Girman wakilai daga cikin tawagar sun fito daga tauraruwa har zuwa Goose. Jikinsu yana gaugawa a gefe kuma yana daidaita shi don motsi tsakanin ƙoshin ciyayi mai yawa, fuka-fuki da jela suna da gajeru. Mafi kyawun fasalin fasalin bayyanar wasu makiyaya - yatsun yatsun da basa saba dasu, barin tsuntsaye suyi tawaya wurare masu kwari kuma suna hawa dutsen mai girki. Makiyayan suna tashi da kyau ba da jinkiri ba. Abin ban sha'awa shine, yawancin nau'ikan da ke zaune a tsibiran, gabaɗaya, sun rasa ikon tashi sama kuma sun zama masu matukar rauni. Ba su da wata cikakkiyar kariya ga masu hasashen da sauran dabbobin da Turawa suka gabatar, da sauri ba zato ba tsammani.
Rayuwa
Yawancin makiyaya ba su da saukin kai kwata-kwata, amma yana da matukar wahala a gan su, saboda suna jagorantar tsarin rayuwa mai matukar sirri. Yawancinsu suna aiki da daddare kuma suna ji da kansu da sauti mai ban mamaki, duk da haka, muryoyinsu ba sa bambanta da raye-raye - wannan nau'ikan saɓo ne, fata, hayaniya, hayaniya.
General halaye
Wani fasalin farfajiya na gwanayen da aka danganta shi da kadan. Yaro zai iya girma har zuwa 28 cm a tsayi tare da matsakaicin nauyin da ya kai har g 170. Rukunin ruwa yana da yatsun yatsu, faffai da fuka-fukan zagaye. Daga nesa yana da alama cewa makiyaya suna da launin fatar fuka-fuka mai duhu. A zahiri, tsuntsaye masu balaguro suna da shuɗewar launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi tare da halayyar elongated manyan baƙar fata. A gefen dabbobi suna da rabe-raben fari da baki. A launi na cowgirl na iya bambanta dangane da lokaci na shekara.
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Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri, wanda daga cikinsu akwai wurin da ake kula da shi wurin kiwon makiyaya, masarauta, Amurka ta Tsakiya, Madagascar da kuma Colombia.
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Halayya da Abinci
Makiyayan suna da sirri sosai kuma da wuya ba sa fita zuwa silsi mai zurfi ko kuma gefen ciyawar. Ba sa son yin iyo, amma idan ya cancanta ma za su iya nutsewa. Yayin tafiya tsuntsayen suka ɗaga kafafunsu da wutsiyarsu, suna maimaita su ba da wuya ba. Idan dabbar tana jin hadarin, sai ta gudu da sauri ta ɓoye cikin cikin ɓarna.
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Mafi yawan lokutan aiki shine maraice da maraice. Tsuntsu a hakika ba ya tashi sama kuma yana tashi cikin iska kawai da tsoro. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, dabbobi suna rayuwa su kadai, amma kuma suna iya rayuwa bibiyu. Wani lokaci a cikin daji zaku iya haɗuwa da gungun makiyaya, wanda ya ƙunshi mutane 30. An lura cewa kowane iyali daga baya suka tsaga, saboda dabbobin suna da saurin magana dangane da juna.
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Tsuntsayen suna tabbatar da kasancewar su da kukan shaye-shaye, wanda wani lokaci yakan yi kama da kayan maye na alade.
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A cikin abincin abincin mai kiwon mata, abubuwan motsa jiki suna ɗaukar girman kai. Tsuntsaye na iya ciyarwa a kan shinge. A cikin lokaci na aiki, dabbobi suna kama kifi, beraye, kwaɗi kuma suna cin ƙwai.
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Kiwo
A lokacin matsewa, tsuntsayen ke yin sheƙarsu, wacce ke da siffar da ke da kofin. Kamar yadda ake amfani da kayan, ganye da mai tushe na ciyawar marsh. Mace ta daga qwai 7 zuwa 9, wanda iyayen biyu suka sanya. Masonry yana da launi mai laushi ko launin farar fata, wanda akanana karamin tabarau mai launin shuɗi ko manyan launuka masu launin shuɗi.
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Bayyanar
Karamin tsuntsu ne girman dabbar dutsen kwandon kwando ko na masara, tsayinsa ya wuce cm 23 zuwa 26, nauyi shine 100-180 g. A waje, yana kama da corral ko garken, amma ya fice waje mai tsawo, tsawon cm.5.5 dan kadan. Jikin an zagaye shi sosai kuma yana matsa sosai a gefe. Wuya ya isa, lokacin motsi a ƙasa miƙa gaba. Gefen yana da tsawo, kunkuntar, dan kadan an goge shi ƙasa, gemu da ƙarshen baki suna duhu tare da launin ja, sauran baki yana da ja ko ja-ja. Iris ne mai ruwan-orange-ja. Thearfin kai, wuyansa da na ciki shine jikinsa mai launin toka-ƙarfe, a gefunan kuma wani ɓangare akan cikin ciki akwai alamun sarari da yawa masu duhu da kuma rakodin haske. Farin fata. Wuraren baya da reshe reshen zaitun mai launin ruwan kasa ne tare da rabe-raben baki. Farkon Futowar 10, tuƙi 12. Gashin wutsiya ne, mai laushi, sau da yawa yana juyawa yana jujjuyawa yayin motsawa. Kafafu suna da tsayi, ja mai launin ruwan kasa-kasa, tare da yatsun kafa masu yatsa. Maza da mata ba sa bambanta da launi tsakanin juna, amma maza suna kama da ɗan girma. Tsuntsayen yara sun bambanta da manya - kumburinsu da wuyoyinsu sun yi fari, kuma kirji da gaban ciki sun cika da duhu. A cikin yanayin suturar makiyaya yana da wahalar rarrabe ta launi daban daban daga sauran tsuntsaye masu dangantaka, kodayake, a cikin yanayin ɗabi'ar mallakar wannan nau'in, beak mai sauƙin ya haifar dasu. Daga wasu nau'in halittar makiyayin, dabbobin da ke da ruwa ana bambanta su da fasalin launi - jan baki, gewaye baki da fari da kafafu masu launin ja-kasa-kasa.
Ya danganta da girman da launi, akwai rabe-raben 4 na makiyayin ruwa, an keɓe shi ɗaya daga junan:
- All aquaticus na cikin ruwa Linnaeus, 1758 - Tallafin omasari. Turai, Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya.
- Rallus na cikin ruwa hibernans Salomonsen, 1931 - Iceland.
- Allus na cikin ruwa alamar ruwa Blyth, 1849 - Mongolia, Siberiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Koriya, Arewacin Japan. Masu cin nasara a Bengal, Thailand, Laos, Kudu maso Gabashin China, Taiwan da Kudancin Japan.
- Rallus na cikin ruwa korajewi Zarudny, 1905 - Daga Tekun Aral zuwa Lake Balkhash. A kudu zuwa Iran, Kashmir da yamma da tsakiyar China.
Kuri'a
Kukan makiyayi na musamman ne, ba a gwada shi da sauran tsuntsayen da ke cikin kewayon ba. An bambanta zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa, gami da halayyar halayyar kama da mai kama da alade. Kari akan haka, tsuntsaye sun sami damar fitar da gajeren hancin wutsiya, wani abu kamar “whit”, da bushe danna “cake”, akai-akai.
Yankin
Makiyayi suna da mazauni a sararin Eurasia, da kuma a Arewacin Afirka. A cikin Turai, yanki ne mai kyau, ban da Arewacin Scandinavia da arewacin yankuna na Rasha, amma yana da lalacewa - daga wasu yankuna akwai rahotannin shafukan yanar gizo na farauta, yayin da wasu kuma suke da irin wannan yanayin ba babu. Ana samunsu a Tsibirin Biritaniya, Faroe, tsibirin Balearic da Iceland. Akwai yawancin mutanen da ke cikin yankin Asiya. Yanki a yamma na Turkiya, a Transcaucasia, mai yiwuwa a arewacin Iran da Iraq, a Tsakiyar Asiya, Kazakhstan, China, Korea da Japan. Bayanai game da yawan jama'ar Indiya ya sabawa juna - majiyoyi daban-daban sun tabbatar ko musanta gaskiyar halittar tsuntsayen a wannan yanki.
A cikin yankin Turai na Rasha, iyakar arewa ta iyakar ta ta'allaka ne ta hanyar tafkin Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga, Plescheevo da Zabolotsky, kudu na yankin Kirov, Bashkiria da Chelyabinsk. A Yammacin Siberiya, ana samun tsuntsaye ne kawai a kudu a gefen iyakar Kazakhstan - a cikin Altai, a cikin yankunan Tyumen, Omsk da Novosibirsk. A gabashin Siberiya, tana da sheka a Transbaikalia, a Yankin Irkutsk, a kan Vitim Plateau, a cikin kwarin Kogin Vilyui kudu da 64 ° N, a Kogin Lena kudu na 61 ° N. w. Aka rarraba shi a yankin Ussuri zuwa arewa zuwa bakin Amur, a Sakhalin da Kudancin Kuril.
Hijira
Cowgirls na ƙungiyar masu gabatarwa R. a. na cikin ruwa partially zauna kuma partially ƙaura tsuntsaye. A cikin hunturu, farauta a Arewa da Gabashin Turai yana motsa kudu da kudu maso yamma: zuwa Bahar Rum, Afirka ta Arewa da kudu da gabashi na Tekun Caspian. Subspecies makiyaya R. a. hibernans daga Iceland suna iya yiwuwa hunturu a tsibirin Faroe, har ma da Ireland. Biyan kuɗi R. a. korejewi za a iya samun wasu 'yan gudun hijira - a cikin hunturu ana samun wadannan tsuntsayen a lardin Sindh na Pakistan, a arewa maso yammacin Indiya da kuma Larabawa. Subspecies makiyaya R. a. alama mafi yawan ƙaura - ƙaura zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya (har zuwa tsibirin Borneo), zuwa tsibiran Kudancin Japan (zuwa Okinawa).
Habitat
A lokacin kiwo da kuma lokacin hunturu, yana zaune a gefen rafin rami na ramuka daban-daban, yana tsaye ko a hankali yana gudana, a cikin ɓarna mai ban tsoro tare da ciyayi, reeds, talnik, cattails, sedges, a cikin ciyayi mai ciyawa tare da ganye, tsohuwar peat tare da ciyawa. Sharuɗɗan da ake buƙata don farauta shine kasancewar ciyayi na kusa-kusa da ruwa mai ƙarancin ruwa, inda tsuntsaye suke samun rayuwarsu. Kepta'idodi mafi yawa akan filayen, a cikin ƙafafun da aka samo har zuwa 2000-2300 m sama da matakin teku.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Yana ciyarwa galibi akan ƙananan ruwa na ruwa da karkatattun wurare - kwari da larvae, tsutsotsi, mollusks, gizo-gizo, da dai sauransu Zuwa ƙanƙan da yawa, yana ciyar da abinci akan tsire-tsire - tsirrai na tsirrai na ruwa. Wani lokaci yakan soke nunin wasu tsuntsaye ko farauta don ƙananan amphibians ko kifi. Da yardar rai ci.
Tana samun ganima a saman ruwa, a ƙasan tafki, a ƙasa, saman ƙasa ko tsire-tsire masu ruwa.
Wajian Cowgirl (Ranei - Cowgirl)
Dukan yankin Belarus
Cowgirls na Iyali - Rallidae.
A cikin Belarus - R. a. kifayen ruwa (wani yanki ne wanda ke daukacin sassan Turai na kewayon nau'in jinsin).
Bayan 'yan kila na ƙaura, lokaci-lokaci hunturu iri. A mafi yawan yankuna ba shi da yawa, mafi yawan lokuta ana iya samun shi a cikin yankuna na kudanci kuma kawai a wurare sun fi yawa ko commonasa da yawa (yankin Brest). Yana kusa da ko'ina cikin ƙasa na gundumar Lake ta Belarusian, amma ba a rarraba shi ba da daɗi.
Girman makiyayin shine 1.5-2 sau mafi girma daga tauraron dan adam. Ya bambanta da sauran makiyaya ta dogon lokaci, ɗan ƙaramin ƙanƙanin ƙasa mai launin shuɗi mai haske. Namiji da mace na waje basu da bambanci. Plarfin kwatancen ɓangaren juye-juye na jikin mutum da kuma murguɗaɗɗun zaitun mai ruwan zaitun tare da kullun baki mai duhu. Gefen kai, wuya a gaban, goiter da gaban ciki shine launin toka mai kauri. Gefen jikin da ciki sun mamaye launin baki da fari. Kashin baya na ciki yayi kyau; rashin sanin yakamata fari ne. Gashin fuka-fukai da fikafansu launin ruwan kasa duhu. A cikin tsuntsu mai gudana tsakanin tsintsayen tsuntsaye, wutsiya yakanyi juzu'i kuma fararen wutsiyar wutsiya a bayyane suke bayyane. Fuka-fukan goshinsa sunyi tsauri kamar gashin-baki. Abincin ya kasance baƙar fata ne, mandible mai ruwan hoda-ja ne, ƙafafu masu launin ja da shuɗi tare da yatsun kafa masu adalci. Bakan gizo-ja.
Tsuntsayen matasa sun bambanta da manya a farin fari da makwarƙan da ke shuɗewa.
Girman jikin mace na bazara da bazara shine 83-160 g, mace - 80-120 g, a cikin kaka tana iya kaiwa 180 da 135 g bi da bi .. Tsawon Jikin (dukkan jinsi) 27-30 cm, fuka-fuki 38-42 cm. 4 cm
Halin halayen tsuntsun sune ƙanana da ƙananan matsakaitan girman tafkuna. Ya fi son katako daga cattail da Reed tare da gefan tsoffin matan, wuraren ruwa da kogunan kogi. Yawancin lokaci yakan zauna a cikin shimfiɗaɗɗen kankara tare da ciyawa tare da rafin gawarwakin mutane na ruwa, a cikin shimfidar ruwa mai shimfiɗa ƙasa da tsohuwar matattarar peat. A Lakeland fi son ƙaramin, yi birgima tare da reeds tafkunan, tare da faci na bude ruwa. Ana samo shi a cikin tabkuna, ƙananan koguna, ƙarƙashin mummunan ambaliyar tekun. Nazarin na musamman a cikin ƙarami, rami mai ɗumbin yawa ya nuna cewa matsakaicin yawan mai makiyayi a cikin waɗannan biotopes shine 0.23 nau'i / ha. Matsakaicin matsakaiciyar makiyayi akan manyan tafkuna masu hauka shine nau'i biyu / km².
Mafi yawanci yana haifar da yanayin rayuwa ta ɓoye, watau, yana da aiki sosai da sassafe da kuma bayan faɗuwar rana, ko ƙarshen yamma. A wannan lokacin, ana iya ganinsa a gefen reshen itace ko kuma sandar cattail, a gefen ruwan a kan wuraren silima da kuma wuraren shakatawa, a karkashin wata katako mai yawa na rassan bishiyoyi a cikin busassun ciyawa. A lokaci guda, tsuntsu yana guje wa wurare masu buɗewa kuma da wuya ya bar gefen dunƙule.
A cikin lokacin kiwo, ana iya jin kukan dabbar tsuntsaye kusan a agogo. Tare da shigowar kajin, sun fara jagorantar rayuwar yau da kullun, a cikin daddawa broods suna barci akan gida. Ana girbe abinci dare da rana. A cikin kaka, ana iya ganinsu da asuba, lokacin da suke yin iyoke a gadajen ciyayi, a ƙarshen ƙarshensu, suna gudu daga kan lakayen ruwa da aka fallasa don neman abinci. Tsuntsu yana gudana da sauri, yana iyo sosai. Tilasta ya hau sama, makiyayi yana sauka kasa da ƙasa, a hankali yana saukar da ƙafafunsa, kuma tare da wahalar tashi mai ɗan nesa, yayi sauri zuwa ƙasa kuma ya sake ɓacewa cikin ciyawa mai kauri.
Makiyayan sun tafi kudu zuwa Belarus a farkon rabin Afrilu. Yayin hijira, tsuntsaye sukan tashi da dare. Zuwan lokacin bazara a Belarussian Lakeland yana farawa a tsakiyar Afrilu kuma yana tafiya har zuwa tsakiyar Mayu.
Maza sun bazu a kan wuraren buɗe wuraren, maza suna kiyaye su da kyau, suna kori baƙon da ke shigowa. A wannan lokaci, da yamma da daddare, zaka iya jin kukan kururuwar kukan tsuntsaye. The makiyayi monogamous, i.e., namiji da mace samar da wata biyu dawwama kuma tare kula da gida da zuriya. Bishiyoyi daban-daban.
Gida an shirya shi ko dai kusa da ruwa da kansa, ko kuma 10-15 cm a saman ruwa (da wuya mafi girma), a kan creases busassun mai tushe na reeds ko cattails, a cikin interweaving na rassan bishiyoyi, lokaci-lokaci akan karamin hummock tsakanin ruwa a cikin fadama, a gefen karamin tsibiri ko rafting. A Lakeland, gida yana shirya cattails ko sedges a kan creases busassun mai tushe, da ɗan ƙarancin lokaci a cikin gadaje masu girke.
A kusan dukkan halaye, babban tsarin kewaya yana ɓoye sosai ta hanyar ciyawar da ciyayi na bara. Bugu da kari, idan ya cancanta, tsuntsu ya sake maimaita shi sosai, yana jujjuya da murkushe ciyawar ciyawa mafi kusa da gida a cikin rufin. Sau da yawa gida yana taɓa saman ruwa ko datti tare da gindinsa. Don yin shuru a hanyarsa zuwa gida, makiyayin ya tattaka rami a cikin ciyawa mai kauri, kuma idan an tashi daga gida sama da ruwa ko ruwa, wani lokacin sai ta shirya wani matattakalar ciyawa daga ciyawar bushe mai tushe.
Gida da kanta an gina ta a wani nau'in kwanon da aka girka a cikin ciyawar ciyawar bara. Wani lokacin kayan gini shine kawai busasshen ganye na cattail, amma kuma galibi ma bushege, horsetail, da ganye mai bushe. Tsawon gida shine 7.5-21 cm, diamita ita ce 13-25 cm, zurfin tray din shine 4-7 cm, diamita shine 11-19 cm. Matsakaicin girman nunin a yankin Lakeland shine: diamita 12-24 cm, tsayi 13-15 cm, diamita 10- 18 cm, tsayi mai tsayi 5-7 cm.
A cikin cikakken kama na 6-12 qwai (yawanci 7-10), a lokuta na musamman ana iya samun 16 (an lura da irin wannan kama a Turai). Game da mutuwa, kudan tsuntsayen za su iya yin sheka akai-akai, amma ba a sa ƙwai sama da ƙwai 4-7 ba. Shell tare da ƙaramin sheen. A kan mau kirim (tare da ruwan hoda mai launin shuɗi ko rawaya), launin shuɗi, ko launin toka-na gaba, launin ruwan kasa-ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa (galibi a doguwar mara ƙwaya), kalar violet-mai zurfi aibobi da dige suna bayyana. A wasu halayen, ƙwai na cowgirl suna kama sosai da launi zuwa ƙwai na cornelian, kawai asalin tsohon yakan zama mafi sauƙi, kuma aibobi ƙanana da kanana. Tsarin kwai 13 g, tsawon 35 mm (33-37 mm), diamita 26 mm (25-27 mm).
Makiyayi ya fara kwanciya ƙwai a ƙarshen Afrilu - a farkon Mayu (a Lakeland, kwanciya kwai yana farawa kaɗan daga baya - a tsakiyar Mayu), amma ana iya samun sabon clutches a Belarus har ma a Yuli. An yi bayanin wannan ba kawai ta tsawon lokacin farauta ba, amma, tabbas, ta gaskiyar cewa a cikin shekara za'a iya samun broods biyu (kamar yadda yake a cikin yankunan Turai). Yin ƙiyayya yana ɗaukar kwanaki 19-21, farawa daga kwanciya na ƙwanƙwasa ko ƙarancin layya. Dukkanin membobin ma'aurata suna ɗaukar ciki, kodayake mace tana aiki tare da wannan ƙarin lokacin.
Kyankyasai suna barin qwai a farkon Yuni kusan lokaci guda don rana guda. Sukan yi kyankyasai gaba ɗaya, an rufe su da dunƙule baƙi, ko da yake beakansu fari ne. A lokacin farkon ranar suna cikin gida, iyayensu za su basu zafi. Bayan haka, kulawar kajin ke ci gaba da wuce gona da iri, akan kararrawa, kantuna, da kuma mazauna na musamman. Da farko, kajin suna karbar abinci daga iyayensu - kwari masu taushi, larvae, bayan sati daya zasu iya nemo abinci da kansu, bayan sati daya suna ciyarwa gaba daya. A tsakiyar watan sun kai rabin cikakkiyar girma. A ƙarshen Yuni, gashin fuka-fukan har yanzu suna cikin bututu a cikin matasa. Lokacin ciyarwa shine kwanaki 20-30. Cikakken fleed kuma ya zama mai ikon tashi kajin yana da shekaru 2.
Summerarshen bazara da damina kafin tashi, ana aiwatar da dutsen a wuraren da suke zaune. A wannan lokacin, duka manya da ƙananan tsuntsaye suna aiki sosai kuma suna ciyar da abubuwa da yawa. Idan kuka yi lamo cikin ciyawar da sanyin safiya, ko faɗakarwar maraice, za ku iya jin saututtukan da suke ji kuma suka ga tsuntsaye da kansu, suna neman abinci.
Lokacin da aka sami wani sashi na ciyawar ko kuma ciyawar kogin, makiyaya sukanyi ƙaura zuwa karkara, suna tattarawa a cikin shinge kusa da ruwa da kanta, har ma a cikin ɓauren kurangar dake gefen kwarin kogin.
Makiyayi ba ya yin babban gungu. A cikin faduwa, jirgin sa ya tashi a hankali da kyar. Takaicewar lokacin kaka da kuma hanyar da za'a zata tana cikin Satumba - Oktoba. Babu cikakken lokacin ƙaura lokacin kaka. A Lakeland, tashi daga wuraren kiwo yana faruwa a ƙarshen lokaci - a ƙarshen Oktoba. Raba daidaiku suna cikin wuraren ajiya har zuwa tsakiyar Nuwamba. Yayin hijira, tsuntsaye na faruwa sau ɗaya ko a yawancin mutane, yawanci a wuraren ciyarwa. Sukan tashi da daddare, kuma a lokacin rana sukan tsaya a wurin misalin ruwa da ciyayi. Wasu mutane suna kasancewa a cikin watan Nuwamba, kuma a lokuta da dama (a Polesie) su ma hunturu ne kan koguna masu kankara.
Tsuntsayen manya suna ciyar da ƙaramin kwari da ƙananan kwari, lardin su, gizo-gizo, mollus, tsutsotsi, da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Mafi ƙarancin mahimmanci sune ƙwayoyin tsirrai na ruwa. Ya tattara abinci a ƙasa, a wuraren ɓuɓɓugar shara, cikin ruwa mai zurfi da kuma daga saman ruwa. Wani lokacin maɗauran ƙananan tsuntsayen kan cinye su ta cin ƙwai da ƙananan kajin. Kyankyasai suna ciyar da kwari ta hanyar kwari da ƙwari.
Tunda yawanci ba a ziyartar tashoshin makiyayin mutane saboda rashin wadatar su, matsalar hargitsi ba shi da mahimmanci a gare shi. Mazaunan makiyaya da masarar makiyaya, duk da wurin da suke ɓoye, su ma magabatan sun lalace, wasu daga cikin gidajen za su iya ambaliya yayin ambaliyar kwatsam da iska, kuma suka mutu a lokacin gobarar bazara. Tersanƙara mai tsananin ƙarfi yana haifar da babbar illa ga yawan makiyayayen ruwa, lokacin da suka mutu cikin matsananciyar ƙarancin abinci da sanyi, mutane da suka raunana sun zama masu sauƙin ganima ga masu farautar kama su daga iska ko kuma shiga jikin ruwa a kan kankara (ƙafa huɗu). Yawancin tsuntsaye sun mutu yayin tashin jirgin, sun watse cikin wayoyi, hasumiya ta TV da katako, sun mutu daga mafarautan a lokacin dakatar da tashoshi a tashoshin da ake yi.
An lura da ɗan raguwa mai yawa tare da raguwa cikin matakan ruwa a cikin busassun shekaru. Farauta ba shi da wani tasiri a cikin yanayin yawan makiyayin ruwa, tunda babu farauta da ya dace da ita, ana samun hakan ne kwatsam, yayin farautar tsuntsayen ruwa da ciyawa da ƙima. A cikin gonakin farauta na yankin Vitebsk babu ma ƙididdiga game da samarwarta. Kodayake kamar wasa, saniya tana da kyawawan halaye.
Yawan da ke cikin Belarus an kiyasta kimanin dubu 8-14, barga. Imateaddara na farko game da yawan nau'in a Lakeland (a cikin 2011) shine nau'i biyu dubu biyu.
Matsakaicin shekarun da aka yiwa rajista a Turai shine shekaru 8 watanni 11.
Makiyayi, ko kuma kamar yadda ake kiransa makiyayi ruwa, karamin tsuntsu ne na ruwa na gidan makiyayi, galibi yana zaune ne a cikin fadama kusa da jikin ruwa. An jera shi cikin Red Books na wasu ƙasashe saboda ƙarancin ƙima a cikin waɗannan yankuna.
Saurari muryar maharbi mai ruwa
Makiyayi mai ruwa yana jagoranci rayuwa daban, da wuya a haɗa kai cikin rukuni na 25-30. Amma saboda karuwar tashin hankali, irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi da sauri sun watse. A cikin yanayin, makiyaya suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 8-9.
Amma game da abinci mai gina jiki, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna cin tsutsotsi iri-iri, kwari, da ƙananan ƙananan ruwa na ruwa da mollusks. Idan babu abincin dabbobi, suna masu farin cikin cinye tsire-tsire na ruwa, amma ba su iya ciyar da su koyaushe. Abincin musamman ga makiyayi shi ne garkuwa da kifi, wanda wani lokacin tsuntsu yakan kama shi da sha'awa.
Bambanci
Daga sauran tsuntsayen da kuma rayayyun gidan makiyaya, ana iya bambance su da halaye masu zuwa:
- Yatsun yatsa, kodayake yana da tsawo, ya fi guntu da sauran nau'in halitta.
- Gefen ya fi tsayi, ya ɗan danƙa ƙasa a ƙarshensa.
- Ya bambanta da manyan bindigogi ta hanyar ratsi a tsaye a bangarorin jikin.
- Lokacin da yake tafiya, ya ɗaga ƙafafunsa a sama, wutsiya kuma ana ɗaga sama.
- Kafafu sun zama ruwan kasa, dukda cewa shima ja yana nan.
Miƙa
Jerin canji na kayayyaki: ƙasa - gida - hunturu na farko - dabbar ta hanyar canjin farko (ƙarshe) - hunturu (ƙarshe).
Farkon kaya mai saukar ungulu an samo shi ne ta hanyar farin ciki mai duhu. Lokacin yana da kwanaki 10-30, ana maye gurbin muraƙin da fuka-fukan hemp. Cikakken kayan kwalliyar yana girma zuwa kwanaki 35-45. Tsuntsayen matasa suna canza kayansu na farawa a farkon shekara (hunturu) kafin faɗuwar rana kafin tashi, wasu tsuntsaye sun gama motsi a lokacin hunturu. Cigaba da yin zina guda daya ne a cikin shekara guda, yakan faru ne a cikin watan Yuli –Ka'da aka gama haihuwar. Flywheel da tuƙi suna fadi lokaci guda. Abincin kwanon kwane shima ya canza gaba daya. Motsi ya ƙare a watan Oktoba - Nuwamba. Ba a yi nazarin cikakken bayani game da yin ƙawance a cikin USSR ba. An shimfiɗa ta sosai a cikin mutane daban-daban. M pre-molt molting na kwano kwano da fluff faruwa a watan Fabrairu - Afrilu a lokacin hunturu (Grekov, 1965a, Cramp, Simmons, 1980). Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce ta Spangenberg (19516): a ranar 25 ga Agusta kusa da Olekminsk wani mutum mai layi yana da halin gudu na jirgin sama, wanda ba zai iya tashi ba, kwari ne na farko ya girma da 36 mm daga gare shi, a bayyane yake cewa molt ya mamaye ƙarshen tsarin kiwo saboda gazawar yanayi mai kyau. Babu shakka, ba sa ɓarnuwa lokacin ƙaura, saboda makiyaya 200 waɗanda suka mutu a fitila a cikin Netherlands, kaɗan ne kawai suka sami gashin fuka-fukai (Cramp da Simmons, 1980).
Kudin shiga haraji
Akwai nau'ikan 4 da suka bambanta da girma da launi: kasancewar ko rashi na tsintsiyar launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar ido zuwa kunne, matakin satikitin launi akan mottles na gefen ƙashi da launi na ciki (Glutz, 1973, Stepanyan, 1975, Ripley, 1977). Subsungiyoyi uku suna zaune a cikin USSR (Fig. 69, 70).
Hoto na 69. Cutar shayi ta bazu
a - yanki, b - wuraren hunturu, alamar tambaya - yanayin zaman ba a bayyane yake ba. 1 - Rallus na cikin ruwa, 2 - R. a. korejewi, 3 - R. a. alama, 4 - R. a. hibernans.
Hoto na 70. Matsakaicin makiyayin ruwa a cikin USSR
a - kewayon, b - ba a ba da cikakken bayani game da iyakar kiwo, c - wuraren hunturu, alamar tambaya - kasancewar ba a sani ba. 1 - Rallus na cikin ruwa, 2 - R. a. korejewi, 3 - R. a. alama.
1. Rallus na cikin ruwa aquaticus L., 1758. Babban launi shine duhu. United Kingdom.
2. Rallus na cikin ruwa korajewi Zarudny, 1905. Babban launi yana da sauƙi. Rijiyoyi bakwai, Bukhara, Tedjen, Murghab da gabashin Iran.
3. Alamar Rallus aquaticus Blyth, 1849. Wani tsiri mai launin ruwan kasa ya wuce ta ido zuwa kunne, launi mai kauri ke tsirowa akan ciki, bayyanar hanji. Fiye da na baya biyu. Benasan Bengal da dukkan India.
Bayanin haraji
Duk da banbance yankin da ke cikin jihohin, da bambance banbancen dake tsakaninsu ba su bayyana yadda yakamata kuma sun banbanta a jere. Girman matakan launuka da launuka daban-daban sun bambanta daban-daban kuma tare da shekaru. Mafi rarrabuwa shine R. a. alama. Rayuwa suna zaune a Iceland kuma wataƙila a tsibirin Faroe R. a. hibernans yana da gungumen gajere fiye da ƙimar da aka gabatar.
Ba a bayyana dangantakar alaƙar ƙasashen uku na ɓangarorin uku na yankin da yake hulɗa da su a tsakiyar Asiya ba. A cewar Stepanyan (1975), R. a. aquaticus ya tafi gabas zuwa Tuva; a kudu, a bayyane yake yanayin ya kama arewa maso yammacin Altai da Zurucin Zaysan. Daga sassan gabashin Tuva, yankin rarraba R. a. alama. Tallafin na uku R. a. korejewi ya mamaye yankin Balkhash da Alakul a Kazakhstan, amma ba a sani ba ko ya wuce zuwa Zaysan. Idan ya shude, sannan jeri na R. a. na cikin ruwa da R. a. korejewi overlap a cikin Zaysan ciki da (ko) a cikin Altai Territory, kuma jeri na R. a. na cikin ruwa da R. a. alama - a Tuva.
Yaɗa
Matsakaicin yankin. Eurasia: daga Yammacin Turai zuwa Japan. Yankin yana da tabo, amma a wurare da yawa, watakila, ana kallon ra'ayi, arewacin Afirka: a wurare a Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Maroko (?), Masar. Asiya: Asiya Asiaan Asiya, Afghanistan (?), Iraq (?), Iran, gabashin yankin Larabawa, zaɓaɓɓun larduna a Sin, Koriya (?), Arewacin Japan (Ripley, 1977, Etchecopar, Nye, 1978, Cramp, Simmons, 1980) . A Indiya, sabanin duk alamu a cikin taƙaitawar, ba su da gida (Ali, Ripley, 1969). Tana zaune a duk yankin Turai (a Norway, da alama ya kai 63 ° N) kuma tsibiran: Biritaniya, Iceland, Faroe, Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Cyprus. Akwai sanannun kwari don tsibiran Svalbard, Jan Mayen, Greenland, Azores da Canaries (Vaurie, 1965, Cramp, Simmons, 1980). A cikin USSR: baƙon abu a cikin iyaka mai iyaka a cikin Moldova, a Ukraine, ciki har da Crimea (Kostin, 1983), a cikin Baltic States yana da yawa a wurare (Valius et al., 1977, Birds of Latvia, 1983).
Ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin Belarus, kuma da yawa a cikin Polesie (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967), ya zama mafi yawan jama'a a cikin yankunan Leningrad da Pskov, wanda aka samo a gefen tekun Kudancin Ladoga (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Tana da fadi a cikin babban layi na tsakiyar turai na ƙasar: a Smolensk, Gorky, Moscow, Tula, Ryazan, Tambov, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Kirov da Bashkiria (Spangenberg, 19516, Vorontsov, 1967, Popov, 1977, da dai sauransu). A arewa, gano sanannu ne ga Vesyegonsk a cikin yankin Yaroslavl. (Lakes Pereslavl da Zabolotskoe), kudu na yankin Kirov., Gaba zuwa gabas, iyakar ta gangara zuwa Ufa, Chelyabinsk. Da wuya auran a cikin yankin chernozem (Barabash-Nikiforov, Semago, 1963).
A Yammacin Siberiya, ana rarraba shi a cikin kunkuntar rami a kudu, wanda aka samo a arewa maso yammacin Altai, a cikin yankuna Omsk da Novosibirsk (Kuchin, 1976, Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980), a cikin kudanci na yankin Tyumen, kusa da Krasnoyarsk da Minusinsk (Spangenberg, 19516). A cikin Kazakhstan, akwai tartsatsi, amma baƙon abu: a bakin Urals, Volga-Ural steppes, a kan Ilek, a cikin tafkunan kusa da birnin Irgiz, a ƙasan iyakar Turgai, a Naurzum a arewacin yankin Kustanai, a Zaysan, a cikin Balkhash-Alakul basin, Ili Valley , a kan sawun Dzungarian da Zailiysky Alatau, a kewayen Alma-Ata, a gefen kwarin kogin Chu, Syr Darya kogin, zuwa iyakar Chir-chik da Keles (Dolgushin, 1960). A cikin Tajikistan, maɗaukaki, wani yanki na ƙaura, wani yanki kusa da kwarin kogi, ban da Pamirs (Abdusalyamov, 1971). A cikin Kyrgyzstan, ya zama ruwan dare a wurin da ake yin shimfidar wuri a cikin kwarin Chuy, a kan Issyk-Kul, har ila yau, ana yin hibernates a nan (Yanushevich et al., 1959). A Uzbekistan, tana da kankara a kan tafkuna a cikin kwarin Syr Darya da Amu Darya, a cikin mayukan ruwa da wuraren ajiyar wucin gadi, a cikin Turkmenistan ana samun ta a cikin yankin Tashauz. (Spangenberg, 19516).
Da alama babu rata cikin kewayon tsakanin masu gabatar da zaɓar da ƙasashen gabashin Asiya, tunda an samo su duka biyu a Tuva (Stepanyan, 1975). A cikin Transbaikalia, an samo makiyayi a wurare da yawa, a kan filin Vitim a cikin kwarin Chary da Barguzin (Izmailov, 1967), kusa da Kyakhta da kwarin Tunkinsky (Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973), a kan kogin. Arguni (Spangenberg, 19516). An samo shi a kudu na yankin Irkutsk, a cikin Vilyui kusa da Kirensky, a kan Kogin Lena kusa da Olekminsky (61 ° N) da Yakutsky (62 ° N), watakila kuranta a tsakiyar Amur (Spangenberg, 19516). An rarraba shi a Primorye a kan kogin. Ussuri, arewa zuwa bakin Amur, amma a cikin Khanka lowland, alal misali, a yankin. Ceto ba shi da gida, amma yana faruwa ne kawai a lokacin ƙaura na kaka (Glushchenko, 1979). Yana da wuya a Kudancin Primorye, wanda aka samo shi a kan gidan yanar gizon a kan tsibirin B. Pelis da kusa da Kogin. Hassan (Vorobiev, 1954, Nechaev, 1971, Panov, 1973).
Yanki a Sakhalin, tsibirin Shantar da Kudancin Kuril (Nechaev, 1969). Canje-canje na tarihi a cikin kewayon makiyayin ruwa ba su da kyau a bincika. An fadada fadadarta a cikin Latvia (Birds na Latvia, 1983) kuma a cikin yankuna na Leningrad da Pskov (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983), wanda a bayyane ya fara a farkon karni na 20, an lura. A Yammacin Turai, a daidai wannan lokacin, an lura da motsin arewa a Sweden da bayyanar a cikin Finland (Cramp, Simmons, 1980), amma a Bavaria (Jamus) na 1961 - 1981. yawan makiyaya ya ragu sau 20 (Reicholf, 1982).
Cin nasara
Kasancewa a duk faɗin yammacin Turai. A Faransa da Burtaniya, makiyaya suna yin hunturu a cikin Netherlands, kuma a cikin Netherlands suna kiwo a cikin Jamus da ƙasashen Scandinavia (Kroon, 1984). Yankin gabashin gabas na yankuna yankuna yana gudana a nan tare da ƙarancin kewayon watan Janairu. Masu cin nasara zuwa kudu a Italiya, Girka, a tsibiran Tekun Bahar Rum (Corsica, Cyprus, Crete, Malta), a kan Larabawa da Sinai Peninsulas, a Maroko, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, arewacin India, a tsibirin Ryukyu (Japan), a Kudancin -Adukkan Asiya. Masu cin nasara a kai a kai suna da yawa a cikin kudanci na USSR: a arewa maso yammacin yankin Black Sea yankin, a cikin Caucasus, ciki har da Lake Sevan, a kan tsibirin Crimean (Spangenberg, 19516, Kostin, 1983, abubuwan lura da mu kusa da Odessa a 1981-1993). Guda ɗaiɗaikun mutane hunturu a Belarus (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). A cikin Kazakhstan, ya zama ruwan dare a kan kogunan da ba a kankara a cikin tsaunukan Zailiysky da Dzhungarsky Alatau ba, ƙasan Charyn, kusa da Dzharkent, Chimkent, an lura da mutane guda ɗaya a kusa da Kustanai (Dolgushin, 1960). Masu cin nasara a kai a kai a cikin Tajikistan, a cikin Kyrgyzstan a kan Issyk-Kul, a cikin Turkmenistan a gefen kwarin Murgab, Tejen, Atrek, Amudarya, tare da ɗaukacin ƙafafun kudu a Tashkent zuwa Samarkand a Uzbekistan.
Amadadin makiyayin ruwa yana da faɗi sosai kuma ya ƙunshi duka yankin kudu maso gabas na yankin. A lokacin jirgin, ana iya samun makiyaya a kan dukkan jikin ruwa kuma a wuraren da ba su dace ba, gami da tsaunuka da wuraren hamada, mai da hankali kan manyan tafkuna, a cikin ɗakunan manyan koguna na kudu.
Hijira
An yi cikakken nazari, wanda yake da alaƙa da rayuwa mai ɓoyewa da jirgin dare mai kamun ludayin ruwa. Kawai isowa da kwanakin tashi. A bayyane yake, makiyayayen ruwa suna ta yawo a gaba ba tare da takamaiman tashoshi ba. Babban kwatance: a cikin faɗuwa daga kudu maso yamma zuwa kudu da kudu maso gabas, a ƙarshen bazara. A takaice, makiyaya suna kiyaye daya bayan daya, da wuya a samar da gungu a cikin kwanakin a wuraren abinci na mutane 5-20. Jirgin yana faruwa da dare. Sukan tashi, a bayyane, duka a cikin tsayi mai tsawo da ƙarancin ƙasa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da samuwar makiyaya da suka mutu a hasumiya, gidajen talabijin da rediyo, da ƙarƙashin wayoyin lantarki da wayar tarho.
Farkon ƙaurawar bazara yana ƙaddara ta hanyar bazara, isowa yana iyakance ga sauyawa na matsakaicin iska ta yau da kullun ta hanyar 0 ° С, narkewar kankara da dusar ƙanƙara a cikin ɓoyayyen gabar teku. Ya isa Moldova a tsakiyar Afrilu (Averin, Ganya, 1971), an yi bikin a Belarus a lokaci guda (Fedyushin, Dolbyk, 1967), jihohin Baltic. A yankin Leningrad ya bayyana a farkon rabin Mayu, yana gudana har zuwa ƙarshen watan Yuni (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). A cikin Crimea, ya tashi a cikin bazara a cikin Maris - farkon Afrilu, kuma an sadu da shi kusa da Alushta a ranar Maris 12 da 28 (Kostin, 1983). A karkashin Kherson ya bayyana a ƙarshen Maris, a cikin yankin Kharkov. - Maris 28 - Afrilu 29 (Spangenberg, 19516). A cikin yankin Volga-Kama, ana lura dashi a ƙarshen Afrilu - farkon Mayu (Popov, 1977), kusa da Chkalov a farkon rabin Mayu, a cikin Ulyanovsk Yankin. - Ranar 21 ga Afrilu. Ya bayyana a yammacin Siberiya a farkon Mayu (Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980), a Altai - a farkon rabin Mayu. Hakanan ya isa marigayi a Kazakhstan, na farkon tsuntsayen da aka rubuta akan Syr Darya a farkon Afrilu, a cikin mafi girma a ƙarshen Afrilu da farkon Mayu. Sun yi ta shawagi a cikin Ili delta tun 15 ga Maris, a ƙaramar hukumar Ilek a watan Mayu 1-5, kuma kusa da birnin Irgiz tun daga Afrilu 23 (Dolgushin, 1960). A cikin Pamir-Alai suna tashi daga Maris 22 zuwa Afrilu 15 (Ivanov, 1969). A kudancin Asiya ta Tsakiya ta bayyana a ƙarshen Maris - farkon Afrilu. A cikin Primorye, makiyayan ruwa sun bayyana a ƙarshen Afrilu da farkon Mayu.
Farkon lokacin tashi da ƙaura yana farawa kuma yana ƙaruwa sosai, mutane na ƙarshe da aka samo su a duniya bayan an gama daskarar da jikin ruwa. A yankin Leningrad tashi daga har zuwa 27 ga Oktoba, a cikin jihohin Baltic - har zuwa ƙarshen Oktoba. Suna tashi daga Belarus yayin Oktoba zuwa tsakiyar Nuwamba, a cikin Moldova - a watan Agusta da farkon farkon Satumba, har zuwa 17 ga Satumba. A cikin Crimea suna tashi a cikin rabin na biyu na Satumba kuma a Oktoba; ana samun tsuntsayen hunturu a cikin Disamba da Janairu. Suna tashi daga yankin Volga-Kama a watan Satumba, sun tashi kusa da Kharkov a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, kusa da Kherson a watan Nuwamba, kusa da Kuibyshev - har zuwa 28 ga Satumba, kusa da Ryazan - har zuwa 9 ga Oktoba, a Yankin Moscow. - har zuwa Satumba 28 (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). A kudanci yammacin Siberiya, jirgin yana cikin yankin Lake. Vat ɗin ta kasance kafin Satumba 26 - 20 ga Oktoba, kusa da Tomsk - har zuwa Satumba 13 (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977), a cikin Altai steppe - har zuwa 5 ga Oktoba.A cikin Kazakhstan, su ma sun tashi da wuri, suna tashi daga farkon Satumba zuwa farkon farkon Oktoba, a kan kogin. Ko - har zuwa 6 ga Nuwamba, wasu tsuntsayen a kudu hunturu. A cikin Turkmenistan, jirgin yana tashi daga farkon Satumba har zuwa farkon farkon Nuwamba; farkon farkon gano tsuntsu ya sauka ne 29 ga watan Yuli. A cikin duwatsun na Pamir-Alai kwari Satumba 17-Nuwamba 30 (Ivanov, 1969). A cikin Primorye, jirgin yana tashi daga farkon Agusta zuwa ƙarshen Satumba.
An ɗauka cewa a cikin bazara makiyaya suna tashi cikin nau'i-nau'i waɗanda ke samar da su a lokacin hunturu (Spangenberg, 19516), kuma tuni sun zauna a cikin yankuna mara iyaka, suna fitar da wasu tsuntsayen. A kan manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwa (tabkuna, ambaliyar ruwa), makiyaya kan yi wani bangare na tafiya da ƙafa a cikin ƙaura, haka kuma a faɗuwa. A rana guda, tsuntsaye a wasu lokuta sukan tsaya a wuraren da ba a zata ba, inda za su kama alfijir. A Tsakiyar Asiya, suna ɓoyewa a cikin ɓarna na dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna tattara tarinn abubuwan labaru, tsarin mutane, a cikin tamarisk da saxaul (Spangenberg, 1951b).
Habitat
A cikin lokacin farauta, yakan mamaye wuraren yin juji a cikin hamada, jeji-jeji, steppe, gandun daji da kuma gandun daji kuma a tsaunika, ya kai girman 2,000-2,300 m sama da matakin teku. m. Mafi yawa a cikin filayen. Babban yanayin shine kasancewar wadataccen daskararre mai tsayi tare da mudbanks, tare da yalwar abincin dabbobi akan tafkuna na yawancin nau'ikan da yanki: steppe, dutse da kuma tafkuna na ruwa, a cikin kogunan kogi, tafkunan ruwa da tafki, ranan juji, sedge marshes, marshy makiyaya tare da tafkuna , a bankunan koguna, maɓallan koguna. Tana mamaye ciyawa, cattail, Reed, Sigege da ciyayi, itace mai wahalar kaiwa da kawowa da katuwar bishiyoyi, alder, matasa birches da reeds, bishiyoyi masu tsufa.
A Yammacin Siberiya da arewacin Kazakhstan, ta ratsa zurfin cikin tafkuna tare da hanyoyin ruwa a gabar teku da kan tekun. A cikin yankin Turai na ƙasar ba ya gujewa kusancin ɗan adam, yana da sheƙarta har ma a kan ƙananan tafkuna da ramuka mai yawa kusa da ƙauyuka. Harsunan shimfidar wuri waɗanda suka fi dacewa don farauta suna da lebur, shimfidar ambaliyar ruwa na Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Pinsk a Belarus, da tabkuna na yankin steppe. A kan ƙaura da kuma lokacin hunturu, yana manne da irin tashoshin nan, yin hunturu cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin hanyoyin kula da sharar ƙwayoyin cuta (alal misali, a kusa da Odessa), a filayen shinkafa a cikin ambaliyar Danube, a cikin ruwan teku da kuma kewayen teku.
Ayyukan yau da kullun, hali
Kayan tsabtace ruwa suna aiki da alfijir, da yamma kuma da sassafe. Ana yin kukan aure sau da yawa daga sa'o'i 18 zuwa 22, kodayake ana iya jin sa'oin kusan kowane lokaci. Ana lura da abinci da rana da kuma duhu. Tare da shigowar kajin, makiyaya suna canzawa zuwa yanayin rayuwar yau da kullun, a cikin tsararru na dare suna barci akan gida. Yayin da kajin ke girma, awanni na aiki suna ta karawa zuwa farkon safiya, kuma yayin ranar da tsuntsaye suke hutawa, tare da wannan zaka iya ganin kajin dake ciyar da kowane lokaci na rana. Yunkuri ya faru musamman a cikin duhu.
A lokacin rashin kiwo, ana sa su su zama ɗaya kuma a cikin ƙaramin ƙungiyoyi, suna tara 3-5 a wuraren kiwo, kuma a cikin lokutan hunturu na mutane 30 ko sama da haka. Yawancin lokaci gauraye gungun makiyaya ruwa, moorhen, chippers-crumbs an kafa su, alaƙar da ke tsakanin su ta kasance tsaka tsaki (Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980).
Hawan barci don faɗo a kan mai tushe a cikin ciyawa mai yawa, ƙasa da sau da yawa akan ƙananan rassan bushes da bishiyoyi. A cikin lokacin farauta, broods suna barci akan filaye, kajin a ƙarƙashin iyayensu, a cikin tarin yawa. Sun sanya kawunansu a saman 'yan'uwansu ko suka dame shi a tsakaninsu. Yayin ɗan gajeren hutu, makiyaya suna tsaye akan kafa biyu ko ɗaya, suna gogewa, suna jan shugaban cikin kafadu, ƙasa da kai ana dage farawa a baya, kuma baki yana ɓoye a cikin gashin fuka-fukan. Dare dare da rana tana canzawa tare da matakan aiki kuma yawanci gajere ne.
Abokan gaba, dalilai masu illa
Tersanƙara mai tsananin ƙarfi yana haifar da ɓarna babba ga adadin makiyayayen ruwa, idan suka mutu a adadi mai yawa daga yunwar da sanyi, mutane masu rauni sun zama ganima ga mafarautan kama su daga iska ko kuma shiga jikin ruwa a kan kankara (ƙafa huɗu). Yawancin tsuntsaye sun mutu yayin wucewa, sun fashe a cikin wayoyi, hasumiya ta TV da katako, sun mutu daga mafarautan a yayin dakatar da tashoshi a tashoshin da ake yi. Makabartun makiyayi da rushewar makiyaya, duk da inda suke a ɓoye, su ma masu lalata da su sun lalace, a bayyane yake, wasu daga cikin mazaunan suna ambaliyar ruwa yayin ambaliyar kwatsam da iska mai ƙarfi, kuma suna mutuwa yayin gobarar bazara - “gobara”. Tun da yake mutane ba sa ziyartar tashoshin girki na makiyayi saboda rashin isa, damuwar ba ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a gare shi. Matsakaicin rayuwar da aka ɗauka bisa ga maƙida shine shekaru 5 watanni 6 (Rydzewski, 1974).
Cutar sanyin shaye-shaye a cikin USSR an haɗa shi da helminths idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in iyali; a cikin Ukraine, an samo nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda 9 - 7 rawar jiki da 2 nematodes (Sergienko, 1969; Smogorzhevskaya, 1976).