Planet Earth ta ƙunshi manyan yadudduka uku: duniya ɓawon burodi, katifa da da tsakiya. Kuna iya kwatanta duniya da kwai. Sannan kwan kwan ya zama abin burushi na duniya, kwai fari shine alkyabbar, kuma gwaiduwa zai zama ainihin.

Ana kiran ɓangaren ɓangaren ƙasa dakudin (an fassara shi daga Girkanci a matsayin "ball ɗin dutse"). Wannan shine babban harsashi na duniya, wanda ya haɗa da ɓoyayyen ƙasa da kuma ɓangaren sama na alkyabbar.

Tsarin ƙasa

Hasasa tana da tsari mai ɗorewa.

An rarrabe manyan layuka uku:

Yayinda kake motsawa cikin zurfi zuwa cikin Earthasa, yawan zafin jiki da matsin lamba suna ƙaruwa. A tsakiyar Duniya shine ainihin, radius dinsa kusan kilomita 3,500 ne, kuma zazzabi ya fi digiri sama da 4,500. Filin cibiyar yana kewaye da shimfidar mayafi; kauri isinsa ya kai kimanin kilomita 2900. Yankin kwandon yana sama da katako, kaurinsa ya sha bamban da nisan kilomita 5 (a karkashin tekun) zuwa 70 km (a karkashin tsaunin). 'Saƙwalwar ƙasa shine mafi wuya harsashi. Abubuwan da alkyabbar ta kasance a cikin wani yanki na musamman na filastik, wannan abun zai iya tafiya a hankali ƙarƙashin matsin lamba.

Hoto 1. Tsarin ciki na Duniya (Source)

Duniya ɓawon burodi

Duniya ɓawon burodi - sashi na sama na lithosphere, matattarar wuya ta duniya.

Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa sun ƙunshi dutse da ma'adanai.

Hoto 2. Tsarin duniya da dunƙule na ƙasa (Source)

Akwai nau'ikan ɓawon burodi iri biyu:

1. Kasa (yana kunshe da sabulun gado, gwal da kuma shimfidar tushe).

2. Oceanic (yana kunshe da shimfidar laka da basaltic).

Hoto 3. Tsarin ɓawon burodin ƙasa (Source)

Nazarin tsarin duniya

Mafi sauƙaƙe don nazarin ɗan adam shine ɓangaren ɓangaren ɓoyayyen ƙasa. Wasu lokuta rijiyoyi masu zurfi ana yin su don su bincika tsarin ciki na ɓoyayyen ƙasa. Mafi zurfin rijiyar - fiye da zurfin kilomita 12. Sun taimaka wajen nazarin ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa da ma'adinan ƙasa. Bugu da kari, ana nazarin tsarin ciki na duniya ta amfani da kayan kida na musamman, hanyoyi, hotuna daga sararin samaniya da kimiyyar: yanayin kasa, ilmin kimiya, seismology.

Aikin gida

1. Menene sassan duniya?

Tunani

Babban

1. Darasi na farko kan labarin ƙasa: Littattafai. don 6 cl. ilimi gaba daya. cibiyoyin / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukova. - 10 na ed., Stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2010 .-- 176 p.

2. Geography. 6 cl.: Atlas. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2011 .-- 32 p.

3. Geography. 6 cl.: Atlas. - bugu na 4., Stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013 .-- 32 p.

4. Geography. 6 cl.: Cont. katunan. - M.: DIK, Bustard, 2012 .-- 16 p.

Encyclopedias, kamus, litattafan tunani da tarin lissafi

1. Geography. Littafin Misali Na Zamani / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman-Latsa, 2006 .-- 624 p.

Littattafai don shiryawa domin Nazarin Ilimin Acadean jihar da aminasa Jarrabawar Unasa

1. labarin kasa: karatun farko. Gwaje-gwaje. Littafin rubutu izni ga ɗaliban 6 cl. - M.: Dan Adam. ed. Cibiyar VLADOS, 2011 .-- 144 p.

2. Gwaje-gwaje. Labarin kasa. Fasali 6-10: Manyan karatu na koyarwa-A.A. Letyagin. - M.: LLC "Agency" KRPA "Olympus": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.

Kayan aiki akan Intanet

1. Cibiyar Nazarin Ilmi ta Tarayya (Source).

2. Geungiyar Geographical ta Rasha (Asali).

4. gabatarwar yara 900 da gabatarwar 20,000 ga yaran makaranta (Source).

Idan kun sami kuskure ko hanyar haɗin da aka karya, da fatan za a sanar da mu - ku ba da gudummawarku ga ci gaban aikin.

Bayanin

Caurarar ƙasa tana kama da tsarin da ɓoyayyiyar yawancin taurari a cikin ƙasa, ban da Mercury. Bugu da kari, wani nau'in ɓawon burodi yana kan wata da tauraron dan adam masu yawan taurari. Haka kuma, Duniya ta kebanta da cewa tana da nau'ikan ɓawon burodi biyu: ƙasa da teku. Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa yana nunawa ta motsawa na yau da kullun: a kwance da kuma oscillatory.

Yawancin ɓawon burodi sun ƙunshi basal. An kiyasta yawan gangar jikin ƙasa yana da ton tan 2.8 210 19 (wanda kashi 21% shine asalin itacen teku da 79% na ƙasa). Girman ɓoyayyen shine kawai 0.473% na adadin ƙasa.

Asan ɓawon burodi itace shimfiɗa, wacce ke bambanta cikin kayan da kayan na mutum - ya fi ƙazanta, ya ƙunshi abubuwa na maɓallan abubuwa. Iyakar Mokhorovichich tana raba ɓawon burodi da alkyabba, a sa'ilin da akwai karuwa mai yawa a cikin guguwar teku.

Abun da yakamata a cikin ƙasa

Babban babba harsashi na duniya - Duniyar dunƙule - da ƙasan ƙasa ko ƙasan tekun. Hakanan yana da iyakokin juzu'i, wanda yanki ne Moho. Iyakokin an kwatanta shi da gaskiyar cewa a nan ne saurin raƙuman ruwa na ƙaruwa ke ƙaruwa sosai. Shigar da shi a $ 1909 $, masanin kimiyar Croatian A. Mohorovich ($1857$-$1936$).

Duniya ta ɓawon burodi sedimentary, sihiri da metamorphic duwatsu, kuma a cikin abun da ke ciki ya fice waje uku yadudduka. Rocks of sedimentary asalin, da lalata kayan abin da redeposited cikin ƙananan yadudduka da kuma kafa zazzabi Dunkin duniyan, ya rufe dukkan duniyar tamu. A wasu wuraren yana da bakin ciki sosai kuma ana iya katse shi. A wasu wurare, ya kai ga ikon kilomita da dama. Abubuwan da aka ajiye a ciki sune yumbu, da dutsen dutse, alli, sandstone, da sauransu. An kafa su ne ta hanyar sanya abubuwa cikin ruwa da kuma tudu, kuma galibi suna kwance cikin yadudduka. Ta hanyar daskararre kankara zaka iya koya game da yanayin halitta da ya wanzu a sararin duniya, don haka masana kimiyyar ƙasa ke kiransu shafukan tarihin Duniya. An rarraba duwatsun da kansu organogenicwadanda aka samo ta tarin ragowar dabbobi da tsirrai da inorganic, wanda biyun an kasu kashi biyu m da chemogenic.

An gama aiki a kan wani abu makamancin wannan

Tarkace kankara samfuran yanayi ne, kuma chemogenic - sakamakon sanya abubuwan da ke narkar da su a cikin ruwan tekuna da tabkuna.

Dutse mai rikicewa dutse Layer daga cikin ɓawon burodi na ƙasa. Wadannan duwatsun da aka kafa sakamakon karuwar magma mai kauri. A nahiyoyin, kazarar wannan layin shine $ 15 $ - $ 20 $ $, gaba ɗaya ba ya nan ko an rage shi sosai a ƙarƙashin teku.

Abubuwan Igneous amma matalauta a cikin silica sun haɗa basalt Layer da ciwon babban takamaiman nauyi. Wannan tsiren yana da haɓaka sosai a gindin dunƙulewar ƙasa na duk yankuna na sararin samaniya.

Tsarin daidaituwa da kauri na ɓoyayyen ƙasa sun bambanta, sabili da haka, ana rarrabe nau'ikan nau'ikan ta. Ta hanyar rarrabuwa mai sauki, akwai teku da babban birni Duniya ta ɓawon burodi.

Kudancin ɓawon burodi

Tsarin ƙasa ko na ƙasa ya bambanta da itacen ɓawon teku kauri da na’ura. Tsarin ɓarnar na isasan yana ƙarƙashin underasashe, amma gefenta bai zo daidai da gabar tekun ba. Daga yanayin nazarin kimiyar kasa, ainihin nahiyar shine gaba daya yanki na amintaccen sashin nahiyar. Sannan ya juya ga cewa ƙasashen na areasan duniya sun fi na entsasashen duniya ƙasa. Ana kiran yankuna na bakin teku na nahiyoyi daga bakin teku - Waɗannan ɓangarorin nahiyoyin na ɗan lokaci ne ruwa ya mamaye shi. Tekuna kamar White, Siberian ta Gabas, da Azov suna a kan shelifin nahiyar.

Uku yadudduka sun fito waje a cikin murhun duniya:

• A saman Layer ne sedimentary,
• Tsarin tsakiya shine granite,
• Layerarshen sashin ƙasa shine basalt.

A ƙarƙashin ƙananan tsaunuka, wannan nau'in ɓawon burodi yana da kauri na $ $ $ $ 75, a ƙarƙashin filayen - har zuwa $ $ $ $ 45, kuma a ƙarƙashin tsibirin tsibiri - har zuwa $ 25 $ km. A saman barkewar rufin na mahallin keɓaɓɓun ya kera ne ta hanyar ɗakunan ajiya na yumɓu da carbonates na ƙananan layin ruwa da ƙananan sassan ɓoyayyiyar a cikin ɓangarorin teburin, har ma a kan iyakar ƙasashe na tekun Atlantika.

Magma wanda ya mamaye fasa duniyar ɓawon burodi Layer dutse wanda ya ƙunshi silica, aluminum da sauran ma'adanai. Kauri daga cikin babbar karar zai iya kaiwa $ 25 $ km. Wannan layin yana da tsufa kuma yana da shekaru masu yawa - $ $ dala biliyan 3. Tsakanin babbar hanyar granite da basalt, a zurfin har zuwa $ 20 $ km, ana iya gano iyaka. Conrad. An nuna shi ta gaskiyar cewa yanayin yaduwar haɓakawar igiyar ruwa yana ƙaruwa anan, ta $ $ $ km / s.

Halita basalt Mafita ya faru ne sakamakon fashewar basaltic lavas a cikin sassan magmatism na intraplate zuwa saman farfajiyar ƙasa. Basalts sun ƙunshi ƙarin baƙin ƙarfe, magnesium da alli, saboda haka sun fi nauyi nauyi. A cikin wannan shimfiɗar faɗin, yaduwar haɓakar raƙuman ruwa na fari yana zuwa $ 6.5 $ - $ 7.3 $ km / s. Inda iyakar ta zama mara nauyi, guduwar raƙuman ruwa na nesa suna ƙaruwa a hankali.

Jimlar adadin kwastomomin duniya daga duniyan duniya kawai $ 0.473 $%.

Ofaya daga cikin ayyukan farko da ke hade da tantance abubuwan da ke ciki babba na ƙasa haushi, ilimin kimiyyar matasa ya gudanar don warwarewa ilimin halittar dabbobi. Tun da haushi ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa, wannan aikin yana da wahala. Ko da a cikin jikin ƙasa ɗaya, abun da ke tattare da kankara na iya bambanta sosai, kuma za'a iya rarraba nau'ikan duwatsu daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban. Dangane da wannan, ɗayan aikin shine domin tantance janar matsakaici abun da ke ciki wannan bangare na duniya, wanda akan nahiyoyin ke zuwa saman. Wannan ƙimar farko na abin da ke cikin babban ɓawon burodi na sama ya yi Clark. Ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Amurka kuma yana da hannu a cikin binciken kemikal na kankara. A cikin shekaru masu yawa na aikin bincike, ya sami damar taƙaita sakamakon da ƙididdigar matsakaitan abubuwan dutsen, wanda yake kusa. don kyauta. Aiki Clark fuskantar matsananci zargi kuma yana da abokan adawar.

An yi ƙoƙari na biyu don ƙayyade matsakaicin abun da keɓaɓɓen ƙasa V. Goldschmidt. Ya ba da shawarar yin motsi tare da abin da keɓaɓɓe na ƙasa glacier, na iya murɗa duwatsun da haɓaka duwatsun da suka farfaɗa, wanda za'a ajiyeshi yayin lalataccen yanayin ƙasa. Daga nan za su yi tunanin abin da ke cikin tsakiyar ɓoyayyen zuriya. Bayan nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin laka na kaset, wanda a lokacin glaciation na karshe aka ajiye shi Tekun Balticya sami sakamako kusa da sakamakon Clark. Hanyoyi daban-daban sun ba da ma'auni iri ɗaya. An tabbatar da hanyoyin Geochemical. An magance waɗannan batutuwan, kuma an amince da kimantawa sosai. Vinogradov, Yaroshevsky, Ronov da sauransu.

Oceanic ɓawon burodi

Oceanic ɓawon burodi Wajen da zurfin teku ya fi $ 4 $ $, wanda ke nufin bai mamaye duk sararin tekun ba. Sauran yankin an rufe shi da haushi. nau'in matsakaici. Ba'a shirya ɓarin teku kamar na ɓacin duniya ba, kodayake an rarraba shi zuwa yadudduka. Kusan kusan babu shi Layer dutsekuma labulen jiki yana da bakin ciki sosai kuma yana da damar ƙasa da $ 1 $ km. Na biyu Layer har yanzu ba a sani basaboda haka ake kiransa da sauki kashi na biyu. Lowerasa, Layer na uku - basalt. Yankunan basaltic na nahiya da na bakin teku iri iri ne cikin sauri zuwa raƙuman ruwa na girgizar ƙasa. Ruwan basaltic a cikin ɓawon teku. Dangane da ka'idodin tectonics na farantin, ɓarnatar da ruwa kullun ana kasancewa cikin kullun tsakiyar tsakiyar teku, sannan ya rabu da su a cikin yankuna subashi tunawa a cikin alkyabbar. Wannan yana nuna cewa ɓoyayyen teku shine in mun gwada da shi matasa. Mafi yawan yankuna yanki shine halayyar Pacificinda manyan rafukan teku ke haɗuwa da su.

Subduction - wannan shine ƙasƙantar da dutsen daga gefen farantin tectonic zuwa cikin matattarar tsaunin dutse.

A cikin yanayin yayin farantin farantin farantin na ƙasa ne, kuma tushe - teku ne teku troughs.
Kafinta a cikin yankuna daban-daban sun bambanta daga $ 5 $ - $ 7 $ km. A tsawon lokaci, kauri daga ɓoyayyen itacen ɓoye har yanzu bai canza ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan narkewar da aka yi daga katako a cikin tsakiyar tekuna da kuma kauri daga cikin lamuran a ƙasan tekuna da tekuna.

Sediment Layer Jirgin ruwan teku yana ƙanana kaɗan kuma da wuya ya wuce kauri daga $ 0.5 $ km. Ya ƙunshi yashi, adon dabbobi da ragowar ma'adinai. Ba a samun duwatsun dutsen da ke ƙasa a cikin zurfin zurfafa, kuma a zurfin sama da $ 4.5 $ km, duwatsun carbonate suna maye gurbin jajayen zurfin teku da silsilar siliki.

Tholeiitic basaltic lavas an kafa shi a cikin sashin na sama farin basalt, kuma kasan qarya ne dyke hadaddun.

Dykes Shin tashoshi ne ke gudana daga abin da babban lalo na ruwa yake gudana zuwa farfajiya

Tsarin basaltic a cikin yankuna subashi ya juya zuwa bokayecewa shiga cikin zurfin saboda suna da mafi girma yawa na kewaye filayen dutse. Yawansu kusan $ 7 $% ne na duk girman duniyar. A tsakanin babban faifai, gangarawar raƙuman ruwa na $ 6.5 $ - $ 7 $ km / s.

Shekarun matsakaiciyar gangar jikin teku shine $ $ $ $ miliyan $ 100, yayin da tsoffin sassanta sune $ 156 $ miliyan shekaru kuma suna cikin talauci Pajafeta a Tekun Pacific. Ruwan ɓoyayyen teku ya ƙunshi ba kawai a cikin gado na Tekun Duniya ba, zai iya kasancewa a cikin kwantena masu rufewa, alal misali, ɓacin ran arewa na Tekun Caspian. Nahiyar Oceanic dunƙule ƙasa yana da yanki mai kusan $ $ $ $ $ $ 66 m.

Tsarin ɓawon burodin ƙasa

Hardaƙƙarfan Earthasa yana da nau'ikan biyu: tekun teku (wanda ke ƙarƙashin teku) da na ƙasa. Oceanic ɓawon burodi bakin ciki da yawa, sabili da haka, duk da gaskiyar cewa ta mamaye babban yanki, adadinta ya ninka sau 4 nahiyar ɓawon burodi. Wannan yanayin duniyar yana kunshe da manyan basal. Musamman idan yazo ga wannan sashin na shi wanda ke ƙarƙashin tekun. Amma tsarin abin da ke tattare da nahiyar shine mafi rikitarwa, saboda ya ƙunshi yawancin yadudduka 3: basalt, granite (ya ƙunshi giram da gneisses) da sedimentary (duwatsun ƙwayoyi daban-daban). Ta hanyar, ana iya kasancewa a cikin ɓawon burodi a cikin ɓoyayyen teku, amma kasancewar sa akwai ƙaranci.
Ya kamata a fahimci cewa tsarin ɓoyayyen ƙasa gaba ɗayanta yayi kama da wannan, amma akwai yankuna waɗanda keɓaɓɓen farin basalt ya fito, ko kuma, musaya, sashin basalt ɗin ba ya nan, kuma ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ne kawai yake wakilta.

Yadda ake nazarin tsarin duniyar da sauran duniyoyi?

Nazarin tsarin taurari na ciki, gami da Duniyar mu, aiki ne mai wahalar gaske. Ba za mu iya “duguɗa” da ɓoyayyen ƙasa zuwa ainihin duniyar duniyar ba, saboda haka duk ilimin da muka samu a wannan lokacin shine ilimin da aka samu “ta taɓawa”, kuma a hanya ta zahiri.

Yadda binciken seismic yake aiki akan misalin binciken mai. Muna "kira" ƙasa kuma "saurare", wanda zai kawo mana alamar da aka nuna

Gaskiyar ita ce hanya mafi sauki kuma tabbatacciya don gano abin da ke ƙarƙashin duniyar duniyan kuma yana daga cikin abin da ta dogara da shi shine nazarin yanayin yaduwa. girgizar kasa a cikin baka na duniya.

An sani cewa gudu na tsaye raƙuman ruwa na girgiza yana ƙaruwa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na denser kuma, akasin haka, yana raguwa a cikin ƙasa mai kwance. Dangane da haka, sanin sigogin nau'ikan dutsen da kuma yin lissafin bayanai kan matsin lamba, da sauransu, "sauraro" don amsar da muka samu, zamu iya fahimtar wane sashin dunkulalliyar ƙasa siginar girgizar ƙasa ta wuce da kuma zurfin da suke ƙasa da ƙasa.

Nazarin tsarin ɓoyayyen ƙasa ta amfani da raƙuman ruwa

Tsarin girgizar kasa na haifar da abubuwa biyu: na halitta da wucin gadi. Tushen tushen oscillations sune girgizar asa, raƙuman ruwa waɗanda suke ɗaukar ingantaccen bayani game da yawaitar duwatsun da suke shiga ta.

Arsenal na wucin gadi oscillation yafi yawa, amma da farko wucin gadi oscillations ana lalacewa ta hanyar fashewar yau da kullun, amma akwai wasu "hanyoyin" hanyoyin aiki - janarorin bugun jini, janareto abubuwa, da sauransu.

Nazarin madawwamin ruwa da kuma girgizar kasa binciken ƙasa - ofaya daga cikin mahimman rassan kimiyyar ƙasa.

Me bincike game da raƙuman ruwa na girgizar ƙasa a cikin duniya ya bayar? Binciken rarraba su ya bayyana tsalle-tsalle da yawa a cikin canjin cikin sauri yayin wucewa ta hanyar duniyan.

Motsi ɓoyayyen ƙasa

Ɓawon burodi yana motsawa koyaushe. Preari daidai, faranti tectonic, waɗanda suke sassan ɓawon burodi, suna motsawa. Amma mu, ba shakka, ba za mu iya jin wannan ba, tunda saurin motsin su ƙanana ne. Amma, duk da haka, mahimmancin wannan tsari ga saman duniya yana da matukar mahimmanci, saboda yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwanda ke tasiri yanayin duniyar. Don haka, inda slabs ta haɗu, tuddai, tsaunika, wani lokacin kuma sarƙoƙi na tsaunukan dutse ke tashi. Kuma a waɗancan wuraren faranti sun ɓoye, baƙin ciki ke fitowa.

Girgizar asa
Girgizar ƙasa babbar matsala ce ga ɗan adam, saboda a wasu lokatai suna lalata hanyoyi, gine-gine, da cin rayukan dubunnan mutane.

Asalin duniyar
A tsakiyar duniyarmu shine asalin. Tana da yawan gaske da kuma yawan zafin jiki wanda yake daidai da yanayin zafin rana.

Mantle

A ƙarƙashin ɓataccen ɓoyayyen ƙasa wani mayafi ne (“mayafi, alkyabbar”). Wannan Layer yana da kauri mai zurfin kusan kilomita 2900. Yana da nauyin kashi 83% na yawan duniyarmu kuma kusan kashi 70% na yawan. Jirgin ya ƙunshi kayan ma'adanai masu nauyi waɗanda ke da ƙarfe da magnesium. Wannan Layer yana da zazzabi sama da 2000 ° C. Koyaya, mafi yawan kayan kwalliyar na rike da tsayayyen yanayi ne sakamakon matsanancin matsin lamba. A zurfin na 50 zuwa 200 km akwai wayar hannu saman sutturar alkyabbar. Ana kiranta asthenosphere ("rashin ƙarfi"). Asthenosphere filastik filastik ne, saboda shi ne tashin wuta ya fashe da kuma adana kayan ma'adinai. Lokacin farin ciki na tsaunin sararin samaniya ya kai daga kilomita 100 zuwa 250. Duk wani abu da yake shiga daga jikin tauraron sama zuwa cikin murfin duniya, wani lokacin kuma yana zubowa saman danshi ana kiran shi magma (“danshi, lokacin shafawa mai kauri”). Lokacin da magma ta daskare a saman duniya, sai ta zama lawa.

A ƙarƙashin alkyabbar, kamar dai a ƙarƙashin mayafi, shine ainihin ƙasa. Tana da nisan mil 2900 daga saman duniya. Asalin yana da siffar ƙwallo tare da radius ɗin kimanin kilomita 3,500. Tunda har yanzu mutane ba su kai ga matakin duniyar ba, masana kimiyya sun yi kwalliya game da abin da ya ƙunsa. Mai yiwuwa, zuciyar ta ƙunshi baƙin ƙarfe hade da sauran abubuwan. Wannan shine mafi girman yanki kuma mafi tsananin girgizar kasa. Yana da nauyin 15% na theasa da kusan 35% na taro.

An yi imani da cewa zuciyar ta ƙunshi yadudduka biyu - ingantaccen motsi na ciki (tare da radius na kusan 1300 km) da kuma wani ruwa na waje (kimanin kilomita 2200). Zuciyar ciki tana kama da iyo ruwa a ciki na waje. Saboda wannan motsi mai kyau da ke kewaye da duniya, an samar da filin maganaɗisu (yana kare duniya daga radadin girgiza mai haɗari, kuma allurar komfuttas ta amsa masa). Babban shine mafi kyawun tsarin duniyarmu. An daɗe yana gaskata cewa zafinsa ya kai, da alama, 4000-5000 ° C. Koyaya, a cikin 2013, masana kimiyya sun gudanar da gwajin gwaje-gwaje a cikin abin da suka yanke shawarar narkewar ƙarfe, wanda shine ɗayan sashin ƙasa na ciki. Don haka ya juya ya nuna cewa zazzabi tsakanin mayallin ciki da na matashin ruwa na waje daidai yake da yanayin zafin rana, watau kusan 6000 ° C.

Tsarin duniyarmu yana ɗayan sirrin mutane da yawa waɗanda ba a warware su. Mafi yawan bayanan da aka samu game da shi an samo su ta hanyar kai tsaye; ba wani masanin kimiyya da ya yi kokarin samun samfuran asalin duniya. Binciken tsari da kuma yanayin Duniya har yanzu yana cike da matsaloli marasa wahala, amma masu bincike ba su daina ba kuma suna neman sabbin hanyoyin da zasu sami ingantaccen bayani game da duniyar duniyar.

Jagorori

Lokacin da suke nazarin taken "Tsarin ciki na Duniya", ɗalibai na iya samun wahalar tunawa da sunaye da kuma jerin abubuwan duniya. Sunayen Latin za su kasance da sauƙin tunawa idan yara suka kirkiro da nasu tsarin Duniya. Kuna iya gayyatar ɗalibai don yin samfurin duniya daga filastik ko kuma fada game da tsarinta ta hanyar 'ya'yan itãcen marmari (kwasfa - ɓawon burodi, ɓangaren itace, ƙashi - ainihin) da abubuwa waɗanda suke da tsari iri ɗaya. Karatun littafin kasa zai taimaka a darasin. Fasali na 5-6 na O.A. Klimanova, inda zaku sami misalai masu launuka da cikakken bayani kan batun.

Oceanic ɓawon burodi

Jirgin ruwan ɓoyayyen teku ya ƙunshi galibi. Dangane da ka'idar tectonics farantin, ana ci gaba da yin sa a cikin tsakiyar tekuna, rarrabuwar daga gare su kuma yana shiga cikin lamuran a cikin sassan yanki. Saboda haka, itacen ɓoɓure na ɗan ƙaramin ƙarami ne, kuma tsoffin shafukan tarihinsu suna zuwa ƙarshen marigayi Jurassic.

Thicknessaƙƙarfan abin ɓawon ɓoyayyen teku ba koyaushe yake canzawa tare da lokaci, tunda mafi yawanci an ƙaddara shi da adadin narkewar da aka yi daga kayan da ke cikin yanki na tsakiyar tsakiyar tekuna. Zuwa wani lokacin, kauri daga cikin lamuran a kasan teku yana da tasiri. A cikin yankuna daban-daban na yanki, kauri daga cikin kwandon teku ya bambanta tsakanin kilomita 5-10 (kilomita 9-12 tare da ruwa).

A zaman wani bangare na tsintsiyar kasa ta hanyar magunan inji, kifin teku ya zama mallakar lithosphere na teku. Kauri daga cikin lithosphere na teku, ba kamar ɓawon burodi ba, ya dogara da shekaru. A cikin bangarorin tsakiyar tuddai, tsibirin asthenosphere yana kusa da farfaɗo, kuma lithosphere Layer kusan ba ya nan. Yayinda kuke ƙaura daga bangarorin tsakiyar tekuna, lokacin farin ciki na lithosphere ya fara girma gwargwadon shekarun sa, to ƙimar girma tayi raguwa. A cikin yankuna yankuna, kauri daga bakin lithosphere na teku ya kai matsakaicin darajar sa, wanda ya kai nisan kilomita 130-140.

Kudancin ɓawon burodi

Tsarin duniya (na yanki) yana da tsari mai fuka-fukai uku. Zauren wakilcin babba shine murfin discontinuous na duwatsun iska, wanda aka yadu dashi sosai, amma da wuya yana da kauri mai kauri. Mafi yawa daga ɓawon burodi ana ɗaukarsa a ƙarƙashin ɓawon burodi na sama - wani yanki wanda ya ƙunshi galibin giram da gneisses, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin girma da tarihin d. A. Bincike ya nuna cewa yawancin waɗannan duwatsun sun kafa wani zamani mai tsawo ne, misalin shekaru biliyan 3 da suka gabata. Da ke ƙasa akwai ƙananan ɓawon burodi, wanda ya ƙunshi dutsen metamorphic - granulites da makamantansu.

A abun da ke ciki na nahiyar ɓawon burodi

Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa ƙaramin adadin abubuwa ne. Kimanin rabin adadin gangar jikin ƙasa shine oxygen, fiye da 25% shine silicon. Abubuwan guda 18 ne kawai: O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, H, Ti, C, Cl, P, S, N, Mn, F, Ba - suna sama da kashi 99.8% na dunkulen duniya (cm .table a kasa).

Dayyade abubuwan da ke cikin babban nahiya na farko shi ne ɗayan ayyukan farko da ɗalibin kimiyyar ilimin kimiyyar ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa ke gudanarwa don warwarewa. A zahiri, daga yunƙurin magance wannan matsala, ilimin ilimin kimiyar ƙasa ya bayyana. Wannan aiki yana da wuya, tunda jinginar da ke cikin ƙasa ya ƙunshi duwatsu da yawa na ɗakoki daban-daban. Ko da a cikin jikin wannan yanki iri ɗaya, abubuwan da kankara na iya bambanta ƙwarai. A yankuna daban-daban, za'a iya rarraba nau'ikan duwatsu daban-daban. Gabanin wannan, matsalar ta samo asali ne daga matsakaiciyar sashi na abin da ke kunshe a cikin duniya wanda yake zuwa saman halittu. A gefe guda, nan da nan tambaya ta tashi game da abin da ke cikin wannan kalmar.

Farkon tantancewa na abin da ke cikin babban ɓoyayyen itace ta Frank Clark ce. Clark ya kasance memba na Binciken Yankin Amurka na Amurka kuma yana da hannu a cikin binciken kemikal na kankara. Bayan shekaru masu yawa na aikin nazari, sai ya taƙaita sakamakon binciken kuma ya kirkiri matsakaicin abubuwan da ke tattare da duwatsun. Ya ba da shawara cewa dubun dubbai na samfurori, waɗanda aka zaɓa ba da gangan ba, suna nuna matsakaicin abin da keɓaɓɓe na duniya (duba Clarks na Abubuwa). Wannan aikin Clark ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin jama'ar kimiyya. An soki ta ba kakkautawa, kamar yadda masu bincike da yawa suka kwatanta wannan hanyar don samun "matsakaicin zazzabi a asibiti, gami da cutar sankara." Sauran masu binciken sunyi imanin cewa wannan hanyar ta dace da irin wannan abu mai kama da ɓoyayyen ƙasa. Ciki na Clark wanda keɓaɓɓen ƙasa ya kasance kusa da dutse.

Viktor Goldschmidt ya yi yunƙuri na gaba don tantance matsakaicin abin da ke cikin duniya. Yayi zato cewa glacier yana motsawa tare da duwatsun daurin duniyar yana kashe dukkan dutsen da ya fado a saman, ya hade su. A sakamakon haka, dutsen da aka adana sakamakon lalataccen yanki yana nuni ga abin da ke tsakiyar tsakiyar yankin. Goldschmidt ya binciki abubuwan da ke tattare da kintinkiri wanda aka ajiye a cikin Tekun Baltic a lokacin glaciation na karshe. Abubuwan da suka kirkira sunyi matukar kusa da matsakaicin abun da Clark ya samu. Sakamakon kimantawar da aka samu ta hanyoyi daban-daban ya zama babbar tabbaci game da hanyoyin kimiyyar halittu.

Bayan haka, masu bincike da yawa sun shiga cikin tantance abubuwan da ke tattare da asalin duniyar. Imididdigar Vinogradov, Vedepol, Ronov da Yaroshevsky sun sami karimcin kimiyya.

Wasu sababbin yunƙurin ƙaddara abubuwan da ke tattare da ɓoyayyen na ƙasa suna dogara ne akan rarrabuwa zuwa ɓangarorin da aka kirkira a cikin tsarin sauro daban-daban.

Iyaka tsakanin babba da ƙananan ɓawon burodi

Ana amfani da hanyoyin ilimin na ƙasa da na ƙasa don yin nazarin tsarin ɓoyayyen ƙasa, amma ana iya samun bayanai na kai tsaye daga hako mai zurfi. Lokacin gudanar da hako mai zurfi na kimiyya, ana yin tambayar sau da yawa game da yanayin iyaka tsakanin babba (dutse) da ƙananan (basalt) ɓoyayyen na ƙasa. Don yin nazarin wannan batun, rijiyar Saatli ta ƙare a cikin USSR. A cikin harkar hako bututun, an lura da asirin rayuka, wanda aka danganta da ginin tushen. Amma hakar ruwa ta nuna cewa akwai tarko a cikin rijiyar. A lokacin da yake hako rijiyoyin Kola, kuma ba a kai iyakar Konrad ba. A cikin 2005, 'yan jaridu sun tattauna game da yiwuwar shiga iyakar Mokhorovichich kuma zuwa cikin sutturar sama ta amfani da capsules mai cin gashin kansa wanda zafin wuta ya lalata radionuclides.

Asalin duniya

A kasan katifik din, akwai raguwa sosai a cikin yaduwar haɓakar raƙuman ruwa mai tsayi daga 13.9 zuwa 7.6 km / s. A wannan matakin yana iyaka tsakanin alkyabbar ainihin duniya, mai zurfi wanda igiyar ruwa na girgizar ƙasa ba ta iya yaduwa ba.

Radius na zuciyar ya kai kilomita 3500, girmansa: 16% na girman duniyar, da kuma taro: 31% na adadin Duniya.

Yawancin masana kimiyya sunyi imani da cewa asalin yana cikin rukunin zinare. Sashin waje na shi ana yin shi ta hanyar rage girman madaidaiciyar murabba'i; a sashin ciki (radius na 1200 km), yanayin sake fasalin girgizar kasa ya sake komawa zuwa kilomita 11 / s. Yawan yawa daga cikin manyan duwatsun shine 11 g / cm 3, kuma yana faruwa ne sakamakon kasancewar abubuwa masu nauyi. Iron yana iya zama irin wannan abu mai nauyi. Mai yiwuwa, ƙarfe sashin haɗaɗɗiyar fata ne, tunda maƙasudin baƙin ƙarfe ko baƙin ƙarfe-nickel yakamata ya kasance yalwatacce 8-15% sama da ƙarfin da ake da shi yanzu. Saboda haka, iskar oxygen, sulfur, carbon, da hydrogen suna da alama an haɗa su da ƙarfe a cikin ainihin.

Hanyar Geochemical don nazarin tsarin taurari

Akwai kuma wata hanyar nazarin zurfin duniyoyi na duniyoyi - Hanyar ilimin yanayin ƙasa. Rarraba tsarurruka daban-daban na duniya da sauran duniyoyi na rukunin kasa bisa ga sigogi na zahiri ya sami cikakkiyar tabbaci game da yanayin ilimin halittu, gwargwadon tsarin halittar nuclei da gabobin jikinsu shine asalinsu daban kuma ya danganta da farkon farkon ci gaban su.

A sakamakon wannan tsari, abu mafi nauyi (baƙin ƙarfe baƙin ƙarfe) aka gyara, kuma a cikin gabobin waje - murɗa silicate (mai launi) wadatarwa a cikin babban alkyabbar tare da abubuwa masu canzawa da ruwa.

Muhimmin fasali na duniyoyin kasa (Mercury, Venus, Duniya, Mars) shine harsashi na waje, wanda ake kira haushi, ya ƙunshi nau'ikan abubuwa guda biyu: "babban yankin ƙasa"- feldspar da"teku"- basaltic.

Tsarin duniya na Duniya

Continasashen duniya (na yanki) na Earthasa yana ƙunshe da giram ko duwatsun kusa da su a cikin abun da ke ciki, ko kuwa, duwatsun da ke da tarin yawa. Samuwar tsarin "gilashi" na ƙasa yana faruwa ne saboda canji da ƙarin tsoffin ƙwayoyin cuta a kan aikin bayarwa.

Ya kamata a yi la’akari da babban tsari na dutse takamaiman kwaskwarimar ɓoyayyen --asa - planetasa ce kawai wacce aiwatar da bambance bambancen kwayoyin halitta tare da kasancewa cikin ruwa da samun isasshen ruwa, iska da kuma yanayin rayuwa. A duniyar wata kuma, wataƙila, akan taurari na ƙungiyar ƙasa, murhun ɗumbin duniya ya ƙunshi gabbro-anorthosites - dutsen da ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na feldspar, duk da haka, na wani ɗan bambanci daban-daban fiye da yadda ake bayar da tallafin.

Wadannan duwatsun suna kunshe da mafi tsufa (shekaru biliyan biliyan 4.0 - 4.5) na saman duniyoyi.

Oceanic (basaltic) ɓawon ƙasa

Oceanic (basaltic) ɓawon burodi An kafa ƙasa sakamakon yaduwa kuma yana da alaƙa da bangarori na zurfin kurakuran da suka haifar da shigar azzakarin cikin farji zuwa babban lafiya. Basaltic volcanism aka superimused a kan a baya kafa nahiyar ɓawon burodi da kuma shi ne mai ɗan ƙaramin yanayin halittar kasa.

Bayyanannun alamun wutar basaltic a duk duniyoyin taurari a fili suke iri daya ne. Dukkanin ci gaban “tekuna” a duniyar wata, Mars, da Mercury yana da alaƙa da haɓakawa da haɓaka ɓangarorin ɓarna a sanadiyyar wannan aikin, wanda narkewar basar ɗin ta narke zuwa saman. Wannan hanyar bayyana basaltic volcanism yafi yawa ko lessasa daidaita akan dukkanin taurari na ƙungiyar ƙasa.

Abokin Duniya - Wata ma yana da tsarin harsashi, gaba daya yana maimaita qasa, dukda cewa tana da abubuwan da suke bambanta daban.

Zafin ruwa na Duniya. Abinda ya fi dacewa shine a cikin yanayin kuskure a cikin ɓoyayyen ƙasa, kuma mafi sanyi - a wuraren tsoffin faranti na

Hanyar auna zafin rana mai gudana don nazarin tsarin taurari

Wata hanya da za a yi nazarin zurfin duniya shine nazarin dumamar yanayin zafi. An san cewa ƙasa, mai zafi a ciki, yana ba da zafinsa. Abubuwan fashewa, masu fashewar wuta, maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi suna ba da shaida ga dumamar zurfafa. Zafi shine tushen tushen ƙasa.

Increasearuwar zazzabi tare da ɓacin rai daga farfajiyar Duniya kimanin 15 ° C a 1 km. Wannan yana nufin cewa a iyakar lithosphere da asthenosphere, wanda yake a kusan zurfin kilomita 100, yawan zafin jiki ya kamata ya kusan 1500 ° C. An kafa shi cewa a wannan yanayin zafin jiki na narkewar basal yana faruwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa harsashi na asthenospheric na iya yin aiki a matsayin tushen magma na abubuwan da ake kira basalt.

Tare da zurfi, canji a cikin zafin jiki yana faruwa ne ta hanyar mafi ƙayyadaddun doka kuma ya dogara da canji na matsin lamba. Dangane da bayanan da aka ƙididdige, a cikin zurfin kilomita 400 zafin jiki bai wuce 1600 ° C ba kuma a ƙasan babban cibiyar da suturar an kiyasta shi zuwa 2500-5000 ° C.

An tabbatar da cewa ana fitar da zafi ci gaba a duk faɗin duniya. Heat shine mafi mahimmancin sigar jiki. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka mallaka sun dogara da matakin dumama na kankara: danko, aikin wutan lantarki, magnetism, yanayin zamani. Saboda haka, ta yanayin yanayin zafi, mutum zai iya yin hukunci da zurfin tsarin duniya.

Auna ma'aunin zafin duniyarmu a babban zurfi aiki ne mai wahala a zahiri, tunda da farko kilomita na farkon daskararren ƙasa ana samun su don ma'aunai. Koyaya, za a iya yin nazarin zazzabi na ciki na duniya kai tsaye ta hanyar aunawa zafin zafin.

Duk da cewa rana itace asalin tushen zafi a bayan qasa, jimlar karfin dumamar yanayin duniyarmu ya zarce sau 30 na dukkan tsire-tsire na duniya.

Gwajin ya nuna cewa matsakaicin matsakaicin zafi game da nahiyoyin kuma a cikin tekun iri daya ne.An bayyana wannan sakamakon ta gaskiyar cewa a cikin tekuna mafi yawan zafi (har zuwa 90%) ta fito ne daga shimfidar wuri, inda aiwatar da batun kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar gudanawar hazo sosai - convection.

Yanayin zafin jiki na duniya. Mafi kusa da zuwa ga asalcin, duniyarmu tana kama da rana!

Convection tsari ne da ruwa mai dumin gaske yake faɗaɗa, ya zama mai haske, kuma ya tashi, yayin da yadudduka mafi sanyi ke faɗi. Tunda batun sutturar da cuta ya kusan kusan zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi, sadarwa a ciki ya gudana a ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman, da ƙarancin hauhawar farashin kayan duniya.

Menene tarihin yanayin duniyarmu? Da farko dumamarsa yana da alaƙa da zafin da ya haifar da haɗarin barbashi da comput ɗin su a fagen ƙarfin shi. Sannan zafin rana ya zama sanadiyyar lalatawar iska. Karkashin tasirin zafi, wani tsari mai hade da Duniya da taurari masu tashi.

Zazzabin rediyo a cikin Duniya an sake shi yanzu. Akwai hangen nesa wanda a cewar shi, a iyakar iyakar duniyan da ke duniyan ci gaba, ana kokarin ci gaba da harbuwar kwayoyin halitta, tare da sakin dimbin dumbin dumbin yanayi, dumama wutar.