Wannan labarin yana iya zama kamar ƙage ne idan da ba don gaskiya ba ne. A tsibirin da aka ɓace cikin Tekun Indiya (Mauritius, Rodriguez da Reunion, mallakar tsibirin Mascarene), tsuntsayen dodo, wakilan dangin Dodo, sun rayu a zamanin da.

Dogara dodo dodo

Tsibirin da tsuntsayen ke rayuwa a kanta aljanna ce da gaske: babu wasu mutane, babu masu farauta, ko kuma wasu haɗari ga Dodovites. Tsuntsayen Dodo basu san yadda ake tashi ba, yin iyo da sauri, amma ba shi da amfani, saboda babu wanda ya fusata dodo. Duk abincin yana ƙarƙashin ƙafafunsu kawai, wanda bai sanya ya zama dole a samu shi ba, ya tashi a cikin iska ko ya iyo cikin Tekun. Wata sifa mai rarrabe tsuntsu dodo shine babban ciki, wanda aka samu saboda rayuwa mai saurin birgewa, kawai yana hawa kan kasa, wanda yasa motsin tsuntsaye yayi saurin sauka.

Rayuwar Dodo

Hanya guda ta rayuwa ta kasance halayyar tsuntsayen dodo, a cikin biyun sun haɗu kawai don haɓaka zuriya. Gida, wanda a ciki yake da babban farin kwai wanda aka aza shi, an gina shi da sifar yumbu da ƙari da rassa da ganyen dabino. Tsarin shiryawa ya gudana sama da makonni bakwai, tare da tsuntsayen duka biyu (mace da namiji). Iyaye suna kulawa da gida sosai, basu barin baƙi kusa da shi fiye da mita 200. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa idan dodo "wanda ke waje" ya kusanto zuwa gida, to, kowane jinsi ɗaya zai fitar da shi.

Dangane da bayanin wadancan lokuta masu nisa (ƙarshen karni na 17), Dodos, suna kiran juna, suna ta girgiza fikafikansu da ƙarfi, kuma tsawon mintuna 4-5 sun yi tutocin 20-30, wanda hakan ya haifar da tsawa mai amo wanda aka ji a nesa mai nisan fiye da mita 200.

Rushewar tsuntsayen Dodo

Dodo idyll ya ƙare da zuwan Turawa a tsibiran, suna ganin irin wannan ganima mai sauƙi ta zama kyakkyawan tsarin abinci. Tsuntsaye uku da aka yanka sun isa su ciyar da matukan jirgin, kuma dodoes da yawa da aka debo sun tafi da su. Koyaya, masu jirgi suna ɗaukar abincinsu mara ƙoshin abinci, kuma masu farautar dodo (lokacin da tsuntsu mai isasshen isa ya buga tare da dutse ko sanda) bai damu ba. Tsuntsaye, duk da karfin beak, basu nuna juriya ba kuma basu gudu ba, yafi haka saboda karfin su. A hankali, hakar Dodovites ya juya ya zama wata gasa: "wa zai dorawa Dodo", wanda za a iya kira shi da halin lalatattu da ɓarna a cikin halittun halitta marasa lahani. Dayawa sun yi kokarin daukar irin wadannnan samfuran ba tare da bata lokaci ba, amma ga alama halittu masu sihiri ne basa iya jingina da kangin da aka sa musu: sun yi kuka, sun ki ci, daga karshe suka mutu. Gaskiyar tarihi ta tabbatar da cewa lokacin da aka dauke tsuntsayen daga tsibirin zuwa Faransa, suka zubar da hawaye, kamar dai sun fahimci cewa ba za su taba ganin asalin ƙasarsu ba.

Shekaru 100 masu wahala - kuma babu dodo

Tsuntsayen sun sami sunan "Dodo" (daga Fotigal) daga cikin matuƙan jirgin ruwan nan waɗanda suke ɗaukarsu wawaye ne. Kodayake a wannan yanayin mutanen teku sun kasance wawaye, saboda mutum mai hankali ba zai lalata wata halitta da ba ta da kariya kuma ta musamman.

Jiragen ruwa, kuliyoyi, da biri, karnuka, da aladu da mutane suka kawowa tsibiran har ila yau mutane sun dauki bangare kai tsaye ga kisan tsuntsayen Dodo ta hanyar cin ƙwai da kajin.Bugu da kari, an samar da firam a ƙasa, wanda kawai ya sauƙaƙa maƙiyan su ɓace. A cikin kasa da shekaru 100, ba a taɓa barin dodo ko ɗaya a cikin tsibiran ba. Tarihin Dodo babban misali ne na yadda wani rashin wayewa mai tausayi yake lalata hanyarsa duk abinda aka baiwa kyauta ta hanyar Yanayi.

A matsayin wata alama ta rugujewar dabbobi ta halittar da Trustungiyar Haɗin Jiki ta Kare Kan dabbobi, an zaɓi dodo dodo a matsayin alama.

Asalin gani da kwatancin

Hoto: Dodo Bird

Babu takamaiman bayani game da asalin dodo dodo, amma masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa Mauritius Dodo asalin magabatan kwari ne wanda ya taɓa sauka a tsibirin Mauritius.

Duk da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a bayyanar tsuntsayen dodo da tsuntsayen tsuntsaye, tsuntsaye suna da halaye gama gari, kamar su:

• fanko wurare a kewayen fatawar idanu suna isa gindi,
• takamaiman tsarin ƙafa
• rashin kashi na musamman (vomer) a kwanyar,
• gaban wani ɓangare na mafi girma na esophagus.

Bayan sun sami isasshen yanayi mai kyau don rayuwa da kiwo a tsibirin, tsuntsayen sun zama mazaunin yankin na dindindin. Daga baya ya canza shekaru dari da yawa, tsuntsayen suka yi ta jujjuya girma, sun karu kuma sun manta yadda ake tashi. Zai yi wuya a faɗi ƙarni nawa dodo dodo ya zauna cikin mazauninsa cikin lumana, amma farkon ambatonsa ya bayyana ne a 1598, lokacin da matuƙan jirgin ruwan Holland suka fara sauka a tsibiran. Godiya ga bayanan kundin tarihin Dutch, wanda ya bayyana duk dabbobin dabba da suka hadu a kan hanyarsa, Mauritius dodo ya sami shahararsa a duk duniya.

Hoto: Dodo Bird

Wannan tsuntsun da baƙon abu, mai tashi bai tashi ba, ya sami sunan kimiyya dodo, amma a duk duniya ana kiranta dodo. Tarihin sunan barkwanci "dodo" ba cikakke bane, amma akwai sigar da saboda yanayin abokantakarta da kuma rashin iya tashi, masu jirgin ruwan Holland sun kira shi da rashi kuma mara nauyi, wanda a cikin fassarar yayi kama da kalmar Dutch "duodu". A cewar wasu sigogin, sunan yana da alaƙa da kukan tsuntsu ko kwaikwayon muryarta. Akwai kuma bayanan tarihi waɗanda ke da'awar cewa asalin Yaren mutanen Holland ne ya ba da sunan tsuntsayen, Wallowbird, da Fotigal ɗin kawai suna kiransu penguins.

Alice a Wonderland - littafi ne wanda duniya ta koya game da dodo dodo

Ta yaya duniya ta sami labarin kasancewar irin wannan nau'in tsuntsayen da ba a saba gani ba? Wane tsibiri ne dodo dodo ya zauna? Kuma da gaske ne?

Jama'a na koyo game da tsuntsayen dodo da zasu iya zama cikin wahala na dogon lokaci saboda godiya ga Lewis Carroll da tatsuniyoyinsa “Alice in Wonderland”. A can, dodo dodo yana daya daga cikin haruffa, kuma da yawa daga masana ilimin adabi sun yi imani da cewa a cikin hoton dodo dodo, Lewis Carroll ya bayyana kansa.

A cikin duniya akwai tsoratarwar dodo a cikin kwafin guda, a cikin 1637 sun sami damar kawo tsuntsu mai rai daga tsibiran zuwa Ingila, inda tsawon lokaci suka sami kuɗi daga nuna irin wannan sabon abu. Bayan mutuwa, halittar da ke cike da kaya ta kasance abin ban mamaki ne, wanda aka sanya shi a Gidan kayan gargajiya na London a shekara ta 1656. Ya zuwa 1755, ya lalace lokaci, kwari da kwari, don haka mai gidan kayan gargajiya ya yanke shawarar ƙona shi. A karshe lokacin kafin “kisan,” ɗayan ma’aikatan gidan kayan gargajiyar ya yage ƙafafunsa da kan sa daga dabba mai ɗorewa (an kiyaye su sosai), wanda ya zama babban kayan tarihin duniyar ilimin dabbobi.

Bayyanar fasali da fasali

Hoto: Dodo Birds Mauritius

Duk da kusancin da ke da pigeons, dodo na Mauritian ya zama kamar turkey mai wadataccen abinci. Sakamakon babban ciki, wanda kusan ya ja ta ƙasa, tsuntsu ba wai kawai ba zai iya tashi sama ba, amma kuma ba zai iya tafiya da sauri ba. Godiya kawai ga tarihin tarihi da zane-zane na masu zane na waɗancan lokutan, yana yiwuwa a iya tsara gabaɗaya da halayyar wannan tsuntsu mai-nau'in halitta. Tsawon jikin ya kai mita 1, matsakaicin nauyin jikin kuwa ya kai kilo 20. Dodo dodo yana da katako mai karfi, kyakkyawa, launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Shugaban ya kasance ƙarami, tare da gajeren ɗan gajeren wuyansa mai lankwasa.

Gas ɗin yana da nau'ikan da yawa:

• launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa
• tsohon launi.

Wsarfin rawaya ya kasance daidai da na kaji na zamani, waɗanda uku daga cikinsu suna nan a gaba kuma yatsa ɗaya a bayan. Nailsusoshin sun kasance gajeru, ƙyalli. An yi wa tsuntsun kwalliya da gajeru, wutsiya mai fuka-fuka, wadanda suka kunshi fuka-fukan gashin tsuntsaye a ciki, suna baiwa dodo na kasar Mauritian dodo mahimmanci. Tsuntsayen suna da gabobin ƙwayar cuta wanda ke bambanta mace da namiji. Namiji yawanci ya fi mace girma kuma yana da babban baki, wanda ya yi amfani da shi wajen yaƙin mace.

Kamar yadda aka tabbatar da yawan rubuce-rubucen wancan lokacin, duk wanda yayi sa'ar haduwa da dodo yayi matukar mamakin bayyanar wannan tsuntsu na musamman. Kamar dai tsuntsun bashi da fuka-fukai kwatsam, tunda suna ƙanana kaɗan kuma dangane da jikinsu mai ƙarfi, basa ganuwa.

Ina tsuntsayen dodo suke zaune?

Hoto: Tsaye Dodo Bird

Tsuntsu dodo mazaunin tsibirin Mascarene ne, wanda ke cikin Tekun Indiya, kusa da Madagascar. Wadannan tsibiri ba kowa ne, an bar shi a cikin tsibiri, ba wai kawai daga mutane ba, har ma daga haɗarin da ke tattare da su. Ba a san takamaiman wurin da abin da ya sa magabatan Mauritania dodo suka shiga ba, amma tsuntsayen sun sauka a cikin wannan aljanna, sun kasance a tsibiran har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsu. Tun da sauyin yanayi a tsibirin yana da zafi da kuma laima, mai dumin yanayi a cikin hunturu kuma ba zafi sosai a lokacin rani, tsuntsayen sun ji daɗi duk shekara. Kuma kyawawan kwari da faɗin tsibirin sun sanya damar yin rayuwa mai cike da natsuwa da kwanciyar hankali.

Wannan nau'in dodo ya rayu kai tsaye a tsibirin na Mauritius, duk da haka, tsibirin sake haɗuwa, wanda shine gidan farin dodo da tsibirin Rodriguez, wanda dodo ke zaune, ya kasance wani yanki na tsibiri. Abin takaici, dukkan su, kamar na Mauritius dodo da kansa, suna da makoma iri ɗaya na baƙin ciki, mutane sun lalata su gaba ɗaya.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masu aikin jirgin ruwan Golan sun yi kokarin tura tsofaffi da yawa zuwa cikin jirgin zuwa Turai don cikakken nazari da haihuwa, amma kusan babu wanda ya tsira da doguwar tafiya. Saboda haka, mazaunin da ya rage ya zama tsibirin na Mauritius.

Yanzu kun san inda dodo dodo ya zauna. Bari mu ga abin da ta ci.

Me dodo dodo ke ci?

Hoto: Dodo Bird

Dodo tsuntsu ne mai kwanciyar hankali wanda ke cin abincin da aka shuka. Tsibirin tana da wadatar arziki a cikin kowane nau'in abinci wanda Mauritian dodo ba ta buƙatar yin ƙoƙari na musamman don samo abinci don kanta, amma kawai ɗaukar duk abin da ake buƙata kai tsaye daga ƙasa, wanda daga baya ya shafi kamanninsa da kuma yanayin rayuwarsa.

Abincin yau da kullun na tsuntsu ya haɗa:

• fruitsanpean itacen dabino na latania, berriesan itace kaɗan a cikin peas tare da diamita na santimita da dama,
• buds da ganyen bishiyoyi,
• kwararan fitila da tushen,
• kowane irin ciyawa
• berries da 'ya'yan itatuwa
• ƙananan kwari
• itace mai wuya.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Domin hatsi itacen Calvaria ya fito ya ba da tsiro, ya zama dole a fitar da shi daga karamar hukuma. Wannan shi ne ainihin abin da ya faru lokacin da dodo dodo ya cinye hatsi, kawai godiya ga beak ɗin sa tsuntsun ya sami nasarar buɗe waɗannan hatsi. Saboda haka, saboda tasirin sarkar, bayan bacewar tsuntsaye, lokaci bayan lokaci, bishiyoyin Calvaria ma sun ɓace daga filayen tsibirin.

Featureaya daga cikin fasalin tsarin narke abinci na kaji shine cewa don narke abinci mai mahimmanci, yana haɗiye ƙananan ƙananan pebbles, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga mafi kyawun abinci a cikin ƙananan barbashi.

Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa

Hoto: Dodo Bird, ko Dodo

Saboda kyakkyawan yanayin da ake ciki a tsibirin, babu barazanar waje ga tsuntsayen. Jin cewa suna da cikakken tsaro, suna da matukar aminci da halayyar abokantaka, wanda daga baya suka yi kuskuren mutuwa kuma suka haifar da cikakken nau'in halittar. Kimanin shekarun rayuwar sa yakai shekaru 10.

Ainihin, tsuntsayen suna ci gaba da zama a cikin kananan garken mutane 10 - 15, a cikin gandun daji mai yawa, inda akwai tsirrai da yawa da abinci na dole.Rayuwa mai wucewa da nutsuwa ta haifar da haifar da babban ciki, wanda kusan ya ja ta a cikin ƙasa, yana sa tsuntsayen suyi jinkiri kuma masu tsauri.

Wadannan tsuntsayen ban mamaki suna magana ne ta amfani da kukan da babbar murya da za'a iya jin tazarar tazarar mita 200. Suna kiran juna, suna farawa da kere-kere cikin fuka-fukansu, suna kirkirar sauti. Tare da taimakon waɗannan motsi da sauti, tare da wannan duk tare da raye-raye na musamman a gaban mace, an gudanar da bikin zabar abokin tarayya.

An haɗu da mutum tsakanin mutane don rayuwa. Tsuntsaye sun gina sheƙansu don zuriyarsu nan gaba sosai kuma daidai, a cikin ƙaramin babban tarko, ƙara ganyen dabino da kowane irin rassa a can. Hatanyen ƙanƙanin ya wuce kimanin watanni biyu, yayin da iyayen suka nuna matukar sha'awar kiyaye babban ƙansu.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin aiwatar da ƙwanƙwasa ƙwayayen, duka iyayen sun shiga biyun, kuma idan dodo mai ɗorewa ya hau zuwa gida, to za a kori kowane mutum daga cikin mahaɗan maharan.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hoto: Tsuntsayen Dodo

Abin takaici, godiya ga nazarin zamani kawai na kasusuwa na dodo na Mauritian, masana kimiyya sun sami ƙarin bayani game da kiwo da wannan tsuntsu da yadda yake girma. Kafin wannan, kusan babu abin da aka sani game da waɗannan tsuntsayen. Wadannan karatuttukan sun nuna cewa tsuntsu ya ninka a wani lokaci na shekara, kusan a cikin Maris, yayin da nan da nan yake cire gashinsa gaba daya, ya rage cikin ruduwa. An tabbatar da wannan gaskiyar ta alamun alamun asarar adadi mai yawa daga jikin tsuntsun.

Ta hanyar yanayin girma a cikin kasusuwa, a bayyane yake cewa kajin, bayan sun tsince su daga qwai, cikin sauri suka girma zuwa manyan girma. Koyaya, kafin cikakkiyar balaga sun buƙaci shekaru da yawa. Kyakkyawan fa'ida ga rayuwa shine gaskiyar cewa sun ƙetare a watan Agusta, a lokacin nutsuwa da wadatar abinci. Kuma daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris, mahaukaciyar guguwa ta yi hadari a tsibirin, galibi tana ƙarewa da rashin abinci.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Dodo mace ta sanya kwai ɗaya ɗaya a lokaci guda, wanda shine ɗayan dalilan dalilin bacewar su cikin sauri.

Abin lura ne cewa bayanin da aka samu ta hanyar binciken kimiyya ya yi daidai da rubutattun matukan jirgin da suka yi sa'ar haɗuwa da waɗannan keɓaɓɓun tsuntsayen da kansu.

Abokan halitta na tsuntsayen Dodo

Hoto: Tsaye Dodo Bird

Tsuntsaye masu ƙaunar zaman lafiya sun rayu cikin kwanciyar hankali da tsaro, babu maɗaukaki guda ɗaya a tsibirin da zai iya farautar tsuntsu. Duk nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe da kwari suma basu dauki barazanar dodo mai cutarwa ba. Saboda haka, a cikin tsawon shekaru da aka samu juyin halitta, dodo dodo bai samu wata na’ura mai kariya ko wata dabara da zata iya kubutar dashi yayin farmaki ba.

Komai ya canza sosai tare da isowar mutum a tsibirin, kasancewar tsuntsu mai iya magana da hankali, dodo da kanta ta sami hulɗa tare da masu mulkin mallaka na Dutch tare da sha'awa, ba ta zargin dukkan haɗari, ta zama mai sauƙi ga azzalumai.

A farkon, matuƙan jirgin ba su san ko yana yiwuwa a ci naman wannan tsuntsu ba, kuma ta ɗanɗana mai wahala kuma ba ta da daɗi, duk da haka, yunwar da saurin kamuwa, tsuntsu da ƙyar bai yi tsayayya ba, ya ba da gudummawa ga kisan dodo. Kuma matuƙan jirgin ruwan sun fahimci cewa hakar dodo yana da fa'ida sosai, saboda tsuntsayen da aka yanka sun isa duka ƙungiyar. Bugu da kari, ba karamin lalacewa da dabbobi suka kawo wa tsibiran ba.

• daji boars crushed qwai da dodoes,
• awaki sun ci ciyayi a inda tsuntsaye suka gina mazaunin su, har ya sa suka zama mafi tsauri,
• karnuka da kuliyoyi sun lalata tsoffin tsofaffin tsuntsaye,
• berayen suka cinye kajin.

Farauta ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin mutuwar Dodo, amma birai, dabbar, aladu da berayen da aka saki daga jiragen ruwa a tsibirin, sun ƙaddara ƙaddarar su.

Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu

Hoto: Shugaban Dodo Bird

A zahiri, cikin kawai shekaru 65, mutum ya sami nasarar lalata ƙarni-ɗari na wannan adadin al'ajabin da ya zana dabba.Abin takaici, mutane ba wai kawai sun lalata duk wakilan wannan nau'in tsuntsu ba ne, har ma sun kasa ajiye ragowar da daraja. Akwai shaidar lokuta da yawa da aka kwashe daga tsibiran tsuntsaye na Dodo. An kwashe tsuntsu na farko zuwa Netherlands a 1599, inda ya fashe, musamman tsakanin masu zane-zane wadanda galibi suna ba da labarin tsuntsu mai ban mamaki a zanen su.

Mutumin na biyu an kawo shi Ingila, kusan shekaru 40 bayan haka, inda aka nuna shi ga 'yan kallo masu mamakin kudi. Daga nan sai suka sanya tsuntsu cike da kayan maye, tsuntsu mai mutu'a kuma an nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Oxford. Koyaya, wannan abincin da aka sassaka ba zai iya zama mai tsira ba, har yau, duk abin da ya rage yakasance a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya, kawai keɓaɓɓun sa da ƙafa. Hakanan ana iya ganin bangarori da yawa na kwanyar dodo da ragowar raguna a cikin Denmark da Czech Republic. Masana kimiyya ma sun iya yin misalin cikakken tsuntsu na dodo, ta yadda mutane suka ga kamanninsu kafin rugujewar su. Kodayake yawancin yanayin dodo ya ƙare a cikin kayan tarihi na Turai, yawancinsu sun ɓace ko lalata.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Dodo dodo ya sami babban suna da godiya ga labarin almara "Alice a zango na mu'ujiza", inda dodo shine ɗayan haruffa a cikin labarin.

Dodo tsuntsu haɗaɗɗiya da abubuwan kimiyya da yawa da hasashe marasa ma'ana, amma, sigar gaskiya da ba za a iya musantawa ba ita ce zalunci da rashin adalci ga mutum, waɗanda suka zama babban dalilin halakar dabbobin dabba gabaɗaya.

Gidajen Tarihi-Reserve S.A. Eeenina

Mun yanke shawarar tafiya tare da wata yarinya zuwa Ryazan don karshen mako, saboda mun sami labarin cewa a ranar Asabar za a yi yanayi mai kyau da +5, mun yanke shawarar yin gudu zuwa ajiyar, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 50 daga garin kuma bai yi nasara ba. Kuna iya sauƙaƙe ku ciyar da yini gaba ɗaya a can kuma lokaci zai tashi, babu matsala yayin dawowar, amma ya cancanci hakan. Kuma ga waɗanda ke yin shirin irin wannan tafiya, suna jin kyauta don tsara kwana uku, kamar kwana biyu bai isa ba. Rana a kan gari, ranar a kan gidaje da kayan tarihi a cikin birnin, kuma gaba ɗaya ranar za ta kai ku ga S.A. Eeenin.

Zoology: jinsin abokantaka

Duk rayuwa gwagwarmaya ce, amma akwai wani wuri a ciki don haɗin kai. Yanayi yana ba da misalai da yawa waɗanda nau'in haɗe da wani nau'in daidai yake, idan ba ƙauna ba, to, aƙalla haƙuri, fa'idar juna da kuma abota. Frogs da gizo-gizo, shanu da microbes - wakilan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban har ma masarauta na duniya mai rai suna iya haɗin gwiwa.

Coyote + Badger = Farauta

Tatsuniyar Baƙin Indiya ta Arewacin Amurka da abubuwan lura da zamani na likitocin dabbobi sun faɗi labarin “abokantaka” tsakanin waɗannan dabbobin. A zahiri, kwarewar farautarsu ta dace da juna daidai. Duka dabbobin suna ciyar da kananun ƙananan dabbobi: earthen squirrels, squirrels, squirrels karnuka. Coyotes na iya samun sauƙin cim ma wanda aka cutar da shi, amma ya ɓace, yana da daraja ya ɓoye a cikin rami. Badgers ba su da sauri sosai, amma ƙafafunsu na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙafafun dama suna ba ku damar zuwa ganima, koda kuwa ta sami damar hawa cikin zurfin ƙasa.

A matsayinka na mai mulkin, coyotes suna zaune cikin fakitoci tare da hadaddun matsayi kuma ba su da sha'awar haɗin gwiwa na yau da kullun. Kodayake, idan dabbar tana ita kadai, to zata iya shiga cikin kawancen wucin gadi tare da lamba daya. Wannan alaƙar ba ta wuce farauta ɗaya ba - mafi yawan couplean awanni biyu - har sai da maraƙin ya sami wanda coyote ya tura shi cikin rami, ko kuma coyote ya kama shi tare da dabbar "maigidan.

Ruwan anemone

Andrew Stanton, daraktan gidan kundin binciken Nemo Nemo, ya yarda cewa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ƙirƙirar labari mai ban mamaki ta hanyar hoto da wasu nau'ikan kifayen alkyabbar da ke ɓoye tsakanin shingen anemone. Sedentary da rashin isasshen kwarangwal, anemones teku suna iya shiga dangantakar amfana da juna tare da maƙwabta daban-daban, suna amfani da ikon motsawa da bayar da amsa ga ƙonewar ƙwayoyin sel. Kwallan dambe na Lybia suna rike da dutsen anemones tare da fyaɗe kuma, lokacinda aka kawo musu hari, kaɗa su cikin tsoro, suna kawar da abokan gaba.

Amma kifayen daɗaɗɗiya sun tafi cikin wannan abokantaka, tunda sun koyi yin koyi da abin da gamsai na anemones, godiya ga abin da ba su dena kansu ba.Wannan yana ba kifin damar yin shuru a ɓoye tsakanin lamurra masu kisa. Bayan ta zauna, ta kare matukan kariya ta “mata” daga bakin kishiyarta, ta tsaftace wuraren hutu da abinci, ta samar da kwararar ruwan sha mai kyau.

Kisan kifi + dabbar dolphin = abokantaka

Shekaru da dama da suka gabata, masanan kimiyyar New Zealand sun ba da rahoton sakamakon kusan shekaru 20 na lura da sadarwa ta cetacean - ƙananan kifayen kifayen da kuma dabbobin ruwa na gama gari. Siffar ƙusoshin saman ya ba masana kimiyya damar gano ɗaiɗaikun mutane kuma su lura cewa sun daɗe suna riƙe da dangantakar "keɓaɓɓiyar", wani lokacin rarrabuwa, haɗuwa da kuma fahimtar juna a sararin teku.

An sani cewa waɗannan nau'ikan suna iya samar da samfuran maye, orcasphodelphins. Amma tushen dangantakansu shine farauta tare. Dolphins suna da sha'awar kifin kifi, kuma kisa Whales suna sha'awar mackerel mafi girma, wanda galibi ana kiyaye shi kusa. Abokan hulɗarsu da ke tsakani ba ta iyakance ga wannan: masanan kimiyya sun yi bayanin yawancin halaye na halin rashin ƙaunar juna. Dabbobin za su iya yin iyo da gefe kawai, su taɓa aboki sau da yawa fiye da maƙwabta na baƙi.

Frog + Tarantula = Kariya

A cikin wannan kawance, komai “ba kamar mutane bane”: an fara wasa da dunƙulen farko ne ta manyan arachnids, yayin da ayyukan baya suke takawa ta hanyar kafaɗar fata, ƙananan kankarar-gajere Microhylidae. Ba za ku iya ba su sunayensu ba na duniyar amarya, kodayake ɗaruruwan nau'ikan waɗannan ƙananan dawakai suna zaune a yankuna masu ɗumi da laima. Kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun shiga cikin symbiosis tare da iko tarantulas na halittar Xenesthis, sau 2-3 ya fi waɗannan frogs. A tsari, irin wannan gizo-gizo zai iya saurin kashe ɗan gidan maƙwabta da ba shi da guba a gare shi.

Bayan haka, tarantula bawai kawai zai jure da kasancewar kwalar itace ba, amma kuma ya bashi damar ya zauna kusa da gidanshi, don amfani da kariyarsa daga macizai da sauran masu farauta. Bi da bi, frogs - gizo-gizo na iya "fara" da yawa a lokaci daya - ku ci ƙananan kwari (da farko tururuwa) waɗanda ke fitowa a kusa, waɗanda suke da haɗari ga ƙwai gizo-gizo. Abin sha'awa ne cewa irin wannan haɗin gwiwar halayen ne daban-daban na waɗannan frogs da tarantulas kuma ana lura dashi ko'ina inda wakilan mutanen biyu suke zaune kusa da nan - daga Indiya zuwa Peru.

Amincewa da Darwiniyanci sosai wakilci yanayi a matsayin mulkin kishiya madawwami, gasa mai ƙaranci, inda mafi dacewa ya rayu - mafi sauri, ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi. Amma wannan ya yi nisa da gajiyawa. Gasar da tsinkaya an daidaita su ta hanyar symbiosis da haɗin gwiwa, na kowa a cikin jinsin da tsakanin wakilan nau'ikan jinsin har ma da masarautun rayuwa. Ana iya kiran irin waɗannan haɗin a matsayin nau'i na daidaitawa: cunkoson jama'a, tsuntsaye masu ɗumi da kuma wahala mafi tsananin sanyi, suna musayar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta suna ɗaukar juriya ga aikin rigakafi. Dangane da kimomi na zamani, kusan kashi 98% na nau'in kwayar cuta ba su da damar rayuwa da haɓaka su kaɗai, in ban da wakilan sauran nau'in. Daga wannan ra'ayi, juyin halitta bai yi kama da duka yaƙi ba, amma yanayin fagen siyasa mai cike da alaƙa da fahimtar juna. Ko da ɗayan mahalarta ɗaya ne kawai aka sanya su cikin waɗannan dangantakar, kowa yana amfana. Wani nau'in da ke haifar da ƙarin farashi - alal misali, ƙirar sunadarai da suka wajaba don kawar da gubobi ko maganin rigakafi - ya zama "ba za'a iya ƙanshi ba" ga maƙwabta. Wannan haɗin gwiwa na iya zuwa har abada daidaituwa tsakanin halittu, kamar yadda ya faru da polyps da jellyfish, waɗanda ke haifar da iyo "Jirgin ruwan Portuguese". Kuma a cikin mafi girman yanayin, yana haifar da cikakken haɗin kai - don haka, sakamakon kusancin symbiosis, nuclei da mitochondria sun bayyana a cikin sel namu.

Kwayar cuta + clam = rashin yarda

Cephalopods kusa da katako mai kifi Sepiolida ba su da tsayi fiye da centan santimita. Mai zane-zane na daddare, su da kansu basu da kariya daga mafarautan da suka fi girma, saboda haka camouflage yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwa.Kwayoyin halitta na bioluminescent da suke rayuwa a jikinsu suna taimakawa ɓoye ɓataccen silikin silsilarsu ta fuskar hasken da ke watsuwa daga sararin samaniya. Beswayoyi suna karɓar tsari da abinci, suna bayar da musayar tushen haske. Sepiolide yana ƙaddamar da wannan radiation ta hanyar tacewar translucent, yana ɗaukar kusan halayensa ga na halitta, kuma ya zama kusan ba a ganuwa.

Gabaɗaya, mazauna teku mai zurfi suna aiki tare da kwayar cuta sau da yawa. Inyataccen amma daskararre mai launin shuɗi-silsi ana ɗaukarsu ɗayan dabbobi masu guba a duniya. Koyaya, yawancin masana sunyi imanin cewa tukunyar ceflopods ba ta da ikon samar da hadaddun ƙwayar jijiyoyi don kansu. Don yin wannan, suna zuwa sabis na wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na symbiotic waɗanda suke zaune a cikin glandon su na glandon.

Symbiosis wani nau'i ne na alaƙar haɗin kai da ke da mahimmanci ga ɗayan mahalarta.

Parasitism wani nau'in symbiosis ne, kodayake ana kasancewa a ware daga wannan rukunin, yana kawo shi kusa da tsinkaya.

Mutuniyanci kusanci ne, wanda ba wanda ke da nau'in symbiont da zai rayu.

Commensalism shine dangantaka wanda ke amfana da ɗaya daga cikin abokan haɗin gwiwa kuma baya shafar na biyu. Wannan, alal misali, rarrabewar tsaba a kan gashin dabba (eriochoria) ko mazaunin al'ummomin kwari baki ɗaya a cikin burrows mai ƙarfi (syneykia).

Haɗin kai yana da amfani, amma ba lallai ba ne don ma'amala da mahaɗan.

Hoto: NATURE PL (X3) / LEGION-MEDIA, ARDEA / EAST NEWS, ISTOCK

An buga littattafan ne a cikin mujallar "Duniyar Duniyar" mai lamba 12, Disamba 2019

Chernobyl part 2. Yankin Chernobyl

A cikin jerin da suka gabata:

Muna ci gaba da saita shimfidar wuri don haɗarin. A wannan karon, kalmomi biyu game da filin da hatsarin ya afku. Ina neman afuwa ga superficiality, amma har yanzu game da Polesie zaka iya magana ba iyaka. Anan mun mayar da hankali kan karamin yanki (in mun gwada) yanki, wanda ke da tarihi mai tsawo, wanda ya canza a cikin 1966 (kuma ba haka ba, wannan ba alama ce ba).

Sergey Mirny. “Ikon rayuwa. Rubutun mai shayarwa

Duk cikin iyakar Ukraine-Belarusiya, daga Poland zuwa Rasha, an shimfida takamaiman yanki mai ban sha'awa da Polyky Territory. Yana da dogon tarihi. An yi imanin cewa a gefen kogin Pripyat kimanin shekaru 3.5 da suka wuce sun wuce iyakar arewa maso gabas na al'adun archaeological, wanda, kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka ba da shawara, ya zama tushen ƙabilu pre-Slavic. Maganar farko ta gaskiyar cewa mutane suna rayuwa a wannan yanki yana cikin Herodotus, wanda ya kira su "neurons." Daga baya, an ambaci yankin sau da yawa cikin lambobin tarihi daban-daban kuma ya shaida samuwar Rasha. Hakanan an bambanta tsarin kabilanci a nan, saboda kabilun Drevlyans, Polyans, da Dregovich suna zaune a yankin.

Da kyau don ra'ayin gabaɗaya

Farkon ambaton Chernobyl ya koma ƙarni na 12. A shekara ta 1127, ana kiran garin da Strezhev. Daga baya, garin ya cika gari a cikin Ipatiev Chronicle, wanda a cikin abin da ɗan ɗan Kiev yarima Rurik Rostislavich ke nema a wannan yanki a cikin 1193, wanda (ɗansa a ma'ana) ya sami sunansa na yanzu. A cikin karni na XIII, kusa da bakin Pripyat, wani yaƙin ya faru wanda, a cewar wasu masana tarihi, Mongols ta sami babban rashi na farko a Rasha. Bayan haka, yankin ya fara farko a ƙarƙashin Lithuania, sannan, a cikin ƙarni na 15, ikon Poland. A waɗannan lokatai, an gina katangar kusa da birnin, sannan a sake gina shi zuwa kagara.

Akwai labarin ban sha'awa guda ɗaya da aka haɗa tare da lokacin Yaren mutanen Poland. A Chernobyl a 1768, an haifi Rosalia Khodkevich-Lubomirskaya. -Aramar sanu tare da mu, ta sami damar rarrabe kanta tare da manyan ayyukan siyasa a cikin gama-gari na gama-gari na Lithuania da Faransa. Yarinyar an yi imanin cewa tana da masaniya sosai da Marie Antoinette, kuma a zahiri ta goyi bayan masu sarauta, wanda a Jacobin Faransa ba zai iya ƙarewa da kyau ba. Rosalia an gurfanar da shi ne a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1794. Kamar yadda Rosalia Chernobyl, an ambace ta a cikin bayanan mutanen zamani da zuriyarta.

Rosalia Lyubomirskaya-Khodkevich aka Chernobyl. Don mai son.

A tsakiyar karni na 18, jim kadan kafin garin ya zama wani yanki na Daular Rasha (1793), garin ya zama cibiyar Hasidism - dabi'ar addinin yahudawa wanda ya yadu a tsakanin al'umman yahudawa na kasashen Commonwealth. Sannan an kafa daular Chernobyl Hasidic. A lokacin juyin-juya-hali da yaƙin basasa, yawan yahudawa, yawancin mazaunan garin (daga cikin 10,800 yahudawa 7,200 ne daga 1898), pogroms suka shafe shi sosai, bayan haka daular Chernobyl ta bar garin a shekarar 1920. Sauran Yahudawan sun lalace a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu. A lokacin yaƙin Soviet-Polish, wani ɗan lokaci Chernobyl ya shiga hannun lesogunan, amma Sojojin Sama sun sake shi, sannan kuma aka haɗa su a cikin SSR na Yukren.

Menachem Nachum na Tver, wanda ya kafa daular Chornobyl Hasidic. An yi imani da cewa shi ne Tverskys wanda ya fito daga Chernobyl wanda, har zuwa lokacin juyin juya halin, ya mamaye babban matsayi tsakanin yahudawan Ukraine

Geographically, Polesie lowland wani yanki ne na daji. Idan ka kalli taswira a yankin na Pripyat, za ka iya ganin kogin koyaushe yana yin iska, yana haifar da mata da yawa. Irin waɗannan halayen sun ƙaddara dacewar 'yan bangarorin (ba za a iya ɗaukar kayan aiki masu ƙarfi a nan ba). Bugu da kari, yalwar daji da kuma fadama ne ya ba mu damar adana al'adun Polesie na musamman har wa yau. Mazauna karkara sun fi farauta, kamun kifi da taro. Tarihin Vovkulak, shine, na shawo, ya zo ta hanyar Kuprin zuwa rubutun adabin gargajiya. Polesie werewolves ya bambanta da takwarorinsu na Yammacin Turai cikin zalunci, da kuma wasu fasali. Anan, a karni na ashirin, an kiyaye al'adu na pre-Christian, misali, bikin “ƙauracewar masarautar”.

Asalin wannan bikin an kafa shi ne akan tsohuwar imani cewa rayukan 'yan matan da ba su san komai ba sun yi yawo a cikin duniyarmu, kuma a cikin mako na Rusal (a kan Tauhidi) ne suke samun damar zuwa "sauran duniyar". Don gudanar da "mermaids", an ɗauki yarinya da ke sanye da kayan kwalliya a ƙarshen maraice, da farko, ta ƙauyen, sannan ta hanyar hatsin, sannan kuma an kawo ta zuwa makabarta, inda aka tsintsye tsintsaye, aka jefar da ita ƙasa.

Sergey Paskevich, Denis Vishnevsky. “Chernobyl. Duniyar gaske. "

Mermaids a cewar mawaki Konstantin Makovsky

Abin sani kawai dabi'a cewa Polesie ta lalace sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Jihadi na Patriotic. A cikin 1941, yaƙin Kiev ya ɓarke, ya ƙare a cikin Kiev Cauldron. Abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin Partisan sun fara tsarawa da sauri, wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shi ne, ko da yake, ƙyamar Sidor Kovpak ce. Gabas ta Polesie ta zama yanki na hakika.

Sawmill a ƙauyen Vilcha. Tana da nisan kilomita 50 daga tashar makamashin nukiliya, kuma yanzu an daidaita ta.

Bayan yakin, daidai da shirin Majalisar Ministocin a 1966, aka fara zaɓin shafin don samar da tashar makamashin nukiliya ta farko a cikin Ukraine. A sakamakon haka, an zaɓi wani wuri 4 kilomita daga ƙauyen Kopachi. Akwai dalilai da yawa game da wannan. Da fari dai, an gano yankin a matsayin mara amfani ga aikin gona. Abu na biyu, akwai manyan manyan hanyoyin kusa da nan - wannan shi ne Pripyat tare da Dnieper, da tashar jirgin C Cigoigov-Ovruch tare da tashar Yanov dama kusa da makaman nukiliya nan gaba. An shafe shekaru masu zuwa kan kirkirar sharuɗan tunani, bayyana shirin da sauran hanyoyin aiwatar da su. Sakamakon haka, a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1970, lokacin da aka fara aikin rukunin wutar lantarki na farko da birnin injiniyoyin nukiliya, majalisar ministocin USSR ta amince (shekara daya da rabi) wani kuduri na hadin gwiwa na Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'aikatar Muhalli kan amfani da nau'ikan samarwa na RBMK-1000 a tashar. Akwai dalilai guda biyu don zaɓar wannan mai juyawa: da farko, ƙasar ba ta iya samar da adadin adadin tasoshin da ake buƙata don masu ba da tallafi na VVER, wanda, na biyu, to ba zai iya samar da ƙarfin 1000 MW da ake buƙata daga kowane rukunin tashar ba. Abin da ya sa don saurin haɓaka cikin adadin kuzarin da aka samar, RBMK ya zama mafi zaɓi zaɓi. Haka kuma, da ikon zai iya zama a sauƙaƙe sauƙi da sauri ƙara. A watan Mayu na 1970, alamar yankin rukunin makomar ta fara, kuma a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, aka fara aiki kan ginin injiniyoyin makaman nukiliya - Pripyat.An nada Viktor Bryukhanov a matsayin darektan tashar.

Yayin gina NPP da Pripyat, ƙauyuka uku sun ɓace daga taswira - ƙauyukan Nagorsy da Semikhody da kuma gonar Podlesny. Na farko da na ƙarshe sun cika ambaliyar ruwa lokacin gina tafkin sanyi na shuka makamashin nukiliya, kuma masanan kimiyyar nukiliya sun ci Semikhody. Koyaya, sun bar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya - yanzu ma'aikatan kamfanin makamashin nukiliya sun zo tashar jirgin ƙasa na wannan sunan.

Ana sa ran ginin zai gamu da matsaloli ta fuskar karancin kayan aiki da sanya tsare-tsaren da ba zai yiwu ba. Hakan ya kai ga cewa sakatare na farko na kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Ukraine Volodymyr Shcherbitsky ya gabatar da wata wasika ga Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin Amurka na USSR Alexei Kosygin bayan da ya wargaza shirin kaddamar da rukunin wutar lantarki na farko na Chernobyl a shekarar 1975.

Fiye da sau ɗaya na sadu a cikin latsawa da kuma a cibiyar samar da makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl, wanda saboda isar da wuri - ƙarancin gini da shigarwa. Ban sani ba Na isa tashar a watan Satumbar 1973. A kan ginin gidan wasan kwaikwayo akwai taken da aka fara na farko a 1975. Ranar ƙarshe ta ƙare - biyar ɗin an sake rubuta su shida. A zahiri, an ƙaddamar da rukunin farko na Chernobyl NPP a Satumba 26, 1977. An ƙaddamar da rukunin na biyu a watan Disamba 1978, amma, mai yiwuwa, an jinkirta saboda jinkiri a ƙaddamar da na farko. Hakanan akwai wasu toshiyoyi masu biyo baya. Babu buƙatar yin magana game da mika wuya da wuri. Abin ban sha'awa, har zuwa 31 ga Disamba, yin magana da babbar murya game da rashin yiwuwar fara wannan shekarar ba zai yiwu ba. Daga nan sai shugabanni suzo sannan aka fara tattara sabbin tsare-tsaren da basu dace ba da kuma jadawalin. Kwafa, sanya hannu, emissary hagu. Kuma a, a karo na farko, matsala ta fara saboda tsananin iko akan aiwatar da jadawalin, ba zai yiwu ba daga lokacin tattarawa. M tarurruka na aiki, kiran dare zuwa aiki. Bayanan da ba makawa suna ƙaruwa, iko yana faɗuwa, aiki na al'ada yana farawa. Har zuwa isowar shugaban gaba ...

Da kuma zane-zanen. Ya juya cewa ana iya tattarawa saboda dalilai daban-daban, kuma duk wannan ba tare da hujja ba ga samarwa ma'aikata, kayan aiki da kayan aiki. Kawai akan ajalin lokacin da shugaba din da ya zo. Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, ba a girmama su ba. Baya ga shinge na biyu, don ragowar yanki goma akwai jadawalin yadda za a tura kwamiti. Shugaban Glavatomenergo Nevsky ya sauka kuma jadawalin yadda za a yi amfani da tsarin fasa bututun mai ya bayyana. An tsara jadawalin a watan Yuni, kuma a watan Agusta, bisa la’akari da lokacin farawa, an riga an fara shirin KMPT na farko. Kebul na kewaya tare da diamita na 800 mm, waldi mai nauyi, kawai fewan walder masu yawa sun tabbata. Ga kowane haɗin welded, fasaha yana ɗaukar kwana bakwai. Kuma abin da ke da ban sha'awa: Nevsky, a cikin kwanan nan, mai sakawa, ba zai iya taimakawa ba amma ganin lokacin da ba zai dace ba. Wani ma'aikaci na kwamitin tsakiya Maryin ya isa, da alama cewa a baya ya kasance mai aikin lantarki, kuma an riga an tsara wani jadawalin - daidaitawar bawuloli masu lantarki. Da sauransu.

A layi daya, sun fara tabbatar da fadada tashar zuwa raka'a huɗu tare da ƙara ƙarfin ta zuwa 4000 MW. A halin yanzu, a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1977, an sanya hannu kan takardar shaidar karɓar sashin wutar lantarki ta farko, kodayake a zahiri ya isa cikakke ne kawai a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1978. Shekara guda da kwanaki 4 bayan haka, rukunin na biyu ya kai karfin sa, kuma a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1979 duka bangarorin biyu sun kasance masu karfafuwa zuwa ga karfin da aka zaba su.Don haka, tashar ta riga ta sami damar samar da sama da biliyan 10 na kWh. Theungiya ta uku ta sami cikakkiyar damar 1000 MW a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1982, da brotheran uwanta na huɗu - ranar 28 ga Maris na shekara mai zuwa. Tuni a cikin watan Agusta na waccan shekarar, Chernobyl ya rinjayi layin biliyan 100 KWh. A cikin layi daya, aikin ginin na biyar (farkon farawa - Janairu 1, 1981, ƙaddamar da tsammanin a 1986) da kuma ɓoye na shida (farawa - Janairu 1, 1983). Dangane da sakamako na shirin shekaru goma sha ɗaya (1981-1985), an ƙaddamar da tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl don karɓar Umarni na Lenin.

A karkashin shekaru

A wata kalma, ana ci gaba da aikin gini cikin sauri. Tare da tashar, wani gari na atomic ya haɓaka. Farko na farko da guga na farko don kafuwar ginin farko an cire shi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 1970. An ayyana ginin ginin na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasa. Mazaunan farko sune magina Komsomol, da ma'aikatan tashar.Kasancewa a tsaka-tsakin hanyoyi masu yawa na zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, da kuma kasancewa wani tauraron dan adam birni mafi girma a cikin cibiyar samar da makamashin nukiliya a Turai, birnin ya kasance yana da babban ci gaba kuma ya zama fitaccen tsarin gurguzu.

Pripyat, Masu Gina Magana. Kafin hadarin bai samu lokacin kammalawa ba.

An gina Pripyat gwargwadon abin da ake kira "nau'in ginin triangular". Dangane da wannan ka'ida, a cikin kananan gundumomi waɗanda suke da fasalin maɓallin triangular, gine-ginen ya kamata suna da adadin ɗakunan ajiya. Manyan manyan manyan hanyoyin da aka kamata su shiga cikin juna ta yin amfani da hanyoyin shiga, ba hanyoyin shiga ba. An yi imanin wannan shirin zai taimaka wajen hana cunkoson ababen hawa ba tare da yiwuwar yawan mutane dubu 80 zuwa 90 ba. Microdist District a, alal misali, Tolyatti da Volgodonsk an gina su daidai da irin wannan tsarin. An yiwa Pripyat ado sosai tare da bangarori daban-daban, har ma da alamun neon. Maƙeran gini da masu zanen kaya sun yi ƙoƙari don jituwa da kowane daji da bishiyoyi a cikin birni, saboda wannan sasantawa ta cika da kyawawan wurare.

Kuma wannan shi ne ginin ƙananan ƙananan rukunoni na 1 da na 2 na garin, Lenin Avenue

Ba su manta da bangaren al'adu ba. An gina gidan al'adu, otal, gidan sinima, gidan litattafai, da kuma wuraren samar da ilimi da asibitoci da yawa a garin. Duk wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Pripyat yana daɗaɗa yawan matasa - matsakaicin shekarun mazaunin a lokacin haɗarin ya kasance kimanin shekaru 26. Ya zuwa watan Afrilu 26, 1986, mutane da ba su kai 50,000 suka zauna a cikin Pripyat a cikin kananan yankuna 5 na birni ba, don haka mazauna wurin ke jin kwanciyar hankali, duk da yawan ci gaba da ake samu - abin dariya ne cewa kowace shekara ana haihuwar jarirai sama da dubu a cikin birni. Birnin yana shirye don fadada don karɓar ma'aikatan nan gaba na mataki na uku na masana'antar samar da makamashin nukiliya - a lokacin hadarin, an riga an shirya wani rukunin don microdistrict na shida. Ya zuwa watan Mayu 1986, suna shirin buɗe keken hannu a cikin wurin shakatawa. Yawancin samari masu hankali, masu alaƙa da haɗarin rasa babban aikinsu, ya sanya alama ta musamman ga rayuwar birane. A cikin Pripyat ya kasance mafi nutsuwa fiye da sauran garuruwan lardi na USSR. 'Yan kananan laifuffuka ne, mazauna garin ma sun kyale kansu su kyale yaransu su fita su kadai ba su kulle gidajensu ba, kodayake an saci kayan sirri daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Har ila yau, kisan ya faru, wanda ɗayansu yayin zanga-zangar nuna kisa an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Kwafin buga bayanan sirri na wadanda ba sa yarda da kansu sun zaga gari.

A maraice, jama'a suna tafiya tare da Titin Broadway - Lenin Street, suna shirya tarurruka a cikin cafe na Pripyat kuma suna sha akan al'adar kogin a wurin dutsen. Matasa sun yi marhabin da labarin almara "Edison-2" wanda Alexander Demidov ya gabatar, wanda aka gudanar a cibiyar nishaɗin "Energetik". Tikitoci ba su isa ba, sannan fadar masarauta ta zama mummunan hari ga masoya masu rawa. Wannan diski ya tsira daga Pripyat har tsawon tsawon shekaru biyar, tare da tattara riga a cikin sabon Slavutich.

Arthur Shigapov. "Chernobyl, Pripyat, babu inda ba ..."

Pripyat ta kasance kilomita 2 daga tashar, Chernobyl - 18 km. Kuma a zahiri a tsakaninsu, kammala alwati mai nisa, kilomita 9 daga cibiyar makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl, tashar tashar Duga radar ta sama. Aikinta shi ne gano wani gagarumin tashin makamai masu linzami na tsakiyar Amurka. A nisan kilomita 60, kusa da garin Lubech, akwai mai watsa da ya aika katako zuwa sansanin sansanin abokan gaba. Filin, wanda yake a cikin garin rufe Chernobyl-2, shi ne mai masaukin. Wata kwalliya ce ta manyan antennas guda biyu wadanda ake iya gani daga duk yankin Keɓaɓɓen - low-mita (mast tsawo daga 135 zuwa 150 mita, tsawon - daga 300 zuwa 500 mita) da kuma m-mita (game da mita 250 a tsawon kuma har zuwa mita 100 a tsawo). Kuma kusa da wani radar da aka tsara don bin diddigin masu kai harin bam na abokan gaba. Dukkanin radars sunyi amfani da ƙa'idar eriyar tsararru. A shekarar 1985, Duga ya tashi tsaye cikin shiri kan tsaron iska na USSR, amma bai tsallake gwajin ba. Babban dalilin shi ne daidaituwa na mitar radar tare da jerin gwanon farar hula. Arc ya nutsar da su da sauti mai kyan gani, wanda ake kiranta da sunan Itace mai wasan Russia.Zuwa shekarar 1986, tashar ta fara aikinta na zamani kuma tana shirin shiga jarrabawar jihar. Kuma kusa da ita ƙaramar gari ne wanda ke da titin Kurchatov - Chernobyl-2.

An tattara bayanan daga kurmin bishiyar Pine, wasu hanyoyin an nuna su a cikin labarin, wasun su ba za a iya dawo dasu ba bayan rubutaccen rubutun, amma godiya ta musamman ga wadannan mutanen saboda hotunan Pripyat: https://vk.com/chernobyl_world

Hashtag na marubucin a cikin VK shine # Starostin @ catx2, kuma wannan namu ne Jadawalin Abinda ke ciki Cat_Cat (12/31/2019)

Santa Helena. Son sani yana lalata

A cikin Maris 1980, St. Helens Stratovolcano (St. Helena), wanda ke a cikin Washington State, County Scamania, ya fara nuna ayyukan taƙasa. Rainasashewar sun girgiza ta hanyar jerin ƙananan girgizar asa.

Gwamnati ta damu kuma ta juya ga masana kimiyya tare da tambayar sacramental:

Sun tatattar da gurnati ba su bayar da karimcin ba:

"Lafiya, ya kamata ba ..."

Tabbas, masana kimiyya bawai kawai aske turniyoyinsu bane. An tattara tarin bayanai, sannan aka zana shi zuwa volcanoes na Hawaii mai cikakken hankali. Dangane da sakamakon da aka samu, kwararrun sun yi jayayya cewa a kusan watan Mayu za a sami karamin iska na toka da toka. A takaice, ana tsammanin wasan zai zama mai launi, amma baki daya lafiya.

An tayar da batun sosai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, sabili da haka, ban da masana kimiyya, babban taron yawon bude ido ya zo don lura da mu'ujizan yanayi. Filin lura da masu saukin kallo ya sanya kusan kilomita 30. daga wurin da ake shirin fashewa, wuraren kimiyya a kusa - 8-10 km. A zango don yawon bude ido, an sa ran buɗe wuraren buɗa abinci, 'yan kasuwa, mawaƙa da sauran manyan hijabi sun zo da adadi mai yawa. Gaba ɗaya, mutane kusan ɗari uku sun taru a gefen dutsen mai dutsen.

Dukkanin basu san mahimman bayanai guda ɗaya ba. Lokacin da aka juya daga baya, aka rufe bakin dutsen mai dutsen mai fitowar wutar dutsen tare da abin toshiya daga lawa mai sanyi, wanda bai bada damar matsanancin gas din a cikin dutsen ba. Bugu da kari, St. Helens ya bambanta da asalin dangin Hawaii ta kasancewar kasancewar wani yanki mai rauni ya raunana yankin arewa.

Masana kimiyyar volcano na Amurka suna yin nazarin kwatancen

Duk waɗannan abubuwan zasu iya haifar da bala'in da ba a iya kwatantawa ba. Kuma suka kawo.

A ranar Lahadi, 18 ga Mayu da ƙarfe 8.32 a.m. wani girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta saukar da wani dutse a kan tsaunin arewacin dutsen mai dutsen. Located in 8 km. daga dutse, David Johnston masanin tashin wutar wuta ya yi kira ga abokan aikinsa a Vancouver, "Ya fara!" (mai ɓarna - wannan zai kasance maganarsa ta ƙarshe).

Makonni daga baya, matsin lamba da aka tara a cikin dutsen mai fitowar wutar dutsen ya gano rauni kuma ya fashe. Yankin arewacin dutsen mai fitad da wuta kawai ya fashe tare da karfin daidai da megatons 24 (ikon “Jaririn” da aka sauka akan Hiroshima shine kusan 15 KILons). Fim din ya koya mana cewa babban hadarin kai tsaye yayin fashewar shine kwararar lava, daga abin da zaku iya tserewa ta kusan tsalle-tsalle sama. A zahiri, babban makamin dutsen mai fitad da wuta shine kwararar pyroclastic. Wannan cakuda gas ne mai zafi, ash da ƙananan duwatsu, wanda ke motsawa tare da babban gudu, kuma zazzabi a ciki na iya kaiwa digiri 700. Damar rayuwa ba komai bace. Don fasalta tsohuwar magana - kar a gudu daga kwararar pyroclastic, zaku mutu da gajiya.

Mazauna Pompeii suna ba da tabbacin shi!

Asa daga gangaren a saurin kilomita 200-250 / h, ambaliyar ruwa ta yi karo, gutsuttsuran dutsen mai zafi da kuma girgije mai ɗauke da toka ya tashi daga sama. Wadanda suke kan tsaunin arewa kusa da kilomita 10. har zuwa inda fashewar ta kasance babu dama kwata-kwata. Waɗanda suka zauna a sansanin yawon shakatawa sun yi sa'a kaɗan - babban rafin bai kai su ga kilomita 3-4 ba kuma ana “jifa da” dutse tare da gajimare da toka mai ɗauke da zafin jiki na digiri 100-150. A hukumance, mutane 57 suka mutu, fiye da 200 sun ji rauni da wahala dabam dabam. Wataƙila, an sami ƙarin mutuwar mutane, saboda wasu musamman masu ƙwarewa sun zaga shinge kuma sun hau kan gangaren. An yi sa'a, fashewar ba ta faru a ranar sati ba lokacin da masu ababen hawa na gida ke aiki a gangaren dutsen mai fitad da wuta.

Yankin arewa na St. Helens da sauran kewayen tare da jimlar murabba'in kilomita 64. km Ya juya zuwa wani wuri mai ba da hasken rana, inda duk abubuwa masu rai suka mutu.

Motar da aka gano daga masu ceton 12 kilomita. daga bakin dutse. Mutane biyu a ciki sun mutu.

Hatta inda rushewar bai kai karfin fashewar ba ta mamaye dukkan bishiyoyi.

Hawayen da ke kewaye da su sun cika da dazuzzukan daji. Hoto 2002 (!) Shekarar.

A cikin 'yan mintoci kaɗan, dutsen mai fitad da wuta ya jefa fiye da tan miliyan miliyan na ash zuwa tsahon kusan kilomita 17, wanda hakan ya haifar da haifar da tsawa a gaban. An yi asarar asarar Ash a cikin jihohi 11 na kusa da Kanada. Located in 130 kilomita. daga dutsen mai fitad da wuta, garin Yakima cikin awa daya ya zama shimfidar wuri don Dutsen Silent. Ganuwa tayi tazarar mita uku a lokacin, kuma ash-centimita na ash ya sauka akan komai. Toka na toka mutane, ruwa mai gurbatawa, injin motsi, kayan wutan lantarki a gajarta. Kashewar wutar lantarki, katsewa cikin ruwa ya fara. An bayyana mutane hudu a hukumance a matsayin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon sakamakon fashewar.

Wata rani mai kyau a titunan Yakima

Zuwa mataki daya ko wata, biranen da ke cikin jihar ke fama da toka. Yanayin ash yana haɓaka matakan ruwa a cikin koguna da tabkuna, haifar da ambaliyar da yawa. Sakamakon hangen nesa mara kyau, an soke daruruwan jiragen sama, an toshe hanyoyi. An ɗauki fiye da mako guda don share wani sashi na babbar hanyar daga Yakima zuwa Seattle, kuma gabaɗaya, cire ash a cikin jihar Washington kusan kimanin wata guda. An kashe dabbobi masu yawa, dabbobi da kaji, kifi a cikin koguna da tabkuna, amfanin gonan da aka kashe. Jimlar lalacewa daga fashewar ya kai fiye da dala biliyan.

Kuma gwarzo na bikin yanzu

A yau, kusan manyan birane 60 suna zaune kusa da kusancin dutsen mai aiki. Daga cikinsu akwai megacities kamar Tokyo, Naples, San Salvador.

Bugu da kari, tarihi ya riga ya san lokuta da yawa lokacin da fashewar wutar lantarki mai karfi ya canza yanayin a rabin duniya. Lokaci na ƙarshe da wannan ya faru a cikin 1815, lokacin da girgije mai tarin yawa na ash da sulfur bayan fashewar dutsen Volbo a Tambora a Indonesia, ya mamaye yawancin Yammacin Turai. Shekarar 1816 ya sauka cikin tarihi kamar "Shekarar Ba Tare da Hutu Ba". Mai tsananin bazara, gazawar amfanin gona, mutuwar shanu, guban koguna da tabkuna. Sakamakon haka - yunwa, annoba, raƙuman ƙaura (ciki har da fitowar taro zuwa Amurka), tarzoma, tawaye. Ban san yadda yake tashi fuka-fuki ba, da kuma “albarku” wani wuri a wannan gefen duniyar na iya canza tarihin ci gaban wayewar ɗan adam.

Barka da dare gareku.

Hashtag na sirri na marubucin a cikin VK - # Schumann @ catx2, kuma wannan namu ne Jadawalin Abinda ke ciki Cat_Cat (12/31/2019)

Game da kogi, gona, damina da squirrel.

Wadannan tafiye-tafiye na kamun kifi tare da libations sunyi tiliards, amma wannan tafiya na tuna tare da wasu makircin eerie mãkirci. A koyaushe ina mai da hankali sosai da shan giya, amma koyaushe kowa yana da banbance banbancen. Na kasance ina mutuwa daga rataye cikin jin dadi, amma a nan akwai tarzoma da rataye da tsoro. Wannan ma ya fi muni da ɗabi'a. Ta hanyar jiki, ta hanyar, ya allahntaka gwargwadon iya zama, amma ma'anar rafi marar iyaka baza a iya dakatar dashi. Na nisanta kaina daga tsuntsaye, daga sassan jikin rassan daji, daga fuskokin abokai abokina waɗanda kyawawan halaye suke. Daga baya kuma, a cikin tashin hankali na, sai ga wani ya bugu ya hau zuwa wurin tsattsarkan wuraren tsaunuka, a ƙarƙashin kujerar motata, inda kullun ina da kwalban giya da fakitin sigari. Kuma a yanayi, kilomita hamsin daga wayewa mafi kusa bala'i ce. Ban so in sha giya ko shan taba ba kwata-kwata, amma sanin rashi ya haifar da al'ajabin azaba tare da mahaukata, kuma don kar in tayar da tsoffin horonan da na riga na yi, sai na tafi kogi kuma na fashe da kuka cikin ruwa.

Nayi watsi da iyawar sautina sannan idan na dawo, an riga an gama komai akan layi. Idanun Spherical a nan da can, sun dube ni da kamannun daji kuma suna mamakin ko duk abin da yake lafiya tare da ni. Abin da idona suka bayyana ban sani ba, amma har ma da masu ƙarfin hali suna tsoron kalle ni. Kuma daga wannan daya daga cikin masu hikimarmu na yau da kullun masu aiki suka karbi shawara don zuwa gona don kyakkyawan ruwa (ba giya ba, amma aƙalla wani abu) da kuma sigari, kuma nan da nan na amince.

Mun tuna da gona lokacin da muke tsaka-tsalle tare da hanyar daji akan hanyar zuwa wurin da aka tura mu. Mun shiga motar.Kowa yayi tunanin motar ta riga ta fara, amma a'a, hakan ya sa ni tsoro saboda tsoron cewa motar ta riga ta fara rawar jiki. Ni, a matsayina na mutum mai lokaci, na fita daga motar sau da yawa don "tsayawa minti daya", sannan na zauna a baya kuma na tafi nan da nan saboda ba zan iya zaɓar inda yayi muni ba.

Gabaɗaya, tare da baƙin ciki a cikin rabin mun isa gona kuma ya bar ni daga kyakkyawar ciyawar gida. A matsayin tsohon tauraro, mai darajar tauraron dan adam, sun aika da bazaar ne don su ci gaba da ni da mazaunan garin. Na fita daga motar, na shimfida kaina cikin nutsuwa tare da wata matattara da shayewa har ya zama babu kusan iska a wurina. Ko da swayed kadan. Ba zato ba tsammani, daga ba tsammani daga mawuyacin yanayin kururuwar, sarkar ƙarfe ta fara zuwa kusa da ni da sauri. Ba ta kawai yi jita-jita kai tsaye, amma tinkled kamar yadda ta je kusa. Duk yadda ta yi lahani, amma a bayyane yake cewa sarkar ba ta hanzarta zuwa ni kaɗai ba. Kwakwalwa tayi aiki a hankali, a hankali kamar yadda gashin kan bangon wuyan ya miƙe. Na tashi a cikin motar, na ciji ƙofar, kuma a daidai wannan lokacin, wani abu ya danna da wuya a matakin taga. "Kuma yana da matukar dacewa a ciji waya," Nan da nan na ce da karfi. Babu wanda ke cikin motar da ya yaba da ƙwarewar aikina. Karen ya yi birgima sosai da bakinsa. Yayi matukar ban tsoro tunda kafin hakan, zamu iya cewa abin dariya ne.

Ford Scorpio a wancan lokacin ya kasance tachil mai inganci. Karen ba zai iya ciza motar ba, don haka sai ta sheka a guje ta sarkar dashi cikin silsila. Kuma mun zauna a cikin yanayin fuskokinmu na shiru kuma muna duban sa ido ga makomar bakin ciki. Kuma bai dauki dogon jira ba. A ƙarshe, ƙofar gidan ya buɗe kuma wani kare ya gudu. Ya ji kamar wannan gidan akwati ne na sihiri wanda sababbin karnuka zasu cika kowane minti daya. Hakan bai zo ba gaskiya, amma biyu sun fi wadatar.

Idan da farko an ɗaure ta da sarƙoƙi, wanda bai taimaka ba, na biyu, yana amfana da rashin ballast, yayi tsalle akan hularmu kuma bai ƙi komai da kanmu ba. Ya ji kamar su duka biyun shampooing genuli. Da kyau, ba shi yiwuwa a zahiri samar da kumfa mai yawa. Na ma so a wani matsayi a cikin wanka, amma na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A ƙarshe, maigidan ya fito cikin yanayi mai kyau tare da bindiga. Karnuka sun ciyar da kwallaye goma daga cikin biyar. Manomi ya nemi wani abu, amma karnukan sun yi biris da ƙarfi. Nayi kokarin bude taga don fada masa cewa munzo da wata manufa mai kyau, amma wannan mummunan aikin yasha santimita daga santimita daga fuskata ya shawo kaina in rufe taga nan take. Kuma lamarin ba shi da kyau - mun isa wani yanki mai zaman kansa ta hanyar mota, muna zaune a ciki kuma ba sa fita. Kuma yaya ake fita?! Da kyau zai yuwu a kai ga maigidan a cikin sassan kawai. Kuma Na kama aiki ranar Litinin, ba zan iya ba. Mun zauna a ɗan wani lokaci a hankali kuma mun fahimci cewa lokaci ya yi da za mu bar riga, har sai da maigidan ya fara yin ado da kwalliya daga sarkar tare da kyawawan ramuka daga bindiga. Mun fara injin din kuma mun gano cewa kafin hakan, karnukan nan suna da kwalliya.

Don haka, ba tare da shan bugu da warkaswar shan ruwa mai kyau ba kuma ban da shan sigarin kiwon lafiyar, mun bar gida. Abin farin ciki, "lingsan uwanmu" sun kasance kilomita biyar nesa, in ba haka ba karnuka na farko sun bi shi ta hanyar damuwa, muna damuwa cewa watakila zamu ɓace. Ya na da ban tsoro sosai har a cikin kunnuwana ya ci gaba da birgima a cikin bayanin kula guda. G karama, kamar yadda na tuna yanzu. Mun je alfarwarmu kuma an natsar da kowa cikin nasa. Kamar yadda ban nemi karnukan ba su yi mafarki na ba, su ba hanya bane. Na yi ƙoƙari na juya biyu zuwa dama da hagu da zaune, ƙoƙarin barci - nifiga, kururuwa tare da muryar wuta don in da na farka, har yanzu ina da lokaci don jin yadda nake kururuwa.

Motar ta yi kama da cewa duk magoya bayan Spartak a tarihin kulob din sun yi mata azaba a kan duk rashin nasara. Mafi munin abin da ya faru shi ne cewa tururi ya ciji a wurare da yawa. Ni ba wawa aboki, amma alama. Duk da yake ba wanda ya taɓa gani, na yi ƙoƙarin ƙara havalnik da kuma ƙididdigar ta don in ci gaba a kan injin. Ba zan iya yin abin da ya fi muni ba, amma gyare-gyaren da injuna suna a gwiwa ni. Irin wannan maganar banza a kai ta fi wannan tsoran tsoro mara tsoro.Gabaɗaya, yakamata a bugu a cikin matsakaici don kada ya gudu daga kurege ta hanyar fashe rassan gandun daji, har ma fiye da haka don kada wani marmari ya ciji masu satar.

Hoton na iya ƙunsar: mota da titi

Yankin Kaluga, Gundumar Borovsky, Villavo

Mu a ETHNOMIR mun tabbata cewa dabbobin daji sun cancanci halayen girmamawa da kulawa sosai. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa muka yanke shawarar kirkirar a wurin shakatawa "EthnoFarm", wanda yara da manya zasu iya samun masaniya da tsuntsaye - daji da gida. An tsara ka'idodin bude sararin samaniya na musamman don ƙirƙirar yanayin rayuwa mai kyau ga dabbobi, saboda haka zaku iya kallon tsuntsaye a cikin mazauninsu na yau da kullun.

Baƙi na "EthnoFarm": pheasants - azurfa, zinari, lu'u-lu'u, sarauta da kyakkyawa Svayno, Himalayan dutsen, tsuntsayen Indiya, Turkawa, kaji na siliki, damisa, siskins da carduelis.

Shirye-shiryen makomar EthnoFarm sun hada da tarawa daga dukkan nahiyoyi wakilai mafi kyawun wakilan da zasu iya dacewa da yanayin Rasha. Hakanan, ma’aikatan shakatawar sun kirkiri “canteens tsuntsu” (masu ciyar da tsuntsaye iri daban daban) a cikin gandun daji kuma suna rataye makannin wucin gadi wanda zai fi sauƙi ga tsuntsaye su tsira daga hunturu sanyi.

Baƙi na ETNOMIR na iya lura da rayuwar gandun daji da tsuntsayen gida daga tsawon hannu.

1.1. Yanayin zama

An gano dodo a tsibiran gabashin Madagascar, waɗanda a yau ake kira Mascaren Archipelago. Manyan manyan tsibiri guda uku wadanda ke hade da wannan tsibiran tare da su 20 a layi daya kudu maso yamma. Yanzu ana kiransu Reunion, Mauritius da Rodriguez.

Ba a san sunayen masu binciken wadannan yankuna ba. A bayyane yake cewa jiragen ruwan kwastan na larabawa sun yi shawagi a nan, amma ba su mai da hankali sosai ga gano su ba, tunda tsibiran ba su da zama, kuma yana da matukar wahalar kasuwanci a tsibiran da ba a zaune ba.
'Yan Burtaniya su ne masu binciken ƙasashen Fotigal, kodayake, abin mamaki, daga kiran na biyu ne ɗan binciken ɗan asalin ƙasar Portugal ya ba wa tsibiran sunayensu.

Wannan mutumin Diogo Fernandish Pereira ne, wanda ya yi tafiya a cikin ruwayen a shekara ta 1507. A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu, ya gano wani tsibiri mai nisan mil 400 gabas da Madagascar, ya sa masa suna Santa Apollonia. Dole ne ya kasance haɗuwa ta zamani. Ba da daɗewa ba, jirgin Pereira "Serne" ya yi tuntuɓe a kan Mauritius na yanzu. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan sun sauka kuma sun ambaci tsibirin da sunan jirginsu - Ilya do Serna.

Pereira ya koma Indiya, kuma a wannan shekarar, kadan daga baya, ya buɗe Rodriguez. Da farko, tsibirin suna Domingo Frieze, amma kuma Diego Rodriguez. Yaren Dutch, a bayyane, ya ga wannan sunan ba a san shi ba, kuma ya yi magana game da wani tsibiri da ake kira DiegoRay, wanda ke da ƙima kuma ya juya zuwa Dygarroys, amma Faransawa da kansu sun kira tsibirin Il Marianne.

Shekaru shida bayan haka, mai gano abu na biyu ya zo, Pedro Mascarenias, ya ziyarci kawai Mauritius da Reunion. A saboda wannan dalili, ba'a sake sunan Mauritius ba, amma Sant Apollonia (Reunion) ana kiran shi Mascarenhas ko Mascaragne, kuma har zuwa yau ana kiran tsibirin Mascaren (http://www.zooeco.com/strany/str-africa-10.html).

Bafulatanin ya gano Mauritius, amma bai sasanta ba. Koyaya, a cikin 1598 Dutch ɗin ya sauka daga can kuma ya bayyana tsibirin mallakar su (Leopold, 2000). Tsibirin Mascarene sun wakilci tashar sauke jigilar kayayyaki a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Indiya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba taron masu adon ruwa ya mamaye su (Akimushkin, 1969).

1.2. Tarihin ganowa da lalata dodo

A shekara ta 1598, bayan da wasu rukunin jiragen ruwa guda 8 suka isa kasar Mauritius, mai gabatar da kara na Dutch Jacob van Nek ya fara tattara jerin abubuwa da kwatancen dukkan abubuwan rayuwa da aka hadu a tsibirin. Bayan da aka fassara bayanan mai martaba zuwa wasu yarukan, duniyar kimiyya ta samu labarin sabon tsuntsayen baƙon abu, baƙon abu har ma da ban mamaki, wanda aka san shi a duk duniya kamar dodo (Hoto na 2.), Ko da yake masana kimiyya suna kiransa dodo (Bobrovsky, 2003) )

Hoto Sake sake fasalin bayyanuwar dodo (http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en)

Sun ce dodoes sun dauki hankalin kusan sun zama mai daraja, duk da cewa ba za a iya ci gaba dawansu ba."... Suna amintar da mutum, amma ba za a iya tarko dashi ta kowace hanya ba: da zaran sun je bauta, sun fara taurin kai sun ki cin abinci har sai sun mutu."

Rayuwa mai kwanciyar hankali don dodos ta ƙare da zaran mutum ya fara aiki da hankali a cikin yanayin yanayin tsibirin.

Ma'aikatan jirgi sun cika kayan abinci a tsibiran, saboda wannan dalilin yana lalata duk abin da ke rayuwa a dazuzzukan tsibiran. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan sun ci duk manyan kunkuru, daga nan kuma suka fara cusa tsuntsayen.
A kan ƙananan tsibiran teku waɗanda babu masu farautar ƙasa, dodos a hankali, daga tsara zuwa tsara, sun rasa ikon tashi. Koki na kotunan Holland bai sani ba ko za a iya ci wannan tsuntsun da yake da nama mai taushi. Amma matuƙar jirgin ruwa mai jin yunwa ya fahimci cewa dodo mai cinyewa ne kuma yana da fa'ida sosai a gare ni. Tsuntsaye marasa tsaro, suna jujjuyawa daga gefe zuwa gefe da kuma haifar da matsanancin rawanin fuka-fukai, sun yi kokarin tserewa daga mutane. Tsuntsaye ukun ne kawai suka isa ciyar da matukan jirgin. Dodoes da yawa na salted sun isa wadatar tafiya gaba daya. Sun kasance suna yin amfani da shi hakanan cewa riƙon jirgin ruwan ya cika a saman cike da raye-raye, kuma matuƙan jiragen ruwa da ke wucewa da jiragen ruwa sun yi gasa ne saboda sha'awar wasanni ga wanda zai kashe waɗannan tsuntsayen da ke tarko. Daga wannan lokacin, dodo na Mauritian dole ne ya rayu a cikin yanayi don ƙasa da shekaru 50 (Green, 2000, Akimushkin, 1969, Bobrovsky, 2003, http://erudity.ru/t215_20.html).

Osan dodon jirgin sama marasa taimako ne a gaban sabbin abokan gāba, adadinsu ya fara raguwa da sauri. Ba da daɗewa ba sun ɓace gaba ɗaya. Gaba ɗaya, mutane da dabbobi, a ƙarshen karni na 18 sun warke duk dodos (Akimushkin, 1969, Leopold, 2000).

A bayyane yake, nau'ikan dodo daban-daban guda uku sun rayu a tsibirin uku na tsibirin Mascarene - Mauritius, Reunion da Rodriguez.

A cikin 1693, a karo na farko, dodo bai sami jerin dabbobi a cikin Mauritius ba, don haka a wannan lokacin, zamu iya ɗauka cewa an riga an ɓace gabaɗaya.

Rodriguez dodo, ko hermit, shine na ƙarshe da aka gani a 1761. Kamar dai a wasu halaye, babu ɗayan ayyukansa da ya saura, kuma na dogon lokaci masana kimiyya basu da kashi ɗaya daga ciki. Lokaci ya yi da za a yi tambaya: wannan dodo? Haka kuma, Francois Lega, marubucin mafi cikakken bayanin Rodriguez dodo, wani lokaci ana kiran shi maƙaryaci ɗari bisa ɗari, wasu masana sun ɗauki littafinsa Journey and Adventures of Francois Lege da Sahabban sa ... (Akimushkin, 1995, http: // www. bestreferat.ru/referat-6576.html).

Daga baya aka rusa haduwa da Dodo A karo na farko kenan da kyaftin din Ingila Castleton ya ambace shi a shekara ta 1613, wanda ya sauka a gidan taron tare da dabbobin gidansa. Sannan dan kasar Holland Bontekoevan Horn, wanda ya kwashe kwanaki 21 a wannan tsibiri a shekarar 1618, ya ambaci wannan tsuntsu, yana kiranta da "wutsiyar da aka fizge". Lerarshe matafiyi na ƙarshe wanda ya ga kuma bayanin wannan nau'in shi ne Bafaransheen Borde de Saint-Vincent, wanda ya ziyarci Taro a cikin 1801. Dabbobin gida da mutane ma sun zama dalilin bacewar wannan nau'in. Babu wani kwarangwal guda ɗaya da ba dodo mai cike da farin dodo (Bobrovsky, 2003).

Tebur yana nuna saurin anthropogenic na lalata dodoes (Table 1).

Don haka, cewa farkon ambaton wannan nau'in an sanya shi a 1598, kuma mafi kwanan nan - 1801. Don haka, zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa jinsin ya bace a cikin kusan shekaru 200.

Lokacin da a ƙarshen karni na 18th masu ilimin halitta sun yi tururuwa a cikin dodo, kuma bincike ya kai su tsibirin na Mauritius, duk waɗanda suka juya don neman shawara sun girgiza kawunansu da shakka. “Ba haka ba, Yallabai, ba mu da irin waɗannan tsuntsayen kuma ba mu taɓa samun sa ba,” in ji makiyaya da baƙi.

1.3. Dodo a Turai

Manyan ruwa sun yi ƙoƙari da yawa don kawo dodos zuwa Turai don mamakin Turawa da baƙon tsuntsu. Amma, idan launin fata Mauritian dodo ya sami damar yin jigilar rai da rai zuwa lamuran arewa, to tare da takwaransa na farin haɗuwa wannan baiyi nasara ba. Kusan dukkan tsuntsayen sun mutu yayin tafiyar. Kamar yadda ya rubuta a shekara ta 1668wani firist ɗan Bayelaran wanda ba a san shi ba wanda ya ziyarci tsibirin na Mauritius: "Kowannenmu yana so ya ɗauki tsuntsaye biyu tare da mu, don aika su zuwa Faransa da canja shi zuwa girmansa, amma a cikin jirgin ɗin tsuntsayen sun mutu da marmarin, sun ƙi ci ko sha" () kawo sunayensu ta hanyar V.A. Krasilnikov, 2001).

Legend yana da cewa dodo biyu daga Reunion Island, waɗanda aka ɗauka ta jirgin ruwa zuwa Turai, haƙiƙa sun zubar da hawaye yayin rabuwa da asalin tsibirin su (Bobrovsky, 2003).
Kodayake a wasu lokuta wannan kamfani har yanzu yana nasara kuma, a cewar masaniyar kimiyyar Jafananci Dr. Masaui Khachisuk, wanda yayi nazari dalla-dalla tarihin tsuntsu mai ban mamaki, mutane 12 ne kawai aka samu daga wannan tsuntsu mai fuka-fukai daga Mauritius. An kawo kofe 9 na dodo zuwa Holland, 2 zuwa Ingila da 1 kuma Italiya (Bobrovsky, 2003).

Akwai kuma bazuwar ambaton cewa an fitar da ɗayan tsuntsayen zuwa Japan, amma, duk da ƙoƙarin da masanan Jafananci da yawa suka yi, ba zai yiwu a sami ambaton wannan ba a cikin tarihin littafin Japan da littattafai (http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks /Science/lei/01.php).

A cikin 1599, Admiral Jacob van Nek ya kawo dodo na farko zuwa Turai. A cikin mahaifar Admiral a Holland, wani baƙon tsuntsu ya ba da hayaniya. Ba za a iya tura su ba.

Musamman masu zane-zane sun jawo hankalin ta sosai game da bayyanar ta kai tsaye. Kuma Peter-Holstein, da Hufnagel, da Franz Franken, da sauran mashahuran zane-zanen an dauke su ta hanyar "zane mai zane." A wancan lokacin, sun ce, zane zane sama da goma sha huɗu daga dodo da aka kama ana zanen su. Abin ban sha'awa shine, hoton dodo na dodo (ɗayan waɗannan hotunan) an samo shi ne kawai a cikin 1955 na Farfesa Ivanov a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Gabas ta Tsakiya!

Wani dodo mai rai ya zo Turai rabin karni daga baya, a 1638. Labari mai ban dariya ya faru da wannan tsuntsu, ko kuma, tare da dabbar da dabba. An kawo Dront zuwa London kuma a can sun nuna wa duk wanda yake so ya dube shi neman kuɗi. Sa’ad da tsuntsu ya mutu, sai suka sanya fata suka yayyanka shi da ciyawa. Daga tarin masu zaman kansu, scarecrow ya faɗi cikin ɗayan gidajen tarihi na Oxford. Tsawon ƙarni ɗaya ya yi tsire-tsire a can kusurwar ƙura. Kuma a cikin hunturu na 1755, curator na gidan kayan gargajiya yanke shawarar yin janar kaya na nunin. Ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo, ya kalli rabin abin da ke cikin rabin tsuntsun da ya mika wuya tare da rubutu a jikinsa: “Jirgin”? Kuma daga nan ya ba da umarnin a jefa shi cikin sharar.

An yi sa'a, mutumin da ya sami ilimi mai zurfi ya wuce wancan tsiron. Cikin mamakin sa'arsa da ba'a tsammani ba, sai ya fitar da dodo da ƙarancin dodo da ƙaramar ƙaƙƙarfan ido - duk abin da ya saura - kuma tare da gano ƙoshin sa mai saurin gaske ya hanzarta zuwa wurin dillalan sansanonin. An adana kuma paw, kuma shugaban daga baya kuma, amma wannan lokacin tare da manyan girmamawa, an karɓa zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya. Waɗannan su ne kawai abubuwan relics a cikin duniya da aka bari daga kurciya mai kama da "kurciya," in ji Willy Ley, ɗaya daga cikin masana a cikin tarihin bakin ciki na dodos. Amma Dr. James Greenway na Cambridge, a cikin kyakkyawan jigon tarihin halittar tsuntsayen, yana da'awar cewa Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya yana da ƙafa ɗaya, kuma shugaban a Copenhagen, babu shakka mallakar dodo ne mai rayuwa sau ɗaya daga Mauritius (Akimushkin, 1969).

Hoto Zane-zane na farko na Dodo (hagu), sake gina dodo (dama) (http://www.google.ru/imghp?hl=en)

Hoton gargajiya na dodo doguwa ce mai kauri, amma ba a dade ana gardama da wannan ra'ayin ba. Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa tsoffin zane-zane na Turai sun nuna tsuntsayen overfed da ke cikin bauta. Maikanti Maestro Mansour dodo ya zana a tsibirin 'yan tsibirin na Tekun Indiya (Hoto 4.) kuma tsuntsayen sun nuna siriri. Farfesa Ivanov yayi nazarin zane-zanensa kuma ya tabbatar da cewa waɗannan zane-zanen sun fi daidai. An ba da samfuran “rai” guda biyu zuwa tsibiran Tekun Indiya a cikin 1600s, kuma samfurori masu zane sun haɗu da kwatancin. Kamar yadda aka fada a cikin Mauritius, dodo ya ci 'ya'yan itacun a ƙarshen damina domin ya tsira lokacin rani idan babu ƙarancin abinci. Babu wata matsala da aka kwashe da abinci tare da tsuntsayen sun mamaye (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo).

Dodo a ilmin taurari

Dronts ya zama sananne har ma a ilimin taurari. A cikin girmamawa ga dodo daga Rodriguez, an ambaci sararin samaniya guda ɗaya a sararin samaniya.A cikin Yuni na 1761, masanin ilimin taurari na Faransa Pingre ya dauki ɗan lokaci a kan Rodriguez, yana lura da Venus game da tushen faifan rana (a lokacin ne kuma ya tsallake ta). Shekaru biyar bayan haka, abokin aikinsa Le Monnier, don adana ƙarni na ɗari don tunawa da kasancewar abokin nasa akan Rodriguez kuma don girmama tsuntsayen ban mamaki da ke zaune a wannan tsibirin, ya sanya wa sabon rukuni na taurari da ya gano ta tsakanin macijin da Scorpio maƙarƙashiyar The Hermit. Da yake son sanya alama a taswirar, bisa ga al'adun waɗancan lokuta, tare da adadi na alama, Le Monnier ya juya don taimako ga Brisson shahararren Ornithology na Faransa a lokacin. Bai san cewa Brisson bai haɗa da dodo a cikin littafinsa ba, kuma, ganin sunan solitaria, wato, "hermit," a cikin jerin tsuntsayen, da aminci sun sake maimaita dabbar da aka sa wa suna. Kuma ya gauraya komai sama, ba shakka: maimakon wani dodo mai ban sha'awa, sabon tauraron dan adam akan taswirar da aka nada wanda ba shi wakiltar ɗan farin dutse mai launin shudi - Monticolasolitaria (har yanzu yana zaune a Kudancin Turai, kuma a nan a Transcaucasia, Central Asia da kuma kudancin Primorye) (Akimushkin, 1969 .).

Abubuwan ban sha'awa

• Dodo ya ba da alama game da alama ta ƙasar Mauritius
  
  Hoto Atattarar makamai na Mauritius (http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en)
• A cikin Ingilishi akwai rashin tsoro: asdeadas a dodo, watau, “matacce kamar dodo”, yana nuna saurin halakar waɗannan tsuntsayen da mutum yayi.
• Dodo ɗayan haruffa ne cikin sanannen littafin Lewis Carroll “Alice in Wonderland” (Fig.). Ya yi godiya ga wannan littafin cewa dodo ya zama sananne a cikin Turai, kuma duk da haka a farkon karni na XIX, mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa wanzuwar wannan tsuntsu camfi ne. Dodgson tsuntsu ne wanda ke nuna kansa. A cikin hanyar, tare da tsuntsu Dodo, sauran tsuntsayen da dabbobi sun bayyana wanda ke da ainihin halitta. Sunan barkwanci ya bayyana ne a sanadin marubucin marubucin.
  
  Hoto Misalai na littafin "Alice in Wonderland"
• Har yanzu ba a san asalin kalmar “dodo” ba. Yana yiwuwa ya zo daga kalmar duodu, ma'ana "wawa" - wanda matuƙan jirgin ruwan Holland suka kira wannan tsuntsu. Wataƙila sun yi imani cewa tunda wannan tsuntsu bai san yadda zai tashi ba, to wawa ne. Ba za ta iya gudu da sauri ba, domin babban kukanta ya kusan jan ƙasa. Ko wannan sunan na iya zama saboda kukan wannan tsuntsuwar. Akwai kuma dalilin yin imani da cewa kalmar “dodo” tana da alaƙa da kwaikwayon muryar su. (Bobrovsky, 2003, http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphidae).

2.1. Ka'idojin tsarin Dodo da juyin halittarsu

A farkon karni na 19, sanin matsayin dodos din ya sabawa juna. Da farko, bisa ga jita-jita da kuma zane-zanen farko, an yi kuskuren dodo ga tsuntsayen ostrich, tun da asarar jirgin sama har ma da raguwa mai ƙarfi a cikin kashin da ke cikin fikafikansu abubuwa ne da ake yawan faruwa a wannan rukunin tsuntsayen. Don haka da farko Karl Linnaeus yayi tunani, yana nufin dodo a bugu na 10 na Tsarin Tsarin Yanayi a 1758 zuwa asalin halittar ostriches. Akwai wasu ra'ayoyin m. Wasu masanan sun dauki Dodo a matsayin wata irin dabba ce wacce ta rasa fuka-fukansa, wasu kuma sun danganta dodo ga albatrosses, harma da wasu sandar daskararru. A cikin 30s na karni na XIX, an ma sanya dodo a matsayin kumburi saboda ƙarancin kai da baki mai yatsa. Richard Owen da kansa ya goyi bayan wannan tunani - ikon da ba a tantance shi ba a wancan lokacin, masanin ilmin kimiya na ilimin kimiya da burbushin halittu, wanda muke bashi kalmar "dinosaur". Koda yake, a kan lokaci, ra'ayin masana kimiyya ya karkata ga yarda da cewa dodo - wasu tsuntsayen da suka rasa ikon tashi, kamar yadda galibi ake samu a tsibirin, tsuntsaye ne na kaji.

Gaskiyar cewa yanzu masana kimiyya sunyi la'akari da kusancin dodo ga pigeons an fara bayyana shi ta hanyar nazarin kwanyar dodo, masanin ilimin halitta J. Reinhard. Amma, da rashin alheri, ba da daɗewa ba, ya mutu, masanin kimiyyar Ingilishi H. Strickland ya goyi bayan, wanda ya yi nazarin duk kayan tattarawa, tare da zane. Strickland ya kira dodo "babban ƙawane biyu, damisa." Wannan mas'ala ta sami karbuwa sosai a kimiyance yayin da pigeons (Didunculusstrigirostris) suka fara shiga tarin Turai daga tsibirin Tekun Yammacin Samoa.Kurciya mai ƙugiya da ƙugiya tana da ƙarami, girman cesar talakawa, amma kuma yana da baki mai ban mamaki wanda ya ƙare da ƙugiya mai kaifi da kuma lanƙwasa lanƙwasa, tare da gefensa akwai filayen yaƙi. Gashin wannan dansandan daga tsibirin Samoa nan da nan za su baka damar "gano" a ciki wani nau'in katako mai dodo na Dodo. Abin da kuma abin lura ne, manyan bakin wake, a cewar masu jirgi na farko, su ma suna da farauta a ƙasa kuma sun kwai kwai ɗaya kacal. A tsibirin da yawa, inda aladu, kuliyoyi da beraye suka bayyana tare da mutum, pigeons da ke ƙasa sun fara ɓacewa da sauri, amma a tsibirin biyu - Upolu da Sawaii, sun juya zuwa kango a cikin bishiyoyi, wanda ya ceci su. Abin baƙin ciki, dodo ba zai iya tashi zuwa cikin bishiyoyi ba (Bobrovsky, 2003).

Duk pigeons na zamani, kuma 285 daga cikinsu sanannu ne, suna tashi lafiya. A cikin tawagar masu kama da tattabara (Golumbiformes), ban da dangin Pigeon da Drontov, akwai kuma dangin Ryabkov (Pteroelidae). Amma sun (jinsuna 16 a duniya) suna tashi daidai. Bayan dodo da 'yan uwanta, masu binciken abubuwan da ke faruwa a kasar ta Mauritius da sauran tsibiran Mascarene sun gano nau'ikan halittu na kwarai a wurin, i.e. yawo mai pigeons. Me yasa basa rasa fikafikansu? Ya bayyana cewa babu wani nau'in tattabara da, da zarar kan tsibiran da ba a zaune (ba tare da masu farautar ba), zai zama marasa tashi.

A 1959, a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ilmin dabbobi a Landan, masanin kimiyyar dabi’ar kasar Jamus Luttschwager ya fara gabatar da sabon salo na asalin da kuma dangin dodoes. Ya sami bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin tsarin shugaban dodo da tattabara. Sannan sauran marubutan sun haɗu da shi, musamman bayan kwatanta ƙasusuwa da kasusuwa tare da Mauritius da Rodriguez. A cikin littafinsa Drones (1961), Luttschwager yayi Allah wadai da "tattabara" asalin asalin wadannan manyan tsuntsayen. A cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa, tsoffin kasusuwa da na dodoids, ya sami abubuwa iri ɗaya gama gari ba tare da tattabarai ba, amma tare da gwanayen dangin tsuntsayen makiyaya. Korosteli tashi da kyau kuma cikin haɗari yi ƙoƙarin kada ya kashe, amma don gudu. Haka kuma, mahaukaciyar rayuwa da ke zaune a tsibiran da ke kewayen ta rasa ikon tashi, kuma da yawa masu kama da marayu (makiyayi na Mauritius, Mascaren coot, wasu carnivores da moorhen - jinsuna 15) sun mutu kamar dodoes (http://www.mybirds.ru/forums /lofiversion/index.php/t58317.html).

A cikin 2002, an gudanar da bincike kan jerin kwayoyin cytochrome b da 12S rRNA, akan abin da aka ƙaddara cewa pigeon mai rai (Fig.) Shine mafi kusancin dodo (http: //ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronty).

Dangane da rarrabuwa na zamani, dangin Dodo wani bangare ne na 'yan kunkuru.

• Masarauta: Dabbobi
• Nau'i: Chordates
• Subtype: Vertebrates
• Class: Tsuntsaye
• Subclass: Jariri
• Umarni: Kyawawan-kurji - tsuntsaye masu girman jiki, ƙafafu da wuya gajeru, fikafikan suna da tsayi da kaifi, wanda aka daidaita don saurin gudu. Umwaya yana da kauri, danshi, gashin fuka-fukan tare da wani yanki mai dausayi. Gefen ya kasance gajere ne, hanci ya rufe kananun fata a saman. Abincin kusan kusan kayan lambu ne na musamman musamman tsaba, ƙasa da 'ya'yan itace da berries ba sau da yawa. Duk pigeons suna da ingantaccen goiter, wanda ke hidimtawa duka abinci da kuma taushi, ƙari, pigeons suna ciyar da kajin da “madara” da aka samar a cikin goiter.
• Iyali: Dront (Raphidae) sun haɗa da nau'ikan 3:
  - Dodo na Mauritian Dodo, ko Dodo na Dodo, dodo mai launin toka ne. Wannan nau'in ya rayu a tsibirin na Mauritius - tsibiri mafi girma na tsibirin Mascarene a cikin Tekun Indiya. Karl Linney ne ya fara bayyana wannan ra'ayin.
  - Reunion dodo. A cikin gandun daji na Tsibiri Reunion, wani nau'in ya rayu - farin, ko bourbon, dodo (Raphusborbonicus), hakika kusan fari fari, ƙaramin ƙaramin Dodo. Wasu masana suna shakkar wanzuwar wannan nau'in, tunda an san shi ta hanyar kwatanci da zane kawai.
  - Rodriguez dodo A tsibirin Rodriguez ya kasance wakilin dangi na uku na iyali - dodo dodo (Pezophapssolitarius). A shekara ta 1730, dodo irin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, amma a ƙarshen karni na 18 wannan nau'in ma ya daina wanzuwa.Babu abin da ya rage - a cikin kayan tarihin kayan tarihin babu fatar jiki ko qwai wannan tsuntsu (http://www.ecosystema.ru/07referats/01/dodo.htm).

2.2. Bayanin bayyanar

Ga duk wanda ya taɓa ganin dodo, to kamanninsa ya zama abin gaskatawa. Anan ne abin tunawa da shaidun gani da ido da suka kai ga kwanakin mu: “... fiye da yadda wayoyinmu, suke da babban kai, rabin an rufe su da gashin fuka-fukai, kamar dai wani abin rufe ido ne. Wannan tsuntsu bashi da fuka-fuki (sun kasance, amma kankanin, sun kasa tashi). Wutsiyar ta ƙunshi fuka-fukai da yawa masu taushi na ashen launi masu lanƙwasa zuwa ciki .. ”, (an ruwaito daga VA Krasilnikov, 2001).

“Wata 'yar tsuntsu ce, mafi girma fiye da girma a Turkiyya. Hannayenta kamar na turkey ne, amma sun fi karfi da kauri. Fentinta yana fenti kamar wata yarinya, yarinyar ta baya kadan. ” (an kawo sunayensu daga E. Fuller, 2000). “A nan ne na ga tsuntsu wanda ban taɓa gani ba. Da ta yi kama da turkawa, in ba don dogayen kafafu ba. Kyawawan jikinta kyakkyawa sun gamsar da ido. Launinsa koyaushe yana canzawa, yana yin zinare. ”

"... Da kyar da sha'awar idan suka yi ƙasa. Kyakkyawan kamanninsu ya ceci rayukan su. ”

"... Suna kawai suna fafutukar fuka-fukan su kuma suna kiran juna. Wadannan flaps suna da sauri kuma suna bin daya bayan wata ashirin ko sau talatin don minti 4-5, motsin fuka-fukan suna haifar da hayaniya mai kama da sautin da kestrel yayi. Ana iya jin sa a nesa da fiye da m 200. Kasusuwa na reshe yana da faɗi a cikin ɓangaren waje kuma yana haifar da ƙaramin zagaye zagaye a ƙarƙashin gashin tsuntsu, yana kama da harsashin musket, wanda, tare da baki, shine babbar hanyar kariya. A cikin daji suna da wahalar kamawa, amma a bayyane, wannan ba karamin ciniki bane, tunda mutum yana gudu da sauri. Abu ne mai sauki mu kusanci su. ” (aka ambata ta V.A. Krasilnikov, 2001) (Bobrovsky, 2003).

Tabbas, dodo ya kasance babba kuma mai mayyawa sosai. Masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa tsuntsaye manya sun auna kilogiram 20-25. Turkeys, ta hanyar kwatanta, nauyin 12-16 kg. Sun fi doki fiye da kima, tsayinsa ya kai mita 1. Jikin su na kumbura, hade da kananan fikafiyoyi, na nuni da rashin yiwuwar tashi. Dodo kafafu sunyi gajeru da ƙarfi. Wsafafan yatsansa huɗu sun zama kamar turkey. Gajerun wutsiyar waɗannan tsuntsayen sun ƙunshi onlyan fuka-fukai ne kawai suke liƙewa cikin salo.
Drones sun yi ƙasa a ƙasa kuma sun yi jinkiri sosai. Dangane da kwatancin, lokacin da suka gudu daga hatsari, jikinsu ya yi rawa yayin da suke gudu, kuma babban ciki ya jingina ga duwatsu. Hannun ɗan Dodo yatsu sau huɗu yayi kama da turkey. Amma a saman gwarzon mu babu fatar kai, ko crest, kuma wuyan ya fi tsayi. Kirji, bisa ga kwatankwacin shaidun gani da ido, hakika an zane shi da kyau - kamar pheasants.

Sun mallaki mai kaifin karsashi, mara kunya, mara kunya, fara'a mai kama da fata mai kauri a kusa da baki da idanu. Siffar gemun nasu ya dan tuno da karancin albatross, me yasa da farko wasu likitocin dabbobi sun yarda da dangantawa tsakanin tsuntsayen dissimilar. Waɗannan alamu sun sa wasu masana kimiyyar yin hasashen cewa dodosin mallakar tsuntsaye ne. Misali, ga kujerun da ke cin abinci da fata kuma suna da fatar fata, ba su da cikakkiyar fata a kawunansu. A gefe guda, tsuntsayen da suke cin katantanwa da kwanakin suna kuma suna da baki mai tsini (http://www.mybirds.ru/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t58317.html, http://rcio.pnzgu.ru/personal/ 39/2/7 / dodo.htm).

Mauritius Dodo (Hoto.).

A bayanin abin da dodo na Mauritian yayi kama da ya fi kyau fara da fara, saboda yana da matukar muhimmanci. Tsawonsa kusan 20 cm ne ko ƙari! Thearshen baki ya faɗi a ƙasa, kamar yadda yake a cikin tsuntsaye masu farauta, launin baki yana da baƙi, yana da shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. James Greenway, babban manajan tsuntsayen da aka lalata da kuma hadarin, ya bayyana bayyanar dodo: “gaban kai, yankin da idanu da kunci basa tsirara kuma fatar jikinsu itace ash a launi. Fuka fuka-fukan a jikin su launin toka ne ko kuma farin iska, kusan fararen fata a ƙasa akan kirji kuma baƙar fata a kwatangwalo. Fuka-fukan fika-fari ne kuma an lullube su da fararen fararen baƙi a ƙarshen, a kan wutsiyar sun kasance sako-sako da farar fata. "

Ya kamata a ƙara da cewa dodo da kansa bashi da fuka-fukai kamar haka, amma akwai wani abu wanda ba a samu ba, kama da rudus ɗin su (a zahiri, ba kwarzane bane, amma, don a faɗi, "ragowar" ruduma ce). Tun da fuka-fukan dodo basu taɓa shigowa da abin da ya dace ba, wato, ba su tashi ba, ba su da ƙiraje masu haɓaka da za su kafa fuka-fukai a cikin motsi, da kuma ƙwallan da ke kan sandar wanda aka haɗa shi da shi, wannan ƙasusuwan kansa kusan farantin lebur ne. Dodo daga Mauritius ya bar "mafi gado" mafi mahimmanci ga masu binciken dabbobi: kasusuwa da yawa, dunƙu da baki (ko, a cewar wasu kafofin, paws biyu da beaks biyu), waɗanda yanzu aka adana su a cikin Gidan kayan tarihin na Biritaniya. Bugu da kari, an kirkira zane-zane da zane-zane da dama wadanda ke nuni dodo mai duhu (http://erudity.ru/t215_21.html, Bobrovsky, 2003).

Taro Dodo (Fig.). Wani nau'in dodo da ya rayu a Tsibirin Reunion an san shi ne kawai daga asusun mai shaidar gani da ƙari ko imagesasa cikakkun hotuna. Daga dangi daga Mauritius, sun banbanta da launi mai sauƙin launi. Farar fata, ko bourbon, dodo (Raphusborbonicus), hakika kusan fari fari, ƙaramin ƙaramin abu dodo. Wasu masana suna shakkar wanzuwar wannan nau'in (Bobrovsky, 2003, http://erudity.ru/t215_21.html, http://www.megabook.ru/Article.asp?AID=630785).

Rodriguez dodo (Fig.). A tsibirin Rodriguez ya kasance wakilin na uku na dangi - dodo na dodo (Pezophapssolitarius), tare da mafi kyawun jiki fiye da dodo. Fika fikafikan, ko kuma abin da ya rage, ya fi tsayi daga ɗayan tsintsayen, kuma a ƙarshensu an rataye wasu fikaɗe masu launin baƙi, ɗaya a kowane reshe. Hakanan ya bambanta da takwarorinsa ta hanyar dogon wuya, ƙaramin kai tare da baki mai bakin ciki da ƙarin fikafikan haɓaka. Tare da waɗannan nuanyoyi, dodo a cikin yaƙin ya bugi juna kuma ya yaƙi abokan gaba. Launin launin shuɗarsu ya bambanta daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin toka ko ma fararen fata (Bobrovsky, 2003, Ilyichev, 1986, (http://www.megabook.ru/Article.asp?AID=630785)).

2.3. Fasali na lokacin kiwo da halayyar farauta

Ba tare da wata matsala ba, wannan tsuntsu yana da komai a zahiri, alal misali, halin rayuwar su. Dangane da kwatancin mutanen zamanin, dodoes sun gina gida a cikin wani tudun qasa, ganyen dabino da rassa kuma suka ajiye shi a babban farin fari. An saka shi ciki na makwanni bakwai ga mace da namiji, bi da bi. A wannan lokacin mai mahimmanci (ƙyanƙyashe da ciyarwa ya ɗauki tsawon watanni), iyayen ba su barin kowa ya kusanci gidan mafi nisan mil 100 ba. Idan '' baƙon '' dodo yayi ƙoƙarin kusantar da gida, to, kowane jinsi ɗaya yana bin sa. Haka kuma, idan namiji ya zauna a gida yana ganin matar wani ta matso kusa da shi, bai hanzarta zuwa yaƙi ba.

“Maigidan” gidan nan ya fara jujjuya fikafikansa da sauri, yana yin sauti don jan hankalin mace. Don haka ta kori wani "dodace". Mahaifiyar hens wacce ta lura da baƙon namiji yayi daidai da wancan. Mahaifiyar mahaifiyar ce ta kore shi. Bayan da aka kori baƙon, tsuntsayen sun yi tawaya a kusa da gida, tunda baƙon ba koyaushe ke barin wurin da yake so (Bobrovsky, 2003, http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Dodo.shtml).

2.4. Siffofin Karfi

Dodoes ya ciyar da theya fruitsyan itaciya na dabino na latania, wanda ya fadi a ƙasa, har da huda da ganyayyaki, da alama wadatar ce kaɗai abincin dodo. Tsuntsayen musamman suna son manyan fruitsan itacen da ake kira Dodo Tree (Ice Age 2010, http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Dodo.shtml).

Gano duwatsun a cikin ciki na iya zama hujja game da nau'in abincin abincin waɗannan tsuntsayen. Tsohon littafin kayan tarihi na Turanci na 1656, wanda ke da taken "Dodo daga tsibirin Mauritius, saboda girmanta, ba zata iya tashi ba," ana maganar misalin tsuntsu da aka sani a lokacin. Kafin ya zama tsoratarwa, an nuna wannan dodo na dogon lokaci ga duk wanda yake son ganin mu'ujjizar halitta kuma yayi matukar mamakin mutanen London tare da halayensa. Misali, ta hanyar hadiyewa da yardar rai. Daga wasu kafofin wallafe-wallafen, an kuma san cewa an samo duwatsu a cikin ciki na dodo, a fili suna shiga cikin niƙa abinci.

Francois Lega ya rubuta cewa dutsen da aka cire daga ciki dodo ya kasance launin ruwan kasa, mai nauyi da nauyi, girman kwai kaza. A waje, yana da yanki mara kyau, zagaye a gefe ɗaya kuma shimfiɗa a ɗaya ɗayan. Lega da abokan aikinta sun yanke shawara cewa, “... wannan wani dutse ne da aka haifeshi, saboda ana samunsa a cikin tsuntsaye kowane zamani. Kari akan haka, hanyar da take kaiwa daga goiter zuwa cikin ciki tayi kunkuntar ga wani abu da zai iya wucewa ta rabin jikinta kamar karamin dutse. Mun yi amfani da yardar rai don juya wukake ”(http://www.mybirds.ru/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t58317.html).

2.5. Abokan gaba da iyakance dalilai

A tsibiran da dodo suke zaune, babu manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda za su farauto ta. Wannan halitta mai nutsuwa, mai cikakken kwanciyar hankali gaba daya ta rasa ikon gane makiya. Thearin kare dodo kawai shine baki. A cikin 1607, Admiral Verguven ya ziyarci Mauritius, wanda shine farkon wanda ya lura cewa dodoes, ya juya, yana iya "cutar da gaske" (Darrell, 2002, http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-6576.html).

Bayan an gano tsibirin, mutane sun fara lalata tsuntsayen da ke cikin duhu. Kari akan haka, an murkushe aladu a tsibiran, wanda qwai ya dodo, awaki, wanda tsirrai suka tsabtace, inda dodo ya gina makanninsu, karnuka da kuliyoyi sun lalata tsoffin yara da yara, aladu da berayen suka cinye kawunansu (Leopold, 2000).

2.6. Sakamakon lafiyar muhalli na rushewar nau'in halitta

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da dodos an gano shi a cikin 1973, lokacin da masana kimiyya suka jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa akwai tsoffin bishiyoyi a tsibirin Mauritius - ƙwallon ƙwallon da ba wuya ya sabunta. Bishiyoyi na wannan nau'in a da ba su kasance baƙon abu a tsibirin, kuma yanzu babu adadin kuzari da rabi da suke girma a duk yankin da ke muraba'in kilomita 2045. Ya juya cewa shekarunsu ya wuce shekaru 300. Itatuwa har yanzu suna ba da kwayoyi, amma ba ɗayan itacen da ya tsiro, kuma sababbin bishiyoyi ba su bayyana ba. Amma kusan shekaru 300 da suka gabata a cikin 1681 an kashe dodo na ƙarshe a wannan tsibirin. Masanin kimiyyar dabi’ar Amurka Stanley Temil ya sami damar kafa wata alaka tsakanin bacewar dodo da kuma lalata kalma. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa wadannan tsuntsayen suna da mahimmanci a cikin kiwo bishiyar. Ya ba da shawarar cewa kwayoyi ba za su yi girma ba har sai dodo ya dauke shi ya kuma wuce shi cikin hanjinsa. Ganyen da dodo ya hadiye shi a cikin sa ya lalata harsashi mai kauri, sai kwayar ta tsiro. Temil ya nuna cewa juyin halitta ya sami irin wannan karsashi mai tsiro saboda ƙwayoyin Kalvary sun haɗiye Dodo pigeons.

Don gwada hasashen, an ciyar da kwayayen ga turkey tare da wata cuta mai kama da juna, kuma sabbin bishiyoyi sun girma daga gare su bayan sun wuce tsarin narkewa. Tare da ɓatar dodo, babu wani tsuntsu a Mauritius da zai iya lalata ɓarnar kwayar, kuma waɗannan dabbobin suna cikin haɗari (Bobrovsky, 2003, http://km.ru:8080/magazin/view.asp?id=C12A7036E18E469CAA6022BE1699E434).

2.7. Kayan kayan daga iri

Na dogon lokaci bayan halakar dodo, ba wanda ya iya samun tabbacin kasancewar wannan tsuntsu. Dodo mafarauta, abin kunya da kunya, sun dawo ba tare da komai ba. Amma J. Clark (Hoto. 11.), Rashin yarda da al'adun gargajiya na yankin, taurin kai ya ci gaba da neman asirin da aka manta. Ya hau kan tsaunuka da fadama, sama da tsautsayi mai tsayi daga ciyawa mai zurfi, ya haƙa ƙasa, ya bazu cikin ciyayi mai ƙura a kan kogunan cikin kwari. Fatan alkhairi koyaushe yana zuwa ga wadanda suka dage kan hakan. Kuma a nan Clark ya yi sa'a: a cikin fadama guda ya haƙa ƙasusuwa mai yawa na babban tsuntsu. Richard Owen (likitan dabbobi na turanci da kuma likitan fata) yayi nazari akan wadannan kasusuwa dalla-dalla kuma ya tabbatar da cewa suna cikin dodo.

Hoto Abubuwan fashewa na J. Clark akan tambari (http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en)

A karshen karni na karshe, gwamnatin tsibirin na kasar Mauritius ta ba da umarnin zurfafa zurfafa aikin kwatar bishiyar da Clark ya gano. Mun sami ƙasusuwa dodo da yawa har ma da cikakkun ƙasusuwa waɗanda suke ƙawata ɗakunan taruka tare da mafi mahimmancin tarin wasu gidajen tarihi a duniya.

Bayan wuta a Gidan Tarihi na Oxford a cikin 1755, ƙudurin ƙarshe na ƙasusuwa na dodo ya ƙone.

Teamungiyar ƙwararrun masanin kimiyyar Yaren mutanen Holland a 2006 sun gano wani ɓangaren kashin dodo a tsibirin Mauritius (Hoto). Daga cikin ragowar da aka samo akwai wani ɓangare na femur, paws, beak, spine da fuka-fuki na dodo. An samu ƙasusuwan tsuntsu mai ƙuraje a cikin busasshiyar faduwar Mauritius. Masu binciken na Dutch suna ci gaba da bincike da fatan fatan gano dukkanin kasusuwa.

Kasusuwa Dodo ba su da ɗanɗano kamar ƙwai, kodayake suna cikin abubuwan binciken kimiyya masu mahimmanci.

A halin yanzu, ƙwai dodo ɗaya kawai ya kiyaye. Wasu likitocin dabbobi suna ganin wannan babban kwai mai launin fata a matsayin babbar alama mafi inganci ga iliminsu. Dole ya zama daruruwan fam sun fi tsada tsin tsin tsin tsini na babban loon ko burbushin hauren hauren gilashi na Madagascar, tsuntsu mafi girma na tsohuwar duniya (Fedorov, 2001).

Dodo yana haifar da babban amfani ga duniyar kimiyya. Wannan na tabbatuwa ne ta gaskiyar cewa an tattauna batun yiwuwar maido da wannan nau'in ta hanyoyin injiniyan ƙanjamau a cikin 'yan shekarun nan (Green World, 2007).

2.8. Ra'ayoyi game da sabunta halittu

Gungun masana kimiyyar halittar Amurka sun sami damar ware DNA (Hoto.) Daga tsuntsu daga harsashi da kwai ɗaya.

Gwajin Paleo-DNA (i.e. DNA daga tsohuwar burbushin halittu) an gudanar da shi na dogon lokaci. Amma har yanzu, masu bincike sun yi amfani da fasaha na hakar kayan gado daga kasusuwa na kashin dabbobi, musamman tsuntsaye.

A shekara ta 1999, masana kimiya na Burtaniya suka fara wani shirin nishaɗi ta amfani da kayan gado da aka adana daga nau'in dabba mai ƙugu. Haka kuma, an zabi sanannen dodo tsuntsu a matsayin abu na farko.

Abin sha'awa ne cewa a cikin Moscow, a Gidan Tarihi na Darwin na Jihohi, akwai ɗayan skean skeanyen kasusuwa na dodo. Masana kimiyya sun san unitsan raka'a kasusuwa (Fig.) Da ƙasusuwa na dodo, kwafin da aka adana a gidan kayan tarihin Darwin shine kaɗai a cikin Russia.

Masu bincike a gidan kayan tarihi na Darwin sun nuna matukar damuwa game da nasarar cin nasarar gwajin da masanan Ingilishi suka yi. Muhawara ta kasance haka. Da fari dai, babu wuya a ce wannan hadaddun tsarin girma uku kamar DNA ana kiyaye shi sosai. A cewar ma'aikatan gidan kayan gargajiya, har ma daga gawawwakin mammoth, wadanda suka kasance a cikin ruwan sanyi, ba shi yiwuwa a ware DNA sosai - dukkaninsu '' karye ne '. Abu na biyu, DNA kansa baya yin. Don fara aiwatar da rarrabuwa, kuna buƙatar yanayin da ya dace - cytoplasm da sauran ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin sel mai rai.

Wannan shine ainihin nasarar da masana ilimin kimiyyar halitta na Amurka suka samu cewa sun ci gaba da fasaha don warewar kayan gado (DNA) ba daga ƙasusuwa ba, amma daga ƙwaiƙar ƙwayaji. Marubutan sabon aikin sun gano cewa yana cikin wannan rami cewa yawancin kwayar halittar DNA tana dauke - da alama an kulle ta a cikin matsanancin ƙwayar baƙin haɗi. Kafin wannan, yayin hakar daga kasusuwa, yawancin alli da aka wanke kawai daga kayan farawa. Bayan haka, kamar yadda suke yi a da, sun cire ragowar kayan ƙashi ta amfani da hanyoyi na musamman, sanya shi a cikin saline na ilimin halayyar kuma an wanke duk wuce haddi. Bayan haka, aka zaɓi sel ɗin da keɓaɓɓiyar kariya kuma “aka tono nuclei” daga cikinsu (tuna cewa shine nuclei wanda ke ɗauke da DNA).
Nasarar ta ma fi yadda aka zata. Yana yiwuwa a samo DNA ba kawai, amma har da DNA na abin da ake kira mitochondria - gungun kwayoyin da ke aiki a matsayin tashoshin makamashi na sel. DNA na Mitochondrial yana da karami fiye da makaman nukiliya, don haka an kiyaye shi sosai a cikin samfurori kuma mafi sauƙin cirewa. Bayan haka, yana dauke da karancin bayani game da halitta mai rai. Haka kuma, ana yada wannan bayanin ga zuriya ne kawai ta hanyar layin mata.

Masana kimiyya sun ce, harsashi ya fi dacewa da samar da DNA, ba wai kawai saboda ya fi sauki a fitar da acid din nukiliya daga ciki ba. Advantagearin fa'ida shine thearanin 'kwalliyar' ƙwayar cuta don ƙwayoyin cuta wanda DNA yana gurɓatar DNA daga cikin jinsin da ake so kuma yana da wahalar yin aiki da shi.

Koyaya, tambaya mafi ban sha'awa ta kasance har yanzu a bayyane: Shin zai yiwu a yi amfani da DNA da aka samo don shakatawa dabbobin da suka lalace?

Kamar dai babu wani ƙaƙƙarfan iyakancewar tsarin ɗaukar hoto. Tsarin asali a bayyane yake: muna juyar da kwayar halitta da aka samu zuwa ƙwai na shanu, a baya an hana shi ƙasa ta asali (ya fi dacewa muyi aiki tare da ƙwanƙwaran shanu: suna da yawa a girma, fasahar samar da su, akwai bankuna na irin waɗannan sel), sannan kuma “mahaifar” uwar halittar da ke da alaƙa tana ɗauke da amfrayo ... Ya rage kawai jira. Game da tumakin Dolly cloned, yuwuwar samun nasarar ya kasance 0.02% (Morozov, 2010).

Tunani:

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