Farfesa R.V. Protasov, Lambar Gida ta Jiha, ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan masana Rasha a fagen yanayin dabi'ar kifin. Vladimir Rustamovich ya buga littafinsa na farko mai suna "Fish Bioacoustics" a cikin tsakiyar shekarun 1960, duk da haka, bai rasa mahimmancin ilimin kimiyya ba har yanzu .. A cikin abin da aka kawo daga littafin, babu shakka masu binciken ilimin ruwayan za su iya jawo mahimman bayanai ga kansu.

Mu (Protasov da Romanenko, 1962) a gwaji muka kafa tasirin sauti tare da nuna wasu kifin kifin - Betta splendens, Macropodus opercularis, Lebistes reticulatus, da dai sauransu Ta hanyar daidaita yanayin zafin jiki da yanayin ruwan akwatin, sau da yawa mun canza yadda muke sarrafa kifi. A wannan yanayin, lokacin da kifayen suka shiga cikin jihohin da suka fara rarrafewa da tsabtacewa, ana lura da karuwar haɓakar aikinsu koyaushe. Sauti da ke da alaƙa da maza game maza, mata, sautin barazanar maza masu adawa, sautin kare gida da kariyar zuriya an ƙara su a cikin sautin abinci.

Sauti na haɗari ya tashi a cikin kifi kafin ya barta kuma idan maza suka yi gasa na mace. Ta hanyar dabi'arsu, ba sa bambanta da sautin barazanar da aka bayar dangane da kariyar zuriya.

An lura da wannan sabon abu musamman a sandunan raɗaɗi (Protasov, Romanenko da Podlipalin, 1965). Namiji na gida na kafin daga farauta sai a gayyato mata a wata rawa. Lokacin da abokan hamayya tsakanin maza suka bayyana, yaƙin ya fara. Nuna halayyar da ke haifar da barazanar ga junan su, maza a lokaci guda suna yin maye da kwakwa, wanda a fili yake yana nuna alamun barazanar. Sauti na barazanar dunƙule yana da rauni sosai (ganina goma na mashaya). Saboda haka, ba zamu iya gwada kimar siginar su ba.

Ana iya lura da sautin barazanar da maza ke yi a cikin gwagwarmayar mace ga kifin kifin ruwa: maza (ƙaurawar Betta), cichlids daban-daban, da dai sauransu. Cockerel na hali ne a cikin wannan girmamawa. Yayin da lokacin cin abinci ke gabatowa, yanayin zafin wannan kifin yana ƙaruwa sosai. Ya isa a wannan lokacin don nuna zakara da hotonta a cikin madubi, kamar yadda namiji ya ɗauka wani mawaƙi mai kishi kuma, yana ba da dannawa guda ɗaya, yana sauri zuwa "abokan gaba".

Yawancin sautunan barazanar a cikin kifi suna da alaƙa da halayyar ƙasa. Yawancin kifayen, suna jagorantar karko, haɗuwa ko salon rayuwa, suna zaune a cikin tafkin a wani yanki, wanda galibi ana kiyaye shi. Sautunan barazanar a cikin wannan yanayin ba kawai intraspecific ba ne, har ma suna da mahimmancin alamar siginar.

Kasancewar Tailandia, Malaya, da tsibiran tsibiran Indo-Australiya, kifin ruwan Botia hymenophisa, sabanin sauran kifin halittar Botia, suna haifar da rayuwar kai kaɗai (Clausewitz, 1958). A cikin tafkuna, waɗannan kifayen suna zaune a cikin ƙananan yankuna har zuwa mita 1 a diamita, waɗanda ke kare gaba ga mamayewa. Kafin kai hari ga kifin, suna yin sauti mai ban tsoro. Wannan sautin yana tsoratar da kifin mai mamayewa, yayi musu gargaɗi game da yiwuwar kai hari. Demonstrationaya daga cikin zanga-zangar jinsunan B. hymenophisa, ba tare da sauti ba, ba ya tsoratar da kifi.

Mafi ma'anar ma'anar sautin girgiza kamar sigina na barazanar dangane da tsaron yankinmu an samo mu ne (Protasov da Romanenko, 1962) akan sikelin kifin na kifin.

A cikin aquariums, waɗannan kifayen ana raba su kashi biyu (namiji da mace), suna kama waɗansu yankuna. Mamayewar wasu kifayen, musamman nau'in guda ɗaya, yana haifar da faɗa. Maza daga nesa na santimita 15-30 na ɗaukar tsoratarwa ta kuma haifar da mummunan sauti. Fishan ƙananan kifi a lokaci guda nutse zuwa tushe kuma daskare. Kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga gwaje-gwajen tare da rabuwa da kifayen ta hanyar kayan sarrafa sauti, bayyanar sautin girgiza yana fifita sauran kifin. A lokaci guda, tashi a matsayin bayyanannan matakin kariya na kariya ya bayyana kanta daga nesa da kasa da santimita 10 daga wurin sauti. Mafi yawan martani na kariya an nuna shi ta aiki tare da alamun sauti da na barazanar barazanar gaba daya.

Sautin kifayen shima a matsayin alama na haɗari. Mun kafa gwaje-gwajenmu na farko akan mutane biyu na kifin kisa (Protasov, Romanenko, 1962). Fushin ɗayan kifin, mun lura da halayyar ɗanyen dutsen da wannan kifin ya buga, da gudu jirgin kifayen biyu daga wannan wurin a cikin akwatin kifaye. Bayan haka, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tare da gungun kifayen kisa wadanda ke zaune a cikin akwatin kifaye tare da macropods. Whale mai kashe tsoro mai kifi kuma ya yi kaifi mai kaifi, yana tashi daga wuri mai haɗari. Sauran kifayen kisa da ke kusa da ita sun kasance tare da ita, suna kuma haifar da nau'in sikirin. Ya kamata a sani cewa macropods ba su kula da sautin kifayen khalifa ba su bar wuraren su. Don haka ana iya zaton cewa ƙwararrun karnukan kifi suna da darajar siginar ƙararrakin haɗarin haɗari. Whale-squeaker yana nuna halayen makamancinsu a yanayin halitta. Dangane da abubuwan lura da masunta na Amur, a yayin da ake saka bututun, kifen kifayen suna yin sauti mai karfi kuma suna tsoratar da ragowar kifayen kifayen.

Kifi da suka kafa nau'i biyu, saboda da matyn asronchrony, ba su fara haihuwa nan da nan. Gametogenesis a cikin maza, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana gaban aiwatar da balaga na balaice na mata. A lokacin tsinkewa, maza sun riga sun balaga da maniyyi (sabili da haka, a matsayin mai mulkin, akwai kullun maza masu gudana a cikin filaye), mace tana da ovaries a matakin IV-V a wannan lokacin, aikin ovulation a cikinsu bai fara ba (Meyen, 1944, Kulaev, 1939, Dryagin, 1949).

Yanzu an tabbatar da cewa don canjin ƙwayoyin mace zuwa yanayin ruwa, wasu yanayi na waje sun zama dole, tasirin wanda akan tsarin endocrine yake haifar da haɓaka. Hakanan an tabbatar da cewa a cikin hadaddun abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayar mace ta mace zuwa ga ovulation, halayen maza suna da matukar muhimmanci (Noble, 1938, Aronson, 1945). Dangane da wannan, sautikan da namiji yayi yayin “ladabtarwa” mace nada matukar mahimmanci. Tare da sigina na gani, sautin maza na “kula” da mace yana da ƙwarin gwiwa, wanda ya shafi mace a cikin tsarin haihuwa da kuma yin aiki tare da shi tare da yadda ya dace.

A cikin haɗa abubuwa da yawa da kifayen yanki, ɗa namiji yana taka rawar gani don ƙarfafawa. Yawanci yakan fara ne daga bin macen. A lokaci guda, maza suna yin motsi mai rikitarwa ta amfani da siginar gani tare da ƙarfafa shi da sautuna da cizo ko gurnani ga asalin ɓangaren ciki na ciki. Maza, macro pods, angelfish, acaras, gourami, da sauransu suna sa sauti mara ƙarfi (guda ɗaya ko biyu). Halin hali a cikin wannan girmamawa shine halin dabarun macropods da takobi (bayanan Tsvetkov da ba'a buga ba). Namijin namiji na mace ya faru ne a layi daya da aikin gida. Har zuwa lokacin da aka gama ginin, aikin karfafawa yana karawa. An bayyana wannan duka a cikin wani saurin canji na saiti da motsi da'irar da namiji ya nuna, kuma da haɓaka ƙarfi da haɓaka saututtukan sauti. Kafin kwanciya qwai, kwaɗaitar da mace ya kai darajar ta. Single ko biyu dots ci a cikin drum trill. Maimaita musu dariya, namiji yana yin iyo a gaban mace, yana yada fan kumbikansa da rawar jiki tare da jikinsa duka. Ana lura da sautuna iri ɗaya yayin motsawar mata a cikin rairayin bakin teku da allura (Hardenburg, 1934, Noble, 1938). Saututtukan motsawa suna aiki da tsarin maturation a cikin namiji da mace. Saboda haka, idan ana yin tsinkewar ɗan mashin, ana yin tazarce daban a kan gilashin akwatin kifaye, to a bar mata, to za a katse wasannin waɗannan kifayen. Irin waɗannan abubuwan ba su da bambanci, duk masu sha'awar akwatin kifaye suna sane da su.

Labari

Wannan yanki ya sami karbuwa a cikin 1956 a I Bioacoustic Congress a Pennsylvania (Amurka).

A shekara ta 1974 da 1978, an gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na farko biyu a Leningrad kan batun ilimin halittar mutumtaka mai bayyana tunanin mutum.

A cikin USSR, manyan cibiyoyin bincike na bioacoustic sun kasance a Cibiyar Juyin Halittar Tsarin Halittu da Tsarin Halittu na Dabbobi A. N. Severtsov Cibiyar Kimiyya ta USSR, Cibiyar Acoustic. N. I. Andreeva Academy of Sciences na USSR (Moscow), a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya. I.P. Pavlova da Cibiyar Juyin Halittar Jiki da Injiniya Sechenov I.M. na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR (Leningrad), a Jami'ar Jihar Moscow da St. Petersburg State University, a Karadag Biostation na Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin halitta na Tekun Kudancin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR. Akwai cibiyoyin bincike a Amurka, Ingila, Japan, Faransa, da Jamus.

Magana

Hadaddun sautin sadarwa na dabbobi. Kuna iya lura da canjin daga muryar "na injina", wanda aka kirkira saboda rikicewar sassa daban-daban na jikin mutum, don amfani a cikin jijiyar numfashi ("ainihin" murya) na kwararar iska. Ana lura da sautin "na injina" a cikin dabbobi kamar gizo-gizo, gizo-gizo, crayfish da kyankyasai, kwari (girgiza fuka-fukan gwoza, girgiza cicada membranes, da sauransu.) Ana lura da sautuna a cikin adadi mai yawa na kifi (cikin gida 42), suna ɗaukar sauti ta amfani da iyo mafitsara, Sikeli, jaws, da sauransu.

Hanyoyi

Hanyar farko da mafi sauki ta koyan harshen dabbobi shine lura.

Abubuwan halittun dabbobi suna tattara muryoyin dabbobi - wannan na da mahimmanci a kimiyance, tunda da yawa nau'ikan tsuntsaye ko kwari, kusan babu bambanci a cikin sura, ana rarrabe su sosai ta hanyar muryoyinsu, wanda yasa ya yiwu a rarrabe su zuwa jinsin daban. Har ila yau, ɗakunan karatu na kiɗa suna zama tushen kayan don amfani a cikin hanyoyin bioacoustic (jawo hankalin ko tsoratar da dabbobi).

A cikin USSR, Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi ta Tsakiya ta kasance a Cibiyar Halittu da ilasa ta Jami'ar Jihar Moscow tare da reshe a Cibiyar Biophysics na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR a Pushchino a kan Oka. Jami'ar Jihar Leningrad tana da babban ɗakin karatu na kiɗa; akwai tarin rakodi a cikin Kiev, Tartu, Vladivostok da sauran biranen. Jami'ar Cornell tana da fiye da bayanan 24,000 na muryoyin tsuntsaye.

B.N. Veprintsev da A.S. Malchevsky sun tsunduma cikin ƙirƙirar ɗakin karatu na muryoyin tsuntsaye, E.V. Shishkova, E.V. Romanenko - kifi da dabbobin ruwa, I.D. Nikolsky, V.R. Protasov - kifi, A. I. Konstantinov, V. N. Movchan - dabbobi masu shayarwa, A. V. Popov - kwari.

Daya daga cikin hanyoyin zamani na ilimin halittar halittu shine sanin kimar siginar sauti. Ana yin wannan ta rakodi da kuma sabunta wasu sauti tare da lura da halayen dabbobi. Sabili da haka, kayan rikodi shine ɗayan manyan kayan aikin bioacoustics.

Bayani mai amfani ga dabbobi ana iya ɗaukar shi da ƙarfi, fararwa, tsawon sautuna, lokacin maganarsu. Ana yin nazarin sauti ta amfani da oscilloscope na lantarki da sonograph.

Amfani mai amfani

Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na bioacoustics ana amfani da su duka biyu don jan hankalin dabbobi (alal misali, kifi don kamun kifi ko kwari mai cutarwa don wargaza), kuma don firgita (alal misali, tsuntsayen daga filayen jirgin sama da filaye ko bears daga ƙauyuka).

Jawo hankalin kifi zuwa sandan kamun kifi wanda ke shimfida sautin ganima a cikin ruwa yana baka damar samun babban kifaye. A cikin kamun kifi, ana kuma amfani da sautunan fashewar - don kiyaye kifin a cikin jakar, yayin da har yanzu yana cikin ruwa. Anan, an zaɓi sautin kifayen da suke farautarsu game da takamaiman kifin kasuwanci. A. A. Kuznetsov, V. Kitlitsky, A. S. Popov a cikin Soviet, sun yi ɗayan ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyi (mai kwaikwayon sautin na dabbar dolphins-ganga).