• Amm Mammuthus africanavus (Arambourg, 1952)
• Amm Mammuthus armeniacus (Falconer, 1857)
• Um Mammuthus columbi (Falconer, 1875) - Mammoth Columbus
• Amm Mammuthus exilis (Vincent J. Maglio), 1970 - Dwarf Mammoth
• Fra Mammuthus fraasi
• † Mammuthus hayi (Barbour, 1915)
• Im Imamu Mammuthus (Leidy, 1858)
• Je Mammuthus jeffersonii
• Amm Mammuthus lamarmorae (Manyan, 1883)
• Id Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825) - Kudancin Mammoth
• Prim Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799) - Mamaki mai danshi
• An Mammuthus rumanus (Stefanescu, 1924)
• Plan Mammuthus jirgin saman ƙasa (Osborn, 1928)
• Ung Mammuthus sungari (Zhou, M.Z, 1959)
• Gon Mammuthus trogontherii (Polig, 1885) - Itace Mammoth
• C Mammuthus creticus

Dabbobin sun kai tsayin mita 5.5 da nauyin jiki na tan 14-15, don haka mammoth ya yi nauyi sau biyu kamar na mafi girma dabbobin ƙasar zamani - giwayen Afirka.

Bayanin

Mafi tsofaffin jinsunan kwayoyin halittu (Mammuthus subplanifrons, Mammuthus africanavus) ya bayyana shekaru miliyan 3-4 da suka gabata a Afirka (a cikin Pliocene), marigayi nau'in mammoths (Colombian, na sarki) ya kasance kusan shekaru 11 da suka gabata. Relict yawan mamacin da ke da dusar ƙanƙara, a tsibirin Arctic wanda ba zai iya karɓar ɗan adam ba, ya rayu shekara dubu 4 da suka gabata.

Dabbobi mammoths sun dace sosai ga rayuwa cikin mawuyacin yanayi na yanayin sanyi, sun rayu a Turai, Asiya, Afirka da Arewacin Amurka. Halin halayyar su shine suturar gashi mai yawa. Yin hukunci da abin da ya rage, sun zauna a rukunin dangin mutane 10-30, gami da giwayen zamani.

An sami kasusuwa da yawa ga mammoth a cikin shafukan wani tsohuwar tsohuwar Dutse, an kuma zana zane da zane-zanen na mammoth da mutum yayi.

A Siberiya da Alaska, shari'un kasancewar gawawwakin mammoth, wadanda aka kiyaye su saboda zamansu a cikin kazamin lalacewar yanayi, an santa.

Asalin suna

Kalmar Rasha "mammoth" an samo ta ne daga Mans. Mang ont “ƙaho ne” (akwai kuma ma'anar kalmomi) kuma an kawo shi kusa da sunan Kirista Mamant, dr. Mammoth, wanda a cikin Hellenanci yana nufin "masu juna biyu", "tsotse ƙirji", daga ƙarshen the (inna) - "uwa".

Daga yaren Rasha, kalmar ta fadi cikin yaruka da yawa na Turai - musamman, cikin Turanci (a cikin hanyar Mammoth).

Phenotype

Akasin mashahurin mashahuri, mammoths ba kakannin giwayen zamani bane. Hawaye na Afirka da dabbobi masu mammoth sun fito daga magabata na Afirka gaba ɗaya daga asalin halittar Firayim Iyalan giwayen shekaru miliyan 5-6 da suka shude kuma daga baya layin nasu ya ci gaba da tafiya a hankali. Eurasian, nau'in mammoth na Arewacin Amurka ya samo asali daga Kudancin mammoth shekaru miliyan 1.5 da suka gabata, giwayen Asiya sun bayyana ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata. Koyaya, gwargwadon binciken binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, ya nuna cewa an yarda da yiwuwar zubar da jini tsakanin lamurran giwayen da mamamansu ke Eurasia.

Mammoth a ƙarshen Pleistocene, 30 - 12 shekaru dubu da suka wuce, a cikin Eurasia an wakilta su da jinsuna 1 (Mmoth mammoth) A Arewacin Amurka, ire-iren jinsinsu a wancan lokacin yayi matukar girma, a lokaci guda kuma akwai akalla jinsuna 5: Na sarki, Columbus, Mammuthus jeffersonii, Dwarf Mammoth da Woolly Mammoth, wanda ya rayu a yankuna daban-daban na yanayi .

Babban nau'in mammoths bai wuce girman giwayen zamani ba, amma nau'in Arewacin Amurka Mammuthus imperator (Jirgin Mammoth) ya kai tsayin mita 5.5 da adadin ton 14, da kuma nau'in dwarf Mammuthus exilis da Mammuthus lamarmorae bai wuce mita 2 ba ga tsayi kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin kilogram 900.

Idan aka kwatanta da giwaye na zamani, mammoths suna da mafi girman jiki (duba leawar Bergman), gajerun kafafu, dogon gashi, ƙaramin kunnuwa (duba lenaunar Allen) da dogayen hakora, ɗayan na iya zama mammoth ga abincin hunturu daga karkashin dusar ƙanƙara. Mammoth molars da fararen dentin-enamel faranti sun dace sosai don ɗanɗano abincin shuka.

Gangar jikin a ƙarshen yana da ƙari mai haɓaka, wanda, mai yiwuwa, ya ba da izinin yin dusar ƙanƙara, yana hana ƙoshin itacen, kuma ya yi amfani da dusar ƙanƙara don ƙishir da ƙishirwa. Gashin itacen mammoths mara gashi ne, wanda ke nuna amfani da shi wajen hakar abinci.

A baya mafi yawan nau'in arewacin sunadari ne, wanda, kamar yadda muka yi zato a baya, an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar tsarin jijiyoyin halittar halittar mahaifa. Binciken daga baya, ya nuna cewa babu wasu manyan matakai a cikin mammoth hump. Amma, kamar raƙuma, a can mammoth suna da tarin asarar mai.

Kashi

Dangane da tsarin kwarangwal din, mamam da ke da dusar kanwa wata gagarumar alama ce ga giwayen Indiya wacce take rayuwa a yanzu, wanda dan kadan ya wuce girmanta, ya kai mita 5.5 a tsayinsa da tsayin 3.5 a tsayinsa. Yankuna masu girma mamoth - a cikin namiji har zuwa 4 m a tsayi, wanda nauyinsu ya kai 100 kilogiram - sun kasance a cikin babban muƙamuƙin, suna tsaye gaba, sun sunkuya, gindin ɗin kuma ya ginu a kansu. Shugaban mammoth ya fi girma fiye da na giwayen zamani, baya yana da fadi sosai.

Manyan manyan motsi, wanda mammoth suke da guda a cikin kowane rabin muƙamula, sun fi kaɗan girma fiye da na giwa, kuma an rarrabe shi da mafi girma da kuma taurin ƙwayar kwalliyar lamellar da ke cike da maganin hakora. Yayin da suke saƙa, haƙoran mammoth, kamar na giwayen zamani, sun canza zuwa sababbi - irin wannan canjin na iya faruwa har sau 6 a rayuwa.

Mammoth genome

A watan Yuni na shekarar 2008 a cikin mujallar "Ayyukan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa"An buga wani labarin game da nazarin kwayoyin mitochondrial da aka samo daga samfuran ulu daga mammoths 13. A wannan shekarar, an buga wata kasida game da halittar mitochondrial ta wani mammoth 5 a cikin wannan mujallar, wacce ta haifar da damar gano rassan dabbobi biyu na mammoth na ulu. Branchari mai yawa na ilimin halittar ruwa ya mamaye manyan wurare na Beringia. Lessarancin da ke da reshen reshen ya rayu a cikin kogunan Kogin Lena da Kolyma kuma ya kasance an lalata dubun dubatan shekaru da suka gabata.

A watan Mayun 2015 a cikin mujallar "Ilimin halitta na yanzu"An buga wani labarin ne game da yadda yake tsara halittar mammoth biyu. Ramo da mammoth daga Oymyakon ya rayu shekaru 44.8 da suka shude, kuma mammoth daga tsibirin Wrangel - shekaru 4300 da suka gabata. Ya juya ga cewa yawan magabatan mammoth sun taba wuce “barna” - shekaru 285 da dubu 130 da suka wuce, lokacin da adadin mammoth ya ragu sosai, sannan wannan adadi ya sake samun adadin sa. Na ukun kuwa an yanke shi ta hanyar asalin mamata na Chroma.

Halittar mammoths mammoths sun kasu kashi uku:

1. Kungiyar Asiya, wacce ta bayyana sama da shekaru dubu 450 da suka gabata,
2. wani rukunin Amurka wanda ya bayyana kimanin shekaru dubu 450 da suka gabata,
3. wata ƙungiya ta tsaka-tsakin da ta ƙaura daga Arewacin Amurka kimanin shekaru dubu 300 da suka gabata.

Tsagewa

Sama da shekaru miliyan rayuwa kasancewar mammoth sun dandana sauye-sauyen yanayi da yawa. Sai kawai a cikin shekaru dubu 100 na ƙarshe, a cikin shekarun kankara na ƙarshe, mammoth ya tsira da yawancin glaciations da dumama. Yawancin mammoth sun mutu ne daga 14 - 10,000 shekaru da suka gabata a ƙarshen Pleistocene, ko kuma a farkon Holocene, a lokaci guda yayin da lalata nau'i 34 na manyan dabbobi (extarfafawar Holocene).

Hypotheses

A halin yanzu, akwai manyan maganganu guda biyu na lalata mammoth:

1. na farko ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa mafarautan Harshen Paleolithic sunyi rawar gani ko ma yanke hukunci a cikin wannan,
2. wani kuma yayi bayanin dadaddun mammoth zuwa mafi girma ta dalilai na halitta (canji mai sauri (dumama) da sauyin yanayin shekaru 14-1 shekaru da suka gabata, bacewar kayan abinci na mammoth).

Akwai ƙarin zato na musamman, alal misali, sakamakon faɗuwar komfuta a Arewacin Amurka ko epizootics mai yawa, tarin kurakurai a cikin lambar kayyade, amma ƙarshen ya kasance akan tushen maganganun da zasu iya bayanin kawai abubuwan mutum, kuma yawancin masana basu goyi bayan su ba.

Maman Mamma

Alfred Wallace ya gabatar da farkon tunanin mutum a farkon karni na 19, lokacin da aka gano rukunin tsoffin tsoffin tsoffin kasusuwan mammoth kasusuwa. An samo jerin ƙasusuwan mammoth (scapula, vertebra, haƙarƙari) tare da tukwicin kwafin mutumin da ya makale a cikin su a Yanskaya na mutumin farko, Lugovsky location, shafukan Sungir, Kostenki. Wannan sigar da sauri ta sami karbuwa sosai. An yi imanin cewa mutum mai hankali kusan shekaru 32,000 da suka wuce ya zauna a arewacin Eurasia, ya shiga Arewacin Amurka shekaru 15,000 da suka wuce, kuma da alama ya fara hanzarin fara binciken dabbobi masu shayarwa. Koyaya, a cikin yanayi mai kyau a cikin mafi yawan tundra-steppes, yawan jama'arsu yana da tsayayye Daga baya, akwai wani ɗumi, wanda lokacin da aka rage yankin mammoth, kamar yadda ya faru a baya, amma farauta mai aiki ya haifar da kusan lalata jinsunan. Masana kimiyya karkashin jagorancin David Noges-Bravo na National Museum of Natural Sciences a Madrid sun tabbatar da sakamakon babban sikelin yin amfani da su wajen tallafawa wadannan ra'ayoyi. Dangane da abin da suka fi tsammanin na tsammanin, ya isa ya kashe mammoth 1 a cikin shekaru 3 don mutum 1 ya lalata duka mammoth. Dangane da kiyasta tunanin mutum, ya isa mutane su kashe mamaci 1 a kowace shekara 10 ga kabilan mutane 20 don su samu irin wannan sakamakon.

Dangane da bincike da archaeological game da kayayyakin abinci na Neanderthals na al'adun Mousterian a Turai, farautar mammoth da dodo mai dusar ƙanƙara shine babban abincin da suka fi so. Sun nemi farauta da ƙaramin wasa (barewa, dawakai) ba su da yawa, kawai in babu manyan wuraren kiwo. Mai yiyuwa ne raguwar yawan mammoth a cikin batun gasa neman albarkatu tare da mutanen da ke da irin nau'in zamani na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan lalata Neanderthals.

A Arewacin Amurka, akwai aƙalla “wurare don yanka da yanka ', wanda adadi ne mai yawa ga al'adun ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar Clovis. Rana ta al'adar Clovis ya kasance daidai lokacin da ake cinye megafauna, ta yadda mutane zasu iya shiga har zuwa wani lalacewa. Mutanen farko 15 - shekaru dubu 14 da suka wuce an samo su a cikin garken dabbobi na dabbobi masu ban tsoro na tsohuwar dabbobi (dabbobi masu shayarwa), wadanda ba su san ɗan adam ba. Fiye da shekaru dubu 2 - 3, mutane, cikin sauri suna yawaita yanayi na wasa, sannu-sannu sun lalata waɗannan dabbobin. "Zai iya yiwuwa suzo su kwantar da wadannan dabbobin, kuma basu ma fahimci abin da ke faruwa ba. "- ya rubuta masanin ilimin halittar mutum ɗan ƙasa Stanislav Drobyshevsky.

Sakamakon binciken da aka yi a Amurka game da wuraren yanka dabbobi masu shayarwa daga mambobi na Clovis sun nuna cewa wani dattijo ya fi son farautar samarin dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka kora daga garken dangi lokacin da suka balaga, kamar yadda aka fi yawa a giwaye. Farauta ya faru ne a farkon lokacin hunturu (Oktoba-Nuwamba), an sayo naman naman mammoth kuma a adana shi cikin rami. Don farauta, an yi amfani da mashi guntun mashi tare da kashi ko silicon; an yi amfani da atlatl don ƙara ƙarfin amai. Bayan samun wannan mashin a cikin dabbar, tukirin ya makale a kyallen sa ko gabobin ciki kuma ya rabu da mashin, dabbar a hankali ta mutu saboda raunuka da asarar jini.

Sai kawai akan Dabar ta Rasha sama da shafuka 30 na Late Paleolithic mutumin da aka samo, a cikin ɗakin dafa abinci wanda yawancin kasusuwa ƙasusuwa na girgizar mammoth umo.

Tarfafa tundra ta ɓullo ta taiga, wasu masana kimiyya basuyi la'akari da dalilin ɓarnatar da megafauna ba, amma sakamakon ɓarnatar da mutane, tunda garken dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsinkayyar dusar ƙwari, cin ƙananan ciyayi, bai ƙyale shi ya bazu a cikin tundra steppes ba. Dubawa Mmoth mammoth Kafin sake fasalin mutum na zamani, ya kasance filastik kuma 70 - 50 shekaru dubu da suka wuce an rarraba shi cikin gandun daji-tundra, a cikin gandun daji, taiga, gandun daji hade da tundra, a Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka. Ya danganta da latti, sauyin yanayi a cikin waɗannan yankuna na iya bambanta daga matsakaici zuwa mai tsanani. A cikin yanki mai nisa kamar Siberiya da Arewacin Amurka, duk da duk canjin yanayin canjin yanayi, da alama akwai sassan gandun daji ko tundra wanda ya dace da megafauna. Amma mutumin a cikin marigayi Paleolithic ya riga ya mallaki makamai da kuma hanyoyin farauto mammoth kuma tabbas yana da ikon murkushe su, idan wasu abubuwan rashin nasara suka hade. Sakamakon ƙarancin ƙwayar halittar tundra, mutane, don tsira a cikin mawuyacin yanayin Arctic, an tilasta musu farautar kowane ganima, musamman ma manyan irin su dabbobi masu shayarwa. A wajen kudu, a cikin gandun daji na yankin mai tsinkaye, akwai rayuwar zamani da dangi na mammoth - mastodons da homfoteriums a Amurka, stegodons a Asiya da madaidaicin giwa gandun daji a cikin Turai, wanda mutane ma suka farauta kuma suka mutu a lokaci guda kamar yadda mutane suka zauna, duk da cewa gandun daji sun rayu kusan har yau. Sakamakon saurin kiwo giwayen, zai ɗauki shekaru 10 zuwa 12 don maido da ɗumbinsu a cikin Arctic, wanda kuma ke nuna ƙarancin waɗannan dabbobi ga farauta mai zurfi.

A kan. Wrangel da tsibirin Pribylov, saboda karancin mutane, mammoths mammoth sun rayu shekaru 5000 bayan rugujewar su a gabar teku. Dabbobin mammo na karshe a tsibirin Wrangel sun lalace ne kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka gabata saboda kwayar halitta, kusan. St. Paul - shekaru 5600 da suka wuce saboda bacewar sababbin hanyoyin samun ruwa mai kyau.

Canjin yanayi mai saurin canzawa

Masu goyon bayan ra’ayi na biyu sun yi imanin cewa, an rinjayi tasirin ɗan adam sosai. Musamman, sun nuna tsawon shekaru dubu goma, lokacin da yawan mammoth ya girma sau 5-10, cewa lalata jinsunan ya fara ne tun kafin bayyanar mutane a yankuna daban daban, kuma sauran nau'ikan dabbobi sun mutu tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa, haɗe da ƙananan waɗanda ba “don Cro-Magnons ba maƙiya ko cinyewa”. Mammoth a kudancin Siberiya sun wanzu tare da mutanen da ke da shekaru 12,000. Don haka, a cikin wannan hasashe, an sanya kutse cikin damuwa na biyu, kuma abubuwan farko sune canje-canjen yanayi a yanayin da samar da abinci na dabbobi, da kuma wuraren kiwo. An lura da hanyar da ke tsakanin rushewa da canjin yanayi na dogon lokaci, amma na dogon lokaci babu tabbacin tabbatuwa game da yanayin ɗumama ɗumamar yanayi a ƙarshen glaciation na ƙarshe, tunda wannan nau'in ya tsira da dumama da dumama.

An buga wannan batun a cikin littafin a cikin littafin “Hanyoyin sadarwa"A watan Yuni na shekarar 2012, wanda ya buga sakamakon binciken asali wanda wata kungiyar masana kimiyya ta duniya karkashin jagorancin Glen MacDonald na Jami'ar California. Sun bi canje-canje a mazaunin dabbobi masu shayar da ulu da kuma tasirin su ga yawan jinsunan a Beringia a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Binciken ya yi amfani da adadi mai yawa na bayanai game da duk abubuwan da suka mutu na satar dabbobi, ƙaurawar mutane a cikin Arctic, canjin yanayi da canje-canje na fauna. Babban ƙarshen masana kimiyya: yawan mammoth a cikin shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata sun sami canji cikin lambobi da ke da alaƙa da yanayin haɓaka - lokacin zafi kusan kusan shekaru dubu 25-25 da suka gabata (kusan ƙarancin lambobi) da lokacin sanyi game da shekaru dubu 25-15 da suka shude (wannan shine abin da ake kira Glaciation na ƙarshe ”- sannan yawancin mammoth sunyi ƙaura daga arewacin Siberiya zuwa ƙarin yankuna na kudu).Inarfafawa ya haifar da canji mai sauƙi a cikin tundra flora daga tundra steppes (mamoth prairies) zuwa tundra fadama a farkon lokacin tashin wuta na Allerody, amma daga baya kuma zuwa kudu steppes an maye gurbinsu da gandun daji kogin. An tantance matsayin mutane a cikin rushewar su a matsayin marasa ƙima, akwai kuma mahimmancin tabbacin kai tsaye na mutanen da ke neman mammoth. Shekaru biyu da suka gabata, ƙungiyar kimiyya ta Brian Huntley ta buga sakamakon ƙirar aikinta na yanayin Turai, Asiya da Arewacin Amurka, inda aka gano manyan dalilai na ciyawar ciyayi a yankuna masu yawa na dogon lokaci (100,000 - shekaru dubu 15 da suka gabata): ƙananan yanayin zafi, bushewa da ƙarancin yanayi CO abun ciki₂. An kuma gano sakamakon kai tsaye na dumama mai zafi, tashin zafi da matakan CO.₂ a cikin yanayi - don maye gurbin al'ummomin ciyawa tare da gandun daji da kuma ƙara girman farin murfin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin hunturu, wanda ya cika sosai (kusan 90%) ya rage yankin wuraren kiwo. Mammoth dole ne ya ciyar da lokaci da yawa don neman abinci (dabba mafi girma tana buƙatar kilogiram 150 - 300 na kayan shuka a kowace rana). Gabaɗaya, rushewar megafauna bawai bala'i ba ne cikin sauri kuma ya faru a hankali, tare da dumama da haɓaka zafi a yanayin Arctic, wanda ya haifar da ɓacewar tundra steppes. Rashin halaka ya faru ne a lokacin dumammen yanayi na shekaru 14 - 13 da suka wuce, gwanayen kere kere sun mamaye filin da ke da gurbi.

A wurin Lugovskoye (Khanty-Mansiysk yankin), an gano wata gawar mammoth tare da gano asarar ta da bindiga irinta (mai yiwuwa, mutum ya gama mammoth a kusa da nesa). Wannan binciken ya ba da gudummawa ga fito da sababbin ra'ayoyi kan farautar mammo, ƙarfafa ko sake tsohuwar tsoffin ra'ayi kan wannan matsalar. Binciken fannoni daban-daban na ma'amala tsakanin mutum da mammoth, masanin ilimin kimiya na tarihi Yu. B. Serikov ya ƙarasa da cewa ƙarshen mammoth mai haɗari ne mai ɗanɗano ga mafarautan Paleolithic. Sakamakon haka, ba za a iya samun babban mayaƙin da ke farautar mammot ba. A bayyane yake, humansan Adam sun fi son yin farautar mammo kawai a cikin yanayi na rikici ko a kan dabbobi kaɗai mutum ya raunana ta rashin lafiya ko raunin (biyan kuɗi ake buƙata). Ana zargin mammoth ne da nufin yin bindigogin bindigogi daga warkokin su, kodayake a zahiri ma an cinye naman. A cikin tundra, mutane sun fi amfani da kasusuwa da fatalwar dabbobi mammoth waɗanda suka mutu saboda dalilai na halitta (alal misali, a sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa) don gina ƙauyukan su. Ba a taɓa yin amfani da farauta domin garken waɗannan dabbobin ba, a fili. In ba haka ba, ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Late Paleolithic na mutane 30-100 za su kori dukkan dabbobi masu mammo a cikin kusancin noman su (a cikin tsawon mil 150-200) a cikin wasu shekaru 5-10. Yin hukunci da raunanan kayan tarihi, yawan mazaunan filin ajiye motoci na masu farauta-yawo bai wuce mutane 25-30 ba, gami da mata da yara, don tursasawa farauta to lallai ne su tattara mutane daga garuruwa da dama da ke nesa da juna, wanda hakan ba mai yiwuwa bane. Koyaya, mutum bai daina neman dabbobi don mammoth ba, ana amfani da kowace dama don hakar da siyan abinci na tsawan Arctic na hunturu.

A cikin 1993, mujallar "Yanayi"Bayanin da aka wallafa game da binciken da aka yi a tsibirin Wrangel. Sergei Vartanyan, ma'aikacin ajiyar kaya, ya gano ragowar mammoth a tsibirin, wanda aka ƙaddara shekarunsa daga shekaru dubu 7 zuwa 3.5, wato shekaru 5000 bayan shafe su a ɓangaren duniya. Bayan haka, an gano cewa ragowar ragowar kananan mambobi ne na mammansu, wanda adadinsu ke da yawa suna zaune a tsibirin Wrangel, lokacin da dalawan Masar suke tsaye, wanda kuma ya bace ne kawai a zamanin Fir'auna Tutankhamun (kusan 1355-1377 BC) saboda inbreeding, amma ba canjin yanayi (tsibirin ba zai iya ciyar da mambobi ba fiye da 300).

Saboda haka, masana kimiyya sunyi la'akari da fasalin yanayin tsananin zafin rana, daɗa yanayin zafi da canjin ciyayi babban dalilin dalilin bacewar mammoth fauna. Yawan dumamar yanayi ya ba da gudummawa ga sake gina mutane, karuwar yawan jama'a a cikin Late Paleolithic, kuma farautarsu na iya gamawa da rage yawan raunuka na mammoth, ba ta basu damar murmurewa.

Sauran sigogi da kuma maganganu

Hakanan an yi la’akari da asalin ma'anar rushewar megafauna a Arewacin Amurka. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon gano wani bakin ciki na katako na ash (wanda ake zaton tabbatacce ne na manyan gobarar), yawan binciken abubuwan nanodiamonds, spherules shock da sauran sifofi na halayyar a duk fadin nahiyar, tare da karuwa da yawaitar iridium, platinum da palladium, an samo daskararren mammoth da yawa (daga dubu sunyi nazari) sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin meteorite. Ana ganin mai laifin a matsayin wani tauraro mai wutsiya wanda ya faɗi ƙasa tun shekaru 12,800 da suka gabata, kuma, mai yiwuwa, a lokacin haɗarin ya riga ya lalace cikin jirgin ƙasa da keɓaɓɓe. A watan Janairun 2012 aPNAS"An buga wani labarin game da sakamakon aikin babban rukuni na kimiyya akan tafkin Cuiceo na Mexico. Marubutan littafin sun yi kokarin bayyana jigon rikicin Late Dryas - sanyaya yanayi don karni, zalunci da lalata yanayin kasa mai karewa, guguwar megafauna mai tsananin haske. Amma wannan hypothesis bai sami tabbaci ba a cikin yankin Asiya na kewayon. Wannan lafazin ba zai iya bayanin dalilin da ya sa haka ba, sauran ƙananan wakilan megafauna na Arewacin Amurka (musk ox, bison, reindeer), da mammoth akan Fr. Wrangel da tsibiran Pribylov. Ba a sami ɓarin fashe ba. Kawar megafauna bai faru cikin dare daya ba, saboda yakamata ya faru lokacin tasiri ko fashewar wani tauraro, amma a cikin shekaru dubu goma kafin da kuma bayan wanda ake zargin. Kawar da mammoth ta fara a duniya 24 - shekaru dubu 20 da suka gabata, ganiyar rushewa ta faru ne a lokacin dumamar yanayi na shekaru 14,8 - 13.7 shekaru da suka gabata, tun kafin meteorite ya fadi da tarko mai sanyi (shekaru dubu 12 da suka gabata), kuma ya kare daga baya, kusan shekaru 11 - 4 da suka gabata.

Yawancin abin da aka tattara na gida shine wanda aka samo a Kudancin Siberiya Mammutus primigenius (Mutane 19) wani wurin binnewa ne a yankin Wolf Mane a cikin Yankin Novosibirsk. Wasu daga cikin kasusuwa suna dauke da yanayin aikin mutum, amma rawar Paleolithic a cikin tarin Wolf-Mane osseous sarari ba shi da mahimmanci - yawan kisan mammoth a kan yankin Baraba Refugium ya haifar da matsananciyar ma'adanan ruwa (mammoth sun kasance a cikin sashin ƙasa 8 x 1 kilomita tsakanin marshes da tabkuna). Kashi 42 cikin dari na samfuran mammoths umo da aka samo a tsohuwar tsohuwar garin Beryolyokh Kogin suna da alamun osteodystrophy, cutar tsarin kwarangwal wanda cuta ta haifar da shi sakamakon rashin mahimmancin macro- da microelements (yunwar ma'adinai). Don yin karancin ma'adanai, mammoth suka zo su ci yumbu a bakin kogin, inda suka mutu na shekaru dubbai sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa, kwararar ƙasa ko makale a cikin ƙasa. Wadannan lamuran ambaliyar yankuna masu kwari da mutuwar mammoth a bankunan kogi an jingina su ne daga hasashen yanayin dumamar yanayi da kuma kara dumamar yanayi kimanin shekaru 14 - 13 000 da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da rushewar ma'adanai (desalination) na yanayin kasa. Wataƙila dalilin yunwar ma'adinai shine sauyawa daga mammoth zuwa ciyar a kan rassan bishiyoyi da bishiyar willow maimakon ciyawa saboda raguwa a yankin tundra steppes bayan dumama. Rarrabe yanki ma na iya cutar mutane baki ɗaya, yana haifar da raguwa ga bambancin kwayoyin halitta.

Oƙarin Cire Wani Mammoth

A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Pleistocene Park da wasu ayyukan da yawa, ana bincika yiwuwar ɗaukar ra'ayi don mayar da mammoth ko ƙirƙirar giwayen mambobi-kamar amfani da kayan ƙirar da aka adana a cikin gawawwakin dabbobi. Matukar dai ba a sami sakamakon ci gaba da allon halitta ba, to akwai shakku masu gamsarwa game da nasarar tashin tashin matattu.

Tarihin nazari

Kasusuwa musamman ma manyan namomin daji mammoth ana samun su sau da yawa cikin adon lokacin dusar kankara ta Turai da Siberiya kuma an san su da dadewa kuma a cikin girman su, an danganta su da ƙattai masu ƙarewa. A cikin Valencia, an girmama molar molar a matsayin wani ɓangare na relics na St. Christopher, kuma a cikin 1789 canons na St. Vincent ya ci amon mammoth a cikin sutturar su, yana share shi azaman sauran ragowar hannun mai tsarkaka. Zai yiwu mu iya fahimtar kanmu da ilimin halittar mammoth a cikin ƙarin daki-daki bayan Tungus ya gano a cikin 1799 farfajiyar ƙasa na Siberiya kusa da bakin Kogin Lena wani mammoth na mammoth, wanke cikin ruwan bazara kuma an adana shi daidai - tare da nama, fata da ulu. Bayan shekaru 7, a cikin 1806, Adams wanda Kwalejin Kimiyya ta aika ya sami nasarar tattara kusan sassan jikin dabbar da ke ɗauke da wasu tsare-tsaren fata, wani ɓangaren fata, wasu viscera, idanu, har zuwa fam 30 na gashi; ragowar karnuka, bears da karnuka sun lalata sauran. A Siberiya, ƙwayoyin mammoth, waɗanda ke wanke ta ruwan ruwa da kuma mutanen gari suka tattara, sun kasance batun ciniki ne na hutu sosai, yana maye gurbin hauren giwa a cikin juye kayayyakin.

Al'adun mutanen Turai, Siberiya da Arewacin Amurka

Komi, kamar sauran mutanen Arewa, yawanci sukan sami ƙasusuwan mammoth a cikin tekun a kogunan koguna da ƙananan bututu, riƙe da sauransu, daga gare su. Abubuwan almara Komi suna ba da labarin gautsi mai ƙoshin mammoth.

Mammoth - "Earthen Deer" - a cikin tunanin Komi (har ma da Nenets, Khanty da Mansi) sun rayu a farkon lokacin halitta. Yayi nauyi mai nauyi har ya fadi a kirji. Hanyoyinsa an kirkireshi ta hanyar tasoshin koguna da rafuffuka kuma a ƙarshe ruwa ya mamaye duniya duka (Komi, wanda ya saba da labarin littafi na littafi na ambaliyar, ya ce mammoth ɗin ya so tserewa a cikin Jirgin Nuhu, amma bai iya dacewa a can). Mamma ta yi iyo cikin ruwa, amma tsuntsayen sun sauka kan “kaho”, sai dabbar ta nutsar. Masu hakar ma'adinan Sysol Komi sun yi magana game da mu kule - layin karkashin kasa wanda manyan burbushin halittu suka kasance karkashin kasa.

A cikin 1899, matafiyi ya rubuta wata kasida don jaridar San Francisco ta yau da kullun, wanda yayi magana game da Alaskan Eskimos yana kwatanta giwayen shaggy, sutura hotonsa akan makamin ƙasusuwa. Wata rukunin masu bincike da suka isa wurin ba su sami mammo ba, amma sun tabbatar da labarin matafiyin, harma sun bincika makaman kuma sun tambayi inda Eskimos suka ga giwayen shaggy, sai suka nuna jeji mai zafi a arewa maso yamma. Za'a iya bayanin sakon ta hanyar da cewa mazaunan garin sun saba da gawarwakin mammoth, wadanda har yanzu suke samin.

Laplanders (Sami) waɗanda ke zaune a arewa mai nisa suna da imani game da wanzuwar ƙwararrun furry masu rai a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara mai dawwama. A cikin Eskimos da ke zaune a gabar Tekun Asiya na Bering Strait, an san mammoth da sunan Kilu Crook, wato, "babban kifi mai suna Kilu." A cikin almara Eskimo, kifi Whale ya yi karo da dodo mai teku, wanda aka jefa shi ƙasa, amma ya zama mai nauyi kuma ya faɗi ƙasa, wanda ya zama mafakarsa - ya tono hanyoyinsa da manyan katako.

A yankin arewa maso gabas na Siberiya, al'adun Chukchi sun ce mammoth wani jigilar iska ne, yana zaune a ƙasa. Duk wanda yaga naman alade yana fitowa daga ƙasa to ya kamata su tono su, nan da nan matsafa zai rasa ƙarfinsa. Akwai wata tatsuniya wadda Chukchi ya samo tarkace masu fasowa daga ƙasa, suka toka su suka sami gawa mai mammoth, kabilan su duka suna cin naman mamaci duk lokacin hunturu.

Bayan ƙetaren Arctic, a tsakanin Yukagirs waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasa mai faɗi tun daga Lena Delta har zuwa Kolyma, an ambaci mammoth a cikin tatsuniya a ƙarƙashin sunan Harshen Holhut. Shamans na wannan kasa sun yi imani da cewa ruhun giant yana kiyaye rayuka, don haka shaman da ya mamaye ruhin mammoth ya fi ƙarfin shaman talakawa.

A cewar Thomas Jefferson, Indiyawan da ake kira mammoth, wanda galibi ana samun gawar sa a Amurka, “babban bison”. Dangane da tatsuniyar da ta wanzu tsakanin Delaware, garken waɗannan dabbobin sun taɓa zuwa Big Bone Lix kuma sun fara murkushe duk wasu dabbobi "wanda aka kirkira don amfanin Indiyawan", har ƙarshe "Babban Man a Sama", cike da fushi, bai katse duk "babban bison" tare da walƙiya ba . Kwana ɗaya ne kawai ya tsira, wanda, bayan ya tayar da duka bugun ya ji rauni a gefe, "ya yi tsalle tare da manyan tsalle-tsalle a kan Ohio, Wobash, Illinois kuma, a ƙarshe, a kan Manyan Tabkuna, zuwa wuraren da yake zaune har zuwa yau", wato, ya yi nisa sosai Arewa Daga nan Jefferson ya ba da labarin wani Stanley wanda, a cikin zaman bauta a tsakanin Indiyawan, ya ga hurumi na mammoth: “nabilawan sun gaya masa cewa dabbar da irin waɗannan ƙasusuwa har yanzu ana samunsu a arewacin sassan ƙasarsu. Dangane da bayanin su, ya yanke hukuncin cewa giwa ce. " Waɗannan cikakkun bayanai suna sa mu shakkun cewa Indiyawa suna da mummunar ƙwaƙwalwar mammoth da kuma komawar su zuwa arewa, tun daga lokacin Paleolithic.

Abubuwan da aka samo daga kasusuwa mammoth da hakora a cikin tsohuwar Turai har zuwa karni na 18 an danganta ga giwayen da suka ɓace daga sojojin Alexander Mai Girma, Hannibal ko Pyrrhus. Har ma sun yi kokarin bayyana binciken gano mayyar mammoth kusa da Voronezh (a tashar Kostenka) a lokacin Peter Mai Girma ga giwayen da ke faɗa a cikin Alexander the Great. Gano manyan kantunan mammoth a tsohuwar Girka tare da rami a tsakiya don wannan akwatin na iya zama zance ne ga tatsuniyoyin dadaddun gubar. A Gabas ta Tsakiya, jita-jita game da ƙasusuwan mammoth da hazo sun fito ne daga Siberiya da China.

A shekara ta 1254, Sarkin Lessaramin Armenia Hetum ya yi tafiya zuwa Mongolia zuwa kotun Horan Horde Khan Mengu. Bayan da ya dawo Armenia, ya ba da labarun da ya ji a wurin tare da malamin tarihi Kirakos Gandzaketsi. Kirakos ya rubuta a cikin bayanansa: "...Akwai wani tsibiri mai yashi wanda wani irin ƙashi mai ƙyalƙyali ya girma, kamar itaciya, wanda ake kira kifi, idan an sare shi, a wannan wuri sai ya sake girma, kamar kaho.". Masana Sinawa sun sassaka zane da fasahohi iri-iri daga wannan kashin. Tambaya ce ta tsotsan mammoth, wanda aka samo a Siberiya akan adibas ɗiyar da ke gabar teku.

Mamoth Kashi

Tushen mammoth yana da ƙarfi fiye da hauren giwa kuma yana da tsarin launi iri ɗaya. Shekaru dubbai suka yi ta ɓoye a ƙasa, ɓarke ​​da zurfin ma'adanai a hankali kuma sun sami fannoni iri-iri daban daban - tun daga fararen fari da ruwan hoda zuwa shuɗi-shuɗi. Gwanayen sassaka ƙwallon ƙafa sun yaba da matuƙar duhu na kayan. Saboda launin sa, an dade ana amfani da mamoth don ƙirƙirar kwanduna masu tsada, akwatuna, buhunan gida, dara, combs, mundaye da kayan adon mata. Hakanan an tare su da makamai.

A cikin 2019, hukumomin Yakutia sun bayyana niyyarsu ta inganta dokar tarayya "On Subsoil" don gabatar da manufar mammoth tusk a matsayin wani abu na juyar da kasuwanci ba tare da cutar da muhalli ba. A cikin 2019, a cikin Yakutia, bisa ga ƙididdigar gwamnatocin yanki, kasuwar don haɓakawa da fitarwa daga mammoth ta rage daga dala biliyan biyu zuwa huɗu. Kowace shekara, yawan tarin shari'oi sun kai ton 100, kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, a cewar jami'an, sau biyu. A lokaci guda, ana kafa masana'antu da kasuwanci na samfurorin kasusuwan mammoth a kasar Sin kuma suna kawo kudi a can.

Bayyanar mammoth da ire-irensu

Masana kimiyya a duniya sun gano ragowar mammoth. Ana samun ƙasusuwa a Turai, Arewacin Amurka da Asiya. Mafi tsohuwar burbushin halitta tana da shekaru miliyan huɗu. Ana ɗauka cewa a wannan lokacin ne nau'ikan halittun farko suka bayyana.

“Mafi tashin hankali” ragowar dabbobi ne wadanda suka rage kusan shekaru 10 da suka wuce. Humanan Adam bai riga ya gano sababbi ba, saboda haka zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa sun ɓace a cikin wannan lokacin.
A waje guda, mammoth suna kama da giwaye kuma magabatan nesa ne na yan dako na zamani. Koyaya, a cikin bayyanar halittun tarihi an sami bambance-bambance masu yawa.

A waje, mammoth masu girma ne.Dangane da nau'in, tsayin ya bambanta daga 2m zuwa 4m. Amma ga nauyin, zai iya kaiwa ton 10.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa : Shekara miliyan ɗaya da rabi da suka wuce Mamoth Mammoth ya rayu. Ya girma zuwa mita 6 a tsayi, kuma nauyi ya kai tan 15.

Ba kamar giwaye ba, dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da layin da ke taimaka musu rayuwa cikin matsanancin yanayin sanyi. An yi amfani da daskararren don tayar da dusar ƙanƙara don nemo ciyawa da ciyawar da ta dace da abinci. Wasu nau'ikan mammoth sun tara mai a cikin masu ba da bayanansu, wanda hakan ya sa suka zama kamar raƙumi. Gangar jikin yana da fata mai kauri tare da ƙaramar kango a ƙarshen. An yi amfani dashi don tayar da abubuwa kuma ya kawo su ga bakin. Hakanan, gangar jikin ta taimaka wa dabbobi su share hanya: an cire rassa, a jan raguna, da sauransu.

Larsarfin dabbobi ya ƙaru da ƙarfi, tunda su ke amfani da niƙa yawancin abincin. Hakora suna cikin sasanninta a jere. Abin ban sha'awa, a hankali molar molar a cikin ginin, da sababbi suna girma a wuraren su.

Oh, yi haƙuri, amma ba ku da isasshen rubles na ƙasa don inganta rakodin.

Samu ƙasashen waje,
kiran abokan ku zuwa Comte.

A lokacin Pleistocene da farkon Holocene a Siberiya, Arewacin Amurka da Beringia, dabbobi masu shayarwa sun kasance ɗayan manyan wuraren kiwo. Asirin ɓarnar adadinsu yana faranta musu rai ba kimiyya kaɗai ba. Koyaya, a zamanin yau, masana kimiyya suna da damar da za su bincika abubuwan da aka samo da kuma haɗa kai don wannan dalili tare da masana kimiyya daga wasu ƙasashe daga fannonin kimiyya daban-daban. Misali, masana kimiyyar binciken burbushin halittu suna aiki tare da masana ilimin kimiyar kasa, masana kimiyyar kere-kere, masana halittar jini da sauran wadanda suke ba da dakin gwaje-gwajensu don nazarin kasusuwa, kasa, pollen da sauran samfuran da aka tattara.

Duk wani maganganu an sa shi a kan abubuwan gaskiya. Lokacin da aka sami factsan bayanai, hypotheses na iya zama iri ɗaya, idan adadin abubuwan haɓaka ya ƙaru, kuma sabbin bayanai da cikakkun bayanai sun bayyana, maganganun da suka gabata waɗanda basu cika su ba suna ƙarƙashin bita da sauyawa. Wannan tsari ne na al'ada a kowace ilimin. Don haka, har kwanan nan akwai wani ra'ayi game da laifin ɗan adam a cikin kisan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Yanzu sabbin hujjoji sun bayyana, kuma hangen laifin ɗan adam da alama yana cike da maƙil. Ina ba da shawara ku fahimci abin da kimiyyar mammoth ta koya kwanan nan.

Dabbobin daji mambobi a yankuna daban-daban sun kasance sun dabaibaye a lokuta daban-daban, kuma ba a biyun ba kuma ba lokaci guda a duk nahiyoyin da aka samo su.

Dangane da bayanin da muke samu yanzu, mafi sabbin halittun mammoth da suka taba zama yan asalin tsibiri ne. A tsibiran, mammoths ya kasance ne ta hanyar dan adam kusan shekaru 3,700 da suka gabata. A kan duniya, mammoth ya lalace kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata.

Jenetics ta gudanar da bincike game da kwayoyin halittar mamma na mamma daga tsibirin Wrangel (wanda ke gefen gabar tekun arewacin Siberiya), wadda ta rayu shekaru 4,300 da suka gabata, da kuma mammoth daga Oymyakon (a Yakutia), wanda rayuwarta ta kasance tun shekaru 45,000 da suka gabata. Yawan mammoth a cikin ƙasa tana da yawa (kusan mutane 13,000), a tsibirin - a wancan lokacin akwai ƙaramin adadin mutane kusan 300 dabbobi (raguwa 34 sau). Game da samfuran ragowar mammoths biyu, masu ilimin halittar jini sun gano yadda kwayar halittar take yiwa yanayin canje-canje a girman adadin jama'a kafin ta ɓace. Binciken ya nuna cewa raguwar yawan mutanen da ke cikin haihuwar ta raunana zabin yanayi. Sakamakon haka, tara ƙwayoyin maye gurbi ya faru, wanda ya haifar da rushewar kwayoyin halittu da yawa, alal misali, ƙanshin ƙanshin ya ragu a cikin dabbobi, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin haifuwa.

Ayyukan kwayoyin halittar da ke da alhakin iyawar fashewa da lalacewar sinadarai ga ƙwayoyin DNA, jigilar abubuwa, hanyoyin RNA ta hanyar DNA a matsayin matrix, ƙirar ferromones, hanyoyin haɓaka, da sauran hanyoyin nazarin halittu da yawa sun juya kamar karyewar.

Masana kimiyya sun tantance lokacin fara rarrakin mammoth da sauran dabbobi a tsibirin Wrangel da lokacin bacewar su. A cikin takarda da aka buga, an bayar da rahoton:

"Daga cikin 122 radiocarbon kwanakin kan mammoth kasusuwa, 106 suna ciki lokacin daga 3700 zuwa shekaru 9000 da suka gabata. Mun yi imanin cewa waɗannan ranakun sun ƙunshi lokacin keɓantar da mammoth mamma a tsibirin Wrangel da ƙarshen lalatarsu, waɗanda muke dangana ga abubuwan halitta. Rashin kwanan wata tsakanin shekaru 9-12 zuwa dubu da alama yana nuna lokacin da mammoth ba ya nan a tsibirin Wrangel. Dogon mammoth daga Tsibirin Wrangel na lokacin Holocene yana nuna cewa waɗannan dabbobin sun yi kama da girman dabbobi da ke babban birni, duk da cewa ba su da manyan dabbobi, amma ba za a iya rarrabe su da abubuwa biyu ba. Abin da ya faru na hasashe na Holocene mammoth a cikin ɓangaren duniya yana ɗauka. Dangane da sauran nau'in halittun mammoth da aka kuma samarda radiocarbon akan tsibirin Wrangel, wadanda suka hada da dawakai, bison, musk da daskararren gashin bakin, ya bayyana cewa mammoth kadai ce jinsin wannan abincin da ya rayu a tsibirin Wrangel a tsakiyar Holocene. "

A 'yan kwanakin baya, mamoth na Wrangel ya daina wanzuwar dabbobi a cikin tsibirin St. Paul, wanda yake kusan tsakanin Alaska da Far East. Wannan tsibiri ya kasance wani yanki na gada na Berengi, ƙasar da ke haɗa tsakanin nahiyoyin biyu. Tashin matakan teku ya canza gada, wanda ya bar tsibiran da yawa a ciki. Yawan mammoth da ke saura a tsibirin a wani yanki na 110 km2 dole ne su zauna a ware don kusan shekaru dubu 8.

A karkashin jagorancin Russell Graham daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania, wani gungun masana kimiyya suka gano daidai lokacin da rukunin mammoth na tsibiri ya daina wanzu, kuma ga wane dalili hakan ya faru.

Shaida ta farko da ta tabbatar da cewa mutanen tsibirin sun tsira daga mammoth na mambobi ne sakamakon bincike-binciken radiocarbon da aka samu na hakori mammoth tsibirin. Ya juya cewa ya rayu har yanzu 7900 da suka wuce. An samo tarihin binciken mai zuwa ne daga kasashen waje shekaru 6500 da suka gabata.

Koyaya, tantance shekarun kasusuwa da aka samo ba ita ce kawai hanyar da masana kimiyya suka gano lokacin da dalilin lalata mammoth a tsibirin ba. Baya ga bin diddigin ragowar wasu dabbobi 14, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki murƙun duwatsu na taɓarɓarewa a ƙasan tsibirin tsibirin. Duwatsu masu daskarewa suna dauke da ragowar kwayoyi, tsirrai da pollen - gaba daya, duk abin da ya samu kuma ya tara a kasan tun shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Nazarin manyan samfurori shine hanya ta biyu don fayyace abubuwan da suka gabata.

Hanya ta uku (ko kuma a maimakon haka, ta 3, ta 4 da 5th) ita ce bincika kayan kwalliya na fungi (nau'in 3), muhimmin aiki wanda yake faruwa a cikin ciyawar dabbobi. Yawan abincin naman kaza ya dogara da yawan masu cin ciyawa. Kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa suna samarwa da taki a ɗimbin yawa. A sakamakon haka, bacewar mammoth ɗin zai haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin ƙwayoyin fungal a cikin abubuwan kwantar da hankali.

Dukkan hanyoyi guda biyar sun hadu a daidai wannan lokaci akan lokaci - shekaru 5600 da suka gabata.

Baya ga taimakawa wajen sanin lokacin, ainihin samfuran sun zama hanyoyin samun bayanai game da dalilin lalacewa, wanda shine canjin yanayi a cikin wani tsibiri.

Shekaru dubbai, yawan mammoth tsibirin sun sami isasshen ƙasa da yalwar ciyawa da ke girma a kanta. Babu kuma wasu masu farauta, kamar bera da mutane. Dalilin ƙonewa yana da ƙishirwa. Yayinda aka sami ruwan sama sosai, sun sami damar sake mamayar da kananan layukan tsibirin da ruwa mai tsafta. A wani lokaci, hanyoyin da ke cikin yanayin sun canza, kuma hazo ya fara talaucewa. Daya bayan daya tafkin ya fara bushewa. Ban da haka ma, tekun ya sake tashi kaɗan da kaɗan, kuma ruwan ruwansa ya fara nitsewa cikin lafunan bakin teku. Ga mammoths ulu, waɗanda suke buƙatar ruwa duka sha da sanyaya, ya zama ƙarami. Labarin ilimin kimiyya anan

Nawa ciyawa take bukata?

Zuwa maganganu guda biyu (da ke haifar da rashin damuwa) da haɓaka yanayin haɓaka, an ƙara ma'anar matsananciyar yunwar ma'adinin. A cewarta, a cikin babban yankin saboda narkewar glacier, yanayin wuri ya kasance oxidized, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin mammoth masu ma'adinai irin su alli, magnesium, sodium, da sauran abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda ke shiga cikin jikin ta hanyar abinci Wadannan ma'adanai suna shiga cikin metabolism da kuma gina sabbin ƙwayoyin jikin mutum. Wannan yana shafar yanayin kasusuwa. Masanan kimiyya na Tomsk sunyi nazarin ragowar mammoth daga Berelyokh (Yakutia). An buga labarin a Quaternary International.

"Binciken bincike-bincike game da mammoth sama da 1,500 ya rage daga sanannun wurin da ba a san ilimin archaeological na Berelёkh (BP13-12 shekaru dubu da suka gabata ba) ya nuna cewa 42% na kayan ƙira suna nuna canje-canje masu lalacewa (osteoporosis, osteolybation, osteofibrosis, osteomalacia, cututtukan haɗin gwiwa, da sauransu.) A karo na farko a cikin mammoths akwai rashin ƙarewar kashin mahaifa, mai rarrabuwa, da kuma sassan jikin mutum da ke kwance.Haƙar hoto na gaba ɗaya ya yi kama da hoton cutar Kashin-Beck (ko Mataki), etiology wanda ake dangantawa da yunwar ma'adinai. Za a iya bayanin yanayin (abinci mai gina jiki / abinci mai gina jiki) na osteodystrophy ta karfi acidification na shimfidar wurare, wanda ke bayyana kanta a cikin yankin Arewacin Eurasia bayan shekaru dubu 30 da suka gabata kuma ya sha bamban musamman a ƙarshen shekarun kankara (shekaru 15-10 shekaru da suka gabata). shafin Berelyokh yana nuna kyakkyawan matakin karshe na kauda dabbobi masu shayarwa. " Daga nan

"Berelyokh yana daya daga cikin manyan wurare a Arewacin Eurasia tare da tarin ragowar mammoth da suka tara shekaru 13-12 shekaru da suka gabata a cikin tsohon mutumin: tsohon kogin na wannan kogin, inda za a iya ambaliyar su. yanayin ruwa da lalacewa ta hanyar masu hasashen Wani sashi na tarin - kusan dubu daya da rabi - ana adana shi a Cibiyar Zoological na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha ta St. Petersburg, kusan kashi 50% daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da alamun alamun canje-canje, amma, yin nazarin waɗannan kayan kawai. bera, yana da wuya a fahimci menene ainihin adadin dabbobi marasa lafiya.

Sergey Leshchinsky, likitan ilimin kimiyyar ilimin halittu da na ilimin halayyar dan adam ya ce, "kwarangwal din na da sinadarin alli, kuma tsarin tafiyar jini a jikin mutum ya ci gaba da wadatuwa da abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai daga waje. - Calcium, sodium, magnesium da sauran abubuwa masu mahimmanci suna narkewa cikin ruwa kuma an wanke su da sauri a cikin ƙasa, wanda ya faru sakamakon canje-canjen muhalli mai ban mamaki kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata a arewacin Eurasia kuma tabbas mai yiwuwa shine ya haifar da lalata mammoth.

Manyan osteoblastoma na kwayar halitta a ƙarshen ƙarshen mamaci na tibia

Wasu ilimin osteopathology da aka samo a Berelyokh ba a baya aka bayyana su a cikin wallafe-wallafen ba da ma'anar mammoth. Na farkon su sune jikin jabu-mai kwalliya: a cikin littattafan likitanci ana kiransu da "articular linzami" ko "hatsi shinkafa". Tare da lalata guringuntsi, wani lokacin kuma kashin da ke can ciki, gutsattsuransu sukan faɗi cikin ramin haɗin gwiwa. Sakamakon haka, ciwo mai zafi yana faruwa, haɗuwa da ƙafa, wanda ke halayyar dabbobi da mutane.

“Sau da yawa tsaka-tsaki ana iya ganinsu a kan bangarorin kasusuwa: wataƙila, ana samun su ne ta hanyar murkushe gutsuttsuran sassan da suka afka cikin haɗin gwiwa kuma suyi kama da gutsuri, wato“ kange ƙasusuwa, ”in ji mai binciken. - Idan ana yawan samun "articular mice" a cikin mutane na zamani, to, ilimin halittu na biyu ba shi da yawa: shi ne budewar hanyoyin bude kofofin mahaifa, inda jijiyoyin jini da jijiyoyin jijiya suke.

Binciken ragowar daga wurare daga Poland zuwa Siberiya, masanin ya lura cewa a cikin mammoths wanda ya rayu fiye da 30,000 shekaru da suka gabata, cututtukan kwarangwal yawanci suna ƙasa da 5%, kuma a cikin waɗanda suka rayu bayan shekaru 27,000, yawan ƙwayoyin cuta ya karu sosai - a wasu lokuta, sau goma ƙari.

Sergey Leshchinsky ya ce: "mutum ya banbanta da dabbobi masu shayarwa da ciyawa ta yadda ya kasance mai iko ne a kai a kai (sai dai 'yan cin ganyayyaki kawai) yana amfani da nama wajen daidaita abinci da kayan kiwo," in ji Sergey Leshchinsky. - A sakamakon haka, ba shi da saukin kamuwa da yunwar ma'adinai. Koyaya, shaidar kimiyya ta nuna cewa a cikin zamanin Paleolithic, mutane sun kuma sha wahala daga cututtukan kasusuwa. Abin takaici, akwai karancin irin wannan bayanin: ragowar 'yan adam kalilan ne da zatayi aiwatar da bincike.

Masanin kimiyya yayi niyyar kara bincike a yankin Novosibirsk, hade da, tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology da Ethnography of the SB RAS - a wurin da Wolf Mane yake. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan kabarin mammoth a Asiya. "

Kamar yadda kake gani, kimiyya ta shiga bincike, kuma a kowane yanayi dalilai sun zama nasu. Haka kuma kamar yadda ake yin barci-ambaliyar gine-ginen da wanne hanyoyi suke sawa.

Yaushe mammoth ya rayu?

Sanannen abu ne cewa mammoth na farko ya bayyana a zamanin Pliocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 5.3 da suka gabata) kuma ya wanzu har kusan ƙarni na VII BC. Yawancinsu suna da masu girma kamar girman giwayen zamani, amma akwai wasu manya-manyan dabbobi a tsakanin dabbobi, wanda ya kai girman mita 5, kuma karami, ya girma zuwa mita 2 kawai.

Babban bambance-bambance tsakanin mammoth da giwaye shine kasancewar kyakkyawan gashin gashi da dogon hatsi, wanda ya taimaka samun abinci daga karkashin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin hunturu.

Babban wuraren mammoth shine Arewacin Amurka, Afirka, Turai da Asiya. Mafi yawan lokuta, masu bincike suna gano kashin kashinsu kawai, amma a Siberiya da Alaska akwai maganganun gano gawawwakin da suka yi nasarar rayuwa har zuwa yau a cikin yanayin ruwa.

Yaushe mammoths suka mutu?

Yawancin mammoth sun mutu ne kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka wuce, lokacin da ake kira da zamani kankara na Vistula ya hau kan duniya. Wannan shi ne na ƙarshe a cikin jerin shekarun kankara kuma ya ƙare kusan 9600 BC.

Abin lura ne cewa, ban da dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, a lokaci guda, wasu nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 34 sun bace, gami da manyan dabbobi masu ban tausayi da kuma dirin dusar ulu. Inirfafawa ya kasance tare da canjin yanayi da kuma canjin tundra na zuwa cikin dazuzzuka-tundra da bog-tundra biota.

Me yasa mammoth ya mutu?

Masana kimiyya suna ta jayayya game da abubuwan da suka haifar da dadaddun mammoth shekaru da yawa. Ana gabatar da sigogi iri-iri, har ma da mawuyacin hali, kamar faduwar tauraro da wutsiya.

Yawancin zato ba su goyan bayan wasu kwararru ba, amma a yau akwai aƙalla maganganu biyu waɗanda za su iya bayyana ɓacewar dabbobi. An yi imanin cewa mammoth na iya zama waɗanda ke fama da mafarautan Upper Paleolithic ko kuma su mutu sakamakon canjin yanayin canji.

Cutar da dabbobi masu shayarwa daga mafarauta

Masanin kimiyyar dabi’ar halitta dan kasar Ingila Alfred Wallace ne ya gabatar da wannan tsarin mafarautan a karshen karni na XIX. Masanin kimiyyar yayi la'akari da cewa farautar mammoth ne ya haifar da warwataccen su. Abubuwan da aka gano na Wallace sun samo asali ne daga gano wani tsohuwar shafin ɗan adam inda aka sami tarin tarin ƙasusuwan dabbobi masu shayarwa.

An yi imanin cewa kusan shekaru dubu 32 da suka wuce, mutane sun zauna a arewacin Eurasia, kuma shekaru 15,000 da suka wuce sun isa Arewacin Amurka kuma sun fara farauta don neman abinci. Tabbas, baza su iya hallaka gaba daya jinsin ba, amma dumamar yanayi, wanda yazo bayan lokacin kankara kuma ya haifar da raguwa a cikin mammoth fauna, "ya taimaka" a cikin wannan.

Meteorite

Maganin farko, wanda alama babu alama, meteorite ne. Abin da aka faɗa, a wannan lokacin wani ɓoyayyen asalin baƙon ya faɗi a duniya, wanda ya haifar da canji mai sauƙin yanayi a cikin duniya. A lokacin akwai wani Agean Ice, wanda tsautsayi ya tsaya. Yawan zafin jiki ya haifar da asarar yawancin dabbobi, gami da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Ba a tabbatar da wannan hasashen ba, tunda masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi ba su sami wasu sassan comet ɗin ba.

Hasashe na biyu yana da alaƙa da mutane.Lokacin da shekaru dubbai da suka gabata, magadan magabata na yanzu na zamani suka fara zama a duniya, suna farautar dabbobi daban-daban.

Mammoth wani buri ne mai fifiko, saboda girman girma da fasalin fasali da suka kasance sun cika hankali. Wannan ya basu damar kai farmaki daga wani wuri mai nisa, suna fada cikin tarko. Haka ne, yayin farauta da yawa mafarautan sun iya ban kwana da rayukansu, amma kabilar suna da nama sosai don samun hakan. Hasashen ya bayyana cewa mammoth ya bace saboda mutanen da suka fara farautar su da adadi mai yawa.

Canjin yanayi

Ana ɗauka maganganun na uku shine mafi yiwuwa. Ta ba da shawara cewa mammoth ya ɓace saboda canje-canjen yanayi mai rikitarwa wanda ya faru ta al'ada, kuma ba saboda meteorite ba.

Abin da hypothesis gaskiya ne - masana kimiyya ba har yanzu sun ba da tabbataccen amsa. Yayin nazarin tarihin duniyar tamu da mammoth, kowa yana yin wasu yanke shawara, akan abin da yake neman gaskiya.

Akwai wasu maganganu guda uku da ke kokarin tabbatar da dalilin bacewar mammoth. Na farko ya danganta ne da faduwar meteorite wanda ya canza canjin yanayi, wanda awannan dabbobin basu iya daidaitawa. Na biyu an ɗaura shi da canje-canje a cikin yanayin halayen halitta waɗanda ke faruwa ta halitta. Na ukun ya ce mammoth na iya ɓacewa saboda mutanen da suka fara neman farautar su.

Menene ɗan adam ya sani game da dabbobi masu shayarwa?

Zuwa yau, mutane sun sami nasarar bayyanar da ainihin nau'in nau'in dabbar da ta shuɗe - dabbobi masu shayarwa. Har zuwa wani lokaci, za a iya gina hasashe game da kamannin su bisa dogaro da ragowar dabbobi - kasusuwa da mutane ke samu a wasu lokuta yayin rami. Amma da zarar bayyananniyar nuni ta fadi a hannun masu bincike - jikin wani karamin mammoth, wanda aka adana shi tsawon lokaci a cikin kankara. Sakamakon cewa bayan mutuwa jikin dabbar ya kasance cikin ruɓaɓɓen yanayi, bai ɗauki canje-canje ba, sannan masana kimiyya suka sami damar nuna hoton hoton dabbar wannan lokacin.

Don haka menene muka sani game da dabbobi masu shayarwa?

Dabbobin daji mambobi dabbobi ne na da da suka taɓa zama a wannan duniyar tamu. Sun bayyana ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 4-5 da suka shude kuma suka wanzu na dogon lokaci. Mammoth ta zauna a duniya tun daga lokacin Late Pliocene har zuwa marigayi Pleistocene.

An dauki mammoth magabatan giwayen Afirka na zamani. Gaskiya ne, girman su sun fi girma. A matsakaici, mammoth mai nauyin tan 6 zuwa 8, kodayake akwai mutane waɗanda nauyinsu ya kai tan 12. Haɓakar su ma sun kasance masu mahimmanci - har zuwa 5.5 m ba ga tsawo.

A waje, jikin mammoths ya rufe da kauri da dogon gashi, wanda ya taimaka musu da yin ɗumi. Bari in tuna muku cewa a wancan lokacin yayi sanyi sosai a doron kasa. Amma duk da wannan, mammoth din sun ci nasara sosai tare da ƙarancin zafin jiki.

Lura: a cikin mafi nisa na arewacin yayin rami rami da yawa an gano gawar mammoth, wadanda jikinsu ya banbanta da sauran ta wani babban yanayi. Da farko, masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa wata dabarar rabe-raben dabbobi ne wacce akeyinta. Koyaya, wannan ka'idar ta zama ba daidai ba. An sami irin wannan rutowar a wasu mammoth don tara tarin kitse don kare jiki daga yanayin zafi sosai.

Mammoth shima yana da wasu halaye daban:

• Dogon gangar jikin, wanda aka kara fadada shi a ginin, wanda ya taimaka yakar sanyi kuma ya nemi abinci a cikin dusar ƙanƙara da ƙasa mai sanyi.
• Manya manya manya-manya da tsini, waɗanda suma sun wajaba don yin kankara da abinci.
• Bsarfin ƙafa da jikin mutum, wanda zai iya sauƙi ya motsa tsakanin sassan dusar kankara na hanya.

Zamanin kasancewar mammoth ya fadi a lokacin da mutane masu asali suka bayyana akan sararin duniya. Wannan ana iya yin hukunci daga zane wanda mutane na farko suka bar a cikin kogon.

Amma menene zai faru?

Dabbobin daji mamaci ba tare da wata alama daga fuskar duniya ba. Mutane suna samun gawarwakinsu kawai. Tambayar da kanshi ya tambaya: me yasa dabbobi masu shayarwa suka lalace a matsayin wata halitta, idan dai an daidaita su sosai da sanyi, kuma a wancan lokacin sune dabbobin da suka fi karfi?

Lokacin da mammoth ya mutu: babban zaton masana kimiyya

Daga ina aka samo wannan zaton?

Komai yana da sauki; yawancin abubuwan da aka samo suna nuna cewa mammoth a karshe sun mutu daidai shekaru 10 da suka wuce.

Amma, kamar yadda ka sani, kimiyya da bincike ba su tsaya cik ba. Tuni a yau, masana kimiyya suna ba da cikakken kwatancen yadda ake lalata mamata.

Bayanin gamsassun lokacin lokacin mammoths ya kare

Tunda akwai abubuwan mammo masu yawa a duniyar tamu a lokaci daya, masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa dukansu ba zasu mutu lokaci guda ba. Daga nan ne aka kawo ra'ayin yin nazari kan yadda rushewar tasu ta kasance. Yanzu ana iya gabatar da ayyukan masana kimiyya ta hanyar fasalin bayanin fuskoki.

Kamar yadda kake gani, bayan bincike na shekaru, masana kimiyya sun sami damar gano abin mamaki. Kamar yadda ya juya, mammoth ya wanzu shekaru 3 da suka gabata. Gaskiya ne, ba duka ba ne, amma jinsunan su daban daban ne mammoths.

Sun kasance ƙananan - kawai har zuwa 2 m tsayi kuma suna yin kimanin tan 2. Koyaya, gaskiyar cewa sun wanzu da gaske abune mai wuya. An samo gawawwakinsu a tsibirin Wrangel, a cikin Tekun Chukchi.

Na dogon lokaci ba a zauna wannan tsibiri ba, kuma dabbobi masu shayar da mammo suka zauna a can har tsawon dubunnan shekaru. Kaɗan ne daga cikinsu - kusan mutane 300.

Amma tunanin kawai, wannan ka'idar ta tabbatar da cewa a wancan lokacin, lokacin da dalaram suke tsaye a Giza, mammoth masu natsuwa suna zagaya duniyarmu. Abin mamaki kuwa?

Dalili mai yiwuwa yasa mammoths ya mutu waje

Daga cikin zaton da yawa, an zabi wasu dalilai guda biyu wadanda ke da 'yancin zama, amma da wuya a iya kiran su abubuwanda kawai suka haifar da hallakar irin wannan adadi mai yawa na dabbobi.

Me zaku iya fada idan kuka kalli wadannan dalilan?

Abu daya a bayyane yake: babu ɗayansu da za'a yarda dashi a matsayin babba ko a musanta. Me yasa, zanyi bayani yanzu.

Mutumin na wannan lokacin bashi da ƙarfi kuma zai iya farautar waɗannan manyan dabbobi. Wataƙila, ya iya kashe kawai marasa lafiya ne ko kuma sun riga sun raunata dabbobin. Kuma a, me yasa yake buƙatar nama mai yawa? Jikunan mammoth na mutane masu cin gashin kansu na iya isa duk lokacin hunturu don kar yunwar ta mutu.

Ya juya cewa farauta ba shine kadai dalilin ba.

Game da dumama, da gaske ya iya taimakawa ga gaskiyar cewa an bar mammoth ba tare da abinci don rayuwa ba. Amma akwai yankuna da mammoth suke da abinci. Me yasa ba su tsira daga can ba?

Ina tsammanin dalilan biyu sun dace da juna. Ma'ana, akwai wani ɗumi da farautar mutane, wanda a ƙarshe ya lalata gidan mammoths.

Amma masanan kimiyya ba su tsaya a can ba, kuma sun ba da ƙarin wasu abubuwa guda 3 waɗanda zasu iya shafar halakar dabbobi:

Rufe mating

Idan da akwai karancin mammoth daya daga cikin jinsin halittu guda daya, sun fara hadewa, kasancewar suna cikin dangi sosai. Wannan ya haifar da rauni mai ƙarfi ga kwayoyin halittar, maye gurbi, wanda kuma yana iya taimakawa gudummawar bacewarsu.

Wata cuta ko kwayar cuta.

Yana yiwuwa a wancan zamani mammoths na iya kama da wata irin cuta, alal misali, tarin fuka. Amma tunda yawancinsu rugujewa ne, to wannan ba za a yi la'akari da shi ba asali, tunda sauran nau'in dabbobi sun ci gaba da rayuwa.

Fadowa daga meteorite ko asteroid.

Wataƙila a wancan zamani mai tauraro mai wutsiya ko asteroid na iya faɗuwa ga ƙasa. Zai iya haddasa gobara, fashewar volcanoes da ƙari mai yawa. Ba a cire irin wannan yuwuwar ba, amma ba shine ainihin dalilin lalata dabbobi masu shayarwa ba.

Da yake magana game da dalilan da ke tattare da wannan nau'in dabbobi na d, a, za mu tattauna ranar da aka fara karɓa a matsayin wacce yawancinsu dabbobi masu shayarwa suka mutu. Koyaya, mun riga mun sami nasarar gano cewa wasu dabbobi sun daɗe. Me yasa?

Me ya ba da gudummawar tsawon rayuwar wasu nau'ikan mammoth?

Dukkansu suna zaune ne a Tsibirin Wrangel, inda aka samo gawawwakinsu.

Me ya faru game da tsibirin wanda ya ba dabbobi izinin rayuwa tsawon rayuwa?

Zan ambaci wasu 'yan maganganu masu nauyi:

1. Yanayi mai sauƙi - Tsibirin Wrangel yana cikin hanyar da babu iska mai ƙarfi, kuma ba a busa shi kamar sauran sassan ƙasa mai bushara. Wannan yana nuna yanayin rayuwar mammoths ya kasance mai gamsarwa a ciki - sanyi, amma ba iska ba.
2. Ciyayi mai yawa - yana da bambanci sosai a tsibirin. Sai dai itace cewa mammoth na iya cin yalwa.
3. Rashin mutum - Tsibirin Wrangel ba a da mazaunin ɗan Adam, saboda haka a bayyane yake cewa mutum ba zai iya farautar dabbobi mammo a can ba, wanda bai rage yawan jama'a ba.

Amma idan akwai wadataccen abinci, kuma yanayin yanayi ne mai kyau, me yasa mammos bai rayu har zuwa yau ba?

Saboda adadinsu a tsibirin ba su da yawa - aƙalla mutane 300 ne. Tabbas, tsallake-tsallaken nasu yana da kusanci sosai, daga wannan adadin ya zama mafi rauni. Hakanan wataƙila suna iya yin rashin lafiya.

A yaushe ne dabbobi masu mammoth suka mutu?

Misali daga tarihin bincike: shin wataƙila mammoth har yanzu suna raye?

Lokacin da duniya ta sami labarin ganowa a tsibirin Wrangel, ya zama abin gano abin da ya canza tsohuwar labarin. Amma wannan karar ba ita ce kadai ba. Bayan 'yan lokaci kaɗan, a cikin 90s, an samo labarin wanda ya ce a cikin nesa nesa da Siberiyanci mutane sun ga dabba mai kama da mammoth. Tana da dogon gashi, kuma tana da girma girma fiye da giwayen Afirka.

Daga baya, irin waɗannan bayanan suna bayyana sau da yawa a cikin jaridu da rediyo. Amma har yanzu basu sami tabbaci daga masana kimiyya ba. Kodayake basu musun hakan ba sosai a cikin gandun daji na mammoth na Siberia har yanzu ana iya wanzu. Dabbobin daji na iya yin shisshigi tare da nemo jikinsu, wanda a cikin neman abin da ke neman ganima na iya tsage jikin dabbar.

Don haka zamu iya jira ne kawai idan masana kimiyya suka koya gaskiya game da cewa mammoth zai iya rayuwa a zamaninmu. Har yanzu ba a tabbatar da wannan bayanin ba, amma ba a musanta shi ba, saboda tare da babban matakin yiwuwar mammoth zai iya canzawa ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin hanyar sauran dabbobi.

Ina fatan zan sami cikakkiyar amsa tambayar labarin yau lokacin da mammoth ya lalace. Gaskiya, Na dauki tarihi a matsayin kimiyya mai ban sha'awa, kuma ina fata nan gaba zamu iya kara koyo game da rayuwar magabatanmu, wayewar kai da duniyar dabbobi.

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Duk rayuwarta ta rayu a cikin yankuna na arewacin kasar, kuma ba zata taba tunanin cewa mammoth na iya wanzu ba har yanzu. Gaskiya dai, ina da karancin imani game da wannan, amma gaskiyar cewa sun dau tsawon lokaci sun same ni.