A cikin Russia, adibas na asirin Atlantika na launin toka yana nan a yankin Murmansk. Wasu lokuta ana samun kudaden shiga cikin yankin Arkhangelsk, a cikin ruwa na Franz Josef Land, Bohemian Bay, Kara da Farin Teku, a tsibirin Novaya Zemlya. Subsungiyoyin Baltic suna rayuwa ne a cikin ruwan Tekun Baltic, Gulf of Finland, Labaran Yamma da kuma Gaban Riga. Ya zaɓi ya zauna a yankin rairayin bakin teku kusa da gabar teku. Sealarfin Baltic ya haɗu a kan kankara mai saurin motsawa (mara ƙarfi), da hatimin Atlantik - a kan tsaunuka, masu tsaunin dutse.
Alamun waje
Wani suna don hatimin launin toka shi ne hatimin da aka zazzage shi, ko tevak. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ɗayan hatimi, nau'in launin toka yana da fuska mafi tsufa. Waɗannan dabbobin sun ɗan ɗanɗana fiye da takwarorinsu. Tsawon jikinsu ya kai 2.5 m, kuma babban adadin yana daga kilogram 150 zuwa 300. Launansu suna da canzawa sosai. Dambatattun launuka daban-daban, masu girma dabam da launuka suna warwatse ko'ina cikin tsananin damuwa.
Rayuwa
Don kiwo, grayabi'u mai launin toka suna haɓaka hatsi. Amma a lokaci guda, ma'aurata ma abubuwa ne na yau da kullun. Bayan doguwar daukar ciki (kimanin watanni 11.5), macen ta ciyar da jariri da nono na dan karamin lokaci - kimanin sati biyu. 'Ya'ya' yan kwikwiyo ana haihuwar su sau da yawa cikin dare. Idan, cikin awa daya bayan haihuwar, wani abu ya tayar da hankalin mace, to zata bar jaririnta har abada. Sanin wannan fasalin, mafarautan da ma’aikatan ajiyar suna ƙoƙarin kada su tarwatsa zaman lafiyar hatimin. Jariri jarirai masu nauyin kilogram 20, suna da farin launi mai laushi.
Tushen abincinsu shine kifi. Herring, cod, hake, capelin, goby, kifin - dukansu za su zama ganima na launin toka. Bayan haka, yana ganin daidai ko da cikin laka na ruwa. Wadannan dabbobi wasu lokuta suna amfani da siginar yanayi, amsawar da aka bincika ta amfani da hankali mai hankali. Da zaran hatimin ya mutu, raunin zuciya ya ragu kuma, godiya ga tanadin oxygen, zai iya zama a karkashin ruwa na kimanin minti 20. Akwai lokacin da aka santa lokacin da macen wannan hatim ɗin ta rayu shekaru 28, kuma namiji ga shekara 41.
A cikin Littafin Red of Russia
Ana fuskantar barazanar da ke cikin Baltic na lalata launin toka a nan gaba, adadin wadannan dabbobin na da matukar muhimmanci, kuma ana bukatar matakan gaggawa don ceton su. Halin da ke tattare da talalar Atlantika ba mai ban mamaki ba ne. A cikin littafin Red na Rasha, an sanya shi ga rukuni na uku na kiyayewa, amma a waje da ƙasar Rasha wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Tun shekara ta 1975, ba a hana farautar launin toka ba, wasannin motsa jiki da farauta. Kodayake a lokacin da yakamata don kisan abin rufe launin toka ya kasance saboda. An yi imanin cewa waɗannan dabbobin suna lalata kifayen kifi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
A cikin zamanin Soviet Union, an fara bincike game da amfani da dabbobin ruwa a cikin tashin hankali a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Murmansk. Masanan kimiyyar Murmansk sun yi nazari akan bashin da ikon kwayar halittar gida, gami da pinnipeds. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen na daban ne a tsarin duniya. A cikin Amurka, na sami gogewar horar da zakunan teku da like. Amma masana kimiyya na Rasha sunyi aiki tare da wakilan dangin hatimi na ainihi a karon farko. Pinan wasan sun zama kyawawan ɗalibai. Suna iya haddace da sauri da kuma yin biyayya da bin doka da oda, sun nutse har zurfin zurfafawa tare da sauka a jirgin ruwan, suna haɓaka saurin zuwa 40 kilomita / h.
Tare da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a 1990, “manyan rundunoni na musamman” da aka daina amfani da shi suka daina son jihar. Amma tuni a cikin 1997, wani sabon matakin gwaje-gwajen a cikin ruwa na rukuni na sojan ruwa ya fara: an kirkiro Red Stones aqua-polygon anan. Sealaƙƙarfan hatimi da hatimin launin toka ya juya ya zama mafi kyawun mayaƙa. An zaɓi yara 'yan tsana a cikin mazauninsu na halitta yayin da suka ƙaura daga madarar uwa zuwa abinci mai ƙarfi. Furtherari, mai horarwar ya riga ya ciyar da hatimin tare da kifi - wannan shine matakin farko kuma mafi mahimmancin ƙwarin gwiwa. Don yin ɗimbin shamaki, sun mallaki matakai masu rikitarwa da yawa: tashi daga shinge da kafa baya, saka kayan musamman. Dole ne su aiwatar da umarni a fili akan dandamali, shiga cikin ruwa su ma kan umarni, gano abubuwan da ambaliyar ta dawo wa mai horarwa. Babban aikin seals shine a kula da wuraren ruwa kuma a bincika hullan jirgin ruwa.
Bayanin Abinci
Hannun Grey (Nalichoerus grypus) - babban wakilin waɗannan ɗamarar, tsawon jikinsa daga 2 zuwa 3 m, nauyi daga 150 zuwa 300 kg. Aƙƙarfan launin toka yana ciyar da kifi sosai, invertebrates a cikin hancinsa ke da wuya kuma a cikin adadi kaɗan - waɗannan su ne wasu nau'ikan squid, ƙanƙara da shrimp. A cikin Tekun Baltic, waɗannan tambarin za su iya cin cod, herring, eel, bream, kifin kifi, da kwalin da pinagora a cikin tekun Murmansk.
Habitat
Amshi na launin toka An rarraba shi galibi a Yankin Arewa na Yankin Atlantika, ana samun shi kusan a Tekun Baltic, ciki har da Gulf of Finland, Riga da kuma ian Tekun Gini. A waje da Tekun Baltic a gabashin Atlantika, tambarin launin toka yana zaune ne daga Tashar Turanci zuwa Barents Sea, suna zaune a gabar tekun Great Britain da Ireland, Orkney, Hebrides, Shetland da Faroe Islands, kuma ana samun su a bakin tekun Iceland, Central da Arewacin Norway. A Rasha, waɗannan ɗimbin rufin suna zaune a tekun Murmansk daga kan iyaka da Norway zuwa ƙofar yamma zuwa Tekun Fasha, da kuma a tsibiran da yawa da ke cikin tekun tsibiri. Duk shekara zagaye wadannan pinnipeds suna rayuwa cikin yanayin karancin ruwan daskararre na ruwa.
Kiwo
Babbar launin fata samar da kafaffen nau'i. A cikin wannan nau'in, bambanci a cikin lokutan kiwo, baƙon abu bane ga pinnipeds, ana lura dashi ba kawai a cikin dabbobi daga yankuna daban-daban ba, har ma a cikin dabbobi daga yawan jama'a. Tun da farko wasu, mayan matan Baltic like, kiwo a kan kankara na Baltic Sea, kawo 'ya'yansu, mafi yawan su whelping a cikin marigayi Fabrairu - Maris. A kusan duk sauran bangarorin kewayon, haihuwa yana faruwa ne akan ƙasa daga baya da daɗewa. Ciki a cikin farin launin toka ya kai kimanin watanni 11, wanda (da aka ba da jinkirin cikin ɗaukar ciki), tayin yayi girma sama da watanni 9. Aalsarin hatimin bornan jarirai yana da tsawon kusan 1 mita kuma an rufe shi da fararen gashi - saboda haka ana kiran su squirrels.
Bayyanar
Launin rigar da mutane suka manyanta suka bambanta sosai dangane da wurin zama, jinsi da shekaru. Yawancin hatim ɗin suna launin toka a launi, amma tabarau na iya zama wani abu tun daga kanwa zuwa mai ɗorewa. Kusan baƙon mutane wasu lokuta ana samun su.
Halaye da Hijira
Yawancin waɗannan dabbobin suna zaune a Arewacin Atlantika, watau yanki mai yanayin shi. Duk inda aka same su a cikin Tekun Baltic. Wannan ya hada da Bahaushe (ba duka ba), Riga da Gulf of Finland. Wuraren fata kuma na kowa ne daga Kogin Barents zuwa tashar Turanci; kuma ana iya samun su a bakin iyakar Ireland da Ingila. Bugu da kari, Faroe, Orkney, Shetland da Hebrides ba banda. Suna zaune a gabar ruwa na Tsakiya da Arewacin Norway, da Iceland. Saboda haka ana samun hatimin launin toka a wurare da yawa. Its kewayon ne sosai m.
Akwai mabambantan launuka biyu na launin toka: Baltic, wacce ke rayuwa a cikin teku iri ɗaya, da kuma Atlantika, suna zaune a cikin ruwan Turai.
Me waɗannan dabbobin ke ci?
Searfin hatimin da ke daɗewa yana cinye kifin, yayin da suke cinyewar abubuwa ba sau da yawa kuma kaɗan kaɗan. Suna kuma ciyar a kan jatan lande, kanwa da wasu irin squid. A cikin Tekun Baltic akwai wadataccen abinci a gare su: cod, haruffa, kifin, herring, bream.
Matsayin Kariya
Dukkanin kuɗin biyu na hatimin fuskar da ta gabata (duka Atlantika da Baltic) an haɗa su a cikin littafin Red na Rasha. An hana kamun kifi a cikin Baltic mai launin toka a Rasha a cikin Baltic da kuma a gabar tekun Murmansk na Barents Sea tun 1970. An kuma hana wuraren kiwo filayen adon ruwa (adibas) - a cikin Barents Sea wannan shine Tsibiri Bakwai na Kandalaksha Reserve.
Wajibi ne a kirkiri irin wadannan bangarorin na kwantar da hankula a gabar Tekun Gini da Riga na Tekun Baltic.
Adadin nau'in yawansu ya kai mutum dubu 17 zuwa 170, adadin Baltic - 7-8 dubu.
Duba kuma mutum
Bayan da aka hana harbi, babban abin da ke iyakance ga alamar launin toka shi ne matsanancin halin mutane a wuraren da dabbobin ke rayuwa, musamman ma, gurbataccen gurbataccen ruwan teku ta hanyar masana'antu da sharar gona.
Tasirin abin rufe hatimi na dogon lokaci a kan kamun kifi ba zai yiwu ba saboda yawan lambobin waɗannan tambarin.
Yaɗa
Yankunan launin toka ya rufe yankin mai tsaunuka na Arewacin Atlantic. A da, an raba shi a gefen arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewacin Turai, amma a halin yanzu an rarraba yankin zuwa wurare uku masu nisa. Isayan yana cikin tekun Atlantika a bakin tekun Amurka, a yankin Gulf na St. Lawrence da Greenland, ɗayan yana cikin Atlantika a gefen gabar tsibirin Biritaniya, yankin Scandinavia, yankin Murmansk da Svalbard. A cikin ruwan Rasha, ana samun hatimi na wannan tallafin a gefen tekun Murmansk daga kan iyaka da Norway zuwa bakin Tekun Fasha. Kuma a ƙarshe, ɓangaren na uku an haɗa shi tare da Tekun Baltic, gami da duk hanyoyin aikinsa. Balarfin Baltic ya kafa wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta.
Abinci da tsarin abinci
Ciyarwa da hatimin launin toka kusan ya ƙunshi kifaye, duka biyu suna iyo a ruwa ruwa da ƙasa. Akwai shaidun cewa waɗannan tambarin suna da matukar kaifin gaske kuma suna iya cin kifin da yawa a rana kamar yadda suke auna kansu. Amma a wasu wuraren kiwon dabbobi inda ake adana waɗannan murfin, abincinsu ya ƙunshi kilogiram na kifi, wanda, a fili, ya ishe su. Manyan murfin an zare su da manyan furfuransu a goshinsu, sannan a ci su a cikin sassan. (Daga cikin abincin da akafi so don murfin launin toka sune waƙoƙi, herring na Atlantika, kifin salam, kwalin, pinagor, da kuma kwararar ruwa). Fisharancin kifi da dabbar suna haye baki ɗaya. Alsarancin launin toka na iya farauta a zurfin har zuwa 100 m, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake haɗa nau'in kifayen benthic a cikin abincinsu. Zasu iya zama karkashin ruwa har zuwa minti 20. Mafi yawan lokuta ba saɓuwa, launin fata mai launin toka yana cin abinci a cikin ruwa - squid, crab, da shrimp. Gabaɗaya, abincin launin fata mai launin toka ya bambanta sosai dangane da shekarun dabbobi, da kan lokacin shekara da yanayin gida.
Rayuwa a gidan zu
Alsan fari uku na launin toka sun isa Zoo na Moscow a Nuwamba 2015. Waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi ne - mata 2 da namiji, nauyinsu bai wuce kilo 70 ba. An samo su daga Riga Zoo, amma an haife su a cikin daji. Tunda wurin haifuwarsu galibi shine Gulf na Riga na Tekun Baltic, suna cikin ƙananan ƙasashen Baltic.
Yanzu an adana su a cikin wani matattarar buɗewa tare da wurin wanka a cikin Tsohon Territory kusa da da'irar kankara.
An haɗa kifaye daban-daban a cikin abincin, yanzu shine kilogram 3 a kowace rana, a nan gaba, yayin da dabbobin ke girma, za a ƙara yawan abincin zuwa 6-7 na kifaye a rana. Searamin hatimin ana haɗiye shi gaba ɗaya, babba kuma yana yanyanka gunduwa-gunduwa, amma su da kansu sun riga sun fara tsage shi, suna amfani da fiɗa a goshin.
Seals of wannan nau'in ya bayyana a Zoo na Moscow a karon farko.
Halin hali
Tsawon maza yakai kimanin 2.5 m (da wuya ya kai 3 m ko fiye), mace tana da kimanin 1.7-2. Yawan maza sun kai kilogiram 300 ko fiye, kuma mata sune kilo 100-150. Dansandan yana da elongated, launi yana launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, wani lokacin kusan baki, ciki yana da haske. Balaga na jima'i a cikin maza yana faruwa ne bayan shekaru 6-7, a cikin mata - a cikin shekaru 3-5. Cutar ciki shine watanni 11-11.5. Cuban marayu fari fari. Bayan 'yan makonni bayan haihuwa, matar na iya sake yin aure. Seals suna ciyar da kan kifi (har zuwa 5 kilogiram a rana) - kwandon shara, ɓarna, kifin, herring, stingrays, ƙasa da yawa - fasa da ƙananan squids.
