Animalaramin dabba na ƙwaƙwalwar llama ana la'akari da vicuna. Dabbobi masu shayarwa suna cikin dangin Camelidae kuma galibi ana samun su a yankin Kudancin Amurka. Vicunas dabbobi ne masu kwalliya kuma a waje suna da kamanceceniya iri daban-daban da alƙal, guanaco har ma da raƙumi. Daga karshen, dabbobi masu shayarwa an rarrabe su ta hanyar rashin halayen ɗimbin yanayi da girman su. Halin rayuwar mutane na dangin Camelids suna da matukar wahala - suna zaune a tsaunin da ya kai nisan kilomita 5.5. An bambanta dabba ta hanyar siririn, alherin da halayen ta.
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Bayanin da hali na vicuna
Dabbobi suna girma zuwa 1.5 m a tsawon, matsakaicin nauyinsa shine kilogiram 50. Vicunas sun rarraba gashi wanda yake da laushi ga taɓawa da kuma lokacin farin ciki. Tsarin gashi ne ya ceci dabbobi daga yanayin, gami da iska da ruwan sama, sanyi da sauran mummunan yanayi.
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Vicunas suna da ɗan gajeren kai, kunne mai tsawo, da wuyan tsoka, yana ba su damar ganin abokan gaba a cikin manyan nesa. A kan ciki, a matsayin mai mulkin, launi na gashi ya kusan fari, yayin da a bayansa akwai launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Hakoran haƙoran haƙora kamar incisors sune babban mahimmancin fasalin vicunias daga wasu ungulates. Tare da taimakonsu, dabbar ta sauƙaƙa ciyawa kuma tana jin daɗin ci.
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Dabbobin garken sun gwammace su zauna cikin gungun mutane 5-15. Kowane ɗayan kunshin yana da jagora namiji wanda ke da alhakin lafiyar "iyali" kuma yana tsare ta. "Ayyukansa" sun haɗa da gargaɗin garke game da hadarin da ke gabatowa ta hanyar fitar da wata alama. Ana iya fitar da shugaba namiji daga cikin fakitin, yana jefa shi cikin rayuwar da babu kowa.
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Dabbobin Artiodactyl suna hutawa da dare kuma suna jagorantar rayuwa mai aiki yayin rana. Gabaɗaya, vicuna suna cikin kwanciyar hankali da lumana, amma wani lokacin halayensu suna da matukar ƙarfi.
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Abinci da Ciki
Tun da vicunas suna rayuwa cikin mawuyacin yanayi, duk abin da za su samu akwai abincinsu. Artiodactyls suna ciyar da ciyawa, ganye, rassan, harbe kuma a hankali ku ɗanɗana ciyawar. Dabbobin ba sa son su ci tushen sa, amma suna so a girke girke na hatsi.
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Dabbobi masu shayarwa kyauta ba su da yawa a cikin daji. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, vicunas sun yi ƙoƙari don cikakken ikon mallakar gida. Sakamakon hadarin bacewa daga fuskar duniyarmu, an jera dabbobi a cikin Littafin nan Red.
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Lokacin da ake son hadewar ya fara ne a lokacin bazara. Cutar ciki na tsawon watanni 11, bayan haka ne ake haihuwar karnuka. Yaran sun kusanci mahaifiyarsu kimanin watanni 12 kuma suna kiwo kusa da ita. Bayan tsawon lokacin girma, dabbobi masu shayarwa sun kasance a cikin garken har shekara biyu, sannan kuma ku shiga cikin manya da rayuwa mai 'yanci.
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Siffofin vicuna
Vicuna ta bambanta da irinta kuma babu irinta a duniya. Dabbobin suna da kamanceceniya da guanacos (kuma suna iya yin aure da su), llamas da raƙuma. Amma bambanci shine har yanzu yana cikin tsarin jajayen hakoran dabbobi da masu shayarwa.
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Alpacas an yi imanin sun samo asali daga vicunias. A yau ya riga ya zama daban daban na dangin Camelids. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ko da ƙwararren masani ba zai iya bambance namiji na Vicuna daga mace ba, tunda ƙaddarar jima'i ba ta bambanta da irin wannan dabba ba. Duk mutane iri ɗaya ne.
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Bayanan Ban sha'awa
Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, mutane sun tara manyan garkunan vicunas don yanke gashin dabba. Bayan haka, an sake fitar da dabbobi masu shayarwa, kuma an sanya suttura da aka shirya wa mashahuran daga kayan da aka samo. Duk wanda ya yi kokarin shawo kan vicuna ya ci nasara. A yau, ulu yana dauke da ɗayan mafi tsada kuma mafi tsada. Don kada su lalata dabbobi masu shayarwa, hukumomin sun dauki matakan tabbatar da amincin su.
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Dangane da bincike, an gano vicunas a cikin Andes a ƙarni na 12. B.
Yaɗa
Vicuna dabba ce da aka samo ta kawai a yammacin Kudancin Amurka - a tsaunukan Andes. An rarraba shi a yankuna na Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ekwado da Argentina. Wadannan wakilan fauna suna rayuwa cikin mawuyacin yanayi - a tsawan kilogram 3.5 zuwa 5.5. Mafi yawan jama'a suna cikin Peru. Vicuna na dabba, wanda muka sanya hoto a cikin wannan labarin, alama ce ta ƙasar. Ana iya ganin hotonta a jikin mayafin Peru.
Vicuna yana buƙatar yanayin sanyi da bushewa da wurare tare da wuraren waha. Waɗannan dabbobin suna zaune a filayen da aka rufe ciyayi da ciyayi mai kauri, da kuma filayen tsauni.
Siffofin kayan motsa jiki na vicuna
Vicuna dabba ce mai fasali mai ban mamaki a cikin jiki: an lalata ƙananan incisors da enamel kawai a gefe ɗaya, kuma suna girma da kullun, kamar a cikin sarƙa. Suna daɗaɗa lokacin da dabbar ta datse mai kauri daga tsirrai.
Zuciyar vicuna ta fi sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa girma iri guda, duk godiya ga karbuwa zuwa manyan tsaunuka. A cikin jini akwai ƙwayar oxygen da haemoglobin. Bugu da ƙari, erythrocytes (ƙwayoyin sel jini) a cikin vicunas suna da kyau a sifa, maimakon diski-siffa, waɗanda ke halayyar mazaunan filayen.
Gashi da launi
Kaya mai laushi da kauri lokacin rufe daukacin jikin rakumi ya runtse. An saka wuyan kai da kai a cikin inuwa mai launin shuɗi, da kuma farin ulu mai launin shuɗi, har zuwa 30 cm tsayi, wanda ke samar da littafi, yana ƙawata kirji. Partarshen ɓangare na jiki, har ma da ɓangarorin cikin kafafu suna da launin shuɗi-fari, kuma gefen baya da naƙun ƙafafunsu masu launin shuɗi ne.
Rayuwa
Vicuna dabba ce ta garken dabbobi da ke zaune a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na 5 zuwa 15 manya. Isungiyar ta jagoranci ta hanyar jagorar namiji wanda ke kishin 'danginsa. Yana kan motsawa koyaushe, yana ƙoƙarin motsa ɗan ƙaramin dutse zuwa tuddai. Wannan yana ba shi damar lura da kewaye kuma, idan akwai haɗari, aika siginar ga danginsa. Iyalan dangi suna nuna biyayya ga shugaba, suna sanya wuya a wuyan sa.
Waɗannan dabbobin da ke da hankali da kunya mai ƙarfi a kan tsauni suna kaiwa da sauri har zuwa kilomita 47 / h. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ungulates, vicuñas suna motsawa cikin aminci. A lokutan haɗari, suna yin sauti mai sautin ƙarfi, suna gargadin garke. Shafin da vicunas ya mamaye ya kasu zuwa wuraren kiwo da wurin bacci.
Maza manya wadanda ba sa jagoranci garken suna zama cikin kaɗaici ko ƙirƙirar nasu rukuni tare da madaidaicin matsayi. Baya ga garken gargadi, a tsaunuka zaku iya haduwa da wasu samari maza da suka sami ƙarfi da gogewa kuma suna jira har lokacin da suka sami damar fatattakar mata daga shugaban da suka tsufa kuma ta haka ne suka kafa nasu garken.
Vicunas da aka kama a kamo sau da yawa ya ƙi shan ruwa da abinci, kusan ba sa haɗuwa da mutum. Wannan shine babban dalilin da yasa ba a taɓa sarrafa dabbar nan ba har abada, kodayake har yau ana yin irin wannan ƙoƙarin.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, mutum shine babban abokin gaba da vicunas. Amma lokacin da aka jera dabbobi a cikin Littafin Layi, yanayin ya canza sosai: rayuwar rayuwar waɗannan dabbobi ta karu sosai. A yau, a cikin yanayin halitta, suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15-20.
Lokacin mating yana cikin bazara. Mace na ciki na tsawon watanni 11. Kowace mace a lokacin haihuwa, tana haihuwar kowace shekara. Abu ne mai sauki ka lissafa cewa kowace sabuwar mace ta fara aure ta fara ne da wata daya bayan haihuwar ta. Har sai da shekara daya, foals kuje kusa da mahaifiyarsu, har yanzu suna cikin garken shekara daya da rabi zuwa shekaru biyu, kuma bayan haka sai suka fita zuwa "burodi kyauta".
Farashin vicuna ulu
Daga dukkan nau'ikan ulu na halitta, ana daukar vicuna ulu mafi mahimmanci da tsada a duniya. Wannan ya faru ne saboda halayensa na musamman, da ƙarancin abinci, da ƙarancin dabbobi. Jawabin vicuna (hoto da kuke gani a ƙasa) ya ƙunshi fure mai bakin ciki da taushi har zuwa tsawon cm 30. Matsakaicin ƙyalli (diamita na gashi) na ulu na vicuna shine 10 na microns, kuma fizgen sa na ƙasa ya kai kawai microns 6-8. Kuna iya kwatanta wannan manuniya tare da ƙimar alkhairi - 22-27 microns, yak - 19-21 microns, cashmere 15-19 microns. Shi kuma Chinchilla fur shima bai kai mata ba.
Kimanin rabin adadin adadin ulu ne aka girbe a Peru, sai kuma Bolivia, Argentina da Chile. Volarancin samar da kayayyaki kaɗan ne. Doka ta hanyar, an izinin dabba dabba ba ta yin yanka sama da sau ɗaya a cikin duka shekaru biyu, yayin da zai yiwu a sami sama da gram 400-500 na ulu daga kowane ɗayan.
Kilogram na ulu da aka ware da hannu farashinsa ya kai $ 1000. Mita na masana'anta ulu vicuna mai nauyin gram 300 wanda nauyinsa ya kai $ 3000. Misali, rigar mutum zata kashe akalla $ 20,000. Ga irin dabba mai mahimmanci - vicuna. Jawan gashi daga gashinta na iya zama mafi tsada saya, ban da ƙasa, ba shakka. Don irin wannan keɓantaccen samfurin, fur ɗin yana na hannu. Tunda haramun ne a kashe waɗannan dabbobin, ana maimaita dusar ƙanshin daga gashin.
Vicuna ulu yana da inuwa mai wuya ta kirfa - daga duhu zuwa haske. Saboda kayan aikinta na musamman, ba za a taɓa fentin su ba.
Tarin Wool
Hanya guda daya da aka ba da izinin tattara ulu na vicuna don yau shine tsohuwar sifa: an kori garken zuwa wani wuri mai shinge inda likitan dabbobi ke nazarin dabbobi kuma yana taimaka musu idan ya cancanta. Ana kiwon dabbobi masu lafiya.
A cikin Peru, an gabatar da izini na musamman ga duk waɗanda ke sayar da kayayyaki daga ulu na waɗannan dabbobin. Irin waɗannan takaddun suna tabbatar da cewa an samo ulu ne daga vicunas mai rai. Ba tare da wannan izinin ba, kowane sayarwa haramun ne. An amince da alama ta musamman don samfuran samfuran vicunias (Vicua ƙasar da aka samo samfurin).
Riguna da aka yi da ulu da vicuna fur
Dole ne in faɗi cewa kamfanoni masu girman gaske kawai suna yin suttura daga vicuna. Dangane da ra'ayi na ƙwararrun kwararrun su, don yin sutura ɗaya, kuna buƙatar ulu gashin ulu daga dabba ɗaya, mai siket - ulu biyar, da sutura - daga vicunas 30.
Loro Piana shine shahararren kamfanin da ke aiki tare da ulu na waɗannan halittu masu falala. Tana fitar da kayan alatu.
Falke kamfani ne wanda ya shahara a kan safa, farashinsa daidai yake da farashin motar da aka yi amfani da ita - $ 1,200. Suna cushe a cikin sa hannu mai salo akwatin katako. Irin wannan samfurin na iya zama kyauta ga mutumin da yake da komai.
Fasalin Vicuna da mazauninsu
Vicuna (wasu sunaye - vigoni, vicuna, vigon) - ma'ab belongingcin mallakar gidan raƙuma daga asalin llamas. A waje lama vicuna mafi yawan abubuwan tunawa da guanaco ko alpaca, kuma yayi kama da rakumi kawai, tunda ba shi da humps, kuma ya fi girma girmansa.
Ba kamar rakumi ba, ana samun sa ne kawai a Kudancin Amurka, a ɓangarensa na yamma - a tsaunukan Andes (a cikin ƙasashe na zamani na Chile, Peru, Ekwado, Bolivia da Argentina). Vicunas suna zaune a tsaunukan 3.5 zuwa 5.5, a cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
Dabba kyakkyawa ce. Tsawon nisansa yakai mita daya da rabi, tsayinsa a cikin mayun nisan ya kai mita, kuma matsakaicin nauyinsa shine kilo 50 Mayafin yana disheveled, amma mai laushi da kauri, kawai domin ya ceci dabba daga sanyi, iska, ruwan sama da sauran mummunan yanayi. Don haka, alpacas, llamas, guanacos, vicunas suna da kama da juna.
Halin da rayuwar vicuna take
Vicuna dabba ce ta garken dabbobi. An adana su a cikin ƙaramin rukuni na mutane 5 zuwa 15, ba tare da yin la'akari da dabbobin da ke fitowa ba koyaushe. Kowace kungiya tana karkashin jagorancin namiji. Kowane garke ya san mazauninsa.
Yaron yana kishin 'danginsa, yana ta motsawa koyaushe yana ƙoƙari ya hau kan tsaunin don lura da kewaye kuma ya ba da sigina a cikin lokaci idan ya lura da aƙalla wasu alamu na haɗari.
Irin wannan halayen dabbobi an haɗa shi da shi, kodayake ba a lissafin jerin maƙiyan halitta, abokan gaba na wanin mutum ba a cikin vicunias na zamani. Baya ga garken da aka horar dasu da tarbiyya, wasu matasa maza ke yawo a tsaunuka, wadanda har yanzu suke samun gogewa da karfin gwiwa, kuma suna neman lokacin da ya dace don fatattakar mata daga wasu “shugaban kabila” kuma suka kirkiro garken.
Bayan haka, za su kuma kiyaye yankinsu. Kuma tsoffin shuwagabannin da aka kora sun jagoranci rayuwar rayuwar dabbobi kadai. Vicunas yana jagoranci rayuwa mai aiki kawai da rana, kuma yana hutawa da dare. A lokacin rana, vicuns a hankali, suna ƙoƙarin ci gaba da juna, suna tafiya cikin tsaunuka don neman abinci, kuma bayan sun ci abinci, rana.
Duk da yanayin zafin rai da kuma bayyanar da kwanciyar hankali (dabbobi suna kusanci ga mutum da wuraren zama, za a iya samun abubuwa da yawa a yanar gizo) hoto vicuna), suna halin capricious hali.
Da zarar an kamo su, yawanci sukan ki shan giya da cin abinci, da kuma mu'amala da mutum. Dalilin haka ne cewa ƙarni da yawa waɗannan dabbobi ba su iya yin noma ba, kodayake ana ci gaba da ƙoƙarin.
Bayyanar
Tsawon vicuna shine 150 cm, haɓaka a cikin kafadu kusan mil, kuma nauyin 50 kilogram ne. Wool - a bayansa akwai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, mai haske akan ƙasa - sanannen abu ya fi na sauran nau'in halittar alaƙa, da kauri isasshen aiki a matsayin ruɓaɓɓen ruɓi, karewa daga sanyi. Siffar mutum-mutumi na vicuna shine ƙananan hakora na haɗari, wanda, kamar bera, suna haɓaka koyaushe. Ba a same sauran irin wannan hanyoyin ba.
Lines masu dangantaka
A baya an yi imanin cewa ba a taɓa mallakar vicunas ba kuma cewa llamas da alpacas sun fito ne daga guanaco. A yau, an sami sakamakon gwajin kwayoyin halitta na DNA wanda ke nuna cewa alamomin na iya fitowa daga vicunias. Tun da alpacas, llamas, guanacos, da vicuñas zasu iya abota da juna kuma kullun suna haɗuwa, yana da wuya a tantance ainihin tabbas asalin dabbobi.
Vicuna galibi ana wakilta ne a karkashin sunan kimiyya Vicugna vicugna, wato a matsayin halittar daban, akasin lamas da raƙuma. Wannan ya dogara ne da sifofin jaws da hakoran vicunias. Koyaya, gaskiyar cewa vicunyas da guanacos na iya abokiyar zama yana nuna kusancin dangantaka, wanda shine dalilin da yasa aka yi amfani da wata halittar dabam Vicugna shine batun muhawara ta kimiyya.
Vicuna da mutum
An sani cewa tsohuwar Incas ta kori vicunias cikin garken shanu da yawa kuma ta aske gashinsu mai mahimmanci, wanda aka yi amfani dashi don tufafin manyan mashahuri, sannan kuma aka sake su. Mutanen Spain ba su ci gaba da wannan al'ada ba.
"A da, kafin Turawan mulkin mallaka sun mamaye wannan masarautar, akwai waɗansu tumaki da yawa na asali da kuma Guanacos da Viqunias da yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar da kuma filayen, amma kuma mutanen Siasia sun gaggauta hallaka su kuma akwai ƙarancin hakan. kusan babu ko kaɗan. ”
Sun harbe vicunias da yawa kuma sun sha guba a maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Da farko, an yi wannan ne don ƙirƙirar manyan wuraren kiwo don dabbobi, daga baya saboda vicuna ulu, wanda aka ɗauka shine mafi saukin gashi da tsada a duniya. A zamanin Incas, kusan vicunas miliyan 1.5 suka zauna a Andes. A cikin 1965, adadinsu ya ragu zuwa 6,000. Bayan gabatarwar matakan kariya, yawan vicunya, ya girma, cikin sauri kuma a yau akwai kusan 200,000.
Haraji
Sunan Latin - Vicugna vicugna
Sunan Turanci - Vicugna
Oda - kayanka (Artikasada)
Suborder - Callopods (Tylopoda)
Iyali - Rakumi (Camelids)
Rod - Vicunna (Vicugna)
Vicuna yana cikin keɓaɓɓe a cikin asalin keɓaɓɓun abubuwa dangane da abubuwan fasalulluka na jaws da hakora.
Duba kuma mutum
An dauki Vicuna dabba mai tsarki a cikin Andes tun zamanin da. Highlanders sun yi imani da cewa alloli sun ba ta ne ta yadda za su iya rayuwa cikin yunwar da zafin waɗannan wurare masu zafin gaske. A zamanin Incas, an sadaukar da vicuna ga allahn rana Inti.Incas da ake kira ulursa da "Zinaren Zinare" ko "Fleece na alloli", sunyi la'akari da warkarwarta da kuma hana kashe wadannan dabbobin. An kama Vicunas yayin farauta ta sarauta, a sanyaya ta kuma an sake ta a cikin daji, yayin da yawan dabbobin da ke dabi'a suka tsaya cik. Daga ulu mai laushi, kyakkyawa, an sanya tufafi don manyan mutane. Mutanen Sifen, da suka isa Kudancin Amurka, sun fara harba vicunas da yawa. Anyi hakan ne da nufin samun mafi kyawun kuzari a duniya da tsada, kodayake ana ɗaukar naman vicuna abinci ne mai kyau.
Yawan dabbobi sun fara raguwa da sauri: idan a cikin zamanin Incas, har zuwa karni na 16, sama da vicunas miliyan 2 suna zaune a Andes, to a shekarar 1965 babu mutane sama da dubu 6 da suka rage. Yanayin ya fara canzawa a ƙarshen 60s na ƙarni na ƙarshe. A shekara ta 1967, aka kirkiro wurin ajiya na farko na karewar vicunas, Pampa Galeras, a cikin Peru, a cikin 1970. (Asar (babban mai shigo da ulu) ta hana sayar da samfuran ulu na vicuna, kuma bayan shekaru 5, ƙungiyar kasa da kasa don kare nau'ikan dabbobi masu saurin CITES, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya tsawaita dokar ga duk duniya.
A halin yanzu, mutanen Andean sun koma ga tsohuwar al'adar amfani da vicunias - chaku. Wannan ba irin “farauta” bane kawai ga wanda ya faru, sakamakon kama shi da akayi masu, amma kuma wani shagali wanda za'a iya roƙon alloli don tabbatar da wadatar ƙasa da dabbobi. Juyawar a cikin tunanin mutane ya faru ne da farko a Peru, akan sutturar makamai, tutoci da bangon kaya wanda aka nuna wannan dabbar dabba mai kyau. Hukumomin Peruvian sun sake girmama girmamawa ga al'adu da vicunas ta hanyar kirkirar bikin Vicuna na shekara-shekara a Pampa Galeras a 1993 da kuma ba da amintar da mazaunan yankin ba wai kawai kula da vicunas ba, har ma suna ba wa al'ummomin damar samun kudin shiga daga sayar da ulu.
Ana gudanar da Chuck daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Sarkar rayuwar mutum ɗari biyar ko sama da ƙasa tana ɗauka a hankali ga ƙwanƙolgun ƙafafun firgita. Aikin mutane, yin ihu da runtse hannuwansu, don kawo garken zuwa wani kangon na wucin gadi, wanda aka tsara musamman don tattara ulu.
Bayan an kulle vicunas cikin laushin, zuriyar tsohuwar Incas ta “shiga matakin” - ƙaramin rukuni na mutane a cikin kayan adon gargajiya na gargajiya sun hallara akan dutsen, wanda aka saka musamman a tsakiyar paddock. A nan, mahalarta bikin suna gudanar da bikin da ake kira "Tinkachu" - suna yin godiya ga alloli kuma suna neman izini don amfani da kyaututtukan yanayi. Bayan haka, masu halartar bikin zasu zana kunnuwan namiji da mace kuma su hada jinin dabbobi. Wannan aikin alama ce ta aure na dabbobi kuma, bisa lafazin imani na Incas, ya ba da tabbacin ƙarin haihuwarsu.
Bayan al'ada, duk vicunas da aka kama ana bincika su, alama, kuma an ba su tare da mahimmancin maganin dabbobi. Dabbobin da suka girma ne kawai tare da tsawon gashi aƙalla 3 cm ne ake sawa, an yi su ta amfani da injin lantarki (don hanzarta aiwatar da rage damuwa a cikin dabbar) kawai a baya da kuma bangarorin, suna barin gashi aƙalla 0.5 cm tsawo a jiki. Yara matasa har zuwa shekara daya, mata masu juna biyu da dabbobi masu rauni ba a taɓa su. Bayan asarar gashi da duba duk vicunas an tattara su a cikin babban alkalami kuma an sake su a lokaci guda, don dabbobin su sami damar dawo da tsoffin abubuwan da ke cikin ƙungiyoyin.
A halin yanzu, adadin vicunas a cikin yanayi kusan miliyan biyu ne, ban da wannan, akwai wani shiri na ƙasa da ƙasa don garken kisa na waɗannan dabbobin, a cikin gidan gidan mu ya dauki sashi mai aiki (ana kiyaye ƙungiyar vicunias a cikin gidan zucin). Ba a fuskantar barazanar bacewar jinsin ba, kuma vicuna misali ne mai kyau na yadda manufofin gwamnati daidai, tare da ƙasashen duniya, suka kawo jituwa ga wanzuwar mutane da dabbobi a gefe.
Vicuna kuma sanannen ne saboda gaskiyar cewa tana da siginar ta ta alƙura - mai dabbobi, maigidan kusan kusan iri ɗaya mai ban al'ajabi. An yi tambayar wannan ma'anar ta dangi tsawon shekaru, amma saboda binciken ilimin halittar zamani, masana kimiyya yanzu sun dace da sigar asalin asalin fofas daga Vicuna.
Bayyanar dabbobi vicuna
Jikin vicuna kusan mita 1.5 ne. A tsayi, dabbar tana girma zuwa mita. Babban taro na matsakaita vicuna shine kilo 50. An ɗora kai a kan doguwar falala, amma yana daɗaurin tsoka. Dabba na da dogon kunne.
Vicuna ulu yana da launin shuɗi, wani lokacin tare da sautunan launin ruwan kasa. Abun ciki fari ne. A wuya da kirji na jiki, gashi yana samar da wani abu kamar almara, waɗanda suke kusan santimita 30.
Vicuna tana da kakkarfan incisors (hakora), don haka ba ta buƙatar cin ciyayi tare da tushensu - tana yanke ganyayyaki kuma tana cinye su.
Girman vicuna ya fi girma girma fiye da dogo mai tsayi. Ba ko kaɗan girmaren raƙumi.
Menene vicuna suke ci?
Abincin wadannan dabbobi masu shayar da dutsen yana da yawa, yanada yawa. Tabbas, a cikin tsaunika, a tsauni mai girma, ba yawancin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu girma ba. Sabili da haka, ana tilasta vicunas ya gamsu da kowane abinci na shuka wanda ya zo ta hanyarsu. Yawancin vicuna suna son cin hatsi. Suna cin abinci, kamar yadda dukkanin wakilan dabbobi suke yi.
Kafin datsa, vicunas kamar wasa ne mai laushi da sassauci.
Kiwo daga raƙumi mai rudani
Lokacin damuna na waɗannan raƙuman raƙuman raƙumi suna farawa ne daga bazara. Mace da aka yi wa ciki kuwa ta yi garkuwa da ƙwatan na tsawon watanni 11. Van vicunks suna da kyau kuma kyakkyawa! Cikin rashin haihuwa, jaririn ya riga ya iya tsayawa (bayan rabin sa'a) sai ya bi mahaifiyarsa. Duk da cewa ba ta da lokacin dawowa yadda ya kamata tun daga haihuwar ƙarni ɗaya, mace ta sake fara shiga cikin wasannin mating. Wannan na faruwa ne tsakanin makonni biyu zuwa uku bayan haihuwar farko. Vicunas suna kawo ƙarshen bayan kowace shekara. Matashi girma yana zaune kusa da mace har zuwa shekara daya.
Mama Vicuna tare da sandin. Taushin Vicuna.
A cikin yanayin halitta, vicunas yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15 - 20.
Darajar mutum
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, vicunas sune tushen asalin ulu mai tsada. An yi imanin cewa mafi mahimmanci fiye da sutarta - babu. Saboda haka, akwai zubar da haɓakawa daga cikin waɗannan kyawawan halittun. Wasu lokuta mutane basa tunani game da illar cutar da suke yiwa duniyar mu saboda wata ribar da suke samu. Yana da kyau koyaushe tuna cewa jituwa tare da dabi'a shine mabuɗin wanzuwar dukkan abubuwa masu rai, ciki har da mu mutane!
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Bayanin da fasali
Wannan shine ɗayan nau'ikan raƙuman daji na Kudancin Amurka guda biyu da ke zaune a tsaunukan Andes, ɗayan - guanaco. Vicuna - Dangi ne na llama kuma ana tunanin shine asalin tsohuwar tsibirin alkhairi, wanda ya dade ya sami ikon mallake shi.
Vicuna ya fi taushi, alheri da ƙarami idan aka kwatanta da guanaco. Babban mahimmin fasalin halittar halittar dabbobi shine mafi kyawun cigaban kayan kwalliyar vicuna. Haka kuma, ƙananan hakora na kyakkyawa na Andean suna girma cikin rayuwa kuma sun sami damar niƙa don kansu saboda kullun hulɗa tare da ciyawar mai ciyawar.
Launi na Vicuna farantawa ido. Dogon rigar dabbar tana da launin ruwan kasa mai laushi da beige a bayan, yana jujjuya launin launi a ciki. A kan kirji da makogwaro - kyakkyawan farin "shirt-gaban", babban kayan ado na artiodactyl. Shugaban ya fi guntu fiye da na guanaco, kuma kunnuwa, ya bambanta, sun fi tsayi kuma sun fi wayar hannu. Tsayin jikin mutum ya tashi daga 150 zuwa 160 cm, kafadu - 75-85 cm (ya kai mita). Nauyin mutum ya kai kilogiram 35-65.
Losarancin makami ba zai iya yin alfahari da rugurgujewar furta kalma ba, kuma ga shi nan gaɓoɓon hannun mutum yana ƙare da kamannin fiɗa. Wadannan haɓaka suna ba dabba damar tsalle bisa kankara, suna da tabbacin “ƙarfi” da ƙasa mai dutse.
Maigidan dogayen wuyansa da manyan idanu bude da lafuffuka masu launin fuka-fukai, vicuna a cikin hoto Yayi kyau. Amma kyakkyawa mai ban tausayi ba ta ƙyale mutane su zo wurinta ba, don haka suna cire wannan mu'ujiza tare da kyamarori tare da ɗimbin haɓaka daga nesa mai aminci.
Vicuna - dabbobi masu shayarwa ga tsari na artiodactyls, suborder of callus, dangin raƙuma. Har zuwa kwanan nan, masana ilimin dabbobi sun yi imanin cewa llama da alpaca sune zuriyar guanaco. Amma bincike mai zurfi na DNA ya nuna cewa alpaca ta fito ne daga vicuna.
Kodayake ana yin tattaunawa game da wannan batun, saboda duk nau'ikan jinsunan da ke da alaƙa da juna zasu iya yin aure a cikin yanayin. Akwai ɗaya kawai jinsin waɗannan dabbobin dutsen, sun kasu kashi biyu, da Vicugna Vicugna Vicugna da Vicugna Vicugna Mensalis.
Tsawon rayuwa
Babban maqiyan artiodactyls a cikin tsaunukan daji sune karnukan Andean da kuma kyarke maned. A cikin yanayin yanayi, vicunas yana rayuwa kusan shekaru 20 (wasu - har zuwa 25). Ba a ba da izinin zama cikin gida ba, amma a wasu wuraren kiwon dabbobi sun koyi yadda ake kiyaye ingantattun 'manyan' yan ƙasa.
A kan wannan, ana buƙatar shinge mai fadi. Misali, a cikin Gidan Zoo na Moscow ya kirkiro gandun daji na kewayen birni. A tsakiyar shekarun 2000, an kawo mace uku da namiji a nan. Sun yawaita sosai, saboda haka adadin garken ya girma zuwa dozin biyu, yara da yawa sun koma wasu wuraren kiwon dabbobi.
Babban haɗari ga dabbobi masu rauni koyaushe shine mutane. Daga lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka mamaye Kudancin Amurka har zuwa 1964, ba a tsara farautar vicunias ba. Laifi shine mayafinsu mai mahimmanci. Wannan ya haifar da mummunan sakamako: a cikin karni na sittin, an rage yawan miliyan biyu zuwa mutane 6,000. An bayyana jinsunan cikin hadarin.
A cikin 1964, Servicio Forestal, tare da haɗin gwiwar theungiyar Peace Corps ta Amurka, Asusun Kula da namun daji na duniya da Jami'ar National Agrarian na La Molina, sun kirkiro wurin ajiyar yanayi (filin shakatawa na ƙasa) don Vicunas Pampa Galeras a yankin Ayacucho na Peruvian, yanzu akwai ajiyar yanayi a Ecuador da Chile.
A rabi na biyu na shekarun karni na shida, an fara shirin horar da masu aikin sa kai na dabbobi. Ofasashe da dama sun hana shigo da itacen mashin ɗin vicuna. Godiya ga waɗannan matakan, kawai a Peru yawan vicunas ya karu sau da yawa.
Kowace shekara a Pampa Galeras chaku (waje kiwo, tarko da kuma farauta) ana yin su ne don tattara ulu da kuma hana yin farauta. Duk tsoffin vicunias mai lafiya tare da suturar ulu na santimita uku da sama an yi shere. Wannan wani yunƙuri ne na Councilungiyar Majalisar ofwararru ta Kudancin Amurka (CONACS).