ginin ya kunshi wurare da yawa. Kwayoyin nau'in ktenidii na gaske mai dauke da wasu takardu masu zagaye a jikin wani gefen an jingine da rufin kwandon shara. Kafaffen kafa. Wannan tsari ya haɗa da nau'in nau'in walnut mai yaduwa (dangin Nuculidae), siffofin arewa (asalin halittar Portlandia), arke (dangin Arcidae), da sauransu.

Kamewa. Rashin daidaito (Anisomyaria)

Yankin ya haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan sifiri waɗanda a baya suka zama rukunin filamentous, tunda ganyen Branchial na ctenidia sun zama filayen filaye. Akwai ko ɗaya ɗaya bayan rufewa, ko, idan akwai kusurwa, ya fi kaɗan. Wannan umarni ya haɗa da mussel, scallops: Icelandic (Pecten Islandicus), Black Sea (P. ponticus), da dai sauransu Oysters (dangi Ostreidae), mussel pearsel (Pteriidae family) suna cikin tsari iri ɗaya.

Kamewa. Lamellar-gill (Eulamellibranchiata)

Mafi yawan billve mollusks na mallakar wannan keɓancewa ne. An kwatanta su da tsarin ginin, haƙoransu suna kama da faranti masu arched. Musulli tsoka biyu. A gefuna da katifa irin siphons. Sanya a cikin nau'i na faranti lattice faranti.
Wannan tsari ya haɗa da dukkanin ruwan bizirin ruwan mallakar dangin sha'ir (Unionidae): sha'ir lu'u-lu'u, mara ƙoshin lafiya, dangin ruwan furen ruwan (Margaritanidae), dangin ƙwallon ƙafa (Sphaeriidae), har ma da iyalin zebra mussel (Dreissenidae). Specializedarin fasalolin ƙwararru na musamman sun kasance ɗaya na wannan ɓorewa: Dutse-dutse (Pholas), kwale-kwalen jirgin ruwa (Teredo) da sauransu da yawa.

Cin Abincin da ba a iya ciwa ba kuma Peritoneum

A cikin mollusk da mollusk, ƙoshin abinci da na numfashi suna faruwa lokaci guda. Tare da rafin ruwa, algae mara amfani, ƙananan ɓawon burodi, da tarkace na halitta suna shiga cikin mawuyacin hali.

Buzzards (Anodonta).

Ana samar da gills da ciki bangarorin shimfidar ciki tare da cilia. Suna yin kwai da haifar da kwararar ruwa ta cikin siphon kasan. Ruwa yana ɗaukar abinci a bakin mollusk, wanda ke kusa da gindin ƙafafun.

Guda uku na perlovka sun zama ruwan dare a Tsakiyar Turai: U. crassus, U. illustorum da U. tumidus

Abincin abinci yana shiga tsarin narkewa ta bakin sannan sannan ya shiga cikin huhun ciki, ciki, hanji, inda ake fuskantar haɗarin enzymes. Gashinan murfin ƙananan ya zama ya yankutse, suna aiki kamar sieve, suna hana shigarwar manyan barbashi na ƙasashen waje zuwa cikin rami. Ruwa mai tsabta yana barin jikin mollusk ta cikin babban siphon.

Mollusk baya buƙatar neman abinci, yana shiga cikin bakin daga ruwa yana zuwa siphon.

Bivalve mollusks yana tace ruwa a adadi mai yawa. A cikin yanayin tsubirin ruwa, wadannan kwayoyin suna yin muhimmin aiki ta hanyar kama kyakkyawan toshewar kwayar halitta da cire ruwa mai tsafta a jikin jikin ruwa. Ruwa ya kasance a zahiri kuma '' fure 'ba ya faruwa a ciki, lalacewa ta hanyar karɓar haɓakar algae wanda ba'a bayyana ba.

Wannan rukunin halittun ruwa na ruwa suna bayar da tasu gudummawa da yawa sosai ga tsarkake ruwa. Ayyukan mollusks a cikin tsarkakakken ruwa yana da girma kwarai da gaske cewa masana kimiyya sun gabatar da kalmar "biomach injina" (biomachine) don sunan wannan aikin.

Caya daga cikin clam ɗaya kowace rana yana wucewa ta jiki, yana tsarkake kusan lita na ruwa. Valaya daga cikin bivalves suna tace tan 4 na ruwa a rana.

Dangane da gurɓataccen iska na teku, hadarin da ke tattare da kayan maye yana ƙaruwa, wanda, idan ba'a tsabtace ruwan sha da kyau ba, yakan shiga cikin ruwa. Da farko dai, SMS - kwayoyi suna aiki a kan mollusk-filters. Akwai mummunar barazana ga ilimin halittar ruwa. Bugu da kari, bivalves yana haifar da adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar dunƙule ƙashin ƙugu a cikin hanyar lalata.

A kasan tafki tara babban taro na kayan halitta. A ruwa, photosynthesis shima yana faruwa ne tare da shaye shayen carbon dioxide kuma aka kirkiro kwayoyin halitta.

Abubuwan cinikin lu'ulu'u mai laushi yana cikin haɗari tun karni na 20.

Hadaddiyar sarkar abinci ta taso a cikin yanayin kasa. Sarkar canja wurin carbon tare da halartar masu shirya abu ana iya wakilta kamar haka: carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi → carbon dioxide a cikin ruwa Mollusks - masu yin fim suna da hannu a cikin zagayen carbon, suna watsawa a cikin sarƙoƙin abinci.

Irin waɗannan alaƙar suna da mahimmanci don riƙe ingantaccen abun da ke cikin carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya. Harkar da carbon monoxide a cikin kwandon iska na duniyar tamu yana taimakawa bayyanar "tasirin kore" da kuma yawan zafin jiki. Irin waɗannan sakamakon suna haifar da haɗari ga daukacin tsarin yanayi na duniya. Keta keta ruwa cikin halittu yana haifar da barazana ga zaman lafiyar yanayin duniya.

Kasancewa mai yin abubuwa masu motsa jiki, marasa sakaci suna ba da gudummawa ga tsabtace halittar jikin ruwa.

Dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin da yanayin sunada rikitarwa fiye da yadda take a farko kallo. Baya ga jerin gwanon abinci, akwai babbar adadin ƙarin haɗin tsakanin abubuwa masu rai. A sakamakon haka, ya zama dole a la’akari da bangarorin bangarorin halittu kadai ba, har ma da ma'amala da kwayoyin halitta gaba daya.

Ba a kula da haƙora ba, amma ana samun yawan hermaphrodite.

A kowane hali, yana da daraja a yi tunani a kai da kuma tantance girman haɗarin tasirin cututtukan ƙwayar cuta a cikin tsarin ruwa, da kula da cin zarafin alaƙa tsakanin halittu da ayyuka waɗanda ke kiyaye tsabtaccen ruwa.

Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.