Saigas (Latin Saiga tatarica) sun kasance daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa daga dangin bovine, saboda haka dabbobinsu sun sami kiwo tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Zuwa yanzu, akwai wasu kaso biyu na Saiga tatarica tatarica (kore saiga) da Saiga tatarica mongolica (ja saiga).
Hakanan ana kiranta margach da maɓallin arewa. A halin yanzu, wannan nau'in yana ƙarƙashin tsananin kariya, kamar yadda yake a ƙarshen karewa.
Wadansu mutane sun dauki wannan dabbobi masu alfarma. An bayyana jigon kusancin da ke tsakanin waɗannan dabbobi da ɗan adam a cikin labarin farin saiga, marubuci Ahmedkhan Abu Bakar.
Siffofi da mazauninsu
Ba za a kira wannan dabba da kyau ba. Abu na farko da ya fara kama idonka nan da nan, idan ka kalle shi saiga - rashin kunyarsu mai ban tsoro da kuma proboscis ta hannu tare da kafafen hancin hanci. Wannan tsarin hanci yana ba ku damar dumama iska mai sanyi a cikin hunturu, amma kuma yana riƙe ƙura a lokacin bazara.
Baya ga kai mai kaskantar da kai, saiga yana da karaya, cikakken jiki har zuwa tsayi mita daya da rabi kuma bakin ciki, kafafu masu tsayi, wanda, kamar dukkanin artiodactyls, yana karewa da yatsunsu biyu da kofato.
Tsawon dabba ya kai 80 cm a ƙasan, kuma nauyin bai wuce kilo 40 ba. Launin dabbobi sun bambanta dangane da kakar. A cikin hunturu, mayafin yana da kauri da dumi, haske, mai launin ja, kuma a lokacin rani yana da datti ja, duhu sosai a bayan.
Shugaban na maza an kambi shi ne ta hanyar juzu'i, launuka masu launin shuɗi masu launin shuɗi zuwa 30 cm. saiga kaho fara kusan nan da nan bayan haihuwar maraƙi. Waɗannan ƙahoni ne ya sa hallakar wannan nau'in.
Tabbas, a cikin 90s na ƙarni na karshe an sayi ƙahon saiga da kyau akan kasuwar baƙar fata, farashin su yayi yawa sosai. Saboda haka, masu fastoci sun lalata su ta hanyar dubun dubatar. A yau dai saigas suna zaune a Uzbekistan da Turkmenistan, tungar Kazakhstan da Mongolia. A cikin yankin ana iya samun su a cikin Kalmykia da kuma yankin Astrakhan.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
Inda saiga take zaune, yakamata ya bushe da sarari. Daidai ne don steppe ko Semi-hamada. Ciyayi a cikin mazauninsu yana da wuya, saboda haka dole ne suyi ta zagaye koyaushe don neman abinci.
Amma dabbobin sun gwammace su nisanci wuraren da aka shuka, saboda ba za su iya gudu da sauri ba saboda yanayin da ba a daidaita ba. Zasu iya kewaye kan tsire-tsire na gona kawai a cikin bushewar shekara, kuma, ba kamar tumaki, ba sa tattake albarkatu. Ba sa son yanayin ƙasa.
Saiga - dabbaana yin hakan ne a cikin garken. Wani kyakkyawan gani mai ban mamaki shine ƙaura garke, yana dubban dubban burin. Kamar rafi suna tafiya a ƙasa. Kuma wannan ya faru ne saboda nau'in tururuwa da ke gudana - amble.
Margach ya sami damar gudu na dogon lokaci a gudun har zuwa 70 km / h. Ee, kuma wannan yana iyo saiga tururuwa kyakkyawa mai kyau, akwai maganganu na ketare dabbobi ta hanyar kotuna masu adalci, alal misali, Volga. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, dabbar tayi tsalle a tsaye yayin da take gudana.
Ya danganta da lokacin, suna motsa ko dai zuwa kudu lokacin hunturu yana gabatowa kuma dusar ƙanƙara ta fari tana faɗi. Ba safai ake yin ƙaura ba tare da sadaukarwa ba. A yunƙurin ficewa daga yanayin dusar ƙanƙara, garken garke a kowace rana na iya shawo har zuwa kilomita 200 ba tare da tsayawa ba.
Masu rauni da marasa lafiya kawai suna rasa ƙarfi kuma suna faɗuwa a kan gudu, suna mutuwa. Idan sun daina, za su rasa garken. A lokacin rani, garken suna ƙaura zuwa arewa, inda ciyawar ta fi yawa kuma akwai wadataccen ruwan sha.
Jaririn waɗannan angolop ana haife su a ƙarshen bazara, kuma suna zuwa waɗansu yankuna kafin saiga ya haifar. Idan yanayin bai dace da dabbobi ba, sukan fara ƙaura zuwa lokacin bazara, sannan a cikin garken zaka iya ganin yara.
Iyaye mata kan bar yaransu kadai a daidai a mataki, suna zuwa sau biyu kawai a rana don ciyar da su
Lokacin da suke da shekaru 3-4 da haihuwa kuma suna yin nauyi har zuwa 4 kilogiram, suna yiwa minna dariya, suna kokarin ci gaba. Wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna jagorantar rayuwa ta yau da kullun, da bacci da dare. Daga babban abokin gabansu - ƙyamar wolf, dabbobi za su iya samun ceto kawai tare da taimakon saurin gudu.
Abincin Saiga
A cikin yanayi daban-daban, garken saigas na iya ciyar da ire-iren tsire-tsire iri daban-daban, wasun su ma masu guba ne ga sauran herbivores. Shuka hatsi mai kyau, alkama da tsutsa, quinoa da hodgepodge, kusan nau'in nau'in tsire-tsire ne kaɗai aka haɗa cikin abincin margach a lokacin bazara.
Cin tsire-tsire mai laushi, tururuwa suna magance matsalarsu da ruwa kuma suna iya yin hakan ba tare da dadewa ba. Kuma a cikin hunturu, maimakon ruwa, dabbobi suna cin dusar ƙanƙara.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Lokacin canjin yanayin saigas ya faɗi a ƙarshen Nuwamba da farkon Disamba. Yayin tafiyarwa, kowane namiji yana neman ƙirƙirar "ƙwararrakin" mata masu yawa. Balagagge a cikin mace ya fi sauri fiye da na maza. Tuni a farkon shekarar rayuwa suna shirye su kawo zuriya.
A lokacin yin safarar, ana fitar da wani ruwa mai launin ruwan hoda mai kaifi, mara warin kamshi daga glandon da ke kusa da idanu. Godiya ga wannan "ƙanshi" maza suna ji da juna ko da dare.
Sau da yawa tsakanin mazan biyu masu tsananin faɗa suna faruwa, suna runtsawa juna, suna karo goshinsu da ƙahoni har sai da ɗayan masu hamayya suka zauna.
A irin wadannan yaƙe-yaƙe, dabbobi kan yi musun raunuka, wanda daga baya su mutu. Mai cin nasara yana ɗaukar mace mai jan hankali zuwa ga ƙamus. Lokacin yin aikin yayi kamar kwana 10.
A cikin ƙaƙƙarfan lafiya mai ƙwayar rai, ana samun mata kusan 50 a cikin garken, kuma a ƙarshen bazara kowannensu zai samu daga ɗayan (a cikin matasa mata) har zuwa saiga uku. Kafin haihuwar, mace ta je gaɓar kwari, nesa daga rami na ruwa. Wannan ita ce hanya daya tilo don kare kanka da yaranka daga masu cutar.
Fewan kwanakin farko, ɗan saiga maraƙi kusan baya motsawa kuma yana kwance a ƙasa. Jawo sa kusan ya hade da ƙasa. Sau kalilan a rana mahaifiyar ta kan zo wurin jaririnta don ciyar da shi da madara, da sauran ragowar lokacin da ta ɗan yi kusa da ita kusa da ita.
Duk da yake ɗan maraƙin bai balaga ba, yana da matukar rauni kuma ya zama mai sauƙin ganima ga dawakai da dawakai, da kuma karnukan feral. Amma bayan kwanaki 7-10, saiga ya fara bi ta sheqa, kuma cikin sama da sati biyu zai iya yin saurin sauri kamar manya.
A matsakaici, a cikin vivo saigas suna rayuwa har zuwa shekara bakwai, kuma a cikin bauta rayuwar su ta kai shekaru goma sha biyu.
Duk girman shekarun da wannan nau'in artiodactyls ya tsufa, bai kamata ya lalace ba. Zuwa yau, an dauki dukkan matakan a kan yankin na Tarayyar Rasha da Kazakhstan don adana saigas. Zapovedniks da wuraren adana yanayi an kirkiresu, babban maƙasudin wanda shine kiyaye wannan asalin na asali don tsararraki.
Kuma kawai ayyukan masu fastoci ne waɗanda ke amsa tayin don siyan saiga, a kowace shekara rage yawan alumma. China na ci gaba da sayo kaho farashin saiga A kan abin da yake birgima, kuma ba shi da mahimmanci, tsoffin ƙaho ne, ko sabo, daga cikin dabbar da aka kashe yanzu.
Wannan shi ne saboda maganin gargajiya. An yi imanin cewa foda da aka yi daga gare su yana warkar da cututtuka da yawa na hanta da ciki, bugun jini, har ma ya sami damar fitar da mutum daga cikin mayuka.
Muddin akwai buƙata, za a sami waɗanda suke so su amfana daga waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi masu ban dariya. Kuma wannan zai haifar da cikakkiyar ɓarkewar tururuwa, saboda kuna buƙatar ɗaukar gram 3 na foda daga ƙaho.
Bayyanar
Saiga karamin dabba ne. Kasancewa zuwa maɓallin tururuwa, saigas yana da ƙaramin jiki mai tsawon rai, ba fiye da mita ɗaya da rabi tsayi, ƙafar kafafu da ƙaramin wutsiya. Tsawonsa a ƙ theƙasassun bai wuce santimita tamanin ba, amma mafi yawan lokuta yana ƙasa da ƙasa.
Adadin Saiga yawanci daga kilo 25 zuwa 60, nauyin dabbar ya dogara da wadatar abinci a yankin, da kuma jima'i na dabbar. Mata suna da yawa cikin nauyi da girma fiye da maza.
Maza suna da ƙahoni wanda aka shirya akan madaidaiciya a kawunansu kuma suna da sifa mai fa'ida. A tsawon, suna girma zuwa talatin santimita.
Saiga ulu a lokacin bazara, ban da ciki, yashi ko launi mai launin shuɗi. A cikin ciki, saiga saiga tana da sauƙin wuta, wani lokacin har ma da fari. A cikin lokacin sanyi, saiga gashi ta zama launin ruwan-kofi, a wasu wuraren akwai tabarau na launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa. A cikin hunturu, saiga saiga ta zama mai kauri da daɗewa, wanda ke taimaka masa jimrewa da sanyi.
Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na saiga shine sabon abu mai kama da hancinsa, wanda yafi kama da guntun wando. Hancin saiga mai nutsar da hancin yana da sauƙin hannu kuma wani ɓangaren yana rufe tsawon lebe. Wannan sabon salo na hanci yana taimakawa saigas don tsira cikin aminci a cikin mazauninsu: a cikin hunturu, iska mai sanyi tana da lokaci don dumama bayan shakar iska, a lokacin rani shine ƙarin tacewa wanda ke tarko ƙura kuma yana hana shi shiga jiki.
Ana son sanin komai
Saiga, ko Saiga (Latin Saiga) asalin halitta ce ta dabbobi masu shayarwa wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin halittar dabbobi, gidan alamomi ne, zurfin mahalli na gaske. Yarinyar saiga saiga ce, saiga namiji ake kira saiga ko margach.
Sunan Rasha na wannan nau'in halittar ya tashi da godiya ga yaren mallakar kungiyar Turkic, wanda akidar "chagat" ko "saiɣak" tayi dace da wannan dabba. Ma'anar Latin, wanda daga baya ya zama na ƙasa, ya tashi, a bayyane yake, godiya ga aikin masanin tarihin Austrian da diflomasiya Sigismund von Herberstein. A karon farko, an rubuta sunan saiga a cikin Bayanan kula akan Muscovy, wanda aka yi a 1549. IN DA. Dahl yayin rubuta “lanamus ɗin Bayanin Bayanin Yaren Rasha” ya lura cewa "saiga" ko "margach" an kebe shi ga maza, kuma mata sun shahara da ake kira "saiga".
Saiga yana magana ne akan keɓaɓɓun dabbobi waɗanda suka riƙe kamanninsu da ba su taɓa canzawa ba tun waɗancan lokacin da garkunan dabbobi masu mammoths ke yawo a duniya. Saboda haka, bayyanar wannan nau'in halittar halitta wani yanayi ne mai ma'ana, saboda ba za'a iya rikita shi da wata dabba ba.
Saiga, ko tururuwar dabbar, dabba ce wacce take da tsawon tsayi daga 110 zuwa 146 cm (ciki har da wutsiya) kuma tsayi a ƙarancin ya kai santimita 60 zuwa 79. Tsawon wutsiyar ya kai santimita 11. Matsayin saiga ya bambanta dangane da jinsi kuma yana cikin 23- 40 kg, kodayake mutum ɗaya na iya isa nauyin kilo 50-60. Kafafuwan maɓuɓɓugan ƙafafun sunada gajeru kuma bakin ciki, gangar jikin ba ta da girma, elongated.
Siffar halayyar dukkan wakilan halittar ɗan adam ita ce hanci mai taushi na saiga, da ɗan tunannin ɗan gajeren akwati. Wannan jikin yana rataye shi kadan, yana hade saman da lebe, har ila yau yana da manyan kafafen hancin ciki, ya kece da septum mai bakin ciki. Sakamakon tsananin hancin hanci, ana samun ingantaccen gurɓataccen iska daga ƙura a lokacin bazara da damina, kuma a lokacin hunturu, iska mai sanyi tana shayarwa.
Bugu da kari, tare da taimakon hancin hanci a lokacin matsejin, maza na saigas suna yin sauti na musamman wadanda zasu firgita abokan hamayyarsu da jan hankalin mata. A wasu halaye, fifikon murya ya wadatar, kuma maza ba lallai ne su sanya makamansu a aikace ba - ƙaho, waɗanda sifofi ne na siffa na jima'i.
A sifa, saiga saiga yayi kama da mai zare kuma yayi girma a kai kusan tsaye. A matsakaici, tsawon saiga saiga ya kai 25-30 cm, kuma kashi biyu cikin uku, suna farawa daga kai, an rufe su da shinge na kowace shekara. Launin ƙaho yana launin ja. A lokacin balaga, kahon dabbar ya zama mai canza launin farin launin shuɗi. Abin lura ne cewa bayan namiji ya cika shekara ɗaya da rabi, girma na ƙaho yakan tsaya. Matan Saiga basu da kaho.
Kunnuwan dabbar suna da gajeru da faɗi. Kananan idanu saiga suna da nisa, gashin idanu kusan tsirara ne, dalibin yana da tsawo, kuma iris mai launin shuɗi ne.
Shortan gajeren kuma gawurtaccen lokacin bazara saiga fur yana da launin ja mai launin shuɗi, mai duhu akan bangarorin da baya. Tsawon Jawo ya kai cm 2. A ciki, launin mayafin ba shi da ƙarfi. Lowerasan jikin, wuyansa, da kuma cikin kafafu farare ne. Tare da farawar yanayin sanyi, saigas ya zama an rufe shi da laima mai laushi mai laushi mai haske, har zuwa 7 cm ko fiye a tsayi. Godiya ga waɗannan sifofin, garken saigas da ke kwance a kan daskararren dusar ƙanƙara yana kallon kusan maƙiyan halitta. Canji a cikin murfin Jawo, saiga molt, yana faruwa a cikin bazara da kaka.
Saigas dabbobi ne masu kama-da-gora waɗanda ke da kyakkyawan haɓaka ƙamshi, saboda abin da suke jin ƙarancin warin koren ciyayi da ruwan sama da suka gabata. Kyakkyawan ji yana sa ya yiwu a kama kowane sautin rashin tsoro a nesa mai nisa, amma dabbobin artiodactyl ba sa bambanta cikin hangen nesa mai kyau.
Har yaushe saiga take zaune?
Rayuwar saiga a cikin vivo ya dogara da jinsi. Saiga maza suna rayuwa ne daga shekaru 4 zuwa 5, tsawon rayuwar mace yana daga shekaru 8 zuwa 10-12 ne.
Nau'in saigas.
1abi'a 1 ne kawai aka haɗa a cikin jinsin - saiga (Latin Saiga tatarica), a cikin abin da ya bambanta ƙasashe guda biyu:
Saiga tatarica tatarica yar karamar kungiya ce wacce dabbobin ta a shekara ta 2008 basu wuce mutum dubu 50 ba. Saigas suna zaune a cikin tsaunukan daji da hamada na Rasha (Caspian ta Arewa maso Yamma), Kazakhstan (Ustyurt, Betpak-Dala, Sands Volga-Ural).
Saiga tatarica mongolica ƙungiya ce da take zaune a arewa maso yammacin Mongolia. Lambar sa a 2004 bai wuce mutum 750 ba. Matsayin Mongolian ya bambanta da Saiga tatarica tatarica a cikin ƙaramin girman jiki, tsawon ƙaho da mazauninsu.
Ina saiga take?
A lokacin bayan Late Waldai glaci, saigas ya mamaye wani yanki mai yawa, daga Yammacin Turai da Burtaniya mai girma zuwa Alaska da arewa maso yamma Kanada. A cikin karni na 17-18, dabbobi sun mamaye karamin yanki, tun daga sawun Carpathians zuwa Mongolia da yammacin China. A arewa, iyakar mazauninta ta haɗu da Baraba Lowland a kudancin Yammacin Siberiya. Sakamakon sake zama dan Adam, adadin saigas ya ragu sosai. A halin yanzu, saigas suna zaune ne kawai a cikin tsaunukan hamada da hamada na Kazakhstan (a cikin sands na Volga-Ural, Ustyurt da Betpak-Dala), Rasha (Caspian ta Arewa-yamma), har ma da yammacin Mongolia (Shargin Gobi da Somon Mankhan). A cikin Rasha, saiga yana zaune a cikin tsaunukan yankin Astrakhan, a cikin Kalmykia da Jamhuriyar Altai.
A cikin lokacin bazara-rani, saiga garken, yawan mutane wanda yakai daga dabbobi 40 zuwa 1000, suna rayuwa a yankuna masu tsaka-tsakin yanayi tare da fifikon wuraren fili da rashin haɓaka ko kwari. A cikin hunturu, a lokacin dusar ƙanƙara, dabbobi sun fi so su ɓoye daga daskarar da iska a cikin tsaunukan. Abinda aka makala na saigas zuwa wurare masu laushi tare da daskararren ƙasa ko ƙasa yana da alaƙa tare da amble run. Idan yana tafiya ta wannan hanyar, dabbar zata iya tsalle ko da ɗan ƙaramin farfaɓi da faɗi.
Saigas ya jagoranci rayuwar rayuwar nomad, yana aiki da rana. A lokutan haɗari, saiga saurin zai iya kaiwa kilomita 80 / h, kuma lokacin tsallake amble mai tsayi mai nisa garken ya yi kama da tseren jirgin ƙasa tare da matsewa da sauri na kimanin kilomita 60 / h. Hanyar motsi da shugaba ya zaba na iya canzawa sosai ba tare da yin tasiri ga yanayin motsi ba.
A cikin hunturu, saigas yana ciyarwa a wuraren da tsawo daga murfin dusar ƙanƙara bai wuce cm 20 ba. A farkon lokacin bazara, dabbobi suna yin ƙaura zuwa yankin da ke arewa.
Me saiga take ci?
Jerin abincin da aka sanya cikin abincin saiga ya kunshi daruruwan wasu ciyawa iri iri, gami da irin wadancan nau'in wadanda suke da lahani ga dabbobi.A cikin bazara, furanni da ganyaye suna da ɗumbin danshi mai yawa, don haka dabbobi su biya buƙatansu na ruwa ta hanyar cin furannin fure (irises da tulips), licorice da kermek, steppe lichen, fescue da alkama, ephedra da wormwood. Bukatar yau da kullun don kore taro daga 3 zuwa 6 kg kowane ɗaya. Da farko lokacin zafi, ana ƙara tsire-tsire irin su thistle da hodgepodge a cikin abincin abinci na saiga, magudanar ƙwanƙwasa ta fara ƙaura don neman abinci da ruwa. Saigas suna kan tafiya koyaushe har ma suna ciyar da tafiya, suna lalata ingan tsire-tsire da suka wuce. Dabbobi ba da izinin shiga filayen noma ba, kamar yadda busasshen ƙasa da tsayi, tsirrai masu yawa suna tsoma baki tare da motsi na saigas.
Sake bugun saigas.
Lokacin kiwo a cikin saigas yana farawa a ƙarshen kaka. A wannan lokacin, mazan da suka fi karfi bayan gasa matattara, wani lokacin mai tsananin zafi da jini, sun zama masu cin naman dabbobi, adadinsu na iya zuwa daga 4 zuwa 20 ko fiye da mace. Siffar halayyar saboda abin da maza zasu iya gano abokin hamayya ko da a cikin duhu shine fitar da launin ruwan kasa tare da ƙamshin wari mai kyau. Suna fitowa daga gland na musamman wadanda suke kusa da idanun dabba.
Saigas bai kai ga balaga ba a lokaci guda: mata suna shirye don abokiyar zama a farkon shekarar rayuwa (watanni 8 - 9), da margachi, maza, sun sami damar haihuwar zuriya daga shekara daya da rabi, kuma wani lokacin kaɗan. Yayin tafiyar, babban aikin Margachev shine ƙirƙirar ƙwanƙwalwa, kare shi daga ɓarkewar wasu maza kuma, ba shakka, haɗu da duk matan ƙungiyar. Sau da yawa, maza kawai basu da isasshen lokacin da zasu bincika abinci ko hutawa, don haka ba abin mamaki bane cewa wani sashi daga cikinsu ya mutu sakamakon gajiya. Maza da suka tsira daga hatsar suna yawan barin garken kuma suna kirkirar abin da ake kira “kungiyoyin bachelor”.
Saiga ciki na tsawon watanni 5. A watan Mayu, kafin lokacin ragon, mata masu juna biyu sukan taru a cikin kananan kungiyoyi kuma su bar babban garken, suna barin zurfi a cikin matse, daga matattarar ruwa (koguna, tafkuna, swamps). Wannan yana ba ku damar kare zuriya daga harin abokan gaba na saigas - karnukan kyarkeci, karnuka ko ɓatattun karnuka da ke taruwa a tafkunan ruwa.
Ta hanyar zaɓar wani yanki mai ɗorewa, kusan babu ciyawar, saiga mace tana shirin haihuwa. Sanannen abu ne cewa, ba kamar sauran dabbobi ba, saiga ba ta shirya shimfidu na musamman ba, amma tana samar da kwatancen kai tsaye a ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci, jarirai 1-2 ana haihuwar su a cikin mace ɗaya, duk da haka, akwai lokuta na haihuwar 'ya' ya uku a lokaci daya. Saarfin sabon ɗan saiga ya kai kimanin kilogiram 3.5.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa rukuni na mata sun tafi don rago, har zuwa jarirai shida na iya zama lokaci ɗaya a wani yanki na kadada ɗaya. Fewan kwanakin farko na rayuwa, igaan saiga suna kwance kusan marasa motsi, don haka kusan wuya a lura dasu a cikin wuraren da babu ciyayi, koda daga mita biyu zuwa uku.
Ba da da ewa bayan lambing, mace tafi daga zuriya don neman abinci da shayarwa. Yayin rana, sukan dawo da yara sau da yawa don ciyar da su. Iyali suna tasowa cikin sauri. Bayan kwana takwas zuwa goma, saigas na iya bin mahaifiyarsu. Abin lura ne cewa cikin maza, ci gaban ƙaho yana farawa nan da nan bayan haihuwa, kuma mace a ƙarshen kaka tana kama da dabbobi masu shekaru uku a cikin bayyanar.
Saiga makiya
Canjin daji ya fi son gudanar da rayuwar yau da kullun, don haka da dare yana da haɗari musamman. Babban abokin gaba na saigas shine ƙarancin ƙyar, wanda ake ganin ba mai ƙarfi ba ne, har ma yana da hankali. Saiga zata iya tserewa daga ita sai gudu. Wolves suna gudanar da zaɓin yanayi a cikin garken saigas, suna lalata waɗanda ke motsawa sannu a hankali. Wani lokacin zasu iya lalata kashi na huɗu na garken. Mai haɗari ga saigas da karnuka ɓatattu, dawakai, dawakai. Sau da yawa mafi yawan lokuta, waɗannan matasa masu farauta suna fama da kwararar daji. Amma jariran da ke cikin wannan dabbar za su iya yin barazanar barna, dawakai da gaggafa.
Dalilin raguwar lambobin saiga.
Saigas (musamman mazan manya) babban abu ne na farauta. An lalata saboda fur da nama, wanda, kamar ɗan rago, za'a iya dafa shi, soyayyen, stewed. Mafi girman darajar sune kahowar dabbar. Kyakkyawan foda, wanda aka samo daga gare su, ya sami aikace-aikace da yawa a cikin maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin. Yana da ikon rage ƙarfin zazzabi da kuma tsarkake jiki. Ana iya amfani dashi don kawar da ƙarancin wuta, bi da zazzabi. Likitocin kasar Sin sun yi amfani da raguna ƙaho don wasu cututtukan hanta. Tare da taimakon wannan miyagun ƙwayoyi, zaku iya kawar da ciwon kai ko ciwon ciki, idan ƙaramin sashi ya haɗu da wasu kwayoyi.
Saurin karuwa a yawan jama'ar duniya, saurin kashe biranen da masana'antu na masana'antu kan mazaunun saiga da kuma gurbata muhalli sanadiyyar haifar da raguwa sosai ga mazaunin saigas. Bugu da kari, raguwar bala'in yawansu yana tasiri sosai sakamakon harbi da ba a sarrafa su daga wadannan maharba da mafarauta da kuma masu fashin baki.
A lokacin Tarayyar Soviet, wannan kusan bai shafi yawan adadin saigas ba, tunda akwai wani shiri da ya bayar don kariya da kariya daga tururuwa, wanda har ya ba da damar ƙara yawan jama'a zuwa mutane miliyan ɗaya. Koyaya, bayan rushewar USSR, an dakatar da aikin dawo da yawan jama'a, a sakamakon hakan, wanda ya kasance a ƙarshen karni na 20 - farkon ƙarni na 21, yawan adadin saigas ya ragu sosai da kaɗan fiye da 3% na farkon dabbobin wannan nau'in ya ragu.
A shekara ta 2002, ta hanyar shawarar Unionungiyar Kasashen Duniya don Kula da Halittu, aka sanya saigas a matsayin mai haɗari. Masanan muhalli sun fara haɓakawa da aiwatar da shirye-shirye waɗanda ke haɓaka kiwon dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin bauta, kuma sun fara ba da gudummawa da yardar rai, ta yadda a nan gaba za su iya sake tsara mutanen wannan nau'in a cikin sabon mazauna ko adana wuraren kiwo na asali, sake saiti a cikin wuraren dabbobi daban-daban a cikin duniya.
Girma saigas a cikin zoos yana da wahala sosai. Wannan saboda rashin girman su da iyawar su, cikin fargaba, su watse cikin babban gudu, wanda hakan ke haifar da raunin da ya faru. A wuraren dabbobi, saigas yakan mutu sau da yawa saboda cututtukan gastrointestinal da cututtuka. Bugu da kari, matasa wasu lokuta basa rayuwa har zuwa shekara guda.
Haka kuma akwai ingantacciyar gogewa a cikin saigas na fursuna. Smallan dabbobi da yawa a yau suna rayuwa a cikin Cologne Zoo da cikin Zoo na Moscow. Wadannan sharudda ana lura anan:
mace da namiji suna cikin wurare dabam dabam. Wannan ya sanya ya yiwu a guji raunin da maza masu rauni zasu iya yiwa kansu ko kuma wasu membobin garken, tare da daidaita lokacin kiwo. A cikin lokacin mating, an yarda wa maza da yawa da suka dace da juna ta hanyar maza,
lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin lokacin wata ne (daga Disamba zuwa Janairu) domin yaran saiga ba sa mutu daga sanyi a daren, amma ana haihuwar su a lokacin dumi (a watan Yuni),
Ya kamata a sa asirin a cikin waɗannan dabbobin, asasin, ba dabbobin bane. Wannan yana sauƙaƙe tsaftacewa kuma yana ba da damar ƙarin watsawa na daki-daki. A irin waɗannan alƙalami, jariran ba su da lafiya, kuma adadin rayuwarsu ya yi yawa.
Ciyar a farfajiyar ya dogara da kakar. A lokacin rani, saigas suna cin ciyawa da yawa, kuma a lokacin hunturu hay. An ƙara rage cin abincin ta hanyar mashed karas, sha'ir, quinoa, Clover, da sauransu. An kara gishiri a cikin fashin, wanda saigas lokaci-lokaci lick tare da nishaɗi.
Mafi kyawun sakamako don dawo da yawan saiga an samu shi ne a cikin rayayyun ɗakunan ajiya da keɓaɓɓun yanayi, yanayin halaye waɗanda suka dace da ɗakunan ajiya na kyauta daga waɗannan abubuwan.
A watan Yuni na 2000, tare da goyon baya daga Kungiyar Matan Zaman Kasuwanci ta Munich, wadanda ke hulda da kiwo na saiga a cikin Kalmykia, an bude wani gandun daji a kauyen Har Buluk a wata cibiyar ta musamman wacce manufarta ita ce yin nazari da kuma kiyaye dabbobin daji a cikin jamhuriya. Yayin yawan mace-mace na saiga mace, an zabi jarirai wadanda basa jin tsoron mutane a cikin wurin adana dabbobi na lokacin kiwan su. Wannan aikin ya ba da zarafin samar da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda za a iya kiyayewa har ma da yada su a cikin bauta ba tare da wasu takamaiman matsaloli ba. Heranan garken saigas, wanda ya ƙunshi mutane 8, ana zaune cikin shinge kusa da gonakin dabbobi. Ga dabbobi, sun kirkiro wani abinci na musamman wanda ke yin la’akari da duk abubuwan da suke da alaƙa da shekaru na haɓakar waɗannan artiodactyls. An bai wa ƙaramin dabbobi abinci tare da madara mai tsami, wanda suke ƙara ƙoshin kaza a ƙasa, hadaddun ma'adinai da bitamin kari. Sauyi zuwa tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire yana faruwa a hankali sama da watanni 2.5-3.
Kyakkyawan ƙwarewar kiyaye saigas kyauta kyauta yasa ya sami damar haɓaka gonaki na musamman waɗanda ba kawai zasu iya magance matsalar sake haɓaka nau'ikan daga ajanda ba, amma har ma da shirya dabbobin daɗaɗɗun dabbobin don maganin Kalmykia.
Hakanan ana aiwatar da irin wannan aikin a cikin jihar Reshen yanayi, wacce ke a cikin tsaunin Astrakhan, da kuma Black Lands biosphere Reserve, inda kusan dukkanin al'umar saiga da ke zaune a Yankin Kasuwancin Yammaci na Yammacin Turai suka taru don lokacin kiwo da na mata.
A lokutan Soviet, an ba da izinin tsarin kariya na saiga a Kazakhstan don farauta gonaki, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Kwamitin Jiha na Kazakh SSR game da ilimin halittu da sarrafa yanayi. Powersarfinsu ya haɗa da ikon sarrafa harbi masana'antu da kariya daga dabbar dabba daga masu fashin baki. Tsarin sarrafawa da tsaro an kirkireshi ba daidai ba.
Gwamnatin ta umurci kamfanonin da ke farautar da kansu da su ci gaba da adana dabbobin, sannan kuma sun rage shirin harbin daga lambobin. Yawancin lokaci bai wuce kashi 20 cikin dari ba. Don samun adadin adadin girbin da aka tsara, farauta gonaki sun mamaye yawan jama'ar da rabi. A cewar takardun, ya nuna cewa sun harbe kashi 20 cikin 100 na garken almara na wadanda babu shi, a zahiri sun harbe kashi 40 ko fiye, idan ka kirga daga ainihin yawan mutanen.
Tun daga 1985, saboda yawan saigas a cikin jumhuriya, an ba da Kazakh Zoological Combine alhakin samar da kasuwanci na saigas da sayar da kaho a kasuwar kasashen waje. Ma'aikatar ce ta Kazakh Babban Ma'aikatar Karewar Dabbobin daji a karkashin Majalisar Ministocin Kazakh SSR. Daga farkon perestroika (1985) zuwa 1998, an fitar da tan 131 na ƙaho. Don haka a farkon shekarun 1990, saiga a Kazakhstan ta kusan shugabannin miliyan 1, amma bayan shekaru 10, adadin dabbobi ya ragu zuwa kusan dubu 20. A shekara ta 1993, fitowar ƙaho ta doka ya kai mafi girman ganguna 60.
A cikin 2005, an gabatar da moratorium game da harbin saigas, wanda zai ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 2021. A cikin 2014, adadin saigas ya kai mutum dubu 256.7. Gabaɗaya, raguwar lambobin saiga a Kazakhstan a halin yanzu yana da alaƙa da ci gaba da farautar poula da cututtuka masu yaduwa. Hakanan, ana lura da mutuwar saigas saboda ƙoshin abinci, wanda ke hana haɓakar abinci. A zamanin Soviet, a lokacin lokacin sanyi, masu ciyar da abinci na musamman sun kubutar dasu. Ma’aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya a shekarar 2012-2014 ta kasafta fam miliyan 332 domin nazarin cututtukan da ke kamuwa da cutar a tsakanin jama’ar saiga.
Tarihi game da shari'ar saigas a Kazakhstan
1981, Afrilu - shugabannin saiga dubu 180 suka mutu a yankin tsohon yankin Turgai.
1984, Fabrairu - Afrilu - dabbobi dubu 250 suka mutu a yankin Yammacin Kazakhstan.
1988, Mayu - kimanin saigas 500,000 suka mutu.
1993 - saboda dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi, yawan Betpakdala ya ninka rabi daga dabbobi 700 zuwa dubu 270.
2010 - saigas dubu 12 ya mutu.
2015, Mayu - a yankin Kostanay, Akmola, da Aktobe yankuna, saigas sama da dubu 120 suka mutu a adadi mai yawa. An tabbatar da kimantawa na farko na ƙungiyar kwararru ta CMS game da musabbabin mutuwar saigas, sanadin abin da ya faru shine cutar ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta ta Pasteurella multocida, i.e. manzakarwa.
A cikin littafin Chungiz Aitmatov's “Scaffold”, saiga saiga an bayyana shi kamar haka:
Kuma maharba-mafarauta, suna tafiya daga ƙarshen biyu na dabbobi, suna magana da rediyo, daidaitawa, ya tabbata cewa ba ya watsu ko'ina, cewa ba lallai ne ya sake garken dabbobi a savannah ba, kuma yana ƙara tsoro kuma, yana tilasta saigas ya gudu da wuya. sun gudu ... Matukan jirgin saman Helicopter suna iya gani a sararin sama yadda ake ci gaba da kogin baƙar fata na tsohuwar girgizar ƙasa, a saman farin dusar ƙanƙara ...
Kuma a lokacin da aka tsananta tururuwa ya kwarara a kan wani babban fili, waɗanda haduwa da helicopters yi kokarin da safe. Mafarautan sun jira su, ko kuma mahara, mahara. A kan manyan motocin UAZ masu bude ido, masu harbi sun kori saigas a gaba, suna harba su a kan hanyar kera bindigogi, ba komai, ba tare da gani ba, suna mopping kamar hay a gonar. Kuma a bayansu motocin tirela suka motsa - suka jefa kofunai ɗaya bayan daya a jikin, kuma mutane sun tattara girbi marar amfani. Dubun mutane da yawa ba tare da wani bata lokaci ba, cikin sauri suka sami sabon kasuwancin, suka sanya sabbin wuraren da ba a zaune ba, suka bi sawun wadanda suka ji rauni sannan kuma sun gama, amma babban aikinsu shi ne kunna gawawwakin jini a ƙafafunsu da jefa su cikin ruwa a cikin ɗaya suka faɗi! Savannah ta biya haraji na jini ga gumaka saboda ƙarfin ta kasance ta kasance savannah - duwatsun gawawwakin gawawwakin gawawwakin.
Labarin marubuci ɗan Rasha kuma ɗan jaridar Yuri Geyko, wanda marubucin ya ɗauka a matsayin mafi girman aikinsa na zane-zane, ya samo asali ne daga kwatancin haramcin farautar saiga da ta faru a lokacin farauta daga mummunan lamari, da kuma fitowar da ta faru.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da saiga:
Tsohon magabacin saigas na zamani shine tsohuwar nau'in Saiga borealis (Pleistocene saiga), wanda ya rayu a zamanin babban glaciations. Wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa masu dadewa suna zaune a cikin savannas mai sanyi da tundra-steppes kusa da dusar kankara a arewacin Eurasia, Gabas da Yammacin Siberiya, an samo su a Alaska da kuma arewacin-yammacin Kanada yayin rayuwar mammoths.
Nisan da garken saigas zasu iya tafiya a cikin rana sau da yawa ya wuce kilomita 200.
A cewar abubuwan da Kalmyk da Mongolian suka yi imani da shi, a cikin addinin Buddha akwai allahntaka wanda yake shi ne mai tsaro kuma mai kiyaye waɗannan dabbobi masu tsinkaye - White Dattijo, mai kiyaye rayuwa kuma alama ce ta haihuwa. Bai kamata a harbe masu farauta ba yayin da aka busa saigas tare, saboda a wannan lokacin Dattijon yana zubda madararsu.
Magungunan gabas yana ba da shawarar cewa foda da aka shirya daga saiga saiga yana warkar da kaddarorin.
Habitat
A zamanin da, mazaunin saiga ya fi girma girma, ya mamaye kusan dukkan yankin Eurasia, amma bayan glaciation na duniya saiga ta tsaya ne kawai a cikin kwari da kuma hamada.
A Rasha, ana samun saigas a cikin yankin Astrakhan, Jamhuriyar Kalmykia, da Altai. A kan iyakokin ƙasashe makwabta, saigas suna zaune ne a Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan da Turkmenistan.
Gidajen asali na saigas su ne kwari da jeji, kuma suna son zama a farfajiya fiye da kan tuddai, ƙasa mai tuddai ko kwari.
Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa yana da wuya a gare su su haye zuwa wuraren da suke buƙatar tsalle sama da kowane cikas. Saigas sun fi son motsawa amble, kuma ba sa son tsalle.
Saigas da dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi ba sa so, saboda haka sun fi son ciyar da hunturu inda babu murfin dusar ƙanƙara mai ƙarfi.
Rayuwa da halaye
Saigas suna jagorantar salon rayuwar nomadic, yayin da suke taru a cikin manyan garke, a saman kowane garken garke shugaba ne.A cikin jeji, sukan fita lokacin dusar ƙanƙara ta fara faɗuwa, kuma a cikin ƙaura sai su dawo da kwanakin farko na dumin.
Dabba zai iya daidaitawa ga fari da yanayin sanyi. Gabaɗaya, da sauri suna dacewa da sababbin yanayi don kansu, na iya zama akan abinci mara kyau da ƙaramin adadin ruwa na dogon lokaci.
Yawan garken saigas suna motsawa cikin sauri, masu rauni ko marasa lafiya ba zasu iya tsayar da motsi mai yawa ba, saboda haka galibi suna kasa a baya kuma suna mutuwa daga hakoran masu farauta.
A cikin haɗari, saigas zai iya samun saurin sauri, wanda zai iya kaiwa 80 km / h.
Saigas na iya iyo, yayin ƙaura, ba tare da wahala mai yawa ba suna iya tsallake har ma da zurfin ruwa ko kogi.
Saigas ya rayu har zuwa shekara tara. Maza suna rayuwa ba ƙasa ba, yawanci ba su wuce huɗu ba.
Menene saiga yake ci
Saigas dabbobi ne masu tsire-tsire, abincinsu ya haɗa da tsire-tsire sama da 100. Ya danganta da mazauninsu da lokacin shekara, abincinsu ya bambanta sosai. A cikin bazara, saigas sun fi so su ci: licorice, kermek, fescue, ciyawa alkama, ephedra da wormwood. sun biya bukatunsu na abin sha ta hanyar cin furannin fure: iris da tulips, waɗanda ke ƙunshe da adadin ruwa.
A lokacin rani, ana ƙara hodgepodge, quinoa da wasu ganye a abincinsu. A lokacin rani, ciyawa a cikin steppe ba ta da isasshen ruwa don sinadarin Saigas, saboda haka ana tilasta musu yin balaguro mai nisa don samun adadin abincin da ake buƙata da kuma samo tafkunan da ruwa masu dacewa don sha. Yawancin tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya zama masu haɗari ga mutane, waɗannan dabbobin suna cikin natsuwa suna ci, ba tare da wahala da guba ba.
A cikin hunturu, saigas sau da yawa suna cin lasisi, hatsi. Idan iska mai ƙarfi ta zo, to waɗannan artiodactyls na iya jin yunwa na dogon lokaci, suna ɓoyewa daga yanayin ko canzawa zuwa abincin da ke daɗaɗa, alal misali, ciyawa.
Saigas na buƙatar daga kilo 3 zuwa 6 na abinci a kowace rana, don haka ana tilasta saigas don motsawa koyaushe, yayin da suke ciyar da tafiya.
Abokan gaba a yanayi
Saigas dabbobi ne da suka gwammace su sami nasu abincin da rana, don haka suna da rauni sosai a wannan lokaci na rana. Babban abokin gaba ana iya kiransa ƙyarkeci, wanda daga dabbobi ne kawai zai iya tsira. Da yake sun sami babban garken da ba a shirye don kai hari ba, kyarkeci na iya lalata kashi 25 cikin ɗari na shi.
Koyaya, irin wannan zaɓin yanayi wani lokaci ma yana da fa'ida. Masu yin fitsari suna iya kama mutum mai rauni ko mara lafiya, wannan yana bawa garken damar kiyaye wakilai masu ƙarfi da lafiya a cikin sahu. Hadari kuma ke wakilta karnuka, dawakai da sauran dabbobi waɗanda za su iya kama garken.
Cubs sune mafi wuya, har yanzu basu da ƙarfi da saurin manya, saigas bazai iya kare su koyaushe ba, sabili da haka suna mutuwa sau da yawa. Ba wai Wolves ne kawai suke da haɗari a gare su ba, har ma da ɓarna har ma da gaggafa.
Abokin saigas shine mutum. Fadada kan iyakokinsu, mutane suna daukar wuraren abinci daga dabbobi, don haka hana su daga mafi mahimmanci - abinci. Farauta da farauta suma suna rage yawan jama'a.
Rayuwa a zaman talala
Masana kimiyyar kere-kere da kwararru a fannin fadada yawan mutane sun sami saigas na musamman a cikin gidajen dabbobi daban-daban na duniya don su sami damar adana wuraren shakatawa don ci gaba da kiwo na wadannan dabbobin.
Koyaya, sanya su a cikin rufaffiyar wuraren da aka tsare ba ta da wahala. Saboda tsabar tsoro da fargaba, dabbobi sun tsage cikin babban saurin, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga haɗari kuma galibi suna jikkata. Don haka yanayi ya koya musu yadda za su shawo kan maƙiyansu da fargaba ba ta hanyar yaƙi ba, amma da gudu. Dabbobi da yawa ba su rayu har zuwa shekara guda ba, amma masana kimiyya ba su daina ba amma duk da haka, bin wasu ƙa'idodi, sun sami damar ziyartar saigas a zaman talala.
Wannan na buƙatar:
- An sanya jigilar abincin ta hanyar wucin gadi zuwa wani kwanan wata, ta yadda za a haihuwar saniya a cikin lokacin dumama - a farkon lokacin rani, lokacin da ya yi zafi sosai,
- mace da namiji sun rayu dabam,
- abinci mai gina jiki ya zama ya bambanta don ƙara yawan juriya ga jiki, yara da manya, ga cututtuka daban-daban.
Koyaya, wadannan hanyoyin basu bada damar kara yawan wannan nau'in ba, amma kawai suna ba da fata mai ban tsoro cewa saigas ba zai bace gaba daya ba. An ba su rayuwa cikin zaman talauci da wahala, amma muddin hatsarin ya ɓace na rasa waɗannan kyawawan dabbobin har abada, za a tilasta su zauna cikin gidajen dabbobi.
Farauta Saiga da yawan jama'a
A karshen karni na karshe, yawan saiga ya fara raguwa sosai. Dalilin hakan shine farauta, mutane sun nemi ƙahon dabbar, waɗanda suke da tsada sosai kuma ana amfani dasu a magani ko'ina. Foda, wanda aka yi da kaho, zai iya maganin ciwon kai, zazzabi, koda da hanta. Sau da yawa ana ƙara shi zuwa wasu kwayoyi don haɓaka kayansu. Naman dabbobi ma yana da tamani. Farauta don waɗannan dabbobin sun zama tartsatsi.
A wannan lokacin, sun fara ƙirƙirar ajiyar abubuwa na musamman, ta haka suna ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin inganta yanayin. Koyaya, wannan bai isa ba, saboda har yau wannan nau'in yana kan gab da ƙarewa. Kuma wannan yana buƙatar amfani da matakan musamman ba kawai ba, har ma da haɓaka ƙayyadaddun dabaru da kuma babban shiri don adana waɗannan dabbobi na musamman.
Likitocin dabbobi na jan hankalin yara da yawa da su kara samun wuraren kiwon dabbobi da kuma sanya yaran saiga a cikin wuraren da ba sa tsoron mutane. Zaɓi abinci na musamman, mai wadatarwa a gare su, wanda zai fi sauƙi a gare su su rayu ba tare da madarar uwa ba. Suna ɗauke da su, mai yiwuwa mutane goma a cikin aviaries. Wadannan matakan ba kawai zai ba da damar dabbobi su sami karbuwa ga rayuwar garken ba, har ma da sake dawo da adadin wadannan dabbobin na musamman.
Kammalawa
Saigas dabbobi ne masu ban sha'awa, masu ba wai kawai bayyananniyar bayyananniyar ba ce, har ma tana da yawa. Za su iya rayuwa cikin tsananin sanyi, ba tare da abinci da ruwa ba na dogon lokaci, suna yawo cikin matsanancin zafi, kuma suna tafiya kusan kilomita ɗari biyu a rana. Wannan wataƙila dabba ce kaɗai a doron ƙasa, wanda, bisa ga koyarwar addinin Buddha, har ma yana da allahntaka, wanda yake kare su.
Amma har ma da irin wannan dabbar na dabba, mutum ba zai iya tserar da ɗan adam ba. Wannan nau'in na iya ɓacewa kuma gabaɗayan namu ne. Kafin yayi latti, ya dace ayi la’akari da wane irin kayan gado zamu bar zuriyarsu ko akwai saiga a tsakanin su. Har yanzu akwai damar da za a gyara yanayin kuma a tabbata cewa waɗannan halittu kamar yadda suke a gabanin, an yi musu kiwo a cikin matattakala da filayen ƙasa.
Gabaɗaya halayen saigas
Saigas sune dabbobi masu shayarwar daji na dangin artiodactyl. Sun fi so zauna a cikin Rasha steppes. Maganar farko game da waɗannan dabbobin ta kasance ne tun zamanin da. An yi imanin cewa magabatan angolop duwatsun sune kwararowar huhun daji da dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗanda suka kasance tsawon lokaci suna hallaka. A wannan lokacin suna zaune duk Eurasia har zuwa Alaska. Amma idan waɗannan tsoffin magabatan daji ba su mutu ba, to saigas kansu sun sami damar daidaita da rayuwa.
Abubuwan halayyar dabbobi
Saiga ba dabba ce babba ba, wacce take da Wadannan abubuwa masu rarrabewa masu zuwa:
- Tsawon jikin jikin tsohuwar daji shine 1 to 1.4 mm.
- Tsawon saiga dabba tare da mayunnun kusan kusan 6-0.8 mm.
- Saigas suna da takamaiman hanci - proboscis.
- Launin dabba ba ta da haske. Yawancin lokaci yana launin ja ko haske launin toka. Af, launuka na saiga ulu ya dogara da lokacin shekara.
- Girman jikin irin waɗannan tururuwa na daji kusan kilo 20 zuwa 40 ne. Amma da wuya ka sami daidaikun mutane waɗannan dabbobi, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai kilo 60.
- Wani fasalin shine buga kofato. Irin wannan yanayin yana kama da zuciya wacce take da ƙarshen ƙarewa. A wasu hanyoyi, wannan sawun ya yi kama da alamar sifar tumakin gida.
- Da wuya za ka ji kukan jejin daji. Amma idan halin gaggawa ne, to, za su fara zubar da jini musamman.
- Saiga yana tafiya cikin nutsuwa da daidaici, ƙasa ƙasa. Amma da zaran hatsari ya taso, sai ya fara gudu, yana hanzari. Wani lokacin yakan kai 70 km / h. Zai iya yin gudu a cikin wannan gudu ba fiye da kilomita 12 ba, saboda ko da yana gudu yana tsalle sama.
Mata da maza na wannan dabbar suna da banbanci sosai. Da farko dai, saho ne. A cikin maza, nan da nan bayan haihuwa, sun fara girma. A wata 6 su da launin duhu, kuma rigaya yana haskakawa shekara guda. Tsarin ire-iren waɗannan kaho a bayyane, da ɗan kwalli da kakin zuma. Theahon cikin mazan da ke balaga suna jujjuyawa kuma galibi sun kai santimita 40. Amma abin takaici, farashin irin waɗannan ƙaho a kasuwar baƙar fata ya yi yawa har wannan ya haifar da adadin mafarautan da suka lalata taushin dabbobi masu kyau.
Habitat
An sani cewa kafin daskararren daji ya zauna kusan dukkan Eurasia, amma, bayan shekarun kankara, adadinsu ya ragu sosai kuma saigas ya fara mamaye yankuna na gaba.
Amma ina saiga take a yanzu? Mataki mai saukar ungulu ya fi son bude sarari, inda ƙasa take yawanci labule, daskararru, dutse ko yumbu. Suna ƙoƙarin zaɓar wani wuri inda babu ƙananan belts na gandun daji, suna ƙoƙari ta kowace hanya don kare kansu daga abokan gaba da farmaki.
A halin yanzu saiga ya zabi wadannan kasasheWaɗanda yankuna suka dace da wurin zama:
A Rasha, ana ɗaukar Kalmykia kyakkyawan wuri don wanzuwar saiga. Itaciyar daji na cin abinci a fili kuma busasshe tare da ganye daban-daban kuma, gwargwadon, hatsi. Yana buƙatar ruwa kawai a lokacin rani. Amma wannan dabba tana jin kunya, saboda haka tana ƙoƙarin kiyayewa gwargwadon ikon mutane.
Saiga salon rayuwa
Raunin daji fi son zama cikin garkunan dabbobi. A cikin ɗayan garke guda ɗaya, ana iya samun raga daga 10 zuwa 50. Amma wani lokacin akwai garken dabbobi inda akwai burin 100 ko fiye. Waɗannan dabbobin kullun suna yawo daga wuri zuwa wuri. Don haka, a cikin hunturu suna ƙoƙari su shiga cikin jeji, inda yawanci akwai dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa, kuma a lokacin rani sukan dawo fage.
Saiga dabba ce mai tsananin wuya wacce zata iya dacewa da yanayi iri-iri. Zai iya jurewa ba kawai tsananin zafin ba, amma har da sanyi, ka iya cin ciyayi mai ƙoshin gaske kuma kasance ba tare da ruwa na dogon lokaci ba.
Canjin wuri daga wuri zuwa wuri don tururuwa da yawa suna ƙare cikin mutuwa. Yawancin lokaci, shugabanni suna ƙoƙari suyi tafiya mai yawa kilomita a cikin rana, kuma mafi rauni mutane, sun kasa tsayar da shi, sun faɗi.
Lokacin da hunturu ta zo, saigas ya fara tashi. Yaki koyaushe yana faruwa tsakanin shugabanni, wanda ke ƙarewa ba kawai tare da mummunan raunuka ba, amma sau da yawa tare da mutuwa.
Tsammani rayuwa ga mace da namiji na wannan dabbar tana da bambanci. An sani cewa tsawon rayuwar maza shine Shekaru 3-4, kuma a cikin mata wannan shekarun na iya kaiwa shekaru 9. Wataƙila dalilin da yasa tururuwar daji tayi saurin yin haka. Mata sun fara tsere da zaran sun cika watanni bakwai. Sabili da haka, sun riga sun cika shekara guda suna kawo zuriyarsu ta fari. A cikin maza, balaga ta faru ne kawai ta shekaru 2 da watanni 5.
Yawancin 'ya'ya mata yawanci ana kawo su a watan Mayu, saboda a baya sun bar janar kuma suna ƙoƙarin neman rukunin wuraren da aka bari a cikin matakan, duk inda maharbi ya taɓa gani. Suna haihuwar kai tsaye a ƙasa. Idan saiga mace ta haihu a karon farko, to kuwa tsintsiya zata kasance shi kadai. Sannan akwai guda biyu, wani lokacin ma harda jarirai uku.
Zamanin farko na saniya saiga basu da taimako, kuma suna kwance ne kawai a kasa. Amma ko da suka girma, 'yanmata ba sa haifar da matsala ga mahaifiyarsu, su zuriya mafi biyayya a cikin daji. Mako guda bayan haihuwar jariri, saiga zata iya bin mahaifiyarta, kuma makonni biyu daga baya tana iya riga ta motsa tare da garken. Amma zai iya sa ciyawa ta kansa kawai bayan wata daya.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Saigas dabbobi masu shayarwa ne. Dabbobi wakilai ne na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗan iska, dangin dabaru, sun bambanta su ta hanyar jinsin saiga.
Saiga dabba ce mai tsohuwar dabba. Abin dogaro ne sananne cewa a lokacin Pleistocene sun rayu a duk yankin Eurasia na zamani tun daga Tsibirin Biritaniya na yamma zuwa Alaska a gefen gabas. Bayan glaciation na duniya, an kiyaye yankin mazaunin su ne kawai a cikin tsauraran Turai. Wasu masana ilimin dabbobi sunce wadannan wakilan mambobi sun cika su da mammoth. Tun daga wannan lokacin, dabbobi basu canza ko kaɗan ba, sun riƙe kamanninsu na asali.
Bidiyo: Saiga
A cikin Rashanci, wannan sunan ya fito ne daga jawaban Turkic. A cikin jawabin na kasa da kasa, ya bayyana godiya ga ayyukan kimiyya na masanin binciken Austriya da masanin kimiyya Sigismund von Herberstein. A cikin rubuce rubucensa, ya bayyana salon rayuwar da halayen wannan dabbar. Maganar farko game da dabba da ake kira "saiga" an rubuta shi a cikin aikin kimiyyarsa "Bayanan kula akan Muscovy," wanda masanin ya rubuta a 1549.
Lokacin da ya kirkiri kamus dinsa na bayanin, Dahl ya nuna cewa daidai ne a kira saiga mace, kuma namiji ya kira saiga.
Saiga makiya
Canjin daji ya fi son gudanar da rayuwar yau da kullun, don haka da dare yana da haɗari musamman. Babban abokin gaba na saigas shine ƙarancin ƙyar, wanda ake ganin ba mai ƙarfi ba ne, har ma yana da hankali. Saiga zata iya tserewa daga ita sai gudu. Wolves suna gudanar da zaɓin yanayi a cikin garken saigas, suna lalata waɗanda ke motsawa sannu a hankali. Wasu lokuta su na iya halakar da kashi na huɗu na garken.
Mai haɗari ga saigas da karnuka ɓatattu, dawakai, dawakai. Sau da yawa mafi yawan lokuta, waɗannan matasa masu farauta suna fama da kwararar daji. Amma jariran da ke cikin wannan dabbar za su iya yin barazanar barna, dawakai da gaggafa.
Duk da haka, masu ba da fatawa suna ba da tsoro musamman ga saigas. A farkon karni na 20, an lalata su sosai, saboda haka a yawancin wuraren da suka zauna kwanan nan, saigas kusan ba zai yiwu ba haɗuwa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Lenin ya fito da wata doka da ta hana halakar tururuwa. Amma a cikin shekarun 1950s, an sake yin izinin farautar saiga wannan. Kuma kawai a cikin 70s saigas an sake tunawa kuma an hana su farauta. Amma a wannan lokacin a duniya akwai kawai Mutane dubu 35, kuma galibinsu mata ne.
A halin yanzu, ana buƙatar duk aikin da ake buƙata don maido da wannan nau'in tururuwa. Don haka, an ƙirƙiri wuraren ajiyar wurare da kariya don saigas. Misali, Rostovsky Reserve sananne ne, yana kan sanannen tafkin da yawa na Lakech - Gudilo. Asusun Kula da namun daji ya dauki iko da kula da wadannan dabbobin, lambobin su sun ragu sosai. Yanzu an jera saigas a cikin Littafin nan na Red, inda akwai damar ganin hotunan saiga. Kuma saboda adadin tururuwa daji yayi girma, ana ba da gudummawa da yawa waɗanda zasu ba ku damar karewa da kare wannan dabbar mai ban mamaki.
Bayanin
In mun gwada da kananan Cloven-hoofed dabba, tsawon jikin 110-166 cm, wutsiya 8-12 cm, tsawo a ƙhersƙasassu 60-79 cm. Weight 23-40 kg. Samun kafaɗun kafaɗun kafaɗa a kan bakin ciki, gajerun kafafu. Hanci a cikin nau'i mai laushi, kumbura, proboscis ta hannu tare da zagaye, ƙoshin ƙoshin hanci yana haifar da tasirin "wuƙaƙƙen wucin gadi." Kunnuwa tare da kara zagaye. Hanyoyin tsakiyar suna girma fiye da na gefen. Maza kawai suna da ƙaho. Suna daidai da tsayin tsayi zuwa tsawon kai da kai matsakaicin 30 cm, translucent, launin shuɗi, mai launi mara nauyi, kashi biyu cikin uku na gindin ɗin suna da layin sheɗan na shekara, waɗanda ke kan kai tsaye a tsaye.
Jawo bazara yana da launin ja-ja, duhu sosai a cikin midline na baya kuma a hankali yakai bakin ciki, ba tare da wutsiya ba "madubi", mara ƙanƙani da ɗan wuya. Jawo hunturu ya fi girma da kauri, haske, yumbu mai laushi. Shedding sau biyu a shekara: a cikin bazara da kaka.
Akwai ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, inguinal, carpal, da interdigital takamaiman glandar fata. Nono - 2 nau'i-nau'i.
Ina saiga take?
Hoto: Saigaki a Kazakhstan
A matsayin wurin zama, waɗannan dabbobin da ke zaune a keɓe suna zaɓar ƙasa ta musamman tare da ɗan ciyayi. Saigas galibi suna zaune cikin ƙauyuka ko jeji. Suna ƙoƙarin guje wa kwari ko tsaunuka, ko kuma dazuzzuka mai yawa.
A zamanin da, saigas ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a zamanin Eurasia ta zamani. A yau suna kan gab da ƙarewa, an ƙara rage musu mazauninsu.
Yankunan yanki na mazaunin dabbobi:
- Yankin Astrakhan na Tarayyar Rasha,
- Kasar Kalmykia,
- Altai
- Kazakhstan,
- Uzbekistan
- Kirgizanci,
- Mongolia,
- Kasar Turkmenistan
Saigas sun fi son filayen saboda gaskiyar cewa tsalle-tsalle aka ba su da wuya. Da farko lokacin hunturu da yanayin sanyi, sun gwammace su ƙaura zuwa wuraren da ke da dusar ƙanƙara, tunda babban dusar ƙanƙara yana haifar da matsala a motsi. Har ila yau, Saigas na ƙoƙarin gujewa kasancewa a kan sandar yashi, saboda a wannan yankin ma yana da wahala a gare su su ƙaura, har ma da hakan don tserewa daga mafarautan. Dabbobin suna ajiye kusa da tuddai a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da aka lura da dusar ƙanƙara da iska mai ƙarfi.
Wadannan wakilan ungulates sunyi wani nau'in motsi na musamman - amble. Ta wannan hanyar, sun sami damar haɓaka madaidaiciya mai sauri - har zuwa 70 km / h. Saigas na iya rayuwa biyu a filin da kuma tuddai. A Kazakhstan, dabbobi suna rayuwa a nisan mil 150 zuwa 650 sama da matakin teku. A Mongolia, mazaunansu suna wakiltar ramuka a cikin ramuka kusa da jikin ruwa.
A cikin lokacin fari mai tsananin gaske, idan dabbobi suka sami matsaloli kuma suka sami wahalar samun tushen samar da abinci, za su iya shiga yankin ƙasar noma kuma su ci masara, hatsin rai, da sauran albarkatu da suke girma a gonakin. Da farko lokacin hunturu, dabbobi suna zaɓar yankin da ya fi sauƙi a gare su neman tushen abinci kuma suna ƙoƙarin zama kusa da tafkunan.
Yaɗa
Saiga shine mafi tsufa wakili na abin da ake kira mammoth fauna (tare da daskararren ulu da kuma sabro-toothed damisa).
Bayan kwantar da fitowar Late Valdai, saigas ya rayu ne daga nesa da Turai, ciki har da Tsibirin Biritaniya, har zuwa tsakiyar Alaska da arewa maso yammacin Kanada. A cikin karni na XVII-XVIII, saiga ta zauna a dukkan shinge da jeji daga gwanayen Carpathians a yamma zuwa Mongolia da yammacin China a gabashin. A wancan zamani, ya isa arewa zuwa Kiev da Baraba na Siberiya. Koyaya, a rabi na biyu na karni na XIX, mutane da sauri sun mamaye sararin matattarar, saiga ya kusan bacewa daga Turai. Yankin da yalwar saigas a Asiya ma ya ragu sosai. Sakamakon haka, a farkon karni na 20, an kiyaye shi a Turai kawai a cikin mafi yawan yankuna na ƙananan kogin Volga, da kuma a Asiya - tare da Ustyurt, a Betpak-Dal, a cikin tsakiyar Ili - Karatal (Sands na Saryesik-Atyrau), a cikin ramin rafin yammacin layin Mongolia da wasu wurare.
Wannan ya biyo bayan raguwar lambobi mai ƙarfi kuma kusan cikakkiyar ɓarnar saigas a cikin 1920s, amma godiya ga matakan da aka ɗauka don kare da kuma babban saigas, adadin da aka sake samu kuma a cikin shekarun 1950 adadin ya kasance fiye da mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a cikin kwari da kuma rabin jeji na USSR (ana tsammanin cewa a cikin Pleistocene sunada yawa kuma sun rayu a cikin hanyoyin sanyi tare da wasu wakilan mammoth fauna). A wani lokaci, kungiyoyin agaji na dabbobi, kamar Asusun Kula da Namun Duniya, sun karfafa farautar saiga, suna kiran kahonsu wani madadin kibiyoyi. Yawan ya sake raguwa, yanzu haka saiga yana cikin jerin nau'in dabbobi masu hadarin gaske wanda Kungiyar Hadin Kan Yanayi ta Duniya ta lissafa.
Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, ya zuwa shekarar 2008, kusan saiga 50,000 da ke cikin wannan rukunin ya kasance har yanzu suna da rai. Saiga tatarica tatarica kuma suna zaune a Rasha (Caspian ta Arewa-Yamma) da yankuna uku na Kazakhstan (Sandga Volga-Ural, Ustyurt da Betpak-Dala). A shekara ta 2010, saigas dubu 12 suka mutu sakamakon cutar tsiran bakin teku ta bakin iyakar Volgograd da Kazakhstan. Don adana yawan mutanen saiga da ke zaune a yankin Arewa maso yamma na Caspian, a cikin 1990 a Jamhuriyar Kalmykia (Rasha) An kirkiro Black Lands Reserve. A shekara ta 2012, wani gidan kula da keɓaɓɓiyar saiga a Kalmykia ya sami shinge mai cike da wutar lantarki.
Yawancin mazaunan yankuna biyu na Mongolia guda biyu (Shargin Gobi da yankin Manhan Somon) wata ƙungiya ce dabam - Saiga tatarica mongolica kuma a halin yanzu lambobi kusan 750 ne (ya zuwa Janairu 2004).
A cikin Zoo na Moscow, wuraren kiwon dabbobi a San Diego kuma a cikin Cologne suna da su a da can a cikin tarinsu. Akwai shirye-shiryen sake haɓaka saiga a arewa maso gabashin Siberiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Pleistocene Park.
Shekarar 2010 a kasar Kalmykia an ayyana shi a matsayin shekarar Saiga.
A kan iyakar Ukraine, karamin garken saigas (kusan dabbobi 600) ke zaune a cikin reshen Askania-Nova.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Saiga dabba
Saigas dabbobi ne na garke; ba su faruwa shi kadai a cikin yanayi. Suna tara garken mutane da yawa, wanda babba ne, ƙwararren shugaba. Yawan mutane ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan garken na iya zama daga mutum ɗaya zuwa biyar zuwa shida dozin. Garkunan dabbobi suna da asali don yin rayuwa mai kyau. Suna ƙaura zuwa yankuna daban-daban don neman abinci, ko tserewa daga yanayin. Mafi yawancin lokuta sukan tafi jeji tare da farawa a lokacin hunturu da sanyi, kuma su dawo zuwa jahohin farko tare da kwanakin farko.
Da farko lokacin sanyi, shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban na dabbobi sukan shiga fada, wanda galibi zai iya zama mai muni. Rayuwar Nomadic kuma yana shafar motsin mutane. Matsayin motsi da kewayon sa yana da tsayayyen jagora. Ba kowane ɗayan garken ne zai iya dacewa da shi ba. Saboda haka, dabbobi da yawa basa isa inda suke, suna mutuwa a hanya.
Dabbobi suna daidaitawa sosai ga yanayin muhalli. Suna da damar rayuwa a yankuna da abinci mai yawa da ruwa, kuma a irin wannan yanayi zasu iya rayuwa na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. A cikin aiwatar da motsi, dabbobi suna iya motsawa cikin babban gudu, wani lokacin suna kaiwa 80 km / h. Lokacin da suka kusanto hadari sai su gudu da dukkan garke. Marasa lafiya da raunana dabbobi baya a cikin garken kuma galibi suna mutuwa ne daga harin mafarauta.
Dabbobi suna da kyau kwarai ga masu yin iyo, masu godiya ga wanda suka sami damar shawo kan ƙananan ruwa na matsakaitan ruwa ba tare da wata matsala ba. A dabi'a, dabbobi suna da kyakkyawar sauraro, wanda zai basu damar bambancewa tsakanin tsaran abubuwa, masu hatsari a nisan mil da dama. Baya ga kyakkyawan ji, dabbobi suna da yanayin kamshi, wanda zai baka damar jin canji a yanayin yanayi, kusancin ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara.
Rayuwar dabbobi na da ƙanƙantar da kai, kuma kai tsaye ya dogara da jinsi. Maza a cikin yanayin rayuwa ba su wuce shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar, aƙidar rayuwar mace ta kai shekaru 10-11.
Kazakhstan
A lokutan Soviet, an ba da izinin tsarin kariya na saiga a Kazakhstan don farauta gonaki, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Kwamitin Jiha na Kazakh SSR game da ilimin halittu da sarrafa yanayi. Powersarfinsu ya haɗa da ikon sarrafa harbi masana'antu da kariya daga dabbar dabba daga masu fashin baki. Tsarin sarrafawa da tsaro an kirkireshi ba daidai ba. Gwamnatin ta umurci kamfanonin da ke farautar da kansu da su ci gaba da adana dabbobin, sannan kuma sun rage shirin harbin daga lambobin. Yawancin lokaci bai wuce kashi 20 cikin dari ba. Don samun adadin adadin girbin da aka tsara, farauta gonaki sun mamaye yawan jama'ar da rabi. A cewar takardun, ya nuna cewa sun harbe kashi 20 cikin 100 na garken almara na wadanda babu shi, a zahiri sun harbe kashi 40 ko fiye, idan ka kirga daga ainihin yawan mutanen. Tun daga 1985, saboda yawan saigas a cikin jumhuriya, an ba da Kazakh Zoological Combine alhakin samar da kasuwanci na saigas da sayar da kaho a kasuwar kasashen waje. Ma'aikatar ce ta Kazakh Babban Ma'aikatar Karewar Dabbobin daji a karkashin Majalisar Ministocin Kazakh SSR. Daga farkon perestroika (1985) zuwa 1998, an fitar da tan 131 na ƙaho. Don haka a farkon shekarun 1990, saiga a Kazakhstan ta kusan shugabannin miliyan 1, amma bayan shekaru 10, adadin dabbobi ya ragu zuwa kusan dubu 20. A shekara ta 1993, fitowar ƙaho ta doka ya kai mafi girman ganguna 60. A cikin 2005, an gabatar da moratorium game da harbin saigas, wanda zai ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 2021. A cikin 2014, adadin saigas ya kai mutum dubu 256.7. Gabaɗaya, raguwar lambobin saiga a Kazakhstan a halin yanzu yana da alaƙa da ci gaba da farautar poula da cututtuka masu yaduwa. Hakanan, ana lura da mutuwar saigas saboda ƙoshin abinci, wanda ke hana haɓakar abinci. A zamanin Soviet, a lokacin lokacin sanyi, masu ciyar da abinci na musamman sun kubutar dasu. Ma’aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya a shekarar 2012-2014 ta kasafta fam miliyan 332 domin nazarin cututtukan da ke kamuwa da cutar a tsakanin jama’ar saiga.
A cikin Kogin Bakwai, ana samun saiga a cikin yankin dajin arewa, daga inda take kan titin hunturu zuwa ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara mai duhu da kuma hamada mai iyaka da Tien Shan. Wasu lokuta garken dabbobi suna mamaye kwarin Chuy, ina, ala, ba su mutu da yawa daga karnukan kyarketai a sakamakon farauta.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Saiga Cub
Ta hanyar dabi'a, saigas dabbobi ne da yawa. Lokacin canjin yana bayyana yanayin yanayi kuma yana iya kasancewa daga Nuwamba zuwa farkon Janairu. Wannan lokacin ya dogara da yankin zama. A cikin Kazakhstan, lokacin matattarar yana gudana daga Maris zuwa Afrilu. Lokacin dabbar ta hanyar dabbar ta iya daga kwanaki 10 zuwa 25. Kowane balagagge mai jima'i yana haifar da ƙyamar kansa, yana bugun mata biyar zuwa goma, waɗanda ke kariyar maza daga ɗaukar mazajen waje.
Kayan harem ɗin ya wanzu a wani yanki, tare da yankin murabba'in mita 30-80. A wannan lokacin, maza sukan zama masu saurin fushi, galibi suna yin faɗa don samun damar shiga aure tare da mace ko wata mace. Irin waɗannan gwagwarmaya sau da yawa suna ƙare da mummunan rauni da mutuwa.
Yayin saduwa a cikin maza, an takamaiman takamaiman sirrin garkuwar jiki da na ciki. Dankana yawanci yakan faru ne da daddare, a cikin maza da rana yawanci suna annashuwa kuma suna samun ƙarfi. Yana cikin wannan lokacin da maza ke ci kaɗan, ƙarfinsu da nauyin jikinsu sun ɓace. A wannan lokacin, akwai rubutattun lokuta na harin saiga akan mutane.
Mata suna yin balaga har zuwa wata na takwas na rayuwa, maza ne kawai bayan shekara guda. Ciki yakan kai kimanin watanni biyar. Matan da zasu haihu 'Ya'yan maza suna tara wuri guda, akasarinsu akan shimfidar filaye da ƙananan ƙananan tsiro. Girman jikin jariri shine kilo 3-3.5.
A ranar farko, yaran ba su da motsi. Bayan haihuwar jarirai, mahaifiyar tana zuwa neman abinci da ruwa, amma tana zuwa sau da yawa a rana don ziyarci ɗanta. Newan jarirai suna girma da sauri da sauri kuma suna ƙaruwa, tuni a rana ta shida - rana ta bakwai suna iya bin mahaifiyarsu.
Tarihi game da shari'ar saigas a Kazakhstan
- 1981, Afrilu - shugabannin saiga dubu 180 suka mutu a yankin tsohon yankin Turgai.
- 1984, Fabrairu - Afrilu - dabbobi dubu 250 suka mutu a yankin Yammacin Kazakhstan.
- 1988, Mayu - kimanin saigas 500,000 suka mutu.
- 1993 - saboda dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi, yawan Betpakdala ya ninka rabi daga dabbobi 700 zuwa dubu 270.
- 2010 - saigas dubu 12 ya mutu.
- Shekarar 2015, Mayu - a yankin Kostanay, Akmola, da Aktobe, sama da saigas dubu 120 suka mutu. Sanadin mutuwa wata kwayar cuta ce ta kwayan cuta wanda ke haifar da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta ta Pasteurella multocida, watau, pasteurellosis.
Abokan gaba na saigas
Hoto: Saigaki a cikin matakai
Kamar kowane wakilan ungulates, saigas yakan zama ganima ga maƙeran da ke zaune a yankuna da saigas suke.
Makiyan maƙiyan ungulates:
Sau da yawa mafarautan suna kwanto don farautar su idan suka taru a garken don neman wurin shayarwa. Masanan dabbobi suna da'awar cewa lokacin da aka kawo hari a lokacin da ba'a tsammani ba, fakitin karnukan karnuka na iya lalata kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na garken ungulates. Babban haɗari ga yawan dabbobi shine mutum da ayyukansa. A adadi mai yawa, saigas ya lalata ta masu fafutukar kwalliya waɗanda ke farautar mayi mai ƙoshin gaske, mai daɗin rai da abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma ƙahon dabbar dabbobi.
Kakakin waɗannan dabbobi suna da mahimmanci kuma ana amfani da su sosai wajen ƙirƙirar madadin magani a China. Foda an yi shi ne daga gare su, wanda shine ɓangare na antipyretic, anti-mai kumburi, da kuma shirye-shiryen tsabtace jiki. Hakanan, likitocin kasar Sin suna amfani da wannan foda a matsayin magani ga cututtukan hanta, migraine, da kuma cututtukan cututtukan hanji.
Ana biyan kuɗi masu yawa don irin waɗannan ƙaho a kasuwannin kasar Sin, buƙatun ƙahon saiga yana da yawa a koyaushe, don haka masu fashin baki ke neman sake cika aljihunsu ta hanyar kashe waɗannan dabbobi masu ban al'ajabi.
Tunanin tarihi
Herberstein sau biyu ya ziyarci Principality of Moscow (a cikin 1517 da 1526) a cikin "Bayanan kula akan Muscovy" ya rubuta game da wannan dabba:
"A filayen da ke kusa da Borisfen, Tanais da Ra, akwai raguna na daji, da ake kira Pole Solhac, da Muscovites - saig (Seigack), girman deer, amma tare da gajerun kafafu, ƙahonnsa suna da tsawo kuma suna kama da alamun alama, Muscovites suna yin ma'amala da wuƙa daga hannunsu. Suna da sauri kuma suna tsalle sosai. ”
A farkon karni na 20, saigas ya kasance batun mahimman kamun kifi a cikin tsaunukan Kazakhstan, galibi kusa da Tekun Aral. Encyclopedia Brockhaus da Efron sun kawo wadannan bayanai na saiga farauta:
C. ana hakar ma'adinai mafi girma a lokacin bazara, a cikin zafi, lokacin da suka gaji a yayin yaƙar kwari da ke wahalar da su - midges, gadflies, kuma musamman larvae na gadflies da ke tasowa a cikin fata, basu sami hutawa ba, C. shiga cikin ɓacin rai kuma kamar dai mahaukaci suna sauri tare da matsewa, ko kuma kamar mahaukata suna tsaye wuri guda suna haƙa rami (cobla) tare da cinyoyinsu, sannan kuma suna kwance a cikinsu, suna ɓoye hancinsu a ƙarƙashin kafafunsu na gaba, sa’annan su tashi sama suna birgima a maimakon su, a irin waɗannan lokutan da S. " ", Sun rasa takaicin da suka saba, kuma mafarautan suna ta sintiri akan su harbi. Mafarautan Kyrgyz da ke kiwo S. ana neman su ta hanyar abokansu, waɗanda suke kwance da bindigogi, akasarinsu kusa da ramuka na rami, ko kuma a maƙullan ramuka, waɗanda aka tura su cikin hanyoyin da S. ke sauka zuwa wurin matattarar ruwa, saannan suna lura da su a kan hanyoyi, a kan tsallakewa cikin koguna, suna tuki cikin ramuka da daskararren kankara wanda S. ba zai iya tserewa ba. Wasu lokuta suna farautar karnukan Baikal tare da karategin greyhounds (basins), waɗanda ke bambanta ta hanyar ƙarfin ƙarfi, mafarautan suna ci gaba da irin wannan farauta a cikin biyu, kowannensu yana da ɗan greyhounds a cikin fakitin, suna lura da S., ɗayan mafarautan ne a gaban garken, ɗayan kuma yana tafiyar mil 5-8, mafaraucin na farko yana farawa karnuka kuma ya tura dabbobi zuwa mafarauci na biyu, wanda, da yake ya jira S., farawa ne, biyun, karnukan sa, kuma sun fi sauƙin kama dabbobi da suka gaji da farko. Lokaci-lokaci suna farautar S. da mikiya. Matan Kyrgyz wasu lokuta sukan yiwa mata masu juna biyu kuma, bayan haihuwa, sai su kama wasu 'yanmatan, zuriyarsu ana samun sauƙin ciyar da awar gida kuma suna yin taurin kai. Naman S. abinci ne na nomad na fure, ƙaho abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci na musayar kuɗi, fata shine mafi kyawun kayan don yin doxes (ergaks).
Kakakin ƙaramin saurayi na S. ya zama rawaya gaba ɗaya, tare da ƙarshen baki, mai laushi, mai haske, ƙahonin tsohuwar S. suna launin toka-mai-haske, mara nauyi, tare da fasaɗɗɗun tsayi. Wool S. gajere ne kuma m, yana zuwa samfuran gida daban. Masifun kamun kifi na saiga a farkon karni na 20 yana da matukar muhimmanci, kuma adadin kaho da aka fitar ya kai dubun dubun din a cikin shekarun 1894-1896.Babban matsalolin wannan masifar ita ce, an samar da shi ne lokacin tsananin zafi, sakamakon mahakar da ke dauke da gishirin da bututu tare da gishirin dabbobin da aka fitar a wurin farauta.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Saigas a yanayi
Zuwa yau, an jera dabbar a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya, a cikin Littafin Rashanci na Rashanci tare da matsayin nau'in halittar da ke gab da ƙarewa. Masu binciken sun lura da wani yanayi na koma baya ga karuwar yawan wadannan dabbobi a karshen karni na karshe.
A wannan lokacin, madadin magani ya fara ci gaba sosai cikin kasar Sin kuma sun fara bayar da kudade masu yawa a kasuwa don kahon dabbobi, daga baya aka yi foda na warkarwa. Bugu da kari, fatar dabbobi da naman su, wanda ke da kyawawan halayen dandano, na da fa'ida sosai. Yawan masu masu farautar ya fara haɓaka da sauri, kuma an kashe dabbobi ba da tausayi.
A daidai lokacin da adadin dabbobin suka yi rauni sosai, hukuma ta fara tunanin kirkirar wuraren shakatawa na kasa da za a maido da adadin wadannan dabbobin. Koyaya, na farko irin wannan ƙoƙarin bai yi nasara ba. Masana ilimin dabbobi sun danganta wannan da cewa mafi kyawun yanayi don zama da haifuwa ba a ƙirƙira su ba, kuma kwararru basu inganta shirye-shiryen dawo da adadi na saigas ba.
Rarrabawa
Yawan mutanen da ke zaune a yammacin Mongolia an kasafta su a wani rukuni daban - na Mongolian saiga (Saiga tatarica mongolica), adadin wanda 750 mutane ne. Duk sauran belongan adam suna cikin ƙananan tallafin. Saiga tatarica tatarica. Wasu masu binciken sunyi la'akari da saiga Mongolian a matsayin jigilar Pleistocene kuma suna kira Saiga boralis mongolica .
Kare Saiga
Hoto: Saiga Red Book
Don kare dabbobi daga halaka, adanawa da kuma ƙaruwa a cikin lambobinsu, an jera su cikin Babban littafin duniya kamar yadda aka tsara shi a matsayin tsaran halitta. Kari akan haka, an sanya su cikin Jerin dabbobin da aka sanya sune wakilan flora da fauna, farauta wanda yakamata a taƙaita shi ko ya haramta.
Ma'aikatar tattalin arzikin farauta ta Tarayyar Rasha tana haɓaka tsarin ayyukan majalissar da nufin gabatar da laifi da alhakin kula da lalacewar nau'ikan dabbobi, da haɓaka shirye-shirye na musamman waɗanda ke da nufin kiyayewa da dawo da adadin waɗannan dabbobin.
Masana ilimin dabbobi da kuma masu bincike sun nace ga halittar wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa na kasa wanda ya zama dole don kirkiro yanayi kusa da yanayin saiga. Sai kawai a cikin irin wannan yanayi, tare da isasshen abinci, ana iya samun sakamakon farko. Saiga tsohon wakili ne na flora da fauna, wanda ya riƙe asalinsa tun daga lokacin da ya fara rayuwa a duniya. A yau, yana gab da ƙarshen ɓacewa, aikin mutum shine gyara kurakuransa da hana cikakken lalacewarsa.
A cikin wallafe-wallafe
A cikin littafin Chungiz Aitmatov's “Scaffold”, saiga saiga an bayyana shi kamar haka:
Kuma maharba-mafarauta, suna tafiya daga ƙarshen biyu na dabbobi, suna magana da rediyo, daidaitawa, ya tabbata cewa ba ya watsu ko'ina, cewa ba lallai ne ya sake garken dabbobi a savannah ba, kuma yana ƙara tsoro kuma, yana tilasta saigas ya gudu da wuya. sun gudu ... Matukan jirgin saman Helicopter suna iya gani a sararin sama yadda ake ci gaba da kogin baƙar fata na tsohuwar girgizar ƙasa, a saman farin dusar ƙanƙara ...
Kuma a lokacin da aka tsananta tururuwa ya kwarara a kan wani babban fili, waɗanda haduwa da helicopters yi kokarin da safe. Mafarautan sun jira su, ko kuma mahara, mahara. A kan manyan motocin UAZ masu bude ido, masu harbi sun kori saigas a gaba, suna harba su a kan hanyar kera bindigogi, ba komai, ba tare da gani ba, suna mopping kamar hay a gonar. Kuma a bayansu motocin tirela suka motsa - suka jefa kofunai ɗaya bayan daya a jikin, kuma mutane sun tattara girbi marar amfani. Dubun mutane da yawa ba tare da wani bata lokaci ba, cikin sauri suka sami sabon kasuwancin, suka sanya sabbin wuraren da ba a zaune ba, suka bi sawun wadanda suka ji rauni sannan kuma sun gama, amma babban aikinsu shi ne kunna gawawwakin jini a ƙafafunsu da jefa su cikin ruwa a cikin ɗaya suka faɗi! Savannah ta biya haraji na jini ga gumaka saboda ƙarfin ta kasance ta kasance savannah - duwatsun gawawwakin gawawwakin gawawwakin.
Labarin marubuci ɗan Rasha kuma ɗan jaridar Yuri Geyko, wanda marubucin ya ɗauka a matsayin mafi girman aikinsa na zane-zane, ya samo asali ne daga kwatancin haramcin farautar saiga da ta faru a lokacin farauta daga mummunan lamari, da kuma fitowar da ta faru.
Bayanan Ban sha'awa
- An dauki saigas maigidan na Kalmyks a matsayin Babban Dattijo - wani addinin Buddha ne mai yawan haihuwa da tsawon rai. An hana shi yayin farauta a saigas, a hade tare: an yi imanin cewa a wannan lokacin White Dattijon da kansa ya shanye su.
- Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa, amma ba a dogara da ita ba game da saiga an ambata a cikin fim A Darasi na Karatu: da zarar cikin manyan motocin motsi, yana gudana na dogon lokaci.
- Tare da rugujewar USSR, saigas da ba a sarrafa shi ba ya fara da nufin fitar da ƙaho zuwa Sin. A cewar mujallar Geo, a wannan lokacin daga 1990 zuwa 2003-2006, adadin saigas a duniya ya ragu da kashi 94-77% - daga kimanin miliyan daya zuwa 31-62.5 dubu.
Ga abin da littafin Kazakhstan na Ural Week ya rubuta:
"A cikin magungunan gargajiyar kasar Sin, saiga saiga suna kan kararrakin rhinoceros kuma ana rarrabe su da mallakar kayan antipyretic da kayan tsabtace jiki kuma ana amfani dasu wajen maganin zazzabi," rashin lafiyar ciki, "kazalika da cututtukan hanta da yawa. A cikin yanayin rashin kwaɗi da amai mai saurin kamuwa da zazzabi, ana amfani da kahon saiga da amo tare. A hade tare da wasu magunguna, ana amfani da kahon saiga don magance ciwon kai, tsananin farin ciki, da sauran cututtuka. Kowane kashi shine giram 1-3 na kyawawan ƙahon foda, an sha shi ko an kwarara shi cikin ruwa ”
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