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Matsalar alƙaluman duniya a zamaninmu ta bayyanar da kanta a cikin irin waɗannan fannoni da halaye kamar:

saurin bunƙasa yawan jama'a (yawan yankuna) a ƙasashe masu tasowa na Asiya, Afirka, Latin Amurka (sama da 80% bisa ga wasu ƙididdigar da kusan kashi 95% bisa ga wasu ƙididdigar), waɗanda tattalin arzikinsu ke da rauni,
a mafi yawan ƙasashen Duniya na uku babu tsarin kula da yawan jama'a da ingantattun manufofin jama'a,
tsufa da cirewar saboda ƙarancin haifuwar jama'a (rikicin alƙaluma) a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu, musamman Yammacin Turai,
m yawan jama'a a duniya sikelin,
nau'in halayyar mazaunin duniya gaba ɗaya, lokacin da hauhawar mace-mace ba ya tare da rage ragi a yawan haihuwa.

Yana da halayyar cewa ƙananan matakin bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin ƙasa da ingantacciyar rayuwar citizensan ƙasarta, mafi girman darajar haihuwa a ciki, haka kuma, yayin da tsarin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa ya sami hauhawar haɓaka girma, ana ganin yanayin ci gaba na raguwar haihuwar, da kuma saɓanin tsofaffi ke farawa a cikin jama'a gwargwado).

Tasirin matsalar alƙalumman duniya baki ɗaya ana faruwa ne ta dalilin yanayin muhalli: yawan jama’ar duniyar yanzu sama da sau 10 da iyakokin duniya ke iya jurewa. Ensaranci da haɓaka yawan jama'a suna gaba da yiwuwa da fasahar samar da kayan gona don gamsar da ƙarancin abinci, haka nan kuma sake tsarin tsarin sarrafawa mai saurin motsawa.

Masana ilimin kimiyya suna ganin dalilan da yasa ake halin yanzu yanayin duniya na matsalar alƙaluma a cikin abin da ake kira "fashewar alƙaluma" a ƙarshen rabin ƙarni na 20, lokacin, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, yanayi mai kyau da aka haɓaka don haɓaka yawan jama'a da haɓaka matsakaicin rayuwa. An yi imanin cewa kowane sakan na yawan mutane a duniya yana ƙaruwa da mutane 3.

Tashin hankalin jama'a da rashin daidaituwar yawan jama'a a yankuna daban-daban na haifar da karuwar matsalolin da suka shafi duniya:

yanayin matsin lamba a cikin muhalli,
batun kabilanci da al'adu (rikice-rikicen kabilanci da na al'adu),,
matsalolin masu hijira da 'yan gudun hijira,
matsalar talauci, fatara da rashin abinci,
matsalar urbanization ("gurguwar birni"),
rashin aikin yi, nakasa a cikin rarraba dakaru masu amfani, da sauransu.

Matsalar alƙaluma na ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsananin rauni da taƙama. Da fari dai, bayyananne kuma, mafi mahimmanci, bisa ga ka'ida ta ɗabi'a bisa doka ta zamani don rage ƙimar yawan jama'a bai ci gaba ba. Abu na biyu, koda daga bangaren kudi, matsalar tana da wahalar warwarewa saboda rikicewar yanayin rashin daidaituwa tsakanin matsayin rayuwa a cikin kasashen duniya da kuma yawan haihuwa.

Shawarwari don warware matsalar alƙalumman duniya na da ƙima iri guda saboda irin takamaiman takamaiman sa. Za mu yi godiya ga masu amfani da albarkatunmu don sababbin ƙididdiga da nazari, ra'ayoyi, ayyukan da mafita a cikin wannan shugabanci.

Yawaitar yawan jama'a a matsayin batun muhalli

Mafi mahimmancin matsalar muhalli har yanzu ana ɗauka matsalar matsalar yawaitar duniyar. Me yasa daidai mata? Haka ne, saboda yawan mutane ne wanda ya zama abin bukata kafin bayyanuwar sauran matsalolin da suka rage. Da yawa suna da'awar cewa ƙasa tana da ikon ciyar da mutane biliyan goma. Amma tare da wannan duka, kowannenmu yana numfashi kuma kusan kowa yana da motar mota, kuma dukansu suna ƙaruwa kowace shekara. Sakamakon shine gurbata iska. Yawan garuruwa yana ƙaruwa, akwai buƙatar lalata ƙarin gandun daji, fadada yankin mazaunin ɗan adam. Shin to, wa zai tsaftace mana iska? Sakamakon haka, Duniya na iya rayuwa, amma babu tabbas ga yan Adam.

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Ynamarfafawar yawan jama'a

Yawan yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri, bisa ga lissafin masana kimiyya a zahiri dubun shekaru arba'in da suka gabata, akwai kusan mutane miliyan, a cikin karni na ashirin mun riga mun kasance biliyan ɗaya da rabi, a tsakiyar karni na karshe adadin ya kai biliyan uku, kuma yanzu wannan adadin ya kai biliyan bakwai.

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Increasearin adadin mazaunan duniyar yana haifar da matsalolin muhalli, saboda gaskiyar cewa kowane mutum yana buƙatar adadin adadin albarkatun ƙasa don rayuwa. Haka kuma, yawan haihuwar ya yi yawa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, a irin waɗannan ƙasashe mafiya yawansu talauci ne ko yunwa.

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Maganin fashewar yawan jama'a

Hanyar magance wannan matsalar tana yiwuwa ne ta hanya guda kawai ta rage yawan haihuwa da inganta yanayin rayuwar alumma. Amma ta yaya za a sa mutane ba su haihuwar lokacin da matsaloli na iya tasowa ta hanyar: addini bai yarda ba, dangi yana ƙarfafa manyan iyalai, al'umma ta hana hani. Ga matsayin da ke mulki na ƙasashe masu tasowa, kasancewar manyan iyalai suna da fa'ida, tunda jahilci da jahilci sun haɗu a can kuma, saboda haka, yana da sauƙin sarrafawa.
Hadarin da yawan mutane ke fuskanta ta hanyar barazanar yunwa a gaba. Saboda gaskiyar yawan jama'a suna haɓaka cikin sauri, kuma aikin gona ba ya bunkasa da sauri. Masana masana'antu suna ƙoƙarin hanzarta hanzarta fitar da ƙwayar ta hanyar ƙara magungunan kashe ƙwari da kuma cututtukan cututtukan da ke haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Me ke haifar da wata matsala ta abinci mara inganci. Bugu da kari, akwai karancin ruwa mai tsafta da kuma kyakkyawan ƙasa.

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Don rage adadin haihuwa, muna buƙatar ingantattun hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a China, inda yawan jama'a suke. Yunkurin ci gaba akwai kamar haka:

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M yada jita-jita game da daidaituwar al populationumar ƙasar.
Kasancewa da karancin farashin maganin hana haihuwa.
Kulawar likita kyauta lokacin zubar da ciki.
Haraji akan haihuwar ɗa na biyu da na gaba, bayan haihuwar ta huɗu, tilasta haifuwa. An soke sakin layi na ƙarshe kusan shekaru goma da suka gabata.

Ciki har da a Indiya, Pakistan da Indonesia, ana bin irin wannan manufa, kodayake ba a sami nasarar haka ba.

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Don haka, idan muka dauki duk yawan jama'a, ya juya cewa kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu suna cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaba waɗanda ke cin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duk albarkatun ƙasa. Idan muna tunanin duniyarmu ta zama ƙauyen da take da yawan jama'a ɗari, to, zamu iya ganin ainihin abin da ke faruwa: Turawa 21, wakilan Afirka 14, 57 daga Asiya da wakilai 8 na Amurka za su zauna a can. Mutane shida ne kawai daga Amurka za su sami wadata, guda saba'in ba za su iya karatu ba, hamsin za su yi fama da matsananciyar yunwa, tamanin za su yi rayuwa a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan gidaje, kuma mutum ɗaya ne kawai zai sami ilimi mai zurfi.

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Sabili da haka, don rage yawan haihuwa, ya zama dole a samar da yawan jama'a a cikin gidaje, ilimi kyauta da ingantaccen kiwon lafiya, kuma akwai buƙatar ayyukan yi.

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Ba haka ba da daɗewa ba an yi imani cewa ya zama dole don warware wasu matsalolin zamantakewa, al'adu, tattalin arziki da komai, duk duniya za ta rayu cikin wadata. Amma a zahiri, ya juya cewa tare da ci gaba da ƙaruwa a cikin lambobi akwai raguwar albarkatu kuma akwai haɗarin gaske na bala'in muhalli. Don haka, wajibi ne don ƙirƙirar hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don tsara adadin mutane a duniya.

Sanadin da sakamakon yawan jama'a

Yanzu da yawan jama’ar duniya ya wuce mutane biliyan 7, yana da wuya ku yi tunanin menene shekaru 3 da suka wuce. Amma a cikin 1000 BC, miliyan 50 ne kacal. Bayan kimanin shekaru dubu biyu da dubu dari biyu, adadin mutanen da ke duniya ya ninka ninki goma kuma ya kai miliyan 500.

Abun fashewar mutane yana da halin musamman na kasashen Asiya, Afirka da Latin Amurka.

A cikin ƙasashen Afirka, mafi girman adadin haihuwa: a Nijar, mace ɗaya tana samar da matsakaicin yara 8 (!)

Tun daga wannan lokacin, yawan jama'a ya haɓaka kawai. A karni na 20, hawan ya kai ga adadin da ba a bayyana ba. Misali, daga 1987 zuwa 1999, yawan jama’ar duniya ya girma daga biliyan 5 zuwa 6, wato biliyan 1 sama da shekaru 12.

Haɓakar yawan jama'a halayyar musamman ne ga ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da ƙasƙanci na tattalin arziƙi. Babban adadin jarirai sun bayyana a wurin. 60% na sababbin mazaunan duniyarmu an haife su ne a cikin kasashen Asiya.

An yi imanin cewa fashewar yawan jama'a ya ƙare yanzu. Yawan ci gaban jama'a yana ci gaba, amma yanayin sa ya ragu sosai. Abin mamaki, wannan shine ya haifar da ci gaban arziki. Matasa suna samun ilimi mai zurfi, gina aiki, sannan kawai sai suka kirkiro iyalai. A lokaci guda, ba su cikin sauri don samun yara.

Wani mummunan lamarin kuma shine yaduwar dangantakar jima'i iri-iri, gami da aure. Kuma bayyanar yara a irin wannan aure ba shi yiwuwa. Haɓaka giya da shan kwayoyi, gami da yanayin muhalli mara kyau, suma ba sa wadatar da haɓaka yawan haihuwa.

Amma duk wannan ana kashewa ta hanyar ƙarancin mace-mace. Lallai, godiya ga yanayin rayuwa mai gamsarwa da nasarorin magani, asarar rai ya ƙaru, kuma mace-mace daga cututtuka a cikin kowane nau'ikan shekaru sun ragu.

Raguwar raguwa a cikin yawan haihuwa tare da ƙarancin mace-mace ana kiranta canjin yanayin jama'a daga al'adun gargajiya wanda aka shahara da yawan haihuwa da mahimmancin mace-mace zuwa na zamani. A cikin jama'a ta zamani, akwai wasu fasalolin haifuwa, lokacin da canjin ƙarni ya faru ba tare da an sami ƙaruwa sosai a yawan jama'a ba.

Abubuwan al'adu na yankuna daban-daban na duniyar

Hoton mutumcin duniya ya bambanta sosai kuma yana da bambanci. Sauye sauyewar yawan jama'a a ƙasashe daban-daban ya sha bamban sosai. Tare da saurin yaduwar yawan jama'a a ƙarshen wannan duniya, akwai ƙasashe masu ƙarancin haɓakar yawan jama'a.

Hadarin yana tattare da sakamakon fashewar yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, tare da ƙaramin matakin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Wannan sabon abu yana haifar da koma baya ga matakan rayuwa, rashin aikin yi da talauci. Wani karamin yanki na mazaunan duniya, biliyan 1, suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe masu wadatar kuma yana da adadin abin duniya. Wannan "biliyan biliyan" ya hada da 'yan ƙasa na Amurka da Kanada, da kuma mazaunan Yammacin Turai da Japan.

Don guje wa matsalolin duniya, dole ne su taimaka wa maƙwabta matalauta a duniya. Manyan ƙasashe masu arziki a cikin gwagwarmayar neman albarkatu da ƙasashe masu tasiri suna da gangan ko ba da gangan ba sun haifar da rikice-rikicen gida da yawa a cikin ƙasashe marasa nasara da tasiri.

Yawan fasalin jama'a da sakamakonsa ya kasance a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Wannan mazaunin Yammacin Turai yana jin wannan, inda miliyoyin 'yan ci-rani daga Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya suka zuba. Suna tserewa daga yaƙe-yaƙe, talauci ko fitina, kuma da yawa suna neman rayuwa mafi kyau. Turawa ba su iya dakatar da wannan kwararar ba. Wannan halin yana nuna cewa matsalolin cikin gida na iya haɓaka cikin sauri kuma cikin sauƙi zuwa cikin duniya.

Baƙi daga Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, Bangladesh, Palestine, da kuma daga ƙasashen Afirka ta Arewa suna zuwa Turai don samun ingantacciyar rayuwa

Ba za a iya faɗi wace ƙasa ke da halin fashewar jama'a ba, kuma ba haka ba. A lokuta daban-daban na tarihin ƙasar sun sami karuwa ko raguwar yawan jama'a. Dukkanta ya dogara ne da yanayin yanzu. Sanadin fashewar jama'a na iya zama daban. Yawancin ƙasashe sun lura da hauhawar haihuwa a cikin wahala bayan wahala, wani lokacin kuma, bala'i, na tarihin.

Don fahimtar menene dalilan canje-canje masu ƙarfi a cikin yanayin jama'a, muna ba da misalai daga tarihin wasu ƙasashe.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da sakamakon fashewar yawan jama'ar Amurka

A cikin Amurka, tsakanin shekarun 30 zuwa 40 na karni na karshe, akwai wani abin da ba a taɓa ganin irin sa ba a tarihin ƙasar ba kawai tattalin arziki ba, har ma da yawan alƙaluma. Yara huɗu ko fiye a cikin iyalan talakawa Amurkawa sun zama al'ada. A da, lokacin Babban Bala'i, lokacin da masana'antu suka rufe, kuma rashin aikin yi da aikata laifuka suka karu zuwa matattun da ba a bayyana ba, da yawa ba su cikin hanzari don ƙirƙirar iyalai da samun yara ba, saboda ba su da tabbas game da gobe.

Lokacin da aka shawo kan rashin aikin yi da rikicin, wasu kwanciyar hankali sun bayyana a rayuwar Baffa. Ga sauran mulkokin duniya, yakin duniya na II ya kawo baƙin ciki, hallaka da mutuwar miliyoyin mutane. A cikin ci gaban tattalin arziki, ta jefa su baya. A Amurka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru masu ban tausayi ba su da mummunar tasiri. Ayyukan soja ba su shafi yankin Amurkawa ba, asarar da aka kwatankwaci ce, alal misali, tare da asarar ɗan adam mai banƙyama na USSR ko Jamus. Amurka ba ta fuskantar matsalolin da suke da yawa a Turai ba.

Samun yaƙe-yaƙe don bukatun Sojojin Amurka da kawayenta sun kawo babbar riba, sun samar da kyawawan ayyuka ga miliyoyin jama'ar Amurkawa. Yawancin 'yan kasuwa sun yi arziki kan kayan sojoji. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga kyautata rayuwar Amurkawa, ya sanya Amurka ita ce mafi karfin iko a duniya, sannan kuma ta sami tasiri mai kyau game da yanayin al adun kasar.

Zamu iya cewa a cikin wannan kasar fashewar yawan mutane halayyar farko ne na lokacin kwanciyar hankali da wadatar arziki. Amma wasu abubuwan da suka faru na iya shafar yanayin jama'a a hanyar da ba a iya faɗi ba. Da wuya ka iya bayanin dalilin da ya sa, bayan harin ta'addanci mafi girma a tarihin Satumba 11, 2001, Amurka ta sami karuwar haihuwa. Wannan yana da ma'ana gabaɗaya.

Karuwar adadin Amurkawan bai ragu ba kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa yau. Zuwa wani yanayi, ya kasance saboda wuce gona da iri kan mace-mace, wani kuma saboda kwararar bakin haure daga kasashen waje.

Yawan fashewar mutane a Rasha

Godiya ga yakin duniya na biyu, Amurka ta zama tattalin arzikin duniya na farko, kuma a Rasha ana lura da yanayin sabanin haka. Bayan yakin, sashen Turai na Tarayyar Soviet ya zama kango kuma ya nemi a maido da shi. Kasar ta yi asarar dubun-dubatar mutane, wadanda mafi yawansu maza ne masu lafiya na shekarun sojoji. Suna iya kirkirar iyalai da yara.

Bayan yakin Moscow. Gina lamba 11 a kan titin Gorky

Da yake dawowa daga yakin, tsoffin sojoji suna tsunduma cikin maido da masana'antu da aikin gona, sun gina wuraren zama. Yawancinsu, waɗanda suka fara zuwa dama bayan makaranta, sun sami iyalai da yara. Maido da rayuwar farar hula suma sun ba da gudummawa ga karuwar yawan haihuwa, musamman a yankunan karkara, inda manyan iyalai da yara da yawa ba su zama ruwan dare ba.

Lamarin yawan jama'a ya fi duk lokacin da kasar ke bukata. Ko da tare da ingantaccen ingantaccen ci gaban yawan jama'a, yana yiwuwa a iya samun lambobin kafin lokacin yaƙin kawai a 1979.

Girma ya tsaya bayan rugujewar USSR. Wannan lokacin tsafin ya wuce shekaru 20. Dayawa sun danganta wannan da mawuyacin halin tattalin arziƙi, ƙarancin kuɗi da rashin amincewa a gaba.

Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an fara samun ƙaramar yawan jama'a a Rasha. Zuwa wani lokaci wannan ya faru ne saboda matakan kariya na jihar, suna ba da gudummawa ga karuwar yawan jama'a.

Babban jari na uwa (iyali) shine gwargwadon goyon bayan jihohi ga iyalen Rasha wanda daga 2007 zuwa 2018 (haɓaka) an haife ɗa na biyu (an ɗauke shi)

Masana sun ce bai kamata Rasha ta ji tsoron cewa sakamakon fashewar mutane zai zama mara kyau ba.Ko da ya faru saboda wasu dalilai, yanki mai yawa da albarkatu masu yawa suna inshora akan yawaitar mutane.

A Rasha, yawan fashewar jama'a zai zama abin so, saboda duk da tarihin shekaru dubu, har yanzu ƙasar tana da yankuna masu ƙarancin ci gaba. Babban matsala mafi girma na iya zama raguwar yawan jama'a. A yankuna da dama wannan matsalar tana nan. Daya daga cikin hanyoyin magance ta ita ce samar da fa'ida ga masu niyyar zuwa irin wadannan yankuna na nakasassu daga sauran sassan kasar nan da kuma kasashen waje.

Rikicin jama'a da manufofin jama'a

Lokacin nazarin demography, wanda yakamata yakamata yasan manufofin rikicin alƙaluma da manufar alƙaluma.

Ga ƙasashe daban-daban, manufar rikicewar alƙaluma na iya samun ma'ana akasin haka. Yayinda yawan hauhawar yawan jama'a a Najeriya ke da damuwa sakamakon karancin abinci da sauran albarkatu, ga kasashen Yammacin Turai matsalar rage yawan mazauna da tsufa na kasashe sakamakon rage haihuwa da haɗe tare da hauhawar tsinkaye a cikin rayuwa shine mafi halaye.

Dangane da matsalolin da suka haifar da rikicin alƙaluma, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don warware waɗannan matsalolin. Demoididdigar alƙaluma ta jihar kai tsaye tana shafar sauye-sauyen canje-canje ga ci gaban alumma.

Misali taken taken "Iyali daya - yaro daya", da nufin magance fashewar yawan jama'a, ya samu karbuwa sosai a kasar Sin. Gwamnatin ta kayyade yawan haihuwa ta hanyar biyan karin haraji kan manyan iyalai da karfafa wadanda ke iyakance ga yaro daya.

Wani misali shi ne Nazi Jamus, inda aka ƙarfafa manyan iyalai da haihuwar yara a wajen aure. Bayan haka, Reich koyaushe yana buƙatar sabo "abincin abinci" don kama wasu ƙasashe, kazalika da masu mulkin mallaka don mamaye yankunan da aka mallaka.

Ba tare da la'akari da bambance-bambance na manufofin alƙaluma a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban ba, dole ne a sarrafa yanayin a matakin jihohi. A duk duniya, ana gudanar da al'amuran da nufin haɓaka ko rage yawan jama'a.

Abubuwan al'amuran jama'a

Magana matsalolin jama'a kunshi cikin haɓakar yawan ƙasa. Ana iya bincika shi ta hanyar nazarin lokacin da yawan mutanen duniya suka isa kowane biliyan.

Babu shakka, a cikin rabi na biyu na karni na XX. lokacin da zai kai kowane biliyan na gaba ya ragu sosai, wanda ke alamantar da saurin girma na adadin mutanen duniya.

Tambayar ta taso: "Mene ne babban dalilin irin wannan haɓakar haɓakar jama'a?" Ya ta'allaka ne da halaye na yanayin mutane a cikin kasashen duniya, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa. Lowarancin ƙwadagorsu a harkar noma (ita ce babbar reshen tattalin arziƙin), mallakar filaye na al'umma (mafi yawan jama'a a cikin yanki, ana rarraba filaye ga ƙasa), ka'idodin addinai da al'adunsu sun haɓaka yawan haihuwa, sabili da haka manyan iyalai iyalai.

Hoto 1. Lokutan da yawan mutanen duniya suka isa kowane nde biliyan

Koyaya, idan a shekarun baya yawan haihuwa, kamar a iya magana, ya kasance "daidaita" ta hanyar yawan mace-mace (saboda yunwa, cuta da annoba) da yawan jama'a a sakamakon ya kasance matsakaici, sannan bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu nasarorin wayewar zamani da suka zo ga ƙasashe masu tasowa sakamakon sakamako na kai tsaye kuma ya haifar da haɓakar ƙaruwar jama'a ta hanzari saboda haɓakar haɓaka ta halitta, wanda ake kira "fashewar yawan jama'a".

Hoto 2. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar alƙaluman duniya

Mahimmancin canje-canje yana nuna makirci. Kewaya a cikin fig. 2 da shafi. 1 bamu damar kammala cewa babban dalilin “fashewar yawan mutane” shine rashin ingantaccen amfani da haihuwa.

Tebur 1. Manuniya na al'adu na kasashe daban-daban

Koyaya, matsalolin alƙaluma sun fi rikitarwa da ɗimbin yawa kuma suna da bambance bambancen yanki. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa na duniya, nau'in haifuwar ta yaɗu, ana kwatanta shi da ɗan darajar haihuwa, mace-mace, da haɓaka na dabi'a (nau'in I), yayin da a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba shi ne nau'in akasin, wanda ke nuna kanta a cikin ƙananan matakan ayyukan alƙaluma (nau'in II).

A takaice dai, akwai matsaloli guda biyu: idan kasashe masu tasowa ke fuskantar “fashewar yawan mutane”, to asashe da dama kasashe a duniya ana nuna su ta hanyar “rikicin alƙaluma,” wato, raguwar yawan jama'a sakamakon yawan mace-mace a yawan haihuwa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a.

A ƙarshen karni na XX. adadin irin wadannan kasashe ya kai dozin biyu: Rasha, Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, kasashen Baltic, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Jamus da sauransu. Ragewar yawan haihuwa a wadannan kasashe ya samo asali ne saboda ci gaban tattalin arzikinsu.

Bari mu kwatanta yanayin almara a cikin kowanne rukuni na kasashe don abubuwanda suka dace kuma mu gano bangarori daban-daban na matsalolin al adar.

Tebur 2. Yanayin al'adu a ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa

Ratearancin haihuwa, ƙarancin halitta (“rikicin alƙaluma”)

Babban takin gargajiya da hauhawar haɓaka na halitta ("fashewar jama'a")

Inara cikin adadin mutane sama da shekarun aiki a cikin yawan jama'a

Babban adadin yara a cikin yawan jama'a

Babban tsammanin rayuwa

Ancyarancin rayuwa

Kammalawa: kowace ƙasa a duniya tana da matsalolin yanayin ɗabi'arta na yanayin rashin daidaituwa da matsayin mawuyacin hali, an ƙaddara ta bambance-bambance a matakan tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, abubuwan da suka shafi addini na yawan jama'a da tarihin jihar.

Sakamakon matsalolin al adar na iya zama kamar haka:

mai saurin girma a duniya,
hauhawar yawan al’umma a kasashe masu tasowa, sun fi karfin ikonsu wajen shawo kan matsalolin ci gaban tattalin arziki, don haka suke karfafa koma-baya,
increasearuwar rarraba yawan marasa daidaituwa ga yawan mutanen duniya (9/10 na yawan mutanen duniya suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa).

Hoto 3. Sakamakon matsalolin jama'a

Sakamakon haka, matsaloli na alƙaluma suna haifar da ƙaruwa game da sauran matsalolin duniya, gami da abinci, ilimin halittu, da dai sauran su.

Fashewar yawan jama'a: bayanin matsalar

Matsayin ci gaban ɗan adam yanzu ana san shi da haɓakar haɓakar yawan jama'a.

Shekaru dubu goma da suka shude akwai mutane kusan miliyan 10 a Duniya, a farkon farkon zamanin mu akwai miliyan 200 daga cikinsu, daga 1650 - miliyan 500, a ƙarni na XIX. - biliyan biliyan 1. A cikin 1900, yawan jama'a ya kai biliyan 1 da miliyan 660. A shekara ta 1950, duk da asarar rayuka a yaƙe-yaƙen duniya guda biyu, adadin jama'a ya karu zuwa biliyan 2.5, sannan ɗari
la kowace shekara yana karuwa da miliyan 70-100. A cikin 1993, mutane biliyan 5.5 suna zaune ne a duniya. Ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1999 a cikin awanni 0 da mintuna 02 da haihuwar yaro a ɗayan ɗayan asibitocin haihuwa na Sarajevo, wanda ya zama mazaunin biliyan 6 na duniya. A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2006, yawan jama’ar duniya ya kai wani adadin wanda ya kai sama da mutane biliyan 6.5, kuma adadin su yana ƙaruwa da kashi 2% a shekara.

Hoto 17. Yawan ci gaban al'ummar duniya

Yanzu kimanin mutane biliyan 6.4 suna rayuwa ne a duniya, kuma adadin jama'a yana ƙaruwa da kashi 2% a shekara. Ana tsammanin nan da shekarar 2050 za a samar da dala biliyan 8.9.

Yawan ci gaban ƙasa a tsakiyar karni na 20 ya sami saurin tafiya kuma an kira shi fashewar yawan jama'a. Fashewar jama'a - hauhawar yawan hauhawar yawan al'umma a duniya, hade da canji a cikin zamantakewar tattalin arziki ko yanayin rayuwa gaba daya.

A yanzu haka, kusan mutane 180 ake haihuwar su a duniya a kowane minti daya, 21 ana haihuwar su duka biyu kuma mutane 19 ke mutuwa. Don haka, yawan mutanen duniya yana ƙaruwa da mutane 2 a sakan biyu, ta hanyar dubu 250 a kowace rana. A cikin shekara, haɓaka kusan miliyan 80, tare da kusan duka a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Yau, na ninkawa
Yawan mutane a duniya yana faruwa ne a cikin shekaru 35, kuma samar da talauci yana ƙaruwa da kashi 2.3% a kowace shekara kuma yana ninki biyu cikin shekaru 30.

Ya kamata a sani cewa matsalar yawan mutane ba ta da nasaba da yawan mazaunan duniya. Duniya na iya ciyar da mutane da yawa. Matsalar ita ce rarraba mutane marasa daidaituwa a doron kasa.

Akwai ƙauyukan ɗan adam a kusan dukkanin kusurwar Duniya, kodayake a wasu yankuna, kamar Antarctica, babu yanayi na zama na dindindin. A wasu yankuna mara wahala, ƙananan rukunin mutane waɗanda ke da salon rayuwa na musamman suna zama. Mafi yawan al'umman duniya suna maida hankali ne a karamin yanki. A farkon shekarun 1990s kusan rabin mutanen duniya biliyan 5.4 sun mamaye kashi 5% na yankin kawai. Sabanin haka, kawai 5% na yawan mazauna sun rayu a cikin rabin yankin Duniya. Kimanin kashi 30% na yawan mutanen duniya suna maida hankali ne a kudu da kudu maso gabas Asia, ciki har da Indiya, Indonesia da Pakistan, 25% - a Gabashin Asiya, ciki har da China da Japan. Mutane da yawa kuma suna zaune a gabashin Arewacin Amurka da Turai.

Mafiya yawan ƙasashe masu arzikin noma ana rarraba su daidai. A Indiya, inda kashi 73% na jama'a ke zaune a yankunan karkara, matsakaicin matsakaicinsa a 1990 shine mutane 270 a cikin 1 km 2. Amma a nan, ana lura da canji mai mahimmanci. Misali, yawan jama'a a tsakiyar Ganges a sama ya ninka na ƙasa sau uku.

A Afirka da Kudancin Amurka, yawan jama'a a ƙasa ya ragu sosai. Kasar da ta fi kowace yawan jama'a a Afirka ita ce Najeriya (mutane 130 a cikin mil 1). Daga cikin kasashen Kudancin Amurka, kawai a cikin Ekwado, wannan adadi ya wuce mutane 30 a 1 km 2. Muhimmin wurare na duniya har yanzu suna kasancewa kusan ba a sansu ba. A Ostiraliya, mutane 2.2 ga 1 km 2, a Mongolia - kawai 1.4.

Duk da yawan mutane masu yawan gaske a duniyar tamu - kusan biliyan 6 da miliyan 400, a zahiri ana iya sanya su dukkansu a wani yanki mai nisan kilomita 6400, idan an sanya 1 m 2 ga kowane mazaunin. Wannan yanki ya yi daidai da yankin Lake Issyk-Kul (Jamhuriyar Kyrgyzstan) ko kuma yankuna uku na Lake Geneva a Switzerland. Sauran duniya za su sami 'yanci. Don kwatantawa, mun lura cewa yankin irin wannan yanki na Turai kamar Luxembourg shine 2600 km 2, yankin tsibirin Canary na Spain shine 7200 km 2.

Yawan jama’ar duniya da ke ci gaba da buƙata ya ƙaru da abinci da makamashi, albarkatun ma'adinai, waɗanda ke haifar da matsananciyar matsa lamba kan abubuwan da ke sararin duniya.

Binciken halin da ake ciki na rarrabuwar kawuna a duniya ya bayyana wasu alamu.

Yawan girma yana da matukar tasiri. Ya fi girma a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa kuma kaɗan a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa a Turai da Amurka.
Saurin bunƙasa yawan jama'a ya keta ragamar shekarun sa: ƙarancin nakasassu - yara, matasa, da tsofaffi - suna ƙaruwa. Yawan yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 15 a mafi yawan kasashe masu tasowa ya kai kashi 50%, kuma mutanen da shekarunsu ba su wuce 65 ba sun girma daga 10 zuwa 15%.
Yawan jama'a yana ƙaruwa. Hanzarta aiwatar da birane tare da tattarawar yawan jama'a a manyan birane. A cikin 1925, dan kadan fiye da 1/5 na yawan mutanen duniya sun zauna a birane, yanzu kusan rabi. An annabta cewa nan da 2025, 2/3 na mazaunan duniya za su zama mazaunan birni.

Babban taro na garuruwa sune Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Kyakkyawan rayuwar rayuwar birane na waɗannan yankuna ya bambanta sosai da yanayin rayuwa a Asiya (ban da Japan), inda mazauna karkara ke da yawaitar kiwo da kiwo. Centersarancin wuraren cibiyoyin suna a kudu maso gabashin Australia, kudu maso gabashin Kudancin Amurka, gabar yamma ta Arewacin Amurka, da kuma sassan Arewacin Amurka ta Arewa.

A wa annan yankuna, yawan jama'a yana da arzi i sosai. A wasu ƙananan jihohi, yana da matuƙar girma. Misali, yankin Hong Kong kawai yakai kilomita 1,045 2, kuma yawan jama'a kusan 5,600 mutane ne. a kan 1 km 2. Daga cikin manyan jihohi, an rubuta mafi girman adadin a shekarar 1991 a Bangladesh (kusan mutane 800 ga 1 km 2). A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ana ganin yawan jama'a a ƙasashe masu masana'antu. Don haka, a cikin Netherlands a cikin 1990, ya kai 440 mutane. a 1 km 2, a Japan - 330 mutane. a kan 1 km 2.

Planet yawan jama'a

Yawan Earthasa yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar tsari kuma yawanta yana ƙaruwa tsawon shekaru. Don haka, alal misali, yawan mutane (a cikin mutane miliyan) daga 20 zuwa 40 ya faru ne sama da shekaru 2000. Daga 80 zuwa 180 - a cikin shekaru 1000, daga 600 zuwa 1200 - a cikin shekaru 150, kuma daga 2500 zuwa 5000 - cikin shekaru 40 kacal. A lokacin daga 1965 zuwa 1970, yawan ci gaban yawan mutanen Duniya ya kai matsayin mafi girma a tarihi - 2.1% a kowace shekara.

Ya zuwa 1990, jimlar duniyar ta kai 5, 2005 - 6, a cikin 2010 - sama da mutane biliyan 6.5. A cewar hasashen, nan da shekarar 2025 kimanin mutane biliyan 10 ne za su yi rayuwa a duniya. Fiye da rabin yawan mutanen duniya suna zaune a Asiya - kusan 58, a Turai - sama da 17, a Afirka - sama da 10, a Arewacin Amurka - kusan 9, Kudancin Amurka - kusan 6, a Ostiraliya da Oceania - 0.5%.

Yunkurin da yawa na rage yawan haihuwar bai yi nasara ba. A halin yanzu akwai fashewar jama'a a Afirka, Asiya da Kudancin Amurka. Haɓaka saurin hauhawan jama'a yana buƙatar warware matsalar duniya na rage ƙimar yawan jama’ar Duniya, tunda mutane suna buƙatar wuri don mahalli, don samar da kayayyaki da abinci.

A cikin Rasha, a cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe, yawan jama'a yana raguwa a kowace shekara kuma kawai ya daidaita ta shekarar 2011 (mace-mace ya yi daidai da adadin haihuwa), amma, wannan ƙarnin zai sake raguwa saboda halayen alƙaluma.

Rashin abinci. Duk da yanayin fashewar al'umman duniya, kayan abinci na mutane ke raguwa. Don haka, samar da hatsi a duniya, nama da kifi da kuma wasu samfurori da yawa na kowace masara tana ci gaba da raguwa tun daga 1985. Hasashen haƙoran hasasane kuma a shekara ta 2010 farashin alkama da shinkafa kusan ninki ninki biyu. A cikin kasashen da suka fi talauci, wannan yana haifar da matsananciyar yunwar. A halin yanzu (a cewar alkalumma na hukuma), daya daga cikin mazaunan duniya biyar na fama da matsananciyar yunwa.

A shekarar 2030, alkalumman duniya za su iya karuwa da mutane biliyan 3.7, wadanda za su bukaci samar da abinci iri biyu, da fitowar masana'antu da samar da makamashi don ninka shi sau uku.

Kudaden makamashi a kowane ɓangare na kayan aikin gona (takin zamani, ruwa, wutar lantarki, mai don rukunin aikin gona, da sauransu) a cikin shekarun da suka gabata sun karu da kusan sau 15, yayin da yawan kayan haɓaka ya karu da matsakaici da kashi 35-40% kawai. Matsakaicin haɓakar hatsi ya rage tun 1990. Ingantaccen amfani da takin zamani a duniya, a cewar masana, ya kusa da iyaka.

Kari akan wannan, yankin gaba daya na amfanin gona ya inganta a matakin tsakiyar 1980s. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, hannun jari na kifi sun ragu sosai. Don haka, daga shekarar 1950 zuwa 1989, kamun dajin duniya ya girma daga tan miliyan 19 zuwa 89, amma daga baya, zuwa yau (2010), ba a sami wani ci gaba ba. Increasearuwar adadin matukan kamun kifi ba ya haifar da karuwar kamun kifi.

Don haka, a farkon karni na XXI. dan Adam ya fuskanci kalubalen kara lalacewar yanayin kasa, da kara talauci da fadada rashin daidaituwa tsakanin kasashe masu masana'antu da ci gaba.

Matsalar yawan jama'a

Ynamarfafa yawan al ofumma na kowace ƙasa ya dogara da irin waɗannan alamomin alƙaluma kamar haihuwa, mace-mace da ƙaura.

Tun bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet (1990s), an sami raguwar yawan jama'a a cikin kasashen CIS idan aka kwatanta da shekarun da suka gabata (banda na Turkmenistan). Jimlar yawan mutanen CIS a farkon shekarar 2001 yawansu yakai miliyan 280.7, wanda yawansu yakai miliyan 1.6, ko 0.6%, kasa da farkon 1991.

Belarus, Rasha da Ukraine, inda kashi 73% na duk mazaunan CIS suke zaune, tun farkon 1990s. ya shiga wani yanki na cirewa, hanzari wanda yana hanzartawa. Yawan depopulation (rabo daga adadin mace-macen zuwa yawan yawan haihuwa) a cikin 1992-1993. wanda ya kai 1.1 a Belarus, Russia - 1.14, Ukraine - 1.18, kuma a 2000 ya tashi zuwa 1.44, 1.77 da 1.96, bi da bi, ko 31-66%.

A farkon shekarar 2001, yawan jama'ar Belarus ya ragu zuwa mutane miliyan 9.99. da miliyan 10,4 a farkon 1994 (shekarar adadin mafi yawan), ko 4.1%, a Rasha - mutane miliyan 144.8. da miliyan 148.7 a farkon 1992, i.e. da miliyan 3.9, ko 2.6%, na Ukraine - har zuwa miliyan 49 akan miliyan 52.2 a farkon 1993, i.e. raguwa ya zama miliyan 3.2, ko 6.1% (tebur. 3). Adadin yawan jama'a na wadannan jihohi guda 3 a cikin shekarun gyara sun kai mutane miliyan 7.5, wanda ya zarce yawan mazaunan jihohi kamar su Denmark, Slovakia, Georgia, Israel, da Tajikistan.

Mafi mahimmanci - ta mutane miliyan biyu. Yawan Kazakhstan ya ragu (11.3%): daga miliyan 16.8 a farkon 1991 zuwa miliyan 14.8 a farkon 2001. Sakamakon mara kyau shine ya kasance, tare da raguwar adadin haihuwar, zuwa babban adadin kuzarin ƙaura na yawan jama'a daga Kazakhstan zuwa wasu Casashen CIS (galibi citizensan ƙasa masu magana da harshen Rashanci zuwa Rasha da Jamusawa zuwa Jamus).

Tebur 3. Mazaunin ƙasar CIS

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