Barka da zuwa shafi na 404! Kuna nan saboda shigar da adireshin shafi wanda babu shi ko an koma da shi wani adireshin.
Wannan shafin da kuka nema na iya juyawa ko an share shi. Hakanan yana yiwuwa cewa kun yi karamin typo lokacin shigar da adiresoshin - wannan yana faruwa har ma tare da mu, don haka sake bincika shi a hankali.
Da fatan za a yi amfani da maballin kewayawa ko kuma neman hanyar neman bayanin da kake sha'awar. Idan kuna da wasu tambayoyi, to ku rubuta wa shugaba.
Yankunan rarraba
Iyalin penguin (lat. Spheniscidae) nasa ne ga tsarin Penguin-kuma an fi mai da hankali ne a yankin Antarctic, da kuma yankuna tsibirin da ke makwabta. Koyaya, bambancin nau'ikan yana da ƙananan a nan: na sarki, papuan (subantarctic), Antarctic kuma, mafi yawa, Adelie penguin zauna Antarctica. Wasu nau'in suna rayuwa kusa da arewa har ma a kusa da mai daidaitawa, amma suna zaune ne kawai a wuraren da igiyoyin sanyi suke.
Sauran shahararrun nau'in penguin:
Karami ko shuɗi,
An gano ragowar kakanninsu a Peru da New Zealand. Akwai yuwuwar cewa tsoffin penguins na iya tashiwa. Me tsoffin ƙasusuwa suka samu? Sun fi sauki da fadi fiye da na wakilan zamani, wadanda fikafikansu a cikin cigaban halitta suka fara kama da ƙuƙwalwa kuma basu dace da yawo ba.
Shin Penguin tsuntsu ce ko dabba ce?
An lullube jikin penguin ɗin da keɓaɓɓe na musamman wanda yayi kama da ulu. Featananan gashin fuka-fukai suna ƙare tare da ƙage sanda kuma densely rufe fata bisa ga ka'idar sikeli. Tare tare da man shafawa daga gland na musamman, wannan yana samar da jiki tare da kyakkyawan juriya na ruwa da rufin zafi.
Bugu da kari, penguins suna da tsarin samarda jini na musamman: a cikin fuskoki da ƙafafu, jini na jijiyoyi yakan ba zafi zuwa ga mai ɓoye, kuma hakan ya mayar da shi jiki. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kula da yawan zafin jiki na digiri 38 koda a cikin yanayi mai zafi.
Wutsiyar tana da dadaddun fuka-fukai mafi tsayi da ƙanshi, suna bayar da cikakken taimako. Gefen yana da ƙarfi, dogo da kaifi. Duk wannan, da gaskiyar cewa penguins suna kwanciya kamar qwai kamar tsuntsayen, ya rasa tabbacin cewa basa cikin kifi ko dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Menene bambance-bambance daga wasu tsuntsayen
Ba kamar sauran ruwayen ruwa ba, penguins na cikin ruwa basa sarrafa ƙafafunsu kuma yana kiyaye su matakin. Babban aikin ana ɗauka ta hanyar fuka-fuki wanda ke motsawa a cikin haɗin gwiwa kafada bisa ga ka'idar dunƙule. Kafafu suna gajeru, yaudar yanar gizo, galibi yana ɓoye cikin fatar jikin mutum. An juya su baya, idan aka kwatanta da ƙafafun sauran tsuntsaye, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa penguins ke tafiya da tsayayye a tsaye, suna kiyaye ma'auni.
Kasusuwan kwarangwal ba su da ramuka kuma sun fi kama da yawa a ƙasusuwa ga ƙasusuwan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Tsokoki na fuka-fuki da ƙwanƙolin murhun nesa suna da kyau fiye da sauran tsuntsaye. Yawancin jinsunan suna da baki ko duhu launin toka da fari ciki. Siffar jiki da launi na penguins sunyi kama da na eider. Akwai fasalin abin da kakanninsu dangin shagaban marasa ƙarfi, wanda ya mutu gaba ɗaya a karni na 19.
Sauran fasalulluka na penguins
A doron ƙasa suna tafiya da motsi kwata kwata, suna canzawa daga ƙafa ɗaya zuwa wani. Wannan hanyar tana taimakawa ajiyar kuzari. Idan ya cancanta, suna kwance akan ciki kuma, suna juyawa, da sauri suna zubewa saman, suna haɓakawa zuwa gudun 6 km / h. Yayin yin iyo, don shawo kan juriya da igiyoyin karfi, wani lokacin sukanyi tsalle daga ruwa kamar dabbobin ruwa.
Tsarin kitsen subcutaneous a cikin Layer na 2-3 cm yana ba da damar penguin don tsayayya da lokacin sanyi da lokacin yunwa.Kamar, alal misali, lokacin lalataccen lokacin, lokacin da take hakkin murfin mara ruwa, an tilasta wa tsuntsayen su zauna a ƙasa, sun kasa samun abincin kansu. A wannan lokacin, sun rasa mahimman sashi na nauyi.
Penguins suna rayuwa a matsakaicin shekaru 15-20.
Waɗanda aka farauta da tsoro
Yanzu bari muyi magana game da abin da penguins suke ci. Waɗanda ke zaune a cikin ruwayen teku suna cikin abincin:
Ire-ire daban daban na kifaye,
Mafi karancin su, tsuntsayen suna ci dama a cikin ruwa, tsotse beak. Suna shan ruwan gishiri, kuma maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. Ana fitar da gishiri mai yawa ta glandon supraorbital.
Penguins kansu sun zama abinci ga masu farautar dabbobi: sharks, kifayen kifi, kisa na teku, damisa da zakuna. Seagulls suna kawo matsaloli da yawa, suna lalata gida da kai hare-hare kan kananan kajin.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa yawancin abokan gaba suna cikin ruwa, suna jiran wadanda abin ya shafa a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, penguins ba sa yin kuskure su shiga cikin teku na dogon lokaci kafin su yi ruwa, suna juyawa cikin kungiyoyi a wuri. Bayan shayarwar jaruman, sauran suna bin misalinsa. Wannan sabon abu ana kiransa "Tasirin penguin."
Dangantakar mutane
Mutumin zamani kusan ba ya cin naman penguin. Ainihi saboda ƙanshi na musamman. Amma a wasu yankuna, suna farautar ƙoshinsu mai mahimmanci da ƙwai, wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewar adadin nau'in halittu.
Ma'aikatan tashar polar da ke hulɗa da penguins sun lura cewa ba su tsoron mutane kuma suna nuna kamar kuskure ga danginsu. Saboda yanayin jiki, penguins basa iya tashi da nasu idan suka faɗi. Sabili da haka, mutane suna aiki a tashoshin, wanda alhakinsu shine taimakawa tsuntsaye su tashi.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
Penguins suna da hankali sosai, wanda aka bayyana a cikin sabon al'ada. Misali, suna son karkatar da maharbi, suna iya tura dangi a cikin ruwa, suna ba da hadayar.
Wadannan tsuntsayen suna daya daga cikin tsoffin mazaunan duniya, wadanda ake zaton tsohon rayuwar dinosaur ne.
Penguin shine kawai tsuntsu wanda ke tafiya a tsaye.
Don ci gaba da ɗorewa, sarkin farfajiyar ya tattara denser ga juna, lokaci-lokaci yana haɗu daga gefen zuwa tsakiyar don kowa ya sami zafi.
Don nutsewa zuwa zurfin kusan 500 m, sarki penguin ya haɗiye ƙananan duwatsu.
Za ku taimaka mana da yawa idan ka raba labarin a shafukan sada zumunta da makamantansu. Na gode da hakan.
Biyan kuɗi zuwa tasharmu.
Karanta karin labarai akan Gidan Bird.
Babban halayyar mutum
Mafi girma daga cikin wakilan zamani shine penguin sarki (tsayi - 110-120 cm, nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 46), ƙarami - wakilan nau'in Eudyptula karami - karamin penguin (tsawo 30-40 cm, nauyi 1-2.5 kg). An bayyana irin waɗannan bambance-bambance masu yawa ta hanyar mulkin Bergmann, wanda penguins ke zama misali mai yawa. Dokar Bergmann ta ce dabbobi da ke zaune a yankuna masu sanyi suna da girma da yawa na jiki, tunda wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga mafi ƙarancin girma da girman jikin dabbar don haka rage zafi.
Emperor Penguins a Antarctica
Tsarin jiki
Daga duk sauran tsuntsayen, ana rarrabe penguins ta tsarin ginin jiki gaba ɗaya. Tsarin jikin penguins yana gudana, wanda ya dace don motsawa cikin ruwa. Hannun ƙwayar penguins ba komai bane face flippers. Tsokoki da tsarin ƙasusuwa suna ba su damar aiki a ƙarƙashin fikafikan fuka-fuki kamar ƙaiƙayi. Ba kamar sauran tsuntsaye marasa tashi ba, penguins suna da sternum tare da keɓaɓɓen keel, wanda an haɗa da tsokoki masu ƙarfi. Yin iyo a ruwa ya bambanta da tashi sama cikin iska cewa ana amfani da makamashi iri ɗaya akan ɗaga fikafikanka saboda raunin ruwa, tunda juriya na ruwa ya fi ƙarfin iska, saboda haka ƙwayoyin penguin suna da falle da fifiko fiye da sauran tsuntsaye waɗanda ke haɗuwa da musculature, alhakin haɓaka reshe. An haɗa kashin humerus da na goshin hannu a cikin gwiwar hannu kai tsaye kuma ba motsi, wanda ke kara kwanciyar hankali na reshe.Abubuwan da ke cikin jiki suna haɓaka da kullun kuma wasu lokuta suna yin kusan 30% na nauyin jikin mutum, wanda yake sau da yawa sama da tsokoki na tsuntsaye masu ƙarfi. An cinya cinya sosai, gwiwoyin gwiwa ba shi yin motsi, kafafu kuma da sakaci ya juya da baya, wanda ya sa ya sami madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar hanya. Manyan ƙafafun tare da me iyo suna da ɗan gajeren gajere - yayin da suke kan ƙasa, dabbobi sukan huta, suna tsaye a kan diddige, yayin da mugu mai ƙarfi shine ƙarin tallafi. Gashin gwiwar Penguin tana gajarta sosai, tunda aikin tuƙin da yake yawan samu acikin sauran ruwa a cikin penguins ana yin sa da kafafu. Bambanci na biyu tsakanin penguins da sauran tsuntsaye shine yawan ƙashi. Dukkan tsuntsaye suna da ƙasusuwa, wanda ke sauƙaƙe kwarangwal ɗin su kuma ya basu damar tashi ko gudu da sauri. Amma a cikin penguins, suna kama da ƙasusuwan dabbobi masu shayarwa (dabbar dolphins da seals) kuma basu da cavins na ciki.
Hakanhakan1
A cikin mazauninsu, penguin suna fuskantar matsanancin yanayin canjin yanayin kuma suna da fasali iri-iri na jiki waɗanda ke ba su damar daidaitawa da waɗannan yanayin. Da farko dai, ana amfani da kauri - daga 2 zuwa 3 cm - ana amfani da kitsen kitse don rufin yanayi, a saman waxanda suke da yadudduka uku na ruwa, gajere, kusa da juna kuma a gashin tsuntsaye a ko'ina a jiki. Apertia - wuraren fata na rashin gashin fuka-fukai basa cikin furucin, sabanin kusan dukkanin sauran tsuntsayen, banda shine wasu nau'ikan wurare masu zafi, wanda birrai ke kan gaban kai. A iska a cikin fuka-fukan gashin tsuntsu ma yana kare lafiya daga asarar zafi lokacin da yake cikin ruwa. Penguins kuma suna da ingantaccen tsari “tsarin canja wurin zafi” a cikin ƙusoshin da kafafu: jini na jini wanda yake shiga su yana ba da wuta zuwa sanyin da ke sanya sanyi a jikinsa, saboda haka rage zafi yake raguwa. Wannan tsari ana kiransa '' tsarin koma baya ''. A gefe guda, nau'in penguin da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai zafi ana tilasta su yin yaƙi da zafi. Fuskokinsu dangane da girman jiki suna da babban yanki, don haka ana ƙaruwa yanayin da ake jujjuyar da zafi. A cikin wasu nau'in, ban da wannan, babu kuma wani ɓarna a sashin gaba, wanda ke haɓaka tsarin canja wurin zafi a cikin inuwa.
Danshi
Da yawa ƙananan, unifferentiated, maimakon gashin-kamar gashin fuka-fukai da suka mutu, kusan dukkanin nau'in penguin suna da launin shuɗi-shudi a baya, suna juya cikin inuwa baƙi, da fari a ciki. Wannan launi mai kamara ne ga dabbobin ruwa da yawa (kamar dabbar dolphins). Maza da mata suna da alaƙa iri ɗaya, ko da yake maza sun fi girma girma kaɗan. Kyakkyawan kayan ado mai ruwan-orange-kan a kai shine mafi yawan tsarukan penguins (Eudyptes). Playa daga cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin suna launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa, duk da haka, a cikin wasu nau'in, bangarorin da ciki sune fari. A karshen hatching qwai da namo kajin, penguins fara molt - wani canji na plumage. Yayin motsin ruwa, penguins sun zubar da yawancin gashin fuka-fukai a lokaci guda kuma basa iya iyo cikin ruwa don wannan lokacin kuma ya kasance ba tare da abinci ba har sai sabon gashin fuka-fukai yayi girma. Sabbin gashin fuka-fukai suna girma a ƙarƙashin tsoffin kuma suna da alama suna tura su. A wannan lokacin, wanda yake tsawon shekaru daban-daban daga sati biyu zuwa shida, tsuntsaye suna amfani da ajiyar kitse sau biyu. Pengren Pengiscelis (Pygoscelis papua) da Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) basu da lokacin molting bayyananne; a cikin wadannan jinsunan, ana iya farawa a kowane lokaci tsakanin tsintsiya. A cikin tsuntsayen da basu ƙyanƙyashe kajin, molting kusan koyaushe yana farawa a baya fiye da wasu.
Wuri da ji
Idanun tsuntsayen sun saba da yanayin yin iyo a ruwa, kashin idanun su yayi laushi, sakamakon wanda tsuntsayen ke kallo kadan.Wata hanyar karbuwa ita ce karantarwa da iyawar ɗalibin, musamman ambata tsakanin penan wasan sarki na ruwa zuwa zurfin zurfafa. Saboda wannan fasalin, idanun penguin da sauri suna dacewa da canza yanayin haske a cikin ruwa a zurfin har zuwa 100 m.TheFanarwa game da kayan adon yana bamu damar yanke hukunci cewa penguins suna gani a cikin ɓangaren shuɗi kamar yadda yake a cikin jan, kuma tabbas ma sun gano hasken rana. Tunda hasken ja bangare na bakan ya riga ya watsa a saman ruwa, wannan fasalin hangen nesa mai yiwuwa sakamakon sakamakon karbuwa ne. Kunnuwa na Penguin, kamar yawancin tsuntsaye, ba su da ingantaccen tsari na waje. Lokacin yin ruwa, an kulle su sosai tare da gashinsa, don kada ruwa ya shiga kunnuwa. A cikin Emperor penguins, ban da wannan, gefen kunne na waje yana faɗaɗa saboda yana iya rufewa, saboda ana kiyaye tsakiyar kunnuwa da na ciki daga lalacewar matsin lamba wanda zai iya haifar da nutsuwa zuwa zurfin zurfafa. A karkashin ruwa, penguins ba sa kusan sautuka, kuma a kan tudu suna ta sadarwa ta hanyar da ta yi kama da sautin bututu da iska. Har yanzu ba a kafa shi ba ko suna amfani da ji don bin diddigin wanda abin ya shafa da kuma gano abokan gabansu.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Penguins suna ciyar da kifi - Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum), matasai (Engraulidae) ko sardines (a Clupeidae), da kyanwa, kamar krill, ko ƙananan cephalopods, waɗanda suke farauta, suna haɗiye kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Idan jinsuna daban suna da mazaunin gida ɗaya, abincinsu yakan bambanta: Adelie penguins da penarins na Antarctic sunfi son krill masu girma dabam.
Motsi
Matsakaicin matsakaiciyar da penguins ke haɓakawa a cikin ruwa ya tashi daga kilomita biyar zuwa goma a kowace awa, amma mafi girman matakan suna yiwuwa a takaice dai. Hanya mafi sauri don tafiya shine "iyo tare da dabbar dolphin", yayin da dabbar take tsalle daga cikin ruwa na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar dabbar dolphin. Dalilan wannan halayyar ba a bayyane suke ba: watakila yana taimaka wajan rage juriya na yanzu, ko kuma an yi niyya ne don rikitar da abokan halitta.
Lokacin yin ruwa, wasu penguins suna warware rikice-rikice: ƙaramin nau'in, kamar su Peninscelis papua na subantarctic (Pygoscelis papua) na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin ruwa don ɗaya ko (ƙasa da sau ɗaya) fiye da minti biyu da nutsewa zuwa zurfin mita 20, amma Emperor penguins na iya yin daskararru a ƙarƙashin ruwa don 18 mintuna da nutsewa fiye da mita 530. Kodayake manyan mambobi na Emperor penguins har zuwa yau sun kasance ba su da fahimta sosai, an san shi, duk da haka, lokacin da nutsar da shi, bugun dabbar ya ragu zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na adadin zuciyar da ke hutawa, don haka rage yawan iskar oxygen, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a ƙara tsawon lokacin zama a cikin ruwa tare da ƙara girman iska. a cikin huhu. Hanyar daidaita karfin aiki da yawan zafin jiki lokacin da aka nutsar da shi zuwa zurfafan zurfi ya zama ba a san shi ba.
Lokacin barin ruwa, penguins na iya tsallake bakin tekun zuwa tsayi zuwa mita 1.80. Saboda ƙarancin ƙafafunsu a ƙasa, penguins suna motsawa daga gefe zuwa gefe - wannan hanyar sufuri, kamar yadda nazarin nazarin halittu ya nuna, yana ceton mai yawa. A kan kankara, penguins zasu iya motsawa da sauri - suna tashi daga tsaunuka, suna kwance akan hancinsu. Wasu nau'ikan suna rufe mil da yawa tsakanin teku da wurin da mazauna yankinsu suka zauna.
Habitat
Penguins suna zaune a cikin tekun bude kogin Kudancin Hemisphere: a cikin tekun tsibirin na Antarctic, a New Zealand, kudancin Australiya, Afirka ta Kudu, tare da yammacin gabar tekun Kudancin Amurka daga tsibirin Falkland zuwa Peru, har ma a tsibirin Galapagos kusa da Equator.Penguins sun fi son yin sanyi, saboda haka a cikin wurare masu zafi suna bayyana ne kawai tare da ruwan sanyi - Humboldt Current a kan gabar yammacin yammacin Kudancin Amurka ko kuma Bengal Current, wanda ya tashi a Cape na kyakkyawan fata da kuma wanke gabar yammacin Afirka ta Kudu.
Yawancin jinsunan suna rayuwa tsakanin 45 ° da 60 ° kudu maso nesa, mafi girma gungu na mutane suna cikin Antarctic da kuma tsibiran da ke kusa da shi.
Matsakaicin mazaunin arewa na tsibirin shine tsibirin Galapagos, wanda yake a wurin daidaitawa.
Penguins a cikin almara
- Daga cikin magoya bayan Rasha na matukin jirgi na Formula 1 Kimi Raikkonen akwai wargi cewa a cikin shekarun da ya buga wa ƙungiyar McLaren, penguins (ba zato ba tsammani ya tsallaka kan hanya ko zaune a cikin motar wasan ƙwallo) sune sanadin lalacewa ta fasaha da kurakuran matukan jirgi.
- Akwai wani wargi: "Penguin damu haɗiye ne, lokacin farin ciki ne ».
Tunani
- Penguin.su Zaɓin labarai da hotuna game da penguins, gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
- Portal inda penguins zaune Duk game da penguins har ma fiye. Labarai, bayanai, hotuna, katin kati, wasanni, da sauransu.
Matsayin da ya gabata ya ba da shawara ga wani batun tambaya a Intanet. Don haka na yanke shawarar ƙarin koyo game da penguins, A lokaci guda zan gaya muku.
Penguins (lat.Spheniscidae) - dangin bakin teku masu tashi, wanda ke daya a tsarin shi kamar (Sphenisciformes). Akwai nau'ikan 18 a cikin iyali. Bayan haka zan kara bayyana dukkan su daki daki daki.
Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka guda biyu inda sunan "penguin" ya fito daga: daga Welsh foams (kai) da Gwyn (fari) waɗanda ke nuna ɓarɓarɓar ɓarke mai ban sha'awa (Pinguinus impennis) daga dangin tsarkakoki. Kuma matuƙan jirgin ruwan suna masu penguin ɗin a daidai wannan hanya saboda kamanninsu.Daga kalmar Latin "pinguis" - "lokacin farin ciki" an tabbatar da hakan ta gaskiyar cewa a cikin yaren Turai da yawa kalmar "penguin" tana da alaƙa da kalmar "lokacin farin ciki"
Mafi girma daga wakilan zamani shine penguin sarki (tsawo - 110-120 cm, nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 46), ƙarami - wakilan nau'in Eudyptula ƙanana - ƙaramin penguin (tsawo 30-40 cm, nauyi 1-2.5 kg). Kuma ga shi nan:
Daga duk sauran tsuntsayen, ana rarrabe penguins ta tsarin ginin jiki gaba ɗaya. Tsarin jikin penguins yana gudana, wanda ya dace don motsawa cikin ruwa. Hannun ƙwayar penguins ba komai bane face flippers. Tsokoki da tsarin ƙasusuwa suna ba su damar aiki a ƙarƙashin fikafikan fuka-fuki kamar ƙaiƙayi. Ba kamar sauran tsuntsaye marasa tashi ba, penguins suna da sternum tare da keɓaɓɓiyar keel. Yin iyo a ruwa ya bambanta da tashi sama cikin iska cewa ana amfani da makamashi iri ɗaya akan ɗaga fikafikanka saboda raunin ruwa, tunda juriya na ruwa ya fi ƙarfin iska, saboda haka ƙwayoyin penguin suna da falle da fifiko fiye da sauran tsuntsaye waɗanda ke haɗuwa da musculature, alhakin haɓaka reshe. An haɗa kashin humerus da na goshin hannu a cikin gwiwar hannu kai tsaye kuma ba motsi, wanda ke kara kwanciyar hankali na reshe.
Abubuwan da ke cikin jiki suna haɓaka da kullun kuma wasu lokuta suna yin kusan 30% na nauyin jikin mutum, wanda yake sau da yawa sama da tsokoki na tsuntsaye masu ƙarfi. An cinya cinya sosai, gwiwoyin gwiwa ba shi yin motsi, kafafu kuma da sakaci ya juya da baya, wanda ya sa ya sami madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar hanya. Manyan ƙafafun tare da me iyo suna da ɗan gajeren gajere - yayin da suke kan ƙasa, dabbobi sukan huta, suna tsaye a kan diddige, yayin da mugu mai ƙarfi shine ƙarin tallafi. Gashin gwiwar Penguin tana gajarta sosai, tunda aikin tuƙin da yake yawan samu acikin sauran ruwa a cikin penguins ana yin sa da kafafu. Bambanci na biyu tsakanin penguins da sauran tsuntsaye shine yawan ƙashi. Dukkan tsuntsaye suna da ƙasusuwa, wanda ke sauƙaƙe kwarangwal ɗin su kuma ya basu damar tashi ko gudu da sauri. Amma a cikin penguins, suna kama da ƙasusuwan dabbobi masu shayarwa (dabbar dolphins da seals) kuma basu da cavins na ciki.
A cikin mazauninsu, penguin suna fuskantar matsanancin yanayin canjin yanayin kuma suna da fasali iri-iri na jiki waɗanda ke ba su damar daidaitawa da waɗannan yanayin.Da farko dai, ana amfani da kauri - daga 2 zuwa 3 cm - ana amfani da kitsen kitse don rufin yanayi, a saman waxanda suke da yadudduka uku na ruwa, gajere, kusa da juna kuma a gashin tsuntsaye a ko'ina a jiki. Apertia - wuraren fata na rashin gashin fuka-fukai basu cikin furucin, sabanin kusan dukkanin sauran tsuntsayen, banda wasu nau'in tsuntsaye na wurare masu zafi, wanda birrai ke kan gaban kai.
A iska a cikin fuka-fukan gashin tsuntsu ma yana kare lafiya daga asarar zafi lokacin da yake cikin ruwa. Penguins kuma suna da ingantaccen tsari “tsarin canja wurin zafi” a cikin ƙusoshin da kafafu: jini na jini wanda yake shiga su yana ba da wuta zuwa sanyin da ke sanya sanyi a jikinsa, saboda haka rage zafi yake raguwa. Wannan tsari ana kiransa '' tsarin koma baya ''. A gefe guda, nau'in penguin da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai zafi ana tilasta su yin yaƙi da zafi. Fuskokinsu dangane da girman jiki suna da babban yanki, don haka ana ƙaruwa yanayin da ake jujjuyar da zafi. A cikin wasu nau'in, ban da wannan, babu kuma wani ɓarna a sashin gaba, wanda ke haɓaka tsarin canja wurin zafi a cikin inuwa.
Da yawa ƙananan, unifferentiated, maimakon gashin-kamar gashin fuka-fukai da suka mutu, kusan dukkanin nau'in penguin suna da launin shuɗi-shudi a baya, suna juya cikin inuwa baƙi, da fari a ciki. Wannan launi mai kamara ne ga dabbobin ruwa da yawa (kamar dabbar dolphins). Maza da mata suna da alaƙa iri ɗaya, ko da yake maza sun fi girma girma kaɗan. Kyakkyawan kayan ado mai ruwan-orange-kan a kai shine mafi yawan tsarukan penguins (Eudyptes). Playa daga cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin suna launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa, duk da haka, a cikin wasu nau'in, bangarorin da ciki sune fari. A karshen hatching qwai da namo kajin, penguins fara molt - wani canji na plumage.
Yayin motsin ruwa, penguins sun zubar da yawancin gashin fuka-fukai a lokaci guda kuma basa iya iyo cikin ruwa don wannan lokacin kuma ya kasance ba tare da abinci ba har sai sabon gashin fuka-fukai yayi girma. Sabbin gashin fuka-fukai suna girma a ƙarƙashin tsoffin kuma suna da alama suna tura su. A wannan lokacin, wanda yake tsawon shekaru daban-daban daga sati biyu zuwa shida, tsuntsaye suna amfani da ajiyar kitse sau biyu. Pengren Pengiscelis (Pygoscelis papua) da Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) basu da lokacin molting bayyananne; a cikin wadannan jinsunan, ana iya farawa a kowane lokaci tsakanin tsintsiya. A cikin tsuntsayen da basu ƙyanƙyashe kajin, molting kusan koyaushe yana farawa a baya fiye da wasu.
Idanun tsuntsayen sun saba da yanayin yin iyo a ruwa, kashin idanun su yayi laushi, sakamakon wanda tsuntsayen ke kallo kadan. Wata hanyar karbuwa ita ce karantarwa da iyawar ɗalibin, musamman ambata tsakanin penan wasan sarki na ruwa zuwa zurfin zurfafa. Saboda wannan fasalin, idanun penguin da sauri suna dacewa da yanayin canza hasken dake cikin ruwa a zurfin har zuwa 100 m.
Suna kuma da abokan gaba. Ee, waɗannan kuma suna da wahala sosai. Haɗi zuwa cikakken labarin game da su a ƙarshen labarin.
Takaitaccen bayani game da kayan adon yana bamu damar yanke hukuncin cewa penguins suna gani a cikin shudin shuwagabannin da yafi kyau a sashin ja, kuma tabbas ma sun haskaka haskoki. Tunda hasken ja bangare na bakan ya riga ya watsa a saman ruwa, wannan fasalin hangen nesa mai yiwuwa sakamakon sakamakon karbuwa ne. Kunnuwa na Penguin, kamar yawancin tsuntsaye, ba su da ingantaccen tsari na waje. Lokacin yin ruwa, an kulle su sosai tare da gashinsa, don kada ruwa ya shiga kunnuwa. A cikin Emperor penguins, ban da wannan, gefen kunne na waje yana faɗaɗa saboda yana iya rufewa, saboda ana kiyaye tsakiyar kunnuwa da na ciki daga lalacewar matsin lamba wanda zai iya haifar da nutsuwa zuwa zurfin zurfafa. A karkashin ruwa, penguins ba sa kusan sautuka, kuma a kan tudu suna ta sadarwa ta hanyar da ta yi kama da sautin bututu da iska.Har yanzu ba a kafa shi ba ko suna amfani da ji don bin diddigin wanda abin ya shafa da kuma gano abokan gabansu.
Penguins suna ciyar da kifi - Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum), matasai (Engraulidae) ko sardines (a Clupeidae), har da kyanwa, kamar krill, ko ƙananan cephalopods, waɗanda suke farauta, suna haɗiye kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Idan jinsuna daban-daban suna da mazauni guda, abincinsu, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya bambanta.
Matsakaicin matsakaiciyar da penguins ke haɓakawa a cikin ruwa ya tashi daga kilomita biyar zuwa goma a kowace awa, amma mafi girman matakan suna yiwuwa a takaice dai.
Hanya mafi sauri don tafiya shine "iyo tare da dabbar dolphin", yayin da dabbar take tsalle daga cikin ruwa na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar dabbar dolphin. Dalilan wannan halayyar ba a bayyane suke ba: watakila yana taimaka wajan rage juriya na yanzu, ko kuma an yi niyya ne don rikitar da abokan halitta.
Lokacin yin ruwa, wasu penguins suna warware rikice-rikice: ƙaramin nau'in, kamar su Peninscelis papua na subantarctic (Pygoscelis papua) na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin ruwa don ɗaya ko (ƙasa da sau ɗaya) fiye da minti biyu da nutsewa zuwa zurfin mita 20, amma Emperor penguins na iya yin daskararru a ƙarƙashin ruwa don 18 mintuna da nutsewa fiye da mita 530. Kodayake manyan mambobi na Emperor penguins har zuwa yau sun kasance ba su da fahimta sosai, an san shi, duk da haka, lokacin da nutsar da shi, bugun dabbar ya ragu zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na adadin zuciyar da ke hutawa, don haka rage yawan iskar oxygen, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a ƙara tsawon lokacin zama a cikin ruwa tare da ƙara girman iska. a cikin huhu. Hanyar daidaita karfin aiki da yawan zafin jiki lokacin da aka nutsar da shi zuwa zurfafan zurfi ya zama ba a san shi ba.
Lokacin barin ruwa, penguins na iya tsallake bakin tekun zuwa tsayi zuwa 1.80 na tsayi 1. Saboda ƙarancin ƙafafunsu a ƙasa, penguins suna motsawa daga gefe zuwa gefe - wannan hanyar motsi, kamar yadda binciken ilimin halittu ya nuna, yana ceton mai yawa. A kan kankara, penguins zasu iya motsawa da sauri - suna tashi daga tsaunuka, suna kwance akan hancinsu. Wasu nau'ikan suna rufe mil da yawa tsakanin teku da wurin da mazauna yankinsu suka zauna.
Rarrabawa
Iyalin Penguin (lat. Spheniscidae) ya ƙunshi 6 Gen, nau'in 18:
Harshen Hannu (na sarki)
Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri)
Tana yin sheƙarta tare da bakin tekun Antarctica a kan kankara, kudu na 78 ° kudu latitude.
Tsawon jikinsa shine 110-120 cm .. Weight - 20-45 kg.
Nau'i na farko sun fara farawa a watan Afrilu, bayan kwanaki 25 an dage fararen farin kwai, ɗayan kaɗai don lokacin kiwo. Don ɗan lokaci, mace ta riƙe ƙwayayen a kan cinyoyinta, tana rufe ta da babban fatar fatar fata akan ƙasan ciki. Bayan wasu 'yan awanni ana yada shi ga namiji. Bayan wannan, mace, daya bayan daya, tafi teku. Wannan yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni biyu, kuma lokacin da kayan kajin ke gabatowa, a ƙarshen Yuli, mai, mai, mata suka fara zuwa daga teku. Kowace mace ta sami namiji ta hanyar murya. Yunwar tsawon watanni 4, namiji yayi saurin baiwa budurwarsa kwai ya yi sauri ya tafi cikin tekun.
Tana ciyar da ƙaramin kifi, ƙananan cephalopods, da crustaceans planktonic, galibi euphausiid crustaceans
King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonica)
Yana zaune a arewa, a cikin wurare masu zafi. Gidajen mulkin mallaka suna kan tsibiran Kudancin Georgia, Kerguelen, Marion, Crozet da Macquarie.
Tsawon jikinsa yakai santimita 91-96. Iyakokin suna kan tsaunin dutse. Sake bugun yana faruwa ne a lokacin bazara: an dage sanya ƙwai a watan Disamba - Janairu. Kowace mace tana sanya babban kwai 1 kacal. Dukansu iyayen suna yin incin ne dabam. Chingorawa tsawon kwanaki 54
Genus Eudyptes (Aka Kama)
Rockhopper Penguin ko Rock Penguin, Rocky Penguin (Eudyptes ɗan itacen gwari)
Akwai ƙananan kuɗi guda uku:
Eudyptes kayan haɗin gas
Eudyptes kayan maye filholi
Eudyptes kayan aikin moseleyi
Tana zaune a tsibiri mai cike da tsaunuka, amma wani lokacin ana samunta zuwa arewa, kan iyakar Afirka da Kudancin Amurka, da kuma gabar kudu na New Zealand.
Kai Tsaye 45-58 cm a tsayi, nauyi 2-3 kg.
Tana da nishaɗi a cikin manyan yankuna na tsibiri mai ban tsoro da tsibirin Tristanda Kunya da tsibirin Heard. A cikin tsawa da rugurgujewa, da karamin ƙan fari ana yawanci ana rasa saɓani tsakanin maƙwabta.Nestlings suna taruwa a cikin gandun daji na rana, amma su koma gida lokacin da iyaye suka kira su don ciyar. Kayan karnuka suna girma da sauri kuma suna shirye don zuwa teku lokacin da ya cika makonni 10.
Victoria Penguin ko Tsarin Burtaniya mai laushi - Eudyptes pachyrhynchus)
Tana sauka ne kawai a kan dutse, gurnani mai yankan tekun South Island a New Zealand, da kuma a kan kananan tsibirai biyu na gabar teku - Stuart da Solander.
Yana isa 60 cm a tsayi, tare da nauyin kilogram 3.
Snarie Penguin na Zinare ko Crested Snarl Penguin
Snare, sarkar da ke shimfidawa a kudu da New Zealand, sune kawai mazaunin waɗannan penguins.
Yana kaiwa 63 cm a tsayi, tare da nauyin nauyin 3 kilogram.
Yana zaune cikin yanayi mai kyau na yanayin zafi. Ruwan da ke kusa da tsibirin Snares suna da daɗi, kuma penguins ba sa yin iyo a kudu sama da yankin ƙasa.
Schlegel Penguin ko Macquarie Penguin (Eudyptes schlegeli)
Tana zaune a tsibiri, bakararren tsibiri na Macquarie, wanda ke cikin Tekun Pacific a kusa da kusancin bel din Antarctic.
Girman, bayyanar da halaye masu kama da penguin mai launin zinari.
Yana kaiwa cm 65-75 a tsayi, tare da nauyin 5.5 kg
Babban Penguin da ake zargi (Eudyptes sclateri)
Gidaje kawai akan kananan tsibirai guda huɗu kudu da New Zealand. Manyan larduna suna cikin tsibiran Antipodes da Bounty Island, ƙanana - a tsibirin Auckland da Campbell.
Ya kai 65 cm a tsayi, tare da nauyin kilogram 2.5-3.5.
Penguin na Zinare ko Macaroni Penguin (Eudyptes korenclop)
Aka rarrabu ko'ina cikin kudancin tekun Atlantika da Indiyawan Tekun Indiya. Gida a Kudancin Jojiya, South Shetland, South Orkney da wasu tsibiran submarctic.
Tsawon jikin mutum shine 65-76 cm.
Yankunan su suna da yawa - har zuwa 600,000 mutane na kiwo. Nests a ƙasa, shirya sosai m nests. 2 qwai an dage farawa. Chingorewa na tsawon kwanaki 35, tare da canje canje na iyaye na yau da kullun
Harshen Eudyptula ()arami)
Guarancin Penguin, Elf Penguin, eraramin Kushin inuwa, Bluearamin Kwaya Penguin (Eudyptula ƙaramin)
Ana yin shi a gefen tekun kudu na Australia, a gabar Tasmania, New Zealand da tsibirin Chatham.
Yana da tsawon jiki na kawai cm 40. Yana yawanci lays 1-2, wasu lokuta 3 qwai.
Farar fata farar fata, Penguin Lessaramar Arewa, ,arancin Northernan Arewa (Eudyptula albosignata)
Tsawon Jikin kusan 30 cm da nauyi 1.5 kilogiram. Harshen kiwo kawai a Tsibirin Motunau, kusa da Canterbury (New Zealand), suna cikin haɗari.
Genus Megadyptes (Mai girma)
Babban penguin, Penguin mai launin rawaya, Penguin Antipodes, Hoiho penguin (Megadyptes antipodes)
Ganin bakin tekun kusa da kudu na tsibiran New Zealand da kuma tsibiran Stuart, Auckland da Campbell a watan Satumbar - Nuwamba.
Tsawon jikin ya kai cm 83.
Wadannan tsuntsayen basu samar da mazauna ba kuma galibi suna gida a cikin nau'i-nau'i. Matasa penguins (yana da shekaru 3) suna sanya kwai 1 kowane ɗaya, yayin da tsofaffi kusan kullun 2 ƙwai. Tsawon lokacin da aka fara shigowa da girman penguin shine makonni 4. Balaga ta jima'i da tsuntsaye na faruwa, a fili, a cikin shekaru 4-5th na rayuwa.
Harshen Pygoscelis (Antarctic)
Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)
Tana kusa da bakin tekun Antarctic nahiyar da kuma tsibiran kusa da babban yankin: Ta Kudu Shetland, South Orkney da South Sandwich. A waje, lokacin farauta yana yawo ko'ina, yana motsa kilomita 600-700 daga wuraren asalinsu.
Wannan babban tsuntsu ne mai girman gaske, har zuwa sama da santimita 80. An sanya mazaunan mallaka akan turɓayar ƙasa, daskarewa. A cikin yankuna daban-daban akwai dubun dubun tsuntsaye. A cikin kamawa galibi akwai ƙwai 2, waɗanda aka sa tare da tazara tsakanin kwanaki 2-4. Tsawon lokacin shigar su kwana 33-38 ne.
Antarctic Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)
Yana zaune galibi a tsibirin bakarare na yankin submarctic.
A cikin tsayi ya kai cm 70-76 tare da nauyin 4 kilogiram.
Wadannan penguins suna da matukar tayar da hankali. Akwai sanannun lokuta na kai harin wadannan tsuntsayen a kan mutanen da suka kusanci mazaunan. Ba kamar sauran jinsunan ba, suna ciyar da kawunansu biyu.
Penguin na Submarctic, Penoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)
Wadannan tsuntsayen gida a cikin Antarctic da kuma tsibiran yankin submarctic, gami da tsibirin Falkland da tsibirin Crozet. An shirya filayen a tsakanin bunkasar ciyawar ciyawa.
2 qwai an dage farawa. Kayayen dole suyi gwagwarmaya don iyayensu su ciyar dasu. Iyaye sun gudu, kuma yaran suna kokarin binsa.Kajin da ya fi girma da ƙarfi ƙarfi yawanci ya ci tsere, na biyu na ciyar da shi kawai idan akwai abinci da yawa. In ba haka ba, ya mutu. Tare da tsawo na 75-90 cm da nauyin kilogram 6, wannan penguin shine mafi girman wakilcin halittar Penguin Long-Tughi Penguin.
Genus Spheniscus (Jinkiri)
Donkey Penguin, Penguin na Afrika (Spheniscus demersus)
An rarraba yankin kudu da kudu maso yammacin Afirka.
Tsawon jikin mutum shine 61-86 cm.
Sake bugun yana faruwa ne a duk shekara, akasarinsu a watan Mayu-na Yuni
Galapagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus)
Wannan shine kawai nesting nesting a cikin tropics. Qwai, lamba 2, mace ta sanya cikin dutsen a cikin dusar sanyi a cikin lokacin sanyi (Mayu-Yuni).
Wannan shine mafi karancin wakilcin halittar tsinkayen tsinkaye, wanda ya kai tsayin 53 cm, yana nauyin kilo 2-2.5.
Duk da gaskiyar cewa Galapagos penguins suna zaune a tsibiran, inda yawanci yawanci yakan tashi zuwa 38 ° C, suna samo abinci don kansu a cikin ruwan sanyi na Cromwell.
Humboldt Penguin, Penguin na Peru (Spheniscus humboldti)
Yana zaune a tsibiran kusa da yammacin bakin tekun na Kudancin Amurka, bakin tekun Peru da Chile.
Yana kaiwa tsayin 55-56 cm, tare da nauyin 5 kilogiram.
Abun da ke cikin haɗari, ƙasa da tsuntsaye dubu 10
Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)
Tana zaune a kan dutse, iska mai ƙarfi kudu ta Kudancin Amurka da tsibirin Falkland.
Ya kai girman 70 cm kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilo 4.
A bakin tekun a lokacin kiwo, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da matukar tsoro kuma, da suka ga mutum, suka ɓoye a cikin mazaunin su, cikin ruwa ba su tsoron mutane kuma suna iya tayar da hankali. Yawan wadannan tsuntsayen yayi yawa sosai (miliyan 1-2) kuma da alama babu barga.
Penguins suna zaune a cikin tekun bude kogin Kudancin Hemisphere: a cikin tekun tsibirin na Antarctic, a New Zealand, kudancin Australiya, Afirka ta Kudu, tare da yammacin gabar tekun Kudancin Amurka daga tsibirin Falkland zuwa Peru, har ma a tsibirin Galapagos kusa da Equator. Penguins sun fi son yin sanyi, saboda haka a cikin wurare masu zafi suna bayyana ne kawai tare da ruwan sanyi - Humboldt Current a kan gabar yammacin yammacin Kudancin Amurka ko kuma Bengal Current, wanda ya tashi a Cape na kyakkyawan fata da kuma wanke gabar yammacin Afirka ta Kudu.
Yawancin jinsunan suna rayuwa tsakanin 45 ° da 60 ° kudu maso nesa, mafi girma gungu na mutane suna cikin Antarctic da kuma tsibiran da ke kusa da shi.
Matsakaicin mazaunin arewa na tsibirin shine tsibirin Galapagos, wanda yake a wurin daidaitawa.
Penguins gida mafi sau da yawa a cikin manyan mazauna, sau da yawa lambobi dubun nau'i-nau'i ko fiye. Iyaye biyun suna ɗaukar biyun don shiryawa ƙwai da kuma ciyar da kajin. Kifi da ɓawon burodi suna da rabin digo biyu na iyayensu kuma suna ƙyamar su. Cubs suna samun tsari daga sanyi a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan mahaifar mahaifar.
A cikin yankunan Antarctic na sanyi, ƙwai ɗaya tak;
da wasu dalilai masu ban sha'awa a takaice:
Dukkanin penguins suna zaune ne a Kudancin hemisphere, wani lokacin suna hawa nesa zuwa arewa (zuwa tsibirin Galapagos, kusan a makabarta) ko zuwa biranen da ke da cunkoson jama'a (Yankin Harbor Arewa a Sydney, Ostiraliya). Casar Cody mahaifarta ita ce Shiverpool a Antarctica, amma yana farin cikin zama a tsibirin Pen Gu na wurare masu zafi.
Penguins na iya tsayawa a tsaye saboda ƙafafunsu na yanar gizo suna daga ƙarshen jikin. Hakanan yana sa su yin saurin sauri da ƙarfi masu iyo, musamman idan aka haɗu da fuka-fukan oars mai siffa Wannan shine yadda Cody ke kula da kama Whale Mikey kuma samun tikiti don Gasar Big Zee.
Penguins sune tsuntsaye na musamman, ƙungiyar penguin-like, dangin penguin. Ba kamar yawancin yawancin tsuntsaye ba, waɗannan tsuntsayen ba sa tashi, amma suna iyo da kyau. Don wannan, suna da tsari mai dacewa - siffar jikin mutum da aka shimfiɗa, gashin fuka-fukan kusa, wuyan motsi da baki mai kaifi.
Akwai fahimta iri ɗaya game da kewayonsu.Duk abin da yawancin mutane suka sani game da waɗannan tsuntsayen an ɗauke su ne daga fina-finai masu fasali, zane-zane da, a ɗan, daga encyclopedias. Penguins suna shãfe su clumsiness. A cikin kasa, wadannan tsuntsayen da wuya su motsa, suna izgili daga motsi zuwa paw. Suna da kyau sosai, ana amfani da hotonsu don ƙirƙirar kayan wasa mai laushi, zane da talla. Idan ka tambayi mutane goma game da inda penguins suke zaune, takwas daga cikinsu zasu amsa cewa waɗannan tsuntsayen suna zaune a Arewa. Amma wannan ba haka bane.
Fasalin fasalin Penguin
An riga an faɗi hakan penguin jiki yana da Bayarwa, kamannin hoto. Fuka-fukansa, a sakamakon juyin halitta, ya zama jujjuyawar fuskoki. Lokacin da ya iyo ruwa a karkashin ruwa, kafada hade take kamar tayi. Kafafun tsuntsun nan gajere ne, yatsu hudu. Har ila yau, yana da membranes tsakanin yatsunsa waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen kewaya iyo. Wani fasalin tsarin yana bambanta penguin daga sauran tsuntsaye - an cire ƙafafunsa da baya. Godiya ga wannan, yana tsaye kuma yana motsawa akan ƙasa tsaye.
Don kiyaye daidaituwa, penguin yana amfani da gajeren wutsiyarsa a zaman tallafi. Hakanan, kasusuwarsa ba su da tubular, kamar yawancin tsuntsaye, amma yafi kamar ƙasusuwan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Kuma don rufin zafi, kamar dukkan dabbobin da ke rayuwa a cikin sanyi, penguin yana da kyakkyawan fat mai dumin dumu. Abubuwan da suka lalata shine kuma kare tsuntsaye daga sanyi da rigar. Gashinsa, jikinsa yayi nauyi da kyau tun daga kai har zuwa yatsa. Tsuntsayen ba za su iya yin fahariya da launuka iri-iri ba - dukkan jinsunan suna da launin baya da farin ciki. Launin baƙar fata yana tara zafi daga rana kuma yana taimakawa tare da janar thermoregulation.
Penguins suna ci kifi, crustaceans da kuma nau'ikan kifaye iri iri. Kayan aikinsu na baka an shirya shi ne mai ban sha'awa - don kama ganima, tsuntsu ya tsotse shi da ruwa.
Lokaci-lokaci, da tsuntsu molts. A wannan lokacin, yanayin rauni da bayyanar mara amfani. Ba a maye gurbin tubalin a lokaci guda, kuma tsoffin gashin fuka-fukan suna rataye cikin shreds a duk jikin sa. Hakanan, yayin molting, tsuntsu baya cin abinci, yayi ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa daga iska kuma baya iyo.
Wancan da yawa penguins rayuwa ya danganta da nau'in su. A matsakaici, manyan nau'ikan suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 25, kuma kananan jinsuna suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15. A wuraren kiwon dabbobi kuma tare da kyakkyawar kulawa, tabbas waɗannan lambobin zasu ƙaru.
Penguin kiwo
Penguins su ne tsuntsayen zamantakewa sosai . Suna zaune cikin fakitoci kuma sukan taru a manyan kungiyoyi, suna matsawa juna da karfi don tsira da lokutan sanyi. Yawancinsu suna da yawa masu aure kuma suna zama ma'aurata guda ɗaya don rayuwa. Gidajen su suna kan tudu wanda aka rufe da dutse kuma wasu nau'ikan suna haifar da tsarin ƙusoshin ƙira kamar kwaikwayon gida mai zagaye. Hakanan, hutu a cikin dutsen na iya zama gida. Mafi yawancin lokuta, akwai ƙwai 2 a cikin kama. Kasa da sau 3 ko 4. Iyaye biyu suna kyankyashe su, lokaci-lokaci suna maye junan su cin abinci da dumama.
Amfrayo na tasowa daga kwanaki 30 zuwa 100, Lokaci ya dogara da nau'in. Sai karen ya tsoma baki. An lulluɓe shi cikin furuci, mai taimako da makaho. Iyaye suna ci gaba da lura da shi, kuma, bayan makonni 2, kajin zai fara gani ya zama mai 'yanci. Abin takaici, kusan kashi 60% na kajin suna mutuwa daga dalilai masu muhalli da yawa na rikice-rikice - ƙananan yanayin zafi, hare-haren mafarauta da yunwa.
Da zaran jaririn ya buɗe idanunsa , Iyaye sun daina kula da shi koyaushe kuma ana cire su, lokaci-lokaci kawai ciyar da kajin. Saboda haka, jarirai sukan makale cikin garken don su yi kwanto ko kuma su kare kansu daga munanan abubuwa. Dukkanin mulkin mallaka ya fara shiga cikin ciyarwar zuriya. Wannan zai ci gaba har zuwa farkon motsi na 'ya'yan, bayan haka sun karɓi murfin gashin tsuntsu, kusan iri ɗaya yake da na tsuntsu mai girma. Sannan kajin za su iya nutse har su fara ciyar da kansu.
Da yawa daga cikin mu suna son kallon penguins. A cikin gajiyar tasu, kamar gurguzu ne daga ƙafa zuwa kafa, akwai wani abu da ke jan hankalin mutane. Bugu da kari, penguins suna daya daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye 40 da aka sani.
Da farko, mutane suna kiran penguins wingless eels (Pinguinus impennis), wanda aka samu adadi mai yawa a gefen arewacin tekun Atlantika .. Wannan ba shi da alaƙa da penguins waɗanda ke zaune a Kudancin Hemisphere, amma sun yi kama da su sosai kuma sun ci gaba ɗaya tsarin rayuwar muhalli. kamar penguins.
Irin wannan takalmin maraice na mutum, kamar tuxedo, wataƙila ƙirar masu ƙirƙiraye ta ƙirƙira shi, yayin da aka gano '' kayan '' ɗan penguin, a lokacin Kasuwancin Duk. Irin wannan launi, a cewar masana ilimin halitta, yana taimaka wa tsuntsaye su ɓuya daga abokan gaba a cikin teku. Jikin penguin yana da kyau don yin iyo, kuma kananan fikafikansa masu kama da ƙusoshin da ƙafafu suna da kyau don saurin motsawa cikin ruwa.
Bayan rikici na soja da ya faru a 1982 tsakanin Ingila da Argentina, wani labari na almara ya tashi game da penguins da ke zaune a tsibirin Falkland waɗanda suka faɗo daga baya saboda suna ɗaga kansu sama yayin da suke kallon jiragen sama marasa ƙarfi kuma ba za su iya hawa sama da nasu ba zuwa ƙafafunku. A hankali, jita-jita ta girma har zuwa "cikakkun bayanai", alal misali, cewa akwai "fasa kan penguin" - wani rukunin sojoji na musamman waɗanda ke ceton tsuntsayen da suka mutu daga mutuwa. Abinda ya fi ban sha'awa shi ne saboda yawan tsoro da ke tattare da jinƙai na jama'a, rukuni na masana kimiyya na Biritaniya a shekara ta 2001 sun yi wani dogon nazari a Antarctica. Koyaya, a cikin dukkan tsawon lokacin, ba ta yi rikodin kwayar cutar penguin ba yayin da take gab da jirgin sama.
Mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa penguins suna zaune ne kawai a cikin Antarctica ko wuraren da ke da yanayin sanyi kusa da bakin tekun Kudancin hemisphere. Amma sabanin yarda da mashahurin imani, wani nau'in penguin na musamman da ake kira Galapagos penguin yana zaune a tsibirin Galapagos, wanda kusan a makabarta ce. Yawan ruwan zafin anan shine +22 duk shekara. +24 ° C, da iska - +18. +28 ° C Bugu da kari, ana iya samun saurin samun penguins a cikin Sydney na Australia da kuma Harbor na Arewacin Australia. Sai dai itace cewa akwai kuma thermophilic penguins!
Penguins na Subantarctic sune ruwa mafi sauri na ruwa, wanda zai kai saurin kilomita 36 a kowace awa. Penguins na Emperor na iya zama ƙarƙashin ruwa har zuwa minti 18.
Sarki Penguin shine kawai tsuntsu wanda ya sanya qwai a tsakiyar hunturu. Tana yin wannan tun da wuri domin jarirai su fara hanzari. Bayan duk, suna buƙatar bazara, bazara da damina don ya yi ƙarfi da zama kuma ya isa ya tsira zuwa hunturu na gaba.
Sarkin penguins suna da halayyar gama kai. Don dumama kansu cikin yanayin sanyi, sukan taru a babban rukuni, yawan zafin jiki a ciki wanda wani lokacin yakan kai + 35 ° C a yanayi mai -20 ° C. Don "dumama da kullun", tsuntsaye suna motsawa koyaushe daga tsakiya zuwa gefen kuma gaba.
Kajin Sarki Penguin (lat.Aptenodytes patagonicus) ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai da ƙoshin tsuntsaye kuma a cikin justan makonni kaɗan. Kajin ba ya iya rayuwa ba tare da iyayen ba har sai fuka-fukan kare ruwa ba su girma ba, kuma wannan yana faruwa ne watanni 12-13 bayan haihuwar sa.
Akwai ƙarancin kayan halitta a ƙasashe masu sanyi kuma, sabili da haka, penguins na Adelie suna haifar da kuɗaɗen su don kwanciya da ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai daga ɓoyayyiyar itace. Nau'i-nau'i na makwabta, lokacin da wasu penguins suka karkatar da hankalin su, kar suyi shakka satar duwatsun su. Wasu matan penguins sabili da duwatsu suna aiki "karuwanci", kodayake suna da abokin tarayya na dindindin. Suna neman maza guda ɗaya waɗanda suke yin sheƙan furanninsu a cikin begen samun zuriyarsu, ba su damar yin aure tare da su, bayan haka sai suka ɗauki stonesan duwatsu tare da su a mazaunin su.
Tun yana yaro, Linus Torvalds, a yayin tafiyarsa zuwa gidan zoo, wani penguin ya cije shi. Saboda haka, Tux penguin (madaidaicin lafazin Rashanci shine Dachshund) ya zama madaidaicin tsarin aiki na Linux wanda ya kirkira.
Na dogon lokaci, masana kimiyya sun kasa fahimtar dalilin asalin sashin ciyawa wanda ba a san shi ba a cikin harafin mil biyu na M akan ɗayan tsibirin Antarctica na tsibiri. Wani masani dan kasar Chile ya ce wannan 'wasikar' 'wani masanin kimiyyar kasar Poland ne ya buga shi shekaru da dama da suka gabata daga bakin penguins, saboda girmamawa ga wanda yake kauna mai suna Magda.
Penguin shi ne kawai tsuntsu a cikin duniyarmu wanda zai iya iyo amma ba zai iya tashiwa ba. Bugu da kari, shine kawai tsuntsu wanda yake motsawa akan tsayayyen ƙasa.
Sai dai itace cewa penguins ba shine mafi yawan tsuntsaye masu tsaurin sanyi ba. Ducks da geese ba su da tsoron tsoron sanyi. Suna iya yin tsayayya da digo a cikin zafin jiki zuwa -00 ° C, amma na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci. Mai sarki penguin zai iya tsayayya da sanyi zuwa -60 ° C.
Wani nau'in nau'in penguin tare da gashin fuka-fukan rawaya masu tsayi a idanun kuma ana kiran yanayin zafi da dutse, saboda waɗannan tsuntsayen galibi suna kan tsalle-tsalle kan duwatsu.
Masu sahun ruwa mafi sauri cikin dukkan nau'in penguin sune Papuan penguins (Pygoscelis papua). Sun sami damar haɓaka ƙarƙashin saurin ruwa har zuwa kilomita 36 / h. Wannan shi ne ɗayan nau'ikan gargajiya na penarins na penguins wanda Johann Reinhold Forster ya ba da labarinsa, masanin kimiyya kuma masanin halitta wanda ya raka Kyaftin Cook a ƙarshen tafiyarsa ta ƙarni na 18. A cikin girmamawa ga waɗannan "masu tafiya" an mai suna ɗayan nau'ikan tsarin aiki na Linux - Gentoo.
Penguin na Penagonian zai iya yin iyo sau 2-3. A lokaci guda, ya rufe nesa da kusan kilomita 1,500.
Manyan wakilan kowane nau'in penguins sune sarki penguins. Girman tsuntsu mai girma yana cikin nauyin 27-41, kuma tsayinsa ya kai mita 1.2.
Emperor penguins suna da nauyin iyaye kamar haka. Nami yakan ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai, mace kuwa ta sami abinci. Bayan da karen ya fara fitowa daga kwan, mahaifinsa yakan ciyar da wani irin ruwa wanda ake samarwa a cikin ƙwayoyinsa.
Kowace shekara, a lokacin molting, wanda ke ɗaukar makonni 2-3, penguins sun sauke gashin fuka-fukai, a wurin da sababbi suke girma. Penguins suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa don kula da gashin fuka-fukan su don kada su fuskanci matsaloli tare da sanyi kuma su zama masu kyan gani.
Akwai wani ra'ayi game da Magellanic Penguin, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Fernand Magellan, wanda shi ne ɗan Turai na farko da ya gano shi a cikin 1520. Penguins na Magellanic suna rayuwa ne cikin yanayin da ya raba tsibirin Tierra del Fuego daga yankin Kudancin Amurka. Hakanan ana kiranta wannan sa hannun ne a lokacin mai binciken.
Penguins na iya nutsar da zurfi sosai. Amma menene suke nema a zurfin kilomita ɗaya da rabi? Masana ilimin halitta na kasar Japan an sanya kyamarori a bayan wadannan dabbobi. An sani cewa haskoki na rana na iya shiga zurfin zurfin mita 150 kawai, saboda haka ba a san abin da waɗannan tsuntsayen suke yi a zurfin kilomita ɗaya da rabi ba.
Yawancin maza da mata na penguins a kusan ba su bambanta da bayyanar juna. Amma, a lokacin lokacin balaga, mace tana da datti a bayanansu wanda namiji ya fita yayin aikin dabbar.
The penguin dutse yana da mafi mugunta hali. Tsuntsaye na wannan nau'in suna da hayaniya da tashin hankali.
A ina kuma ta yaya polar bears suke rayuwa?
Lararancin polar ya zauna a cikin yankuna na arewacin Rasha, Kanada, Amurka, a bakin Tekun Barents, Chukchi, Tsibirin Wrangel, Greenland, da kuma ƙasashen Lapland. Lokacin da yanayi ya yi kyau, dabbobi sun isa ga Poan Arewa.
Harshen Arctic, yanki ne na hamada, inda a cikin hunturu zazzabi na iya sauka zuwa −60 ° C, kuma a cikin lokacin zafi a shekara, a watan Yuli, yakan tashi zuwa +3 ° C, ya zama mazaunin su.
Yawancin shekara ana yin iska mai ƙarfi, guguwar dusar ƙanƙara, da tsaunukan Arctic, a kusan 0 ° С С, gizagizai masu launin toka suna jan sararin sama da ƙaiƙayi sun mamaye ƙasar daga teku. Babu ciyayi a cikin hamada Arctic, in banda tsibirin da ba a sani ba na lichen da gansakuka. Babu dabbobi banda bears, polar polar, lemming a ƙasa, da kuma cikin teku - walrus da hatimi.
Ta yaya bear suke tsira a cikin hamada?
An daidaita su sosai ga yanayin rashin tausayi!
Babbar pola, ita ma babbar magana ce, umka, oshku, ita ce mafi girman qasa a doron qasa. Masana kimiyya da matafiya sun lura da dabbobi har zuwa 3 m a tsayi kuma fiye da 1 ton a nauyi.
Gashin dabbar da ke jikin beyar ya kai 10 cm, kuma tare da ciki (“ciki”, kamar yadda suke fada a arewa) mai, yana yin kusan kashi 40% na jikin mutum. Tare da irin wannan katako mai dumin wuta kuma a lokaci guda "murhu" (mai shine babban mai samar da makamashi a cikin jiki), daskararren sanyi na Arctic, guguwarsa da iska ba sa tsoron tunani.
Don daidaitawa da kitse mai kaɗa da polar bear fur. Tana da tsari na musamman: farar translucent villi tana ɗaukar hasken rana mai ɗaukar haske kawai kuma kada ta yada kwayar radad, ba ƙyale jikin dabba yayi sanyi. Jirgin mai kama da villi mai kama da juna - suna da kan gado a ciki kuma dakuna ne na iska, wanda ya kasance wani shingen hana iska sanyi. Jawo yakan girma koda a jikin dabba: a cikin "waɗannan" takalman "dabbar ba tayi daskarewa kuma ba ta daskarewa.
Iyakar abin sha na musamman yana ba wa maharan damar yin natsuwa cikin dusar ƙanƙara kuma ya shawo kan dubun kilomita na hamada Arctic kuma, a zahiri, na ruwan Arctic mai zafi.
A ina kuma ta yaya penguins suke rayuwa?
Speciesabi'u bakwai na penguins - Emperor, Adélie penguin, Antarctic, Royal, masu launin zinare, Papuan da Crested - sun zaɓi mazaunin su har ma da mafi tsananin yankin - Antarctica, yanki mai ƙarfi na Kudancin hemisphere. A Kudancin ,an kudu, mafi ƙarancin zazzabi a duniya an rubuta shi cikin Disamba 2013 - −91.2 ° C. A matsakaici, a cikin hunturu yawan zafin jiki na Antarctica shine −60 ° C, a lokacin zafi –30 ° C.
Amma, tabbas, penguins na tsuntsayen ƙasa ba sa rayuwa a cikin irin wannan yanayi mai ban tsoro. Don haka, penguin da aka ɗauka yana zaune a kan Tierra del Fuego, Tasmania, tsibirin na Subantarctic. Tsarin tsibiri na Snares - Snaresky da aka suturta shine - yana zaune a tsibiran da ke cike da tsaunukan daji da bishiyoyi. Pengini na Submarctic - a tsibirin Falkland, Georgia ta kudu, Kerguelen, Herda da sauransu.
Tsuntsaye mafi girma da kuma mafi kauri sune sarki penguins, wanda ke da nauyin kilo 40, wanda ya bazu zuwa kudu, zuwa kudu ta kudu, nesa da zama a kan kankara kusa da Antarctica. Kawai don ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai, suna iyo zuwa wurare masu daɗi.
Ta yaya penguins basa daskarewa a Antarctica?
Tsuntsaye mara amfani cikin “baƙar baƙin gashi” sun dace da rayuwa, ba cikin tsananin sanyi ba, kamar belar polar, amma cikin “sanyi” a lokacin, lokacin bazara yawan zafin jiki baya tashi sama da + 5 ° C, kuma a lokacin hunturu galibi −30 ° C ne.
Suna da kauri mai kauri - har zuwa 3 cm, gashin tsuntsaye masu ruwa, tsakanin su akwai iska mai yawa - “chaakin iska”. Amma mafi ban sha'awa shine penguin na paws! Ba wai kawai ba su daskare ba, har ma ba su daskare kankara, dusar ƙanƙara.
Cikakken tsirara - ba tare da gashin fuka-fuka ba, fluff - kafafu penguin suna da zazzabi na +4 ° C kawai. Irin wannan yanayin ilimin likita yana ba da damar jure tsananin sanyi kamar al'ada. Haka kuma, yanayin zafin jikin tsuntsun yana 39 ... 40 ° C. Hankali mai hikima ya samar da penguins tare da kebantaccen tsarin keɓance wurare dabam dabam, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar dawowar baya.
Da ita, jini mai zafi mai zafi a kan kusanci da garken ya wuce kusa da jijiya kuma ya ba da wani bangare na zafinsa zuwa jinin mai sanyin da ya rigaya sanyi. Jinjin azaba yana dawo da zafi zuwa zuciya, kuma jinin mai sanyaya jijiyoyi yana komawa ga kafafu, yana rike dasu a ciki +4 ° C kawai. Idan kumburin penguin yayi zafi, da sauri zasu daskare, amma da farko zasu daskare a cikin kankara, suna kashe tsuntsu.
Wata hanyar kariya daga sanyi shine rukuni. Don haka, penguins na sarki suna tarawa a cikin rukuni mai yawa, suna dumama iska a ciki zuwa + 35 ° C, lokacin da waje yake -20 ° C. Penguins suna “kewaya” a cikin rukunin, suna motsawa daga tsakiya zuwa gefen da baya.
Wataƙila mafi yawan tsuntsayen abubuwan ban mamaki a duniyarmu sune penguins. Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da waɗannan kyawawan halittu masu kyau waɗanda za mu gabatar muku a wannan labarin. Wannan ita ce kawai tsuntsu da ke iyo da kyau, amma ba ya iya tashiwa.Bugu da kari, penguin na iya tafiya a miƙe. Wannan tsuntsu ne mai tashi mai tashi sama da tsari na irin tsinkaye-kamar.
Habitat
Yankunan yankuna masu yawa, galibi cikin yankuna masu sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere, sune wuraren da penguins ke zaune. Mafi yawan jama'a ana yin rikodin su a Antarctica. Additionari ga haka, suna da daɗi sosai a Afirka ta Kudu da Kudancin Ostirel. Kusan dukkanin layin bakin teku na Kudancin Amurka shine yankin da penguins ke zaune.
Take
Asalin sunan waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da iri uku. Na farko yayi bayanin sa tare da hade kalmomin pen - "kai" da gwyn - "fari". Ya kasance ɗaya ne lokacin da ba zai iya rabuwa da dutsen ba (amma yanzu ya ƙare). Tun da yake waɗannan tsuntsaye suna kama da kamannin, sunan ya wuce zuwa ga penguin.
Dangane da fasalin na biyu, penguin din ya samo sunan daga kalmar Turanci pinwing, wanda ke fassara a matsayin "reshen fika-gashi". Dangane da sigar na uku, sunan tsuntsu ya fito ne daga larabcin Latin, wanda ke nufin "mai."
Emperor penguin
Tsuntsaye mafi girma kuma mafi nauyi: ɗaukar nauyin namiji zai iya kaiwa kilo 40 da tsawon tsayin jiki kusan cm 130. umarfafawar a baya tana da baki, ciki tayi fari, kuma a wuya zaka iya ganin alamun halayen rawaya mai haske ko ruwan lemo. Emperor penguins mazaunan Antarctica ne.
Sarki penguin
A waje, yana da kama da na na sarki, amma da ƙarancin girma a girmansa: tsawon jikinsa ya kai kusan 100 cm, kuma nauyinsa bai wuce kilo 18 ba. Bugu da kari, wannan nau'in yana da launi daban-daban - an rufe baya da launin toka mai duhu, wani lokacin kusan gashinsa baki, ciki yana da fari, kuma tabarau mai haske mai haske suna zaune a gefan kai da kan kirji. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna zaune a gabar tekun Ghanan na Lusitania, a tsibiran Tierra del Fuego, Kudu da Sandwich, Kerguelen da Crozet, Macquarie da Georgia ta kudu, Prince Edward da Hurd.
Penguin na Arewa
Nau'in da a halin yanzu yake barazanar lalata. Wannan karamin tsuntsu ne mai kimanin tsawon cm 55 kuma nauyinsa 3 kg. A baya da fuka-fuki suna da launin toka-baki. Abun ciki fari ne. Gashin gira mai launin shuɗi ya juya zuwa cikin ɗayan gashin fuka-fukan launin shuɗi waɗanda ke gefen idanun. A kan penguin ta kai shine karamin crest na baki, wanda ya ba da suna ga jinsin.
Babban ɓangaren jama'a yana zaune a tsibiran Neprytupny da Gough, Tristan da Cunha, waɗanda ke cikin Tekun Atlantika.
Penguin na zinare
Tsawon jiki na wannan penguin ya bambanta tsakanin 76 cm, nauyi - kadan fiye da 5 kg. Launi - na hali ga duka penguins, amma tare da fasali ɗaya: a saman idanun akwai wasu launuka na fuka-fukai na launuka na zinare. Penguins masu launin ruwan zinare sun zauna a gabar tekun Kudancin Tekun Indiya, Atlantika, ba ƙaramar fata ba ce a arewacin Antarctica, da kuma tsibiran Submarctic.
Abubuwan waje
A doron kasa, wannan sabon tsuntsu, wanda baya iya tashi, yayi kama da wani abu saboda yanayin sifofin da jikinsu da jikin sa. Penguins suna da sifar jikin mutum tare da ingantaccen ƙwayar kirji a kirji - sau da yawa yakan zama kwata na jimlar nauyin tsuntsu.
Jikin penguin yana da wadatarwa, dan matsa kaɗan a gefe, an rufe shi da gashinsa. Shugaban ba shi da girma, yana kan madaidaiciya kuma mai hannu, amma gajere. Gashin waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da ƙarfi da kaifi.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da penguins suna da alaƙa da tsarin su. A cikin hanyar juyin halitta da salon rayuwa, fuka-fukan penguin ya canza kuma ya juya ya zama jujjuyawar ruwa: ƙarƙashin ruwa, suna juyawa kamar dunƙule a cikin haɗin gwiwa. Kafafu suna da kauri da gajeru, tare da yatsu hudu, wadanda ke hade da membranes na iyo.
Ba kamar yawancin tsuntsaye ba, an sanya kafafun penguin da baya kamar yadda yake juyawa, wanda hakan yasa tsuntsun ya rike jikin sa, yayin da yake kan tudu, a tsaye yake. Penguin zai taimaka wajen kula da daidaitaccen wutsiya, wanda ya kunshi gashin fuka-fukai ashirin: tsuntsu ya hau kansa idan ya zama dole.
Wata hujja mai ban sha'awa game da penguins - ƙasusuwanta ba m kasusuwa ne, wanda yawancin halayen tsuntsaye ne. Kasusuwarsu sun fi zama abin tunawa da tsarin kasusuwa na dabbobi masu shayarwa.Don ruwan zafi, penguin yana da wadataccen mai mai; farar sa ya kai santimita uku.
Umarfin penguins yana da yawa kuma mai yawa: gajeru, ƙananan fuka-fukai suna rufe jikin tsuntsu kamar tayal, suna kiyaye shi daga samun ruwa cikin ruwan sanyi.
Rayuwa
Penguins suna ƙarƙashin ruwa don neman abinci na dogon lokaci, suna narkar da zurfin mita uku tare da rufe nisan kusan kilomita talatin. Yana da ban mamaki yadda penguins masu sauri ke iyo - yana iya kaiwa kilomita 10 a awa daya. Wakilan wasu nau'in za su iya nutse har zuwa zurfin mita 130. A lokacin da penguins ba su shiga lokacin mating ba kuma ba sa kula da zuriyarsu, sai su ƙaura daga bakin tekun a kan wasu manyan nisan tafiyar nesa (har zuwa 1000 kilomita).
Don saurin motsawa akan ƙasa, penguin ɗin yana kwance akan ciki kuma yayi saurin sauka akan dusar ƙanƙara ko kankara, yana juyawa tare da wata gabar jiki. Wannan hanyar motsi tana bawa tsuntsaye damar isa da saurin zuwa 6 km / h. A cikin vivo, penguin yana rayuwa kimanin shekaru ashirin da biyar. A cikin zaman talala, tare da kulawa da kyau, wannan adadi yana ƙaruwa zuwa talatin.
Me penguins ke ci?
Don farauta ɗaya, penguin yana yin daga 190 zuwa 900 dives. Matsakaicin lamba ya dogara da yanayin yanayin zafi, nau'in penguin, bukatun abinci. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa na'urar tsuntsaye na baka an tsara ta ne bisa ka'idodin famfo: tana tsotse ƙanƙanyar matsakaici ta gemunsa. Yayin ciyarwa, matsakaita, tsuntsayen suna iyo kimanin kilomita talatin kuma kusan minti tamanin kowace rana a zurfin sama da mita uku.
Tushen abincin penguins shine kifi. Amma menene penguins suke ci (wanin kifi)? Tsuntsu ya ci squids, kananan octopuses da ƙananan kifi tare da nishaɗi. Cubs suna ciyar da abinci mai narkewa, wanda iyayensu suka hana shi ciki.
Ta yaya penguins suke bacci?
Amsar wannan tambayar tana da ban sha'awa ga yawancin masu karatunmu. Penguins suna bacci a tsaye, suna kiyaye zafin jikinsu yayin bacci. Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da penguins suna da alaƙa da wannan yanayin tsuntsayen. Lokaci da suke ciyarwa akan bacci ya dogara da yawan zafin jiki na iska - ƙananan zafin jiki, gajarta lokacin bacci. Tsuntsayen suna bacci mafi tsayi yayin molli: a wannan lokacin basa cin abinci kaɗan, ƙarin ƙarin bacci yana basu damar rage yawan kuɗin da aka kashe. Bugu da kari, penguins suna barci yayin da suke toshe ƙwai.
Sai dai itace cewa ba duk penguins ne cute da m halittu. Misali, penguins na dutse an baiwa su wani hali na nuna kyama. Zasu iya kai hari kan kowane abu da basu so.
Penguins ba sa buƙatar ruwa mai tsabta - suna shan ruwan teku saboda suna da glandon na musamman waɗanda ke tace gishiri.
A lokacin tarawar, yana bayyana tausayinta mai ban sha'awa, gilashin penguin din ya bugi kawunsa mai kauna a kai.
Kafafun penguins ba su daskarewa, saboda suna da ƙarancin adadin jijiyoyi.
Wadannan tsuntsayen suna da yardar mutane sosai, saboda ba su da magabtansu a Antarctica a cikin shekaru mil. Ee, eh. Labari ne penguins . Waɗannan su ne kawai tsuntsayen da suke iyo amma ba sa tashi.
MUTUM DA KUDI
Farkon Baƙin Turai da ya gan su shi ne sanannen ɗan navigan ƙasar Portugal ɗin Vasco da Gama da matukan jirginsa a 1499. Ba a cikin Antarctica: kafin gano wannan duniyar har yanzu tana nesa, kuma kusa da bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu, penguins masu kallo har yanzu suna can. Gaskiya ne, ɗaya daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar manyan 'yan Fotigal ya baiyana su a cikin rubutaccen littafinsa mai ban haushi: “Mun ga tsuntsaye, sun fi girma kamar geese, kukansu kuma yayi kama da kukan jakuna.”
Penguins na Emperor sune mafi girma
Rubutun shaidar da ya biyo baya ya bar ta a cikin shekarar 1520 ta hannun Antonio Pigafetta, wanda ya raka Fernand Magellan kan balaguronsa a duniya. Ya kuma kwatanta penguins, wannan lokacin an gan shi a bakin tekun Kudancin Amurka, tare da tsuntsayen gida: "Manyan jeese na da karkata kuma basu san yadda zasu tashi ba."
Af, Pigafetta ne ya nuna cewa tsuntsayen marasa aminci suna da wadatar abinci sosai, kuma wannan ya ƙaddara sunan su: a cikin Latin, “mai” - pinguis (penguis), saboda haka penguins.
Gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan tsuntsaye 18 a cikin rukunin penguin, amma zamu mayar da hankali kan biyu kawai - waɗanda ke zaune a Antarctica. Yana da sarki penguins da Adelie penguins .
Sauran danginsu sun sauka a bakin tekun Afirka ta kudu da Kudancin Amurka, da New Zealand da Ostiraliya. Har ila yau, suna zaune kusa da mai daidaitawa a tsibirin Galapagos. Amma al'adar penguins "an wajabta" a Antarctica, kodayake akwai biyu daga cikinsu.
Adelie Penguin Colony
Toari ga mai, jinkirin da ake la'akari da yanayin halayyar sarki penguins. Ba abin mamaki ba: tsayinsu ya kai santimita 120, kuma nauyinsu shine kilo 45. A kan ƙasa, penguins suna motsawa cikin sauri, suna riƙe ma'auni tare da taimakon ƙarancin ƙyallen.
Af, su, kuma ba paws, idan ya cancanta, bauta a matsayin babban injin. Lokacin da kuke buƙatar hanzartawa, tsuntsayen suna kwance a ciki mai narkewa kuma cikin sauri da sauri tare da kankara ko daga ƙasa. Waɗannan su ne baki da fari sledges!
Amma a cikin ruwa, penguins suna da matukar tsufa - sun kasance masu iyo ne masu ban mamaki da yawa. Waves sun sare saman da sauri na kilomita 35 a sa'a guda, kuma a "bayan gobara", suna ƙoƙarin kama kifin da wuri-wuri, sun matso duka 50! Bugu da kari, penguins zasu iya nutse har zuwa zurfin mita 20 kuma su kasance a cikin ruwa na mintina 10.
Adelie penguins nutse cikin ruwa
Irin wannan zaman doguwar ruwa a cikin kayan ruwan ba wai kawai abinci bane saboda - wannan wani ɗaki ne na dumama. A cikin sanyi na yau da kullun na Antarctica zuwa ramin digiri 50-60 da ƙarfi, ruwa mai ƙarfi a gare su kamar ɗumi-ɗumi mai zafi ne ga mutum: bayan duk hakan, ba zai iya yin sanyi sama da digiri ba.
FADA CIKIN MAGANIN
Me yasa penguins ke tafiya ƙasa? Masu bincike na polar sun yi wannan tambayar sau da yawa lokacin da suka gamu da tsuntsayen da ke bakin teku. Masanin ilmin dabbobi na kasar Ingila Edward Wilson ya rubuta farkon tafiya ta farko a 1911: ya ga alamomin penguins akan shelkwatar kankara Ross, kilomita 110 daga bakin tekun.
Masu binciken polar na Amurka sun tsara jerin kundin rikodin a ranar haguwar 1958: sun gano halayen pamguin kilomita 400 daga teku! An ɗauki makonni da yawa don irin wannan tafiya a saurin tafiya na kilomita 5-10 a kowace awa.
Tabbas, irin waɗannan hanyoyi masu tsayi tsattsauran ra'ayi ne. Amma sa'o'i da yawa na tafiya na sarki penguins na gajeren zango a bakin teku da zurfi zuwa cikin ƙasa abu ne gama gari Suna yin motsa jiki ko dai a matsayin ɗaya ko a cikin nau'i-nau'i.
Penguins suna matukar m
A lokaci guda, suna da kama da mutanen da ke tattauna wasu batutuwa yayin tafiya - yana da ban dariya. Af, shinge akan hanyar da aka tsara don penguins ba matsala bane: duk da tsananin tsinkayuwa na waje, sau da yawa sun bugi masu binciken pola tare da ikon hawan dutse ko kuma shawo kan daskararren kankara mai narkewa.
Mai wayo, me zan iya fada. Amma wani lokacin suna yin aiki ba bisa doka ba: ana amfani da lokacin bazara a tekun, kuma a lokacin girbin kudu masu mummunan sanyi a bakin. Haka kuma, a wannan lokacin da yafi dacewa bai dace ba su auri kuma su sami zuriya.
Emperor penguins are singlegamgamous: tunda sun sami mata, ba sa kallon wani. Suna neman amarya lokacin da a watan Afrilu daga 5 zuwa dubu 10 na tsuntsaye suka hallara kan kankara a bakin teku. Wani ɗan penguin, yana tafiya gefen tekun, yanzu kuma yana haifar da babbar murya wanda mace ta amsa. Wani lokacin ango yakan dauki fewan awanni don yin irin wannan binciken, amma yawanci yakan sami ma'aurata. Idan penguin a baya yana da budurwa, yakan yi kira ya same ta kawai.
Kulawa da yara zance ne daban, mai koyar da hankali sosai. Lokacin da wata daya bayan bikin, matar sarki penguin ta sanya kwai ɗaya (yana nauyin gram 500 tare da tsawon santimita 12!), Sannan abokan auren sa basu taɓa sanya su a kan kankara ba - suna ci gaba da jujjuya hotan a koyaushe (bayan komai, basa samun hurumin dangi).
Haka kuma, farkon watannin hunturu biyu da suka fi tsananin zafin ya hadu da kwan, ko kuma, sautin bugun ya koma kirji. Duk wannan lokacin bazai ci abinci ba - yana zama yana kashe kitse mai tarin yawa a lokacin bazara kuma yana asarar sama da rabin nauyinsa.
Sannan mace ta canza shi, wanda ya hau kitsen cikin watanni biyu.Gaskiya ne, ba lallai ne ta dame tare da kwan ba tsawon lokaci: an haife kaza, wanda mahaifiyarta ke ciyar da ita har tsawon wata guda. Bayan haka mahaifin da aka huta zai zo, yana kula da jariri duk lokacin da ya saura har ya girma.
Nau'in Antarctic na biyu, Adélie penguins (suna ƙarami: har zuwa santimita 80), suna da wata hanyar daban. Ba sa neman amarya da kuka, amma suna gabatar da masoyi ga ƙaunataccen. Idan ba ta ba da amsa ba, sai ta juya baya, kuma angon mara ango yana neman wata amarya.
Bayan ƙirƙirar iyali, penguins suna gina gida - ƙamus ɗin ya zama kayan gini na farko. Abokan basu da guda ɗaya, amma qwai biyu. An ƙera su akan juyawa - makonni biyu kowannensu.
Hakanan ana shayar da kajin tare tare - na kusan wata daya, sannan kuma sai a tura penguins zuwa wani nau'in gandun daji: duk jariran da aka haifa a masarautar an tattara su akan wani kebabben dandamali. Haka suka dage tare, iyayensu suka kawo musu abinci. Komin dabbobi yana buɗewa lokacin da matasa masu penguins suka sami damar cin abincin nasu.
Penguins na tallatawa sun fi na birni girma. Suna son sani kuma suna da abokantaka da mutane. Sau ɗaya, yayin wasan kwallon kafa tsakanin masu binciken polar a tashar Mirny, ɗayan penguin har ma ya fantsama cikin filin kuma ya fara gudu bayan kwallon - yana da wuya a kwantar da wani ɗan wasan ƙwallo da baƙon abu ba. Brotheran uwan ya bambanta kansa daban: ya yi rookery a kan rufin tractor kuma baya son barin komai.
TAMBAYA GA MAI GIRMA
Kadan game da bakin ciki. Wasu suna tambaya: me yasa akwai yawancin penguins a cikin Antarctic, kuma babu wani abu mai kama da haka a cikin yanayin yanayi irin na Arctic? Haƙiƙa, yanayi ya ba da '' iyo, amma bai tashi 'ba kawai zuwa Kudancin Kasa?
A wani lokaci, babban tsuntsu wanda ke da fikafikan fuka-fukai ma sun yi ta yawo a gefen bakin tekun kuma sun yi iyo cikin ruwa a tekun Arctic. Ko da launi don dacewa da penguin na baki da fari ne, banda cewa baki ya kara gaba ya fi karfi. Wannan tsuntsu - lolessless loon .
Har zuwa karni na 17, kuna yin hukunci ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen matukan jirgin ruwa, a cikin yanayin yanayin arewa yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan gama gari - miliyoyin mutane. Amma a tsakiyar karni na 19, ba wani tsuntsu guda daya da ya ragu: an ga karshen abin da yake kusa da Babban Bankin Newfoundland a shekarar 1852.
Abu ne mai sauki mutum wanda aikin sa shine: nama mai daɗi da ƙoshin laushi a cikin duniya sun sanya fuka-fukai zama ƙyamar mafarauta. Amma idan tsohuwar mutum tana iyakance ga yawan tsuntsayen da ake buƙata, to kuwa yawan masunta na Turawa waɗanda suka isa Farfa ta Arewa sun ƙare da tarihin tarihin arewaci na arewacin penguins.
Latterarshen sa'a yana da sa'a: mutanen da ke wayewa sun gano Antarctic wanda suka yanke shawara ta ƙarshe daga mummunan makomar maƙasudin maraƙin mara ƙarfi. A hankali muke koyo don kare yanayi. Koda yake, wasu nau'ikan halittu guda uku wadanda basu da nisa daga nahiyar ta shida (wadanda aka sansu, masu ban sha'awa da pengins na Galapagos) an yarda dasu sun shiga cikin haɗari a farkon karni na 21, wasu bakwai kuma ana ganin suna cikin haɗari.
Da kyau, saboda tunawa da fuka-fukai - na farkon daga cikin tsuntsayen Turai da Amurka da mutum ya lalata gaba daya - an sanya sunan mujallar ofungiyar Jama'ar Ornithologists ta The Auk - "The Eider".
Penguin shine tsuntsu ɗaya wanda zai iya iyo amma ba zai iya tashiwa ba. Bugu da kari, shi ne kawai tsuntsu tafiya a tsaye. A cikin wannan zaren zan fada muku game da wadannan halittu masu ban mamaki. Penguins sune ruwa mai ruwa mai fuka-fuki wanda ke rayuwa a cikin yanayin halitta kawai a cikin ƙasashe na kudancin hemisphere. Yawancin penguins suna ciyar da rabin rayuwarsu a kan teku da sauran rabin a kan ƙasa. Asali, yawancin nau'in penguin suna zaune a Antarctica da wasu daga cikin yankuna mafi sanyi na hemisphere. Wasu 'yan kalilan zasu iya rayuwa cikin yanayin zafi har ma da latitude na wurare masu zafi. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙirƙiri penguins don rayuwa a cikin teku. Wasu nau'in suna yin kusan kashi 75% na rayuwarsu cikin ruwa; a cikin ƙasa an zaɓi su kawai don sa ƙwai kuma jira don zuriya.Bonesashi mai nauyi, mai taurin kai yana aiki a cikin ruwa kamar bel mai ƙarfi, yana barin penguins su zauna cikin ruwa. Fikafikan su, mai kama da ƙyallen, suna taimaka musu "sarrafa" motsi cikin ruwa a cikin gudun zuwa 15 mph. Jikin da aka sakaya, kamar buhun ruwa, matattakala mai maiko da gashin gashin kare ruwa, duk suna aiki ne a matsayin hanya mai inganci da nutsuwa ta zauna karkashin ruwa. Hakanan suna da ikon ban mamaki don nutsewa da zurfi (ƙari akan wancan daga baya). Bugu da kari, saboda kar a rasa zafi, penguins suna da wahala, fuka-fukan da suke cikin tazara (har zuwa 70 a cikin sigar Cm), suna samar da ruwa.
Penguins suna rufe gashinsa da man gland shine yake kusa da wutsiyar don ƙara rashin izininsa. Abubuwan launuka masu launin fari da fari suna sanya su kusan zama marasa ganuwa ga masu hasashen da ke sama da ƙasa. Kamar yawancin tsuntsaye, penguins suna da rauni ko kuma ba sa jin ƙanshi (yana da kyau a cikin garuruwan da suke da cunkoso). Kamar sauran tsuntsaye, penguins suna da iyaka ɗanɗano. An yi imanin cewa idanun su sun fi kyau yayin da suke cikin ruwa. Masana kimiyya suna zargin cewa penguins na iya kusan kusantar da shi a doron kasa. Penguins, masana kimiyya sun yi imani, su ne tsuntsayen zamantakewa. Yan mulkin mallaka na iya ƙunsar dubunnan mutane. (Kamar yadda miliyan 24 penguins ziyarci Antarctica!) Ko da a teku, sun ayan iyo da kuma ciyar a cikin rukuni. Yawancin nau'ikan penguin suna gina gida, amma makasudin na iya haɗawa da tarin duwatsun, shayarwa, ko ƙaiƙayi a cikin laka. Emperor penguins ba sa yin sheƙai, suna riƙe ƙwaya tsakanin ƙafafunsu a ƙarƙashin babban fatar fata da ake kira aljihunan ƙoda.
Dukkanin jikin penguin yana rufe da kananan fuka-fuka-fuka fuka-fukai, yawancinsu sun hada da sanduna kawai, ba tare da magoya baya ba. Shugaban wasu nau'ikan an yi wa ado da duwatsun doguwar gashi, yayin da wasu kuma suke da gashin fuka-fukan wadanda suma suna da tsawo .. Shugaban yana karami ne, gemunsa yana da tsayi, madaidaiciya, mai karfi, mai nitsuwa, an matse shi a gefe, wuyan yana da matsakaici tsayi, ya wuce cikin kusan kusan sassan jiki, kafafu gajere ne, kusan an rufe su gaba ɗaya cikin fatar jikin mutum, sakamakon abin da suke ba da izinin matakai kaɗan, yatsunsu suna da ƙarfi, gaba huɗu suna fuskantar gaba, amma ukun ne kaɗai ke haɗa su. A doron kasa, tsuntsun ya zauna a tsaye, ya jingina da bayan kasan metatarsus, amma idan tafiya tayi gaba tana tsaye a tsaye. Penguins suna tafiya tare da babban wahala, suna birgima, suna son gujewa haɗari, suna kwance akan ciki kuma suna glide tare da taimakon fuka-fuki da kafafu don haka da sauri cewa yana da wuya ku kama su, musamman akan dusar ƙanƙara mai dusar ƙanƙara. Penguins yi iyo da kyau da kyau kuma tare da ban mamaki sauƙi shawo kan hadari na tãguwar ruwa na bude teku - su real Sphere. Ba kamar sauran tsuntsaye ba, penguins suna iyo tare da taimakon fuka-fuki kawai, suna sa su aiwatar da hannu daya, kafafu suna aiki ne a matsayin kwalkwali kuma ana miƙe su kai tsaye. Abincin Penguin ya ƙunshi kifi, crustaceans da daskararre. Penguins sun ba da muhimmin sashi na shekara don kiwo, kuma a wannan lokacin, dubun-dubata da daruruwan dubbai sun taru a kan tsibiran da ke da tsayayye na Tekun Antarctic. A wannan lokacin, har ma da tsuntsayen da ke kyankyashe suke rayuwa a tudu. Suna zaune, kamar yadda suke rayuwa gabaɗaya - cikin jama'a. Sun sa fararen qwai biyu ko fari-mai launin kore, wanda mahaifan biyu ke lura da su ta hanyar daban, tunda penguin na da matukar dabi'ar satar sauran mutane. Wannan yana bayanin hujjar da akai akai cewa kajin na nau'ikan nau'ikan suna cikin gida guda. Kajin suna kyankyashewa da yawa cikin farin ciki da hanzari, suna godiya ga abinci mai wadataccen abinci da iyayensu ke bayarwa A ƙarshen ƙarshen fitarwa, ana yanke ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarshen zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshe kuma suna fara molt, sau da yawa suna komawa zuwa bakin ruwa da kuma shinge. Shedding, yin hukunci da abubuwan lura a cikin bauta, yana tafiya da sauri, yana ƙare cikin makonni biyu. A lokaci guda, penguins ba sa shiga cikin ruwa kuma, sabili da haka, kada ku ci, wanda a bayyane suke iya jure wa sauƙi, godiya ga wani lokacin farin ciki mai kitse mai ƙyalƙyali.
Penguin nama sosai m.Yankin arewa na rarraba penguin yana shimfidawa a Tekun Atlantika ta tsibirin Tristan d "Akunya, a cikin Tekun Indiya ta hanyar tsibirin Amsterdam, da a cikin Pacific ta hanyar tsibirin Galapagos, suma ana samun su a bakin tekun New Zealand, South Australia, Kudancin Afirka da gefen tekun Pacific na Kudancin Amurka, ana iya raba wannan iyali zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku, waɗanda ke da kyau ba kawai ta hanyar waje ba har ma da abubuwan sifofi. Na farko ya ƙunshi manyan sifofin, dogaye, bakin ciki, ƙaramin baki mai faɗi kuma yana rufe ro Aptenodytes da Pygoscelis, wanda ya haɗa da penguin na Patagonian (A. patagonica) da ɗan penguin-da aka biya (A. longirostris) .Shi na biyu, Ean Eudyptes na ɗan adam, yana da gemun gajere, amma yana da tsayi kuma mai sauƙi ana iya gane shi ta kyakkyawan gashin gashin fatar yellowan uwan furanni. A cikin rukuni na uku, gemu yana da gajarta, yana matsa sosai daga bangarorin, an daɗa jawn sama, ƙananan muƙamula an lanƙwasa, babu wani murfi. arewacin kowane nau'in shine Spheniscus mendiculus daga tsibirin Galapagos. Burbushin fosilized ya ragu sosai, amma babban tsari P. (Palaeeudyptes antarcticus) an san shi ne daga lamuran sama na Eocene na New Zealand, yana tabbatar da tsohuwar wannan rukuni na tsuntsaye.
Penguin na Afirka, Spheniscus demersus, ana kuma kiransa Black Penguin Native American Penguin. Ana samun wannan penguin a bakin tekun kudancin Afirka. Penan penguins na Afirka na iya iyo da sauri na kusan 4.3 zuwa 15 mph (7-24 km / h), kuma suna yin sautuna masu kama da jakuna .. Yawan penguins na Africa sun ragu sosai har lokaci yayi da za a ɗauki matakan gaggawa. A bara, akwai pguins dubu 26 kawai a Afirka ta Kudu, idan aka kwatanta da dubu 121 a 1956, kuma a farkon karni na karshe adadin waɗannan tsuntsayen ya kai mutane miliyan biyu. Masana kimiyya suna yin kira da a dauki matakin gaggawa - hanya ɗaya tilo da za a dakatar da ƙarin raguwa a cikin yawan jama'a. Bugu da kari, kwararru dole ne su tabbatar da abin da ke haifar da irin wannan raguwar yawan kumburi. A cewar Peter Barham, wanda yake wakiltar Jami'ar Bristol (Burtaniya), babban abin da ke nan na iya zama ragi game da albarkatun abinci. Musamman ma, akwai yuwuwar cewa yawan zubar da bakin ciki da dusar kankara ko motsa kifaye zuwa wasu wurare sakamakon dumamar yanayi ya haifar da hakan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa cewa penguins kawai ya raunana saboda gurbacewar muhalli, wanda ya shafi ikon su na samun abinci. Sauran dalilai marasa kyau sun hada da farauta furjin farauta, zubar da mai, da kuma rage yawan wuraren sanyi da suka dace da kiwo a cikin mazauna, saboda canjin yanayi.
Penguins na tsibirin Falkland
Magellanic Penguin mazaunin tsibiri ne na bazara (wanda aka ƙaddara a cikin nau'i-nau'i 100,000), wanda ya isa don yin kiwo a tsibiran a watan Satumba. Wadannan penguins gida a cikin burrows sun haƙa zuwa zurfin 4 zuwa 6 ƙafa. Ya karɓi sunan barkwanci “jaki” saboda tsananin kukansa da kaifi, yakan yi magana a ƙofar ramin, kuma yakan kasance yana ji daga tsuntsayen suna iyo a cikin teku a wani ɗan nesa daga bakin tekun. Wannan nau'in yana ciyar da ƙananan crustaceans, ƙananan kifi da ƙananan nau'in squid fiye da waɗanda mutane ke kamawa don siyarwa. Koyaya, abincinsu na iya kasancewa sanadin haifar da rikici na kamfani da kamun kifin kasuwanci da sauran ayyukan ruwa. Magellan penguins suna barin mazaunin su a watan Afrilu, da alama sun tashi zuwa hunturu a cikin ruwa na shelkwatar Patagonia, ko wataƙila ƙaura zuwa arewa zuwa Brazil. Anan suna fuskantar matsaloli irin su barna da gurbataccen mai. An kiyasta cewa mutane 20,000 manya da matasa 22,000 suna mutuwa kowace shekara a gabar Tekun Argentina.Nazarin a tsibirin Falkland kwanan nan ya nuna raguwa 10% a cikin adadin ƙwayoyin Magellan na kowace shekara, amma tunda wannan nau'in yana da kyakkyawan mafaka ga yawan jama'arsu, lambobin su suna da wuyar kimantawa. Tsibirin Falkland na ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin ciyawar tsuntsaye a duniya kuma, saboda matsalolin da wakilan wannan nau'in suka fuskanta a Chile da Argentina, kasancewar ingantattun ƙauyukan tsibirin Falkland na iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayuwar wannan nau'in a cikin manufa.
Galapagos penguin ne na musamman tsakanin sauran penguinin saboda mazauninsu ba yankuna Antarctic da Subantarctic ba ne, ba ma matsakaici ba ne, amma yana da nisan nisan kilomitoci daga mai daidaita tsibirin Galapagos. Yanayin iska a cikin mazaunan ya kasance daga + 18- + 28 ° С, ruwa - + 22- + 24 ° С. Kusan 90% na penguins suna zaune a tsibiran Fernandin da Isabela. Manya sun kai girman kusan 50 cm da nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 2.5. Babban abincin shine ƙananan kifi, crustaceans. Galapagos penguins suna da kawunan baƙi da na bayansu, akwai fararen fata da ke fitowa daga makogwaron har zuwa kai da kai idanuwan; a gaban, penguins fari ne. Ganyen man dable na bakin abu ne mai baki, madible da fatar idanu da idanu masu ruwan hoda. Tsuntsaye na ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai yawanci kwanaki 38-40, a maimakon haka namiji da mace. Yayin shekaru 60-65, kajin na zuwa teku tare da manya .. Galapagos penguins yana kusa da ruwa. An kiyasta adadin mutane a 1500-2000 tsuntsaye manya. Duba PENGUIN GALAPAGOSSKY da aka jera a cikin International Red Book.
Penguin na da daɗaɗawa.Hanan penguin ma ana kiranta launin shuɗi. Ya kasance ga dangin penguin. Hakanan wanda aka sani da Antipodes Penguin da Hoijo.
Penguin na sarki shine mafi girman nau'in penguin. Idan kawai ya tsaya a ƙasa da farauta, to haɓakar sa zata zama daidai da santimita 90. Idan ya motsa, to hawan sa ya kai santimita 110-120. Thiswararren wannan penguin ya kai kilo 20-45. Fadar penguins tana da bambance-bambance masu zuwa launi: gefen baya duhu ko launin shuɗi ne, akan kai wannan launi yakan canza zuwa baƙar fata. Kusa da kunnuwa akwai filayen launin shuɗi-orange wadanda ke wucewa zuwa ƙarshen wuyan wuyan, kuma waɗanda a hankali suka fara fari fari. Lokacin da aka haifi sarki sarki. Jikinsa an rufe shi da farin farin ko launin fari mai launin shuɗi. Emperor penguins gida a gefen Antarctica, kudu zuwa digiri 78 kudu latitude. Nesting na sarki penguins, sabanin sauran, yana faruwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi - hunturu ta Antarctic, kuma tuni a ƙarshen lokacin bazara na Antarctic an haifi farkon sarki penguins. Yawancin lokaci a farko ba su da ƙarfi sosai, mara amfani. Suna jagorantar rayuwa mai ƙarancin rayuwa, amma sai yanayin ya canza, kuma tuni a cikin watan Afrilu nau'i-nau'i na penguin sun fara nunawa.
Penguin na zinare (lat.Eudyptes crysolophus) - HALITTAR na farfajiyar penguin. Halayyar. Samun, kamar yadda yake halayyar dukkan penguins, gefen maƙarƙashiyar duhu tare da kusan kai baƙi da farin ciki, ana bambanta su da gaban kursiyoyin fuka-fukan launin shuɗi hade da idanuwa. Tsawon gashi mai launin gashi mai launin zinari yakai 65-76 cm. Penguins masu launin ruwan gwal sun yaɗu ko'ina a kudancin tekun Atlantika da Indiya. Kayan launin fata mai launin shuɗi a kan Kudancin Georgia, Kudancin Shetland, Kudancin Orkney da wasu tsibiran submarctic. Yankunan su suna da yawa - har zuwa 600,000 mutane na kiwo. Gabaɗaya, akwai ƙananan penguins masu launin ruwan zinari miliyan 2 a gefen koguna da kwarin tsibiran Macquarie kaɗai. Penan gashi mai launin zinare a ƙasa, suna shirya mazaunin gargajiya na yau da kullun. 2 ƙwai ana dage farawa, na biyu kwanaki huɗu bayan na farko. Dukkanin qwai sun hadu, amma na farko koyaushe yana karami fiye da na biyu, kuma galibi tsuntsun ba ya saka shi.Tsawon lokacin shiryawa shine kwanaki 35, tare da canjin iyaye na halayyar penguins. Manyan tsuntsaye na ta da kawunansu na tsawon sati biyu zuwa uku, bayan wannan kuma sai aka kirkiro da "renon jarirai", sai bibiya da tashi daga tekun a karshen watan Janairu. Wani takamaiman yanayin mulkin mallaka na gashin gashi mai launin zinari shine ƙanshi mai daɗi, idan aka tuna da ƙanshin kifayen da aka lalace, wanda za'a iya jin shi kilomita da dama daga yankin. Dabbobi iri-iri Penguin mai launin zinare da aka jera a cikin Littafin Duniya baki daya
Humbolt Penguin. Ana samun nau'in wannan nau'in penguin kawai a gefen gabar yammacin yammacin Kudancin Amurka, a cikin yanki na tasiri na halin yanzu na Peruvian (Fock Island). Akwai wani yanki na daban na waɗannan penguins a cikin tsibiran Puniuil. Gaba ɗaya, kusan nau'i-nau'i 12,000 suna kasancewa a duniyar mutanen wannan jinsin. 8 daga cikin gida a Chile, 4 a Peru. An jera Humboldt Penguin a cikin littafin Red a matsayin daya daga cikin jinsunan da ke cikin hadari. Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa kifayen da ake fishewa ne, an rage girman wannan alƙaluman. Hakanan, rage yawan mutane kuma yana sauƙaƙe ta dalilin cewa wasu daga cikin tsuntsayen kawai suna rikidewa a cikin kamun kifi su mutu a can. Girman Humboldt Penguin shine kusan santimita 70. Girmansa yana kusan kilo 4. Humboldt Penguin yana da alaƙa da Magellanov Penguin. Launin mace Humboldt penguins yayi daidai da launi na maza, amma mace tayi kankanin girma fiye da maza. Penguins na wannan nau'in sun sa ƙwai daga Maris zuwa Disamba. Ya danganta da wurin da mazaunin mallaka yake, ganiya na iya faruwa ko a watan Afrilu-Mayu, ko a watan Satumba - Oktoba. Halin zai iya yiwuwa. Lokacin da Humboldt Penguins nan da nan suka tayar da tsintsiya guda biyu a shekara, idan yanayin wannan ya sauƙaƙa wannan.
Sarki penguin (Latin: Aptenodytes patagonicus) wani tsuntsu ne mai tashi mai tashi daga dangin penguin (Spheniscidae). Penguin sarki yana da kama da penguin na sarki, amma karami ya fi girma da launi. Tsawon jikin sarki daga tsufa ya kai santimita 91 zuwa 96. Tsuntsayen manya sunada launin toka, manyan lemuka masu haske a gefe da kan baki da kan kirji. Ciki fari. Kajin kawa. Rarraba. King penguin nests a tsibirin kusa da Tierra del Fuego: South Georgia, Kudancin Sandwich, Marion, Crozier, Kerguelen (tsibiri), Hurd, Macquarie.
Ana iya ɗaukar Penguin dabba a cikin mafi girman matsayi mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki, sabili da haka ba abin mamaki bane cewa ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa. Don haka ana iya samun Penguin a cikin ayyuka masu yawa na rubutu, gami da Gorky da Semenov-Spassky. Hakanan, wasu fina-finai masu rai da yawa an harbe su, alal misali, "Adventures of the Lolo Penguin" da "Kama Wave!", Saboda penguins sun sami kulawa ta musamman daga yaran. Daga cikin sauran tabbatattun abubuwa, ya kamata a lura da kasancewar ƙungiyar wasan hockey na Pittsburgh Penguins, suna wasa a cikin wasan wasan wasan hockey mai ƙarfi a duniyar sama, kazalika da gaskiyar cewa penguin ɗaya ce daga cikin alamun hukuma na Linux.
Abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da penguins:
Dukkanin penguins suna zaune ne a Kudancin hemisphere, wani lokacin suna hawa nesa zuwa arewa (zuwa tsibirin Galapagos, kusan a makabarta) ko zuwa biranen da ke da cunkoson jama'a (Yankin Harbor Arewa a Sydney, Ostiraliya). Casar Cody mahaifarta ita ce Shiverpool a Antarctica, amma yana farin cikin zama a tsibirin Pen Gu na wurare masu zafi.
Penguins na iya tsayawa a tsaye saboda ƙafafunsu na yanar gizo suna daga ƙarshen jikin. Hakanan yana sa su yin saurin sauri da ƙarfi masu iyo, musamman idan aka haɗu da fuka-fukan oars mai siffa Wannan shine yadda Cody ke kula da kama Whale Mikey kuma samun tikiti don Gasar Big Zee.
King penguins - kamar Jick - suna da kyau iri-iri. A cikin neman kifi da sauran abinci, a koyaushe suna nutsewa zuwa zurfin mita 100, wani lokacin ma har mita 200. Koyaya, Jick yayi laushi kuma zai gwammace ya jira har Lani ya kawo masa abin da ake ci.
Cody mallakar wani nau'in tsirone ne na dutse, wanda yanayi mai zafin rai da fuka-fukan rawaya masu tsayi a idanu.Suna da ƙarfi da ƙarfi kuma yawancin lokaci suna tsallake kan kan dutse - don haka suka sami suna!
Papuan penguins, wanda Lani nasa ne, yin iyo da sauri fiye da duk sauran penguins, wani lokacin yana kaiwa da nauyin 36 km / h. Wannan saurin yana taimaka wa Lani ya zama babban mai kiyaye rayuwa.
Kajin kawun sarki - irin su Katie da Chumaz - suna kyankyaso daga kwayayen su tsirara kuma sun fara gashin gashin har tsawon makonni. Kajin ba zai iya rayuwa ba tare da iyayen ba har sai gashin fuka-fukan ruwa na kare baya, kuma wannan na iya faruwa watanni 13 bayan haihuwarsa.
Kuna iya iyo, amma ba za ku iya tashi ba. Penguin shine tsuntsu ɗaya wanda zai iya iyo amma ba zai iya tashiwa ba. Bugu da kari, shi ne kawai tsuntsu tafiya a tsaye.
Fuka-fukan Penguins suna girma a ko'ina. Fewan tsuntsaye kaɗan gashin tsuntsaye ke girma a ko'ina cikin jiki, yawanci waɗannan nau'in jinsin ne marasa tashiwa, kamar su penguins.
Waɗanne kafafu zasu yi tafiya akan ruwa? Tsuntsayen da ke tafiya cikin ruwa mara zurfi, irin su herons da dattako, suna da dogayen kafafu. Ga tsuntsayen da ke yawo a kan katako na ganye iyo iyo kwari, yatsotsin dogon yatsu masu halayya ne, don kar su fada. Penguins suna da gajeru da kauri a ƙafafun wanda ke nesa da tsakiyar nauyi. A saboda wannan dalili, zasu iya tafiya kawai suna riƙe jiki a tsaye tare da gajerun matakai. Idan ya zama dole suyi sauri, sai su kwanta a jikinsu kuma su yi taushi kamar a kan siririn mara, suna fizgewa daga dusar ƙanƙara tare da fuka-fukan ƙyallen ƙafa da ƙafafu.
Mafi kyawun diver. Me penguins suke yi a zurfin kilomita daya da rabi? Masana ilmin halitta na kasar Japan sun sanya kyamarori a jikin dabbobin da suke daukar dogon lokaci a cikin zurfin teku. Kamar yadda marubutan wannan aikin suka yi bayani, rakumin rana ya shiga zurfin zurfin mita 150 kawai a cikin teku, don haka har yanzu ba a san abin da suke yi ba a zurfin rabin kilomita, alal misali, alkalami na sarki ko kuma giwayen giwa waɗanda zasu iya nutse tsawon kilomita ɗaya da rabi.
Can sai sati uku. Penguin na Patagonian na iya iyo biyu zuwa sati uku kuma ya rufe nisan da ya kai kilomita 1,500.
Mafi saurin yin iyo. Papuan penguin (Pygoscelis papua) na iya iyo da sauri zuwa 27 kilomita / h.
Dive daga saman ruwa. Penguins, loons Gavia immer, grebes, ducks ruwa Clangula hyemalis da sauran tsuntsayen da yawa sun nitse daga saman ruwa. Rashin samun inuwa mai zurfin ruwa, suna amfani da su don nutsar da motsin kafafunsu da (ko) fikafikan su. A cikin irin nau'in, kafafu yawanci suna a ƙarshen jikin, kamar dunƙule ƙarƙashin ƙarshen jirgin ruwa. Lokacin yin nutsewa, zasu iya rage buoyancy ta hanyar riƙe gashin fuka-fuki da matsi jakakkun iska.
Mafi yawan fushin penguin. Penguins na dutse suna fushi sosai, mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi.