Amphibians, ko amphibians (Amphibia) - dabbobi masu jini huɗu masu fizge-jini masu ƙwai waɗanda ƙwai ba su da madafin kare kariya a jikin amfrayo. Kalmar "amphibian" ta fito ne daga Girkanci amphi, ma'ana "duka" da "bios", wanda ke nufin "rai", saboda haka, "rayuwa biyu". Wannan yana nuna gaskiyar cewa yawancin amphibians suna da keɓaɓɓu, suna da matakin ruwa, inda suke ciyar da wani lokacin lokacinsu, har ma da matakin ƙasa. Da yawa, amma ba duka amphibians ba, suna fuskantar canje-canje daga matakin ruwan na ruwa, wanda suke amfani da iskar oxygen daga ruwa da rashin ƙarancin ƙafa, har zuwa ƙafa huɗu, iska mai numfashi, tsofaffin mutane sun dace da rayuwa a duniya. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan halittar 'yan amphibians kusan dubu shida. Misalan sun hada da frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, protea da tsutsotsi.
Bayyanar
Babu banbanci da sauran mutanen ajin. Jikin tsutsotsi mai tsayi guda 3 cm tsayi, launin ruwan kasa a launi, tare da ƙaraɗa abubuwa mara nauyi.
A bangarorin, a bayan bango akwai fitilar haske. Shugaban ba shi da girma, idanu suna zagaye da baki iris. Hannun kafafu suna da kyau, kowannensu yana da yatsun gidan yanar gizo. Rashin wutsiya. Yana cikin asali ne kawai a tayi. Babu hakora.
Rayuwa, abinci mai gina jiki
Ayyukan viviparous amphibians suna tashi cikin matsanancin fari lokacin da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio ya wuce digiri 20. Sun tafi farauta. Abincin ya ƙunshi mollusks, kwari da sauran wuraren motsa jiki.
Jin tsutsotsi ba tare da wata matsala ba. Mata suna cinye, shirya tsawan juna biyu. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya sauka zuwa 12, kwalliyar kwalliya ta zama mai rauni (kamar na watanni na hunturu, daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu), sun fi son ɓoyewa a cikin dutsen ko ɓoye ƙasa.
Suna buƙatar ruwan sama. Maris, Afrilu na watan haila, maza ne na ƙarshe da za su farka. A lokacin rani, ganiya mafi motsi.
Sake buguwa da sake zagayowar ci gaba
Abinda yafi so. Wasannin yan yuwanci suna farawa a watan Agusta. Namiji masu tsinkayewa suna kuka. Wannan lokacin yana ci gaba har zuwa watan Oktoba. Tsawon tsari yana ɗaukar kwana ɗaya. Maza ba sa motsi a lokaci guda, kuma macen tana juyawa daga matsakaice zuwa paw. Bayan hadi, ya fita neman tsari.
Bayan haka, dole ta haifi 'ya' ya watanni 9! Ci gaban yana mai da hankali ne a cikin mahaifar viviparous toad, a cikin ƙananan sassan bangarorin oviducts, cike da ruwa na musamman (furotin, gwaiduwa), wanda ke zama abinci don ƙaramin kwaɗi, da kuma iskar oxygen ta shiga cikin ƙaramin wutsiya mai wadata a cikin jini.
A farkon watan Yuli, akwai adadin haihuwa. Har zuwa 22 crumbs an haife su. Amma bisa ga matsakaita bayanai - waɗannan adadi sun fi daidaito a cikin yanayi 4 - 12. Gaba ɗaya, ɗan Afirika na Afirka yana haifar da zuriya sau 2 a rayuwarsa. An haife su, kamar yadda kuka riga kuka fahimta, ƙananan ƙananan kwayoyi. Matasa 'yan amphibians sun yi aure bayan watanni 15, wato, shekara ta gaba bayan haihuwa.
Abokan gaba
Akwai yawansu. Kusan dukkan dabbobin daji na Nahiyar Afirka suna farautarsu. Adana tsuliyar tsintsiya kawai launinta ne. Har ila yau an san shi cewa wasu daga cikin nectophrinoids suna kama da chameleons.
Wato, suna kan yankin ƙasa gwargwadon launi mai launi. Sun san yadda za su lanƙwasa bayansu da tsegumi, tashi a cikin wani tsawan hali. Amma mafi ingancin makamin gwagwarmaya, hakika, shi ne kame-kame kuma ya kwankwance cikin kasa.
Bayanan Ban sha'awa
- Mutane da yawa suna yin wata tambaya ta banal gaba ɗaya - shin kwazazzabai masu rayuwa? Amsa: Ee, akwai!
- Dukkan yatsun tsintsaye ne.
- Wasu nau'ikan an sanye su da gland mai guba don kariya, babu haɗari ga mutane.
- Lokacin da mace ta kasance a cikin matsayi, ana iya ganin caviar a cikin mahaifarta.
- Matakin tadpole ya tsallake.
- Tarihin da ba daidai ba ne cewa suna cin lokaci mai yawa a cikin ruwa, saboda ba sa son tsalle-tsalle.
Shin kun san hakan.
Yawan adon malam buɗe ido na canzawa koyaushe. Yawan a cikin kakar daya ya fi girma a wani gefen ƙarshen?
Don fadada fadadunka ko rubuta rahoto mai inganci da kasida, muna bayar da shawarar sosai cewa ka karanta abubuwan da ke ƙasa. Mun gamsu cewa bayan karanta waɗannan labaran, zaku koyi abubuwa da yawa na musamman da amfani. Muna muku fatan alkhairi a cikin kungiyarmu ta abokantaka!
Amur ko Ussuri tiger bayanin rahoton bayanin hoton hoton bidiyo
Ya baki baki! Don samun cikakken bayani game da dabbobin daji ko kwari, kuna buƙatar sanin rarrabuwarsu ta kimiyya. Babban tsarin rarraba dabbobi ya hada da:
Muna ba da shawarar ku bi hanyar haɗin da ke ƙasa kuma ku ƙara ilimin ku tare da gaskiyar kimiyya. Na gode da kasancewa tare da mu!
Littafin jan
Tsawon murabba'in mita 100 m. asusun fiye da guda 160. Amintattun 'yan amphibians, watau nau'in Yammacin Turai, an jera su a cikin Littafin Raba marassa lafiya, wanda ke gab da hallakaswa, wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan haihuwarsu. Yanzu an sa su a hankali .
Wasu toads suna da guba ko da tadpoles da caviar! Toad-aga a cikin wannan girmamawa ya wuce duka. Tana rataye ƙwai a cikin igiyoyin mucous masu tsawo a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Suna da sauƙi a rikice tare da kwanciya-kwancen sauran 'yan matan, kuma irin waɗannan kurakuran wani lokaci suna ƙare da mummunar hanya. Gaskiyar ita ce, a Kudancin Amurka sau da yawa, idan ba a sami cajin ca ba / Sturgeon caviar ba, suna ba da ... frog. Kuma akwai lokuta masu guba lokacin da aka dafa miya daga caviar na toad-aga.
Kuma toad da kanta tabbas contraindicated a cikin abinci: Cats da karnuka kokarin yin wannan ya mutu. Daga cikin manyan gland parotid, toad aga squirts guba da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku na mita!
Awad dabbar tsoro kafin abincin dare.
Aha - launin toka-launin ruwan kasa, wani lokacin tare da launin ja ko kore, babban - har zuwa santimita 25. Yana cikin tsaunuka. A cikin Amurka, ba ya girma girma da santimita 18. Range - daga Texas zuwa Patagonia (nau'in jinsin kusa yana nan). A kan filayen, musamman a cikin lambuna da tsiro, har ma a cikin gidaje da biranen, akwai da yawa daga waɗannan toads. Suna son zama a ƙarƙashin fitilun, suna tsare kwari da ke tashi zuwa haske. Waɗannan fitilun titi da yadi suna kama da alama su ne babban jigon kowane yanki na yatsun hannu. Daga wannan wutar fitila zuwa wata, tabbas za su koma ga na su. Da rana za a iya ganin su a cikin ruwan sama. Kuma a cikin daren sanyi ba sa bayyana.
Ee - kawai, gwargwadon abin da aka sani, matattarar ƙarancin wutsiya, wanda metamorphosis baya kawar da al'adun cin ganyayyaki gaba ɗaya. Lura da irin wannan, alal misali, kyawawan halayenta. Yatsun toka suna zama a wani nesa daga kare ko cat a kwance daga kwano. Lokacin da dabbobin gida suka isa kuma suka tafi, toads din ya hau kan kwano da sauri yana tsallake ragowar ragowar.
Dangane da aikin gona, yeah yana daga cikin mafi yawan toads masu amfani. Ya kasance cikin ƙasashe da yawa inda sukari yake girma, saboda yana da wuya a sami mafi kyawun kariya daga kwari na wannan amfanin gona. A Florida, a cikin Jamaica, a Puerto Rico, har ma a cikin tsibirin Solomon da Hawaiian, an daidaita waɗannan toads.
Har zuwa 'yan kwanan nan, an dauki yeah mafi girma a duniya. Amma a cikin 1951, lokacin balaguron shahararren ɗan binciken Sweden, Blomberg, ƙwararren ɗan kolombiya, ko Blomberg toad, an kama shi da girma fiye da suna.
Yawa daban daban suna zaune a Afirka da Kudancin Asiya. Kusan babu abin da aka sani game da yawa. Wasu don ba kwararru ba, gabaɗaya, ba su damu ba. Koyaya, wannan sanarwa ba ta shafi nectophrinoids ...
Toads yanada kanana. Tare da tawul, kimanin 6 santimita. A cikin dazuzzukan daji mai laushi na Tanganyika, zaka iya ganinsu a ƙasa ko a ganye da ciyawa basu da tsayi sama da shi (amma ba a ruwa!). Suna da kofuna waɗanda suka tsotsa a yatsunsu. A cikin ciyawar ciyawa, waɗannan toads suna da launin kore, a cikin ciyawar da aka fizge - launin toka. A wasu wuraren, dangane da launi na muhalli na kusa, suna da launin ruwan hoda, shuɗi mai launin shuɗi ko kusan baƙi. A wata kalma, chameleons!
Duniyar kimiyya ta fara sanin su ne a cikin 1905, lokacin da masanin ilimin dabbobi na kasar Jamus Thornier ya bayyana waɗannan 'yan baiwa masu ban sha'awa. Ga ilimin dabbobi, wannan ya zama abin mamaki. Ba mahimmanci kamar gano coelacanth ba, amma game da rayuwar sabon nau'in itace na Toad, Tornir ya ba da labarin wani abu da ba a sani ba kuma na musamman.
Suna da matukar tasiri! A cikin mata, tsawaita ƙarshen oviducts sun kirkiro da wani nau'in mahaifa. Eggsan takin da aka haɗo dashi anan, to tayi. An haife su da ƙudaje gaba ɗaya kuma a ƙaramin adadi - har zuwa brothersan’uwa 135 maza da mata.
Na biyu halittar wannan halittar, wato mummunar cutar ta Tornier, an bayyana ta a cikin shekarar 1906 daga masanan dabbobi masu binciken dabbobi. Gidajen gida iri ɗaya ne - gandun daji na Tanganyika. Growtharancin girma - har zuwa 3 santimita. Jariri jarirai - har 35.
Nau'in na uku, nau'in toad na yamma, an gano shi ne kawai a 1942 sama da kilomita dubu biyar yamma da na farkon, a Guinea. Adsan yatsu tinyan kanana ne, mai dunƙule. Yankin su kuma ya yi sauki, a duniya baki daya, kuma mai ma'ana: tsawon murabba'in filin murabba'in ciyawa a gindin Dutsen Nimba. Amma a nan cikin lokacin damina, daga Mayu zuwa Agusta, waɗannan toads suna da yawa: har zuwa ɗari biyar a kan murabba'in mita ɗari! Sa theannan ruwan sama yana ƙarewa, yatsun ƙafa kamar waɗanda iska ke hurawa: babu ɗaya a ciki, inda mutane da yawa ke tsallakewa a kowane mataki. Ina kuke ɓoye?
Underasa a ƙarƙashin ƙafafunku ƙaƙƙarfan dutse ce, waɗannan waɗannan yaran za su iya isa can da kansu. Ya bayyana cewa sun ɓoye a cikin ɓarna daban-daban a cikin ƙasa kuma sun zauna kusan watanni tara, suna jiran zafin Afirka ya zube kuma ruwan sama ya sake zubowa.
Kuma kafin su ɓoye, mazan sun yi nasarar haihuwar mace, kuma sun tsinke embryos. Dabbobi masu shayarwa ba su da mahaifa a cikin ƙwayar toad. Abu ne na dabi'a, don haka, a yi tsammanin an ciyar da amfrayo, kamar kifin sharki ko salati na salati: abubuwan gina jiki da aka adana a cikin ƙwai ko amfrayo waɗanda ke tasowa a ƙarshen. Koyaya, bincike ya tabbatar: babu "Kainism." Wani abu da muka rigaya aka sanmu ana aiwatar dashi - wani abu kamar tsutsotsi da yalwa: mahaifar mahaifa na haifar da abin da ake so. Manyan kumbura masu girma sun hadiye shi da girma ... Kuma lokacin da aka haife su (daga jarirai biyu zuwa ashirin), su ne ba sau uku ba tare da mahaifiyar da ta dauke su ba.
"Wata gwagwarmayar rayuwa tana faruwa anan cikin jikin mahaifiyar: yayin da tayi tayi mafi kankanta, mafi karancin girma da haihuwar yatsu. Hakanan zaka iya lura da cewa da yawaitar adadin tayi a cikin ƙaho daban-daban na mahaifa, samari daga ƙaramin yanki ne ana haihuwar su fiye da inda ake da yawa ”((Hans Heuser ).
Toad nectofrinoides sune kadai amintattun wutsiya marasa karfi wadanda aka sani da ilimin kimiyya ya zuwa yanzu.
A kudu maso yamma na USSR, wani wuri a cikin Ukraine, a cikin marshy bushes overgrown tare da bushes, a Willows, a kusa da gandun daji gandun daji a cikin wani duhu hornbeam bazara a cikin bazara da kuma duk lokacin rani har zuwa kaka (har Oktoba!) Wani ya yi ihu "Krak-krak-krak" ! " Shark. A hankali. Kuna iya tunanin cewa tsuntsu wani irin tsakar rana ne. Je zuwa wurin kuka, kusanci a hankali, kusan kusa. Ga kururuwa nan kusa, amma ba a gani. Wani mataki, da alama, zaku iya taɓa mai kururuwa da hannunku ... Nan da nan ya yi shuru, sai ya zama shiru. Ya ɓuya a cikin bushes, ba lurking, amma ba wanda ya fashe, tsoro, ba gudu, ba rustling, ba yin hanyarsa ...
Ko da a yayin rana cikin natsuwa ba tare da wani laushi ba har zuwa daji da kanta ko bishiyar da ka ji “krak-krak-krak”, har yanzu ba zaka ga kowa ba. Amma itaciyar ba tayi kururuwa ba ...
Sautin kukan da yake yi sosai kadan ne, kuma mai launin kore ne, kamar ganye wanda yake zaune a ciki, duk yatsun sa hudu suna manne da kananan kananan kafafu hudu. Yatsin yatsun hannu zagaye ne, yaɗaɗa zuwa fayafai, mai ƙamari daga asirin glandon: ƙimar juyin halitta mai amfani da tsalle-tsalle, ya hau saman kai.
Mai tsananin so! Itace tsintsiya. Mijinta, tare da kumfa mai hurawa makogwaronsa, yayi kururuwa da ƙarfi kuma yana kama da wasu tsuntsayen ganima. Wannan karamin tsintsiniyar namu yana da murya da iko sosai, kuma maƙogwaron resonator na iyar da baƙon abu: wanda aka sami cikakkiyar ƙarfi - tare da itacen tsintsiya kanta!
Itace Itace kore, amma a lokacin bazara ne. Idan dole ne ku rayu a cikin wani yanayi mai launi daban, itacen tsutsa kuma yana canza suturarsa: wani lokacin yana iya juya launin ruwan kasa a cikin fewan mintuna, launin toka, launin rawaya ko kusan baki. Amma abin mamaki ne - kwaroron itace ba koyaushe yayi dace da asalin asalin mazauninsu ba. Kuma a cikin waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin kore, akwai cakulan, launin toka, shuɗi, lilac, fari mai launin fari da tabo.
Sai kawai a cikin bazara, a watan Afrilu - Mayu, kwaɗar bishiya ta yi iyo a ruwa. Anan da kuma kiwo. Daga nan sai su matsa zuwa daji, zuwa bishiyoyi da ciyawa tare da ganye masu fadi. Amma yawanci basa wuce mita ɗari daga ruwa. Ruwa mai tsawo ne kawai zai fitar da su daga nan zuwa wasu mafaka ta karkashin kasa ko kuma komawa cikin ruwa. (Gaskiya ne, wasu maza, saboda wasu dalilai kuma a cikin yanayi mai kyau, suna rayuwa cikin ruwa don yawancin lokacin bazara.)
Da rana, rogan itacen yakan zauna (sau da yawa a rana da kanta!), Idingoye a kan itace ko a kan ganye, rufe idanunsa da latsa ƙafafunsa tam a kanta. Farauta a yamma da dare. Kafin farauta, idan ruwan yana kusa kuma babu ruwan sama, fan itacen yakan gangara ƙasa yayi wanka. Wadannan alwala na yamma suna da yawa musamman a tsakanin itacen bishiyar Rum, mazaunin ƙasashe masu zafi da bushe - Spain da Maroko.
Veryungiyar dabbobi dabam-dabam, wacce ba ta da kwatancen halayen ma'anar mafi yawan gama gari, yan amphibians galibi suna da fata mai laushi. Koyaya, wasu daga cikinsu suna da sikeli mai ruba. Idan aka kamanta su da kifi, amintattu na duniya na lokacin ruwa suna shaƙa a cikin fata da kuma ta huhu, maimakon ta hancin, kuma suna da ƙafafun hannu maimakon ƙeƙusoshin, amma wasu 'yan amphibians ma suna yin amfani da kayan maye.
Samun mazaunan wurare a yawancin sassan duniya, 'yan amphibians suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin daidaitawar yanayi. Suna ba da misalin aiki guda biyu, tunda suna cinye adadin ƙwayoyi da sauran rafuka kuma su kansu ke da manyan dabbobi, wanda ke sa su zama ɓangaren haɗin yanar gizo na abinci. Amphibians suna da mahimmanci a cikin sake zagayowar abubuwan gina jiki kuma kamar yadda za a iya lalata canje-canjen muhalli masu cutarwa.
Har ila yau, Amphibians suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwar ɗan adam. Dukansu a tarihi da kuma a halin yanzu, abubuwan da aka yi daga amphibians sun kasance mahimman tushe ga magunguna. An tabbatar da cewa sun rage yawan cututtukan da kwari ke haddasawa ta hanyar rage adadin su. A cikin addini, 'yan amphibians sun kasance alamomi masu mahimmanci, ko da a cikin shamanism, farkon addinan Masar, ko kuma addinai a cikin Amurkawa ta pre-Columbia.
Tun daga shekarun 1970, yawancin 'yan amphibian sun fara raguwa, tare da yawancin raguwa da aka danganta su da rashin tasirin ɗan adam (abubuwan da ke haifar da mutum). Don dalilai na ɗabi'a da na aiki, mutane suna buƙatar saka hannun jari don kiyaye waɗannan kyawawan dabbobin.
Nazarin amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe an san shi azaman herpetology..
Siffofin Amfibiyya
Yawancin 'yan amphibians suna samar da qwai ba tare da bawo ko membranes (anamn Kwayoyi), wanda ke haɓaka cikin ruwa kuma ya dogara da danshi daga yanayin. 'Yan uwan tsofaffi suna da zuciya mai ruɓi uku (larvae suna da zuciyar bicameral) kuma yawanci huhu biyu. Suna da protrusions biyu a baya na kwanyar (occipital condyles), yayin da masu rarrafe ke da cocin guda daya kacal.
Hoto daga Grim Fandango flickr.com
Kodayake yawancin amphibians basu da karbuwa don zama cikakkiyar tsarin rayuwa, wasu daga cikinsu haƙiƙa ƙasa ne, ko da an haife su ne a ƙasa, wasu na iya buƙatar yanayin zama mara kyau. Wasu daga cikinsu ruwa ne gaba daya. Kasancewa kwayoyin masu sanyin-sanyi, yawancin 'yan amphibians sun shiga wani yanayi mai wahala, wanda aka san shi a cikin mummunan yanayi (lokacin sanyi), kamar rashin ruwa, da lokacin fari (lokacin bazara), kamar tantancewa.
Amfibian rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa
Duk 'yan amphibians suna cikin ajin Amphibia subtype vertebrates (Vertebrata). Duk amintattun amphibians suna nan a cikin ɗaya sikiti na mara armored (Lissamphibia). Akwai umarni uku a cikin ƙaramin fitila:
- Yi oda baƙi marasa amfani (Anura - frogs da toads): 5,602 nau'ikan cikin iyalai 48
- Yi oda tawayen amphibians (Caudata ko Urodela - salamanders, newts, protea, sirens da amphiums): Nau'in 571 a cikin iyalai 10,
- Rukunin hian amphibians marasa lafiya (Gymnophiona ko Apoda - tsutsotsi): Nau'in 190 a cikin iyalai 10.
Roasaru da yatsun yatsu sun bambanta da sauran nau'in amphibian a gaban gabanin wata gabar jiki guda ɗaya. Manya basu da wutsiya. Frogs da toads sune mafi yawa da bambancin amphabians waɗanda aka samo a kusan dukkanin wuraren zama, ciki har da na ciki, ruwa da mahallan ƙasa da kowane yanki, ban da Antarctica. Abubuwa ukun sun yi jerin gwano zuwa saman Arctic Circle. Ilanfilis marasa magana suna da muryoyi masu haɓaka sosai, yayin da sauran umarnin biyu na amurkawa ana iyakance su ta hanyar sauti kamar tari da huhun.
Salamanders, newts, protea, sirens da amphiums membobi ne na umarnin caudate amphibians, bi da bi, dukkan su suna da wutsiyoyi. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, duk nau'ikan 'yan wasan suna da girman raunin hannu, amma amphium yana da ƙananan ƙafafunsa, kuma sirens ba su da ƙusoshin ham da ƙananan gororin gaba ɗaya. Ampan amruya mafi girma a duniya ita ce wutsiyar, ƙaramar Salamander ta China, wacce zata iya kaiwa mita biyu, kuma kusancinta, babban malamin Jafananci, ya girma zuwa mita 1.6. Salamanders sune yankuna da yawa da kuma bambance bambancen wurare masu tsauri.
Tsutsotsi sun yi kama da na tsutsotsi na yau da kullun, basu da ƙarancin yanayi. Shugabannin wadannan 'yan amfanoni sun dace da harkar tonon sililin, kwanyar ta kasance mai mai. Tsutsotsi suma sune kadai amintattun dabbobi masu dauke da sikeli, sun yi kama da sikirin kifi fiye da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Amintattun marasa lafiya suna da keɓaɓɓiyar hankali, sashin jiki wanda yake jujjuyawa tsakanin hanci da ido, wanda yake azaman firikwensin ƙwaƙwalwa. Tsutsotsi suna rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, yawancinsu suna da ƙananan idanu, suna da talauci sananne ga kimiyya kuma yawancinsu ba su da suna. Akwai nau'ikan tsutsotsi kusan 200 da aka sani. Ana samun su ne kawai a yankuna masu zafi da kuma wurare masu rauni na duniya.
Amfibiyyawa sun kai girman daga fewan milimita zuwa salafan da aka ambata na mita biyu. Amphibians sun sami nasarar kowane yanayi a duniya tun daga kwararowar hamada zuwa ƙasashe masu sanyi na Arctic. Ana samunsu a kusan kowace muhalli inda ake samun tsarkakakken ruwa a cikin shekara. Lallai, wasu yatsu suna rayuwa a cikin daji a cikin ɓoye cikin ƙasa waɗanda ke faruwa kawai lokacin lokaci mai ƙarfi, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi.
Hoto yakovlev.alexey flickr.com
Yawancin 'yan amphibians suna buƙatar ruwa mai shayarwa don shayarwa. Yawancin nau'ikan suna amfani da ruwa mai ƙarfin gaske, amma amincin ruwa na aminci. Koma yaya dai, nau'in nau'in kwalayen kwayoyi basa bukatar wani ruwa kwata-kwata. Suna haifuwa ta hanyar haɓaka kai tsaye, daidaitawa, wanda ya basu damar kasancewa mai cikakken ikon ruwa. Kusan duk waɗannan frogs suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzukan kurmi na wurare masu zafi, kuma ƙaramin juzu'i na manya ke ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwaiyensu, gaba ɗaya ƙayyadadden matakin lardin tadpole. Yawancin nau'ikan suna kuma dacewa da yanayin bushewa da kuma yanki mai ƙarfi, amma har yanzu yawancin suna buƙatar ruwa don sa ƙwai. Symbiosis tare da cakulan da aka cakuda guda ɗaya waɗanda suke rayuwa a cikin jel-like Layer na ƙwai yana nan a cikin jinsuna da yawa.
Koda yake, yawancin 'yan amphibians suna wuce ruwa matakin da kasa. Amamniotic (ba tare da harsashi) qwai suna kwance cikin ruwa. Bayan ƙyanƙyashe, larvae amarya suna numfasawa tare da gills na waje. Dayawa sun fara canzawa a hankali su zama cikin manya ta hanyar wani tsari da ake kira metamorphosis. Misali, ciyawar rana (tadpoles) a hankali take sha wutsiyarta kuma ta bunkasa kafafu don tafiya akan doron kasa. Sannan dabbobin sun bar ruwan kuma sun zama manya a duniya.
Duk da yake mafi kyawun ɓangaren amphibian metamorphosis shine samuwar ƙafafu huɗu don tallafawa jiki a kan ƙasa, akwai wasu sauran canje-canje masu yawa: an maye gurbin abubuwan gabobin da wasu gabobin na numfashi, i.e. huhu, fatar jiki ta canza kuma tana haɓaka gland don guje wa bushewa, idanun sun zama ƙyalli da sun daidaita da hangen nesa a waje da ruwa, gurnani ya bayyana yana toshe tsakiyar kunne, zuciya tana zama da gida uku, wutsiya kuwa bace cikin kwaloli da yatsun kafa.
Ofarfin wasu tadpoles don sake tsara sassan jikin da suka ɓace (kamar wutsiya ko ƙafa) yawanci yakan ɓace yayin metamorphosis. Koyaya, yawancin masu ba da umarni suna riƙe ikon rayuwarsu gaba ɗaya don sake tsara nau'ikan kyallen takarda da tsarin, kamar tsokoki, guringuntsi, fata, kashin baya, sassan idanu da jaws.
Duk da yake a cikin jinsin amphibian da yawa, sababbin tsararren ƙwayar ruwa da ake fitarwa a cikin yanayin girma, akwai wasu banbance da yawa don wannan yanayin haɓaka. Yawancin lardin salamander suna kama da na yara da manya, ban da haruffa masu ruwa kamar gami. Wasu 'yan amphibians suna haɓaka ba tare da nau'in lardin ba, tare da samari suna ƙyamar kai tsaye daga kwai. Bugu da kari, dukda cewa yawancin jinsuna da sauri suna canzawa zuwa manya, wasu lardin suna zama mai ruwa a jiki na tsawon watanni, har shekaru, har sai yanayin da ya dace ya tashi. Paleomorphism shine adana halaye na larvae a cikin dabbobin da suka manyanta, kuma wannan halayya ce ga yawancin jinsunan caudate.
Lokacin da wani nau'in biphasic na hali ya dawo ruwa don kiwo, wasu nau'in wutsiya, waɗanda suke ciyar da lokaci mai yawa a cikin ruwa, suna fuskantar metamorphosis na biyu, wanda ke haifar da karbuwa ga rayuwar yanayin ruwa.
Ampubian hunturu
Amphibians kai tsaye sun dogara da canje-canje na yanayi a yanayi. Sabili da haka, tsarin rayuwarsu ya hada da lokaci: farkawar bazara, kiwo (spawning), aikin bazara da hunturu.
A lokacin rani, 'yan amphibians suna jagoranci rayuwa mai aiki, suna tara abubuwan gina jiki. A cikin kaka, tare da rage yawan zafin jiki na yanayi, ayyukansu a hankali yana raguwa, sun zama marasa aiki. Amphibians sun fara shirya don hunturu kuma nemi wuraren da suka dace don wannan. Green frogs hunturu a kan ƙarshen guda tafkunan inda suke a lokacin rani. Yawancin sauran frogs suna hana ruwa biyu a ruwa da kuma ƙasa, kuma sababbi da ke zama a wuraren tafki a lokacin bazara da suke kan filaye. Don hunturu akan ƙasa, amphibians suna zaɓar ramuka cike da ganye, ɓoyayye masu nauyi, ɗakuna, maɓuɓɓuka, rakodin mara nauyi, da sauransu. A kan ƙasa, amphibians na iya wahala kuma har ma sun mutu daga haɗuwa da ƙarancin zafi, kuma a cikin ruwa, inda ƙananan yanayin zafi ba su da haɗari, wani lokacin suna fama da rashin isashshen sunadarin oxygen.
Andimar da kiyayewa ta amphibians
Amphibians suna da mahimmanci ga ilimin muhalli da mutane. Musamman, tsoffin ampan adam suna da yawan cinye kwari, da sauran invertebrates da wasu hanyoyin ɓoye. Amintattun mutane kuma suna ciyar da kwari, algae da zooplankton a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa. A gefe guda, su da kansu sune tushen abinci don kifi, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, dabbobi masu rarrafe da sauran 'yan amphibians. Don haka, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin webs na abinci. Rashin ƙwayoyin amphibians na yau da kullun yana da alaƙa da haɓaka da adadin kwari, kuma ɓacewa na larvae na iya haifar da furewar algal, ƙananan matakan oxygen kuma saboda mutuwar kifi. Ta hanyar sarrafa kwari, amphibians kuma suna taimakawa rage barazanar cututtukan da kwari ke yadawa.
Gubobi na Amfibiyya, waɗanda suka daga kai tsaye zuwa lahani ga masu mutuwa, galibi ba su da illa ga mutane kuma ana amfani da su sosai a magani. Amfibiyya a yau na taimaka mana mu yaƙi cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, fata da ciwon kansa, ɓacin rai, da sauran cututtuka da yawa.
Amfibiyya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adun mutane da addininsu. Bayan amfanin su na tarihi cikin maganin mutane, amurkawa sun kasance wakilta a matsayin mugayen halittu (wataƙila har zuwa wani yanayi daga yanayin rayuwarsu), ko kuma alama ce ta sa'a, haihuwa, da ruwan sama. Shamans, shugabannin ruhaniya a cikin addinin shamanism, sun yi amfani da su azaman alamun addini da ƙirƙirar magungunan hallucinogenic.
A wasu al'adu, gami da farkon Asiya da kuma kafin wayewar jama'ar Amurkawa, toad an ɗauka cewa allahntaka ne, tushen kuma ƙarshen rayuwa. A cikin Misra, ana ba da hoton allahn haihuwa, Heket, tare da shugaban rana, kuma ana sanya abubuwa da alamomin kwaɗi a cikin kaburburan Masar don korar aljanu daga lamuran. A wasu al'adun, frogs da yatsun kafa ba su da wata ma'ana da zata shafi mayu da kuma jikokinsu. A Guatemala, akwai tatsuniyoyi masu ban al'ajabi game da biyan bashin ma'aikata waɗanda ke tashi a kan jikokin jarirai wanda ke haifar da mutuwa kwatsam.
Farawa a shekarun 1970, an fara raguwar raguwar yawan mutanen amphibian, amma kusan kashi daya cikin dari na nau'ikan amphibian ne kawai daga adadinsu suka samu koma baya a duniya. Yawancin dalilan da suka rage rage su ba a cika fahimta sosai ba, kuma a halin yanzu su ne batun bincike na shekaru masu yawa.
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Kuri'a
Yawancin toads na maza da kwaɗi suna jan hankalin jinsunan su da murya, watau croaking, wanda ya bambanta ga jinsuna daban: ɗayan jinsin suna da “trill” na cricket, ɗayan kuma yana da saba "qua-qua" . Kuna iya samun sautin muryar maza a Intanet. Voicearar muryar a cikin ɗakin ruwa na maza ne, kuma a cikin mace muryar tana da nutsuwa sosai ko kuma ba ta nan gaba ɗaya.
Nisantawa
- Bayyanar launi da canza launi.
Maza da yawa daga nau'ikan frogs, alal misali, frogs na wurare masu zafi, a lokacin lokacin canjin ya canza launin su, ya zama baƙi. A cikin maza, sabanin mace, idanu suna da girma, gabobin gabbai suna da haɓaka da kwakwalwa kuma suna faɗaɗa, bi da bi, kuma an kawata goshin tare da abin da ake kira corns corns, waɗanda suke wajibi don mating har wanda ya zaɓa ba zai iya tserewa ba.
Ana iya jan hankalin mata kuma daban-daban motsi . Colostethus trinitatis kawai suna tsalle-tsalle a reshe, kuma Colostethus palmatus ta kasance cikin kyawawan yanayi yayin da suka hango mace a sararin sama, sauran halittun da ke zaune kusa da rijiyoyin ruwa suna iya motsa ƙafafunsu ga mace.
Maza Colostethus collaris suna yin rawa yayin saduwa. Namiji yakan yi wa mace magana kuma ya yi saurin magana da sauri, sannan ya yi rarrafe, hanyoyi da bunƙasa, yayin da yake daskarewa kan kafafunsa na tsaye. Idan mace ba ta gamsu da wasan kwaikwayon ba, sai ta ɗaga kai, tana nuna alamar rawaya mai haske, wannan yana tilasta wa namiji. Idan mace ta fi son rawar namiji, to tana lura da rawar da take da kyau, rarrafe zuwa wurare daban-daban don ganin wasan ta na maza.
Wani lokaci manyan masu sauraro zasu iya tattarawa: da zarar masana kimiyya, masu lura da yanayin Colostethus, suka kirga mata goma sha takwas waɗanda suka kalli maza ɗaya kuma lokaci guda suka koma wani matsayi. Bayan an yi rawa, namiji zai fita a hankali, kuma sau da yawa yakan juyo don tabbatar da cewa matar mai zuciyar ta bi shi.
A cikin katako na zinariya, akasin haka, mace suna yakar maza . Neman namijin da ya yi zari, mace tana ta lankwashe kafafunta a jikinta, ta na sa hular gaban ta, za ta iya shafa kansa a karen maza. Namiji mai ƙarancin ardor yana amsa daidai, amma ba koyaushe ba. Yawancin lokuta an yi rikodin su yayin da wannan nau'in amphibians ke yin faɗa a tsakanin mata da maza don abokin tarayya da suke so.
Tsarin ciki na waje
Mafi yawan lokuta, kwaɗi suna da irin wannan hadi. Malearamin ya miƙe yana riƙe mace a gabansa kuma tana hadi da mace tana sha ƙwai. Namiji ya rungumi mace a cikin matsayin amplexus, wanda akwai zaɓuɓɓuka uku .
- Bayan kafafun gaban mace, namiji yana yin kyauta (fuskoki masu kaifi)
- Namiji ya rungume mace a gaban wata gabar mahaifa (scaphiopus, tafarnuwa)
- Akwai wata kyauta ta mace ta hanyar wuya (kwaro mai guba).
Takin ciki na faruwa a ciki
Gsan kwaɗi masu guba kaɗan (alal misali, Dendrobates granuliferus, Dendrobates auratus) an haɗu da ita ta wata hanya: mace da namiji suna jujjuya kawunan su ta fuskoki daban-daban kuma suna haɗa cesspools. A matsayi guda, hadi yana faruwa a cikin amphibians na nau'in Nectophrynoides, wanda da farko yana ɗaukar ƙwai sannan tadpoles a cikin utero har sai an gama aikin metamorphosis kuma haihuwa gaba daya kafa gaba daya .
Ailedwararrun ƙwayoyin mutum na halittar Ascaphus gaskiya suna da takamaiman ƙwayar halittar don haihuwa.
A lokacin kiwo a cikin maza yawanci takamaiman dabbar ta hanyar kira kira a kan goshin. Tare da taimakon wadannan corns, namiji yakan dogara da jikin mace mai santsi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: alal misali, a cikin wata tawaga ta al'ada (Bufo bufo), namiji yakan hau mace daga nesa daga tafki kuma ya hau kan sa ɗaruruwan mita. Kuma wasu maza za su iya hawa mace bayan an gama tsarin hada kayan, suna jiran mace ta samar da gida kuma sa qwai a ciki .
Idan tsarin ya dace da ruwa a cikin mace, namiji zai iya riƙe ƙwayayen da mace ta tsinke, yana matsa kafafunsa cikin lokaci don yayi ƙwai da ƙwai (duba - Bufo boreas). Sau da yawa sau dayawa, maza zasu iya haxa sama da hawa kan mazajen da ba sa son sa. “Wanda aka cutar” ya sake haifar da takamaiman sauti da rawar jiki, watau kashin baya, kuma zai tilasta ku fita daga jikin ku. Mata ma suna yin hali a ƙarshen lokacin haifuwa, kodayake wani lokacin namiji zai iya barin mace ta je yayin da ta ga cewa ciki ya yi laushi da wofi. Sau da yawa, mace tana rawar jiki ga maza, waɗanda suke da laushi ba za su hau kashewa ba, suna juyawa ga wani gefe da shimfiɗa bsan gwiwowi.
Iri Amplexus
Frogs sa qwai , kamar kifi, saboda caviar (ƙwai) da tayi ba su da saurin cancantar ci gaban ƙasa (anamnia). Daban-daban nau'ikan amphibians suna sa qwai a wurare masu ban mamaki:
Duk tsawon lokacin ɗaukar tadpoles, kuma yana ɗaukar watanni biyu, rana ba ta cin komai, yayin riƙe ayyukan. A wannan lokacin, tana amfani da kawai ajiyar cikin ciki na glycogen da mai, wanda aka adana a cikin hanta. Bayan aiwatar da ɗaukar rana, hanta tana raguwa sau uku a girman kuma babu mai da ya rage a ciki a ƙarƙashin fata.
Bayan sun kwanciya qwai, yawancin mata suna barin abin da suke so, kamar yadda ruwan yake, kuma suna zuwa mazauninsu da suka saba.
Mata yawanci suna kewaye da ƙwai da manyan gelatinous abu . Shellwan ƙwai yana taka rawa sosai, kamar yadda an kare ƙwai daga bushewa, daga lalacewa, kuma mafi mahimmanci - yana kare shi daga cinye daga magabatan.
Bayan kwanciya, bayan wani lokaci, harsashi na qwai ya kumbura kuma ya samar cikin jujjuyawar jujjuyawar ciki, wanda a ciki kwai yake bayyane. Rabin rabin kwai ya yi duhu, rabi kuma ƙananan, a akasin haka, haske ne. Yankin duhu yana ƙaruwa sosai, tunda yana amfani da haskoki na rana sosai. A cikin nau'ikan amphibians da yawa, clumps na caviar suna iyo kan ruwa zuwa tafki, inda ruwan yayi ɗumi sosai.
Temperaturearancin zafin jiki na jinkirta cigaban tayi. Idan yanayi yayi dumi, kwai ya rarraba ya zama da yawa kuma ya cika zuwa amfrayo da yawa. Makonni biyu baya, tadpole ya fito daga qwai - tsutsa rana.
Tadpole da ci gabanta
Bayan barin caviar tadpole ya faɗi cikin ruwa . Bayan kwanaki 5, bayan ya ciyar da wadatar abinci na qwai, zai iya iyo da kuma ci da kansa. Ya kafa baki da jaraba ja. Tadpole yana ciyarwa akan mafi sauƙin algae da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar ruwa.
A wannan lokacin, tadpoles sun riga sun iya gani ga jiki, kai, wutsiya.
Shugaban tadpole babba ne , babu wata gabar jiki, karshen wutsiyar jikin yana wasa da fin, an kuma lura da layin gefen, kuma akwai kofin tsotsa kusa da bakin (ta hanyar shan ruwan za ku iya gano asalin halittar tadpole). Kwana biyu bayan haka, rata a kusa da gefan bakin ta ya cika da wani irin beak na tsuntsu, wanda yake aiki kamar zikiri lokacin da tadpole ya ciyar. Tadpoles suna da alamun buɗe ido. A farkon haɓaka, suna waje, amma a cikin ci gaba ana haɓaka su kuma suna haɗe da gurnet ɗin gill, waɗanda ke cikin pharynx, yayin da suke aiki azaman ginin ciki na yau da kullun. Tadpole yana da zuciya biyu mai hawa biyu da kuma da'ira daya kewaya jini.
Dangane da ilmin jikin mutum, tadpole a farkon bunkasa yana kusa da kifi, kuma tun da ya balaga, ya riga ya yi kama da sifar dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Bayan watanni biyu ko uku, tadpoles din yayi girma sannan yai gaba, sai an fara rage wutsiyar sannan ya fadi kasa. A lokaci guda, huhun ci gaba . Da yake kafa kasa don numfashi a kasa, tadpole zai fara tashi zuwa saman tafki domin ya hadiye iska. Canji da ci gaban sun dogara da yanayin zafi.
Tadpoles da farko ana cin abinci ne da aka shuka iri-iri, amma sannu-sannu sai aci gaba da cin abincin dabbobi. Kwayoyin da aka kirkira na iya zuwa bakin teku idan nau'in ƙasa ne, ko ya zauna a cikin ruwa idan jinsin ruwa ne. Frogs din da suka hau kan tudu suna shekara. Amphibians suna kwanciya ƙwai a cikin ƙasa wani lokacin ci gaba zuwa ci gaba ba tare da aiwatar da metamorphosis ba, shine, ta hanyar haɓaka kai tsaye. Tsarin ci gaba yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni biyu zuwa uku, daga farkon kwanciya ƙwai zuwa ƙarshen ci gaban tadpole zuwa cikakkiyar rana.
Dart frog amphibians nuna halaye masu ban sha'awa. Bayan tadpoles ta ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai, mace a bayanta, daya bayan daya, tana canzawa zuwa saman bishiyoyi a cikin fure fure wanda ruwa ke tarawa bayan ruwan sama. Irin wannan ɗakin peculiar ɗakin yara ne mai kyau inda yara ke ci gaba da haɓaka. Qwai da ba a kera su ba abinci a gare su.
An sami damar haihuwa a cikin cubs kimanin a shekara ta uku ta rayuwa.
Bayan tsarin kiwo kore frogs kasance a cikin ruwa ko zama a bakin wani tafki mai kusa, yayin da launin ruwan kasa ke zuwa ƙasa daga tafki. Halin amphibians an ƙaddara shi da zafi. A cikin yanayin zafi, busasshe, frogs masu launin ruwan kasa ba su da yawa, kamar yadda suke ɓoyewa daga rana. Amma bayan faɗuwar rana, suna da lokacin farauta. Tunda tsutsotsi masu launin kore suna zaune a cikin ruwa ko kusa da ruwa, suma suna farauta da rana.
Da farko na lokacin sanyi, kwastomomin launin ruwan kasa suna motsawa zuwa tafki. Lokacin da zafin jiki na ruwa ya tashi sama da zafin jiki na iska, launin ruwan kasa da kwaroron shuɗi sun nitse zuwa ƙarshen tafki na tsawon lokacin sanyi.
Ivan yatsun Viviparous basu nuna aiki ba daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu, saboda a wannan lokacin babu isasshen danshi. A wannan lokacin, yakan fashe a cikin ƙasa ko a cikin ɓarna na duwatsun.
A ƙarshen Fabrairu, mata sune farkon waɗanda suka zaɓi matsugunansu, sa’annan a watan Maris-Afrilu matasa waɗanda ba su kai ga balaga sun fara nuna aikinsu ba, kuma maza sun bayyana a ƙarshe.
Wannan nau'in shine kawai mai viviparous daga tsarin wutsiya. Haɓaka ƙwai yana faruwa a cikin ƙananan ɓangarorin oviducts na mata.
An isa ya samar da tawul da yawa A jikin kowace mace, tayi na 1-22 tayi, amma galibi yawan su shine 4-12. Amfrayo suna girma godiya ga gwaiduwa da ke cikin kwai. Aikin motsin rai a cikin tayi ne mai yiwuwa wutsiya da aka cika ta da jijiyoyin jini.
Juyar da jarirai suna faruwa ne a farkon watan Yuni kuma zai kasance tsawon wata. Idan lokacin damina ya ci gaba, to kuwa an haife cuban sandar har ma a watan Yuli. Daga Yuli zuwa Agusta, yatsun viviparous suna nuna yawan aiki. A ƙarshen watan Agusta, mata manya sun zama ƙanana, wannan saboda sun yi aure, kuma bayan hadi sun gwammace su ɓoye a cikin mafaka wanda suke zama a cikin tsawon lokacin fari. Tsarin dabbar ta hanyar canjin yana farawa a watan Agusta kuma yana iya ci gaba har zuwa Oktoba. Wasannin aure suna faruwa da rana, amma ana iya jinkirta shi har zuwa dare. Maza yayin wannan aikin ya zama marasa motsi, kuma mace, ba tare da gushewa ba, ƙetare daga wani rago zuwa wani.
A ƙarshen lokacin damina, wanda ke faruwa a watan Satumba-Oktoba, kuma wani lokacin yakan kasance har zuwa Nuwamba, wasu mata masu shekaru uku sun balaga. Suna kuma abota da maza sannan kuma suna ɓoye a mafaka. Maza da yara mata da ba su kai ga balaga ba sun daɗe suna aiki. Wadannan mata sun yi aure tare da maza don kakar mai zuwa lokacin da suke watanni 15. Mafi sau da yawa, mace na viviparous toads kawo zuriya sau 2 a rayuwa. A wannan lokacin, suna haihuwar kimanin 18-20 sabbin mutane.
Takaddun yatsun viviparous sune kawai tsakanin ƙabilun amphibians masu kiwo a haka.
Takaddun yatsun viviparous suna da yawa da yawa wakilai na dabbobi masu viviparous da ke zaune a cikin makiyaya. A watan Mayu, ga kowane mita 100 akwai toads 150-160 viviparous toads. Ana lura da wannan lambar a tsawon mita 1400-1650. A wannan yanayin, matasa matasa sun ninka 2 fiye da na tsofaffi. Irin wannan babban adadin yana riƙe kusan koyaushe, don shekaru 5, ba ya canzawa da yawa. Yawan adadin yatsun viviparous yana raguwa cikin shekarun bushewa sosai, alal misali, ya faru ne a cikin 1946, lokacin da adadinsu ya ragu da kusan sau 2.