Daga dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa, jemagu ne ke haifar da ƙiyayya da yawa. Shin wannan yana da alaƙa da almara na vampire, ko kuwa akwai wani dalili kuwa? Karka damu. Ofaya daga cikin wakilan waɗannan dabbobin da ba a sani ba, jaket na fata na arewacin, yana da ban sha'awa sosai ga salon rayuwarsa ta musamman. Kuma duk irin yadda ake alakantawa da wadannan kananan dabbobi, ya kamata kuyi la’akari da dimbin fa'idodi da suke kawowa.
Duba bayanin
Wadannan wakilan umarnin jemage dabbobi ne masu matsakaici. Jaket ɗin fata na arewacin, bayanin wanda aka bayar a ƙasa, yana birgewa a cikin rabo na fuka-fuki zuwa girman jikin. Idan tsayin jikin mutum yakai 4.9-6.4 cm, to, fikafikan nassin shine 24-28 cm an nuna reshe, kunkuntar (idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan jemagu). Wutsiyar gajarta ce, har zuwa 5 cm tsayi, tare da hancin dake fitowa daga membrane na feminin 4-5 mm.
Kunnen fata ne mai launin fata, ya zagaye har zuwa saman, tare da fata na bakin ciki, an rufe shi da baƙar fata. A ƙofar ƙorafin auduga akwai tuberan tazara mai tarin zube a saman kai.
Jawo a cikin dabbobi yana da tsawo da kauri. Ba tare da la'akari da inuwa na sutura ba, baya yana kullun dan kadan ya fi duhu ciki. Wannan jaka, hoton da kuke gani, ya bambanta da sauran wakilan ƙungiyar ta hanyar launi na zinare na ɓangaren ɓangaren gashin gashi, wani lokacin har ma da ƙaramin ƙarfe. A cikin wasu mutane, tukwicin zinaren ana samun su ne kawai tare da tudun, ba ma tare da duka bayan ba. Halin halayyar mutum kusan shine wanda ba zai iya yiwuwa ba yayin satar dabba.
Jawo na iya zama launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, sannan ciki shine launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. A Tuva, an gano rigar fata na arewacin launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi tare da datti mai farin ciki. Wadanda aka bayyana da launi na cakulan tare da rawaya mai launin rawaya. Murfin kuma ana fentin cikin duhu, kusan launin launi.
Fatar fata maharba ce, saboda haka jajayenta suna dauke da hakora 32-34. Tsarin hakori na wakilan nau'ikan sune kamar haka:
- incisors - 2/3,
- mayaja 1/1,
- pre-tushen - 1-2 / 2,
- motsi - 3/3.
Tsarin jikin mutum ya kama daga gram 8 zuwa 14, kwarangwal din haske ne, wanda ya baiwa dabbar damar tashi.
Yankunan rarraba
Daga cikin duk sanannun jemage, jaket na fata na arewacin shine mafi tsayayya ga ƙananan yanayin zafi. Saboda wannan fasalin, wannan dabbar ta sami damar yaduwa ko'ina cikin Eurasia - daga gandun daji-tundra zuwa taiga Siberiya. Kuna iya saduwa da shi a cikin rabin hamada na Jamhuriyar Tuva, kuma a cikin tsaunukan Caucasus, kan yankin Mongolia da tsibirin Sakhalin. Har zuwa ƙarshen kaka, jaket ɗin fata suna farauta da farauta.
An kuma samo nau'ikan jemagu a ƙasar Jamhuriyar Belarus. An gano shi a karo na farko a cikin 1934 a kan asashe na Berezinsky Reserve, kuma kadan daga baya - a cikin Belovezhskaya Pushcha. A cikin wannan jumhuriya ne aka jera fata a cikin Littafin Lutu.
Kamar yadda kake gani, kewayon dabbar yana da faɗi, amma nau'in halittar kanta yana ƙarƙashin hallaka. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon binciken na yau da kullun na aiki, da kuma gurbata muhalli, tare da lalata gandun daji, wanda jemagu ke rayuwa. Idan ba'a dauki lokaci ba don adana wadannan dabbobin, abu ne mai yiwuwa jinsin su bace kafin a yi cikakken nazari.
Rayuwa
Tsawon rayuwa na wannan nau'in kusan shekara 15 ne. Suna hibernate a cikin ƙaramin garke, sun ƙunshi mutane 20-30 (mata). Maza sun gwammace kadaici. A yanayin zafi kadan, suna ɓoyewa daga sanyi a cikin voids kuma a ƙarƙashin itacen itaciya, a cikin kogo ko a ƙarƙashin rufin gidaje, a cikin dace ko rami. Amma kawai kuna buƙatar nuna zazzabi thermometer sama da sifiri, kamar yadda suke barin wurin hunturu kuma su tashi zuwa farauta nan da nan bayan faɗuwar rana.
Sun fi son neman abinci a cikin dazuzzuka ko kuma a gefen dajin, kan titunan birni ko kusa da gidan mutane. Tashi har zuwa 30 m, deftly, sauri kuma sau da yawa flapping fuka-fuki, maneuvers arewacin jaket fata. Me kuke ci, kuna tambaya? Dukkan kwari masu tashi suna fada cikin haƙoran dabba - kwari da siket, kwari da kwari, kwari da ciyawa, ciyawar gemu da shaho. Ta hanyar cin abinci, jaka tana taimakawa wajen kawar da kwari na gandun daji da albarkatu, adana amfanin gona.
Da zaran cikin kogo inda bayin mallaka suke zaune, sai ka sha mamaki da mayyar da shaye shaye wanda akwai sadarwa tsakanin mutane. Kowane jinsi, gami da jaket na fata na arewacin, yana da nau'ikan alamun sauti. Ga nau'in mu, alama alama ce ta haɓaka a cikin kewayon daga 5 zuwa 25 kHz. Amma ana amfani da wannan karayarwa ba kawai don sadarwa ba. Tare da taimakonsa, dabbar tana "gani" kuma tana iya kewayawa har ma da cikakken duhu.
Da farko lokacin hunturu, wasu mutane suna ƙaura zuwa kudu, wasu kuma suna wanzuwa kuma suna ɓoye a wuraren hunturu.
Cinikin ciki, ciki, haihuwa
Wasannin matakansu na jemagu ba a yi nazari ba, amma an san cewa ana yin su sau ɗaya kawai a shekara - a cikin fall. A wannan lokacin, maza da mata na iya rayuwa a gaba ta gaba, yayin da sauran lokaci, maza sun gwammace zaman kadaici. Mace na tsira da hunturu riga mai juna biyu. Kuma a farkon ko a lokacin bazara, ana haife jarirai. Jaka tana ba da ciki (ana bayar da hotunan dabba a cikin labarin), yawanci biyu ne, ƙasa da ƙwatan guda.
Kasancewa a cikin fakiti, mata kaɗai ke renon yaransu har sai sun zama na balaga, wanda ke faruwa cikin watanni goma sha ɗaya. Maza basa shiga cikin tarbiyyar matasa matasa. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa matasa na jaket na fata sau da yawa ana ƙusance su ga mazaunan batutuwan na wani nau'in, alal misali, ga tsuntsu-da tsuntsaye na dare. Kuma ba sa kore su.
Wataƙila lokacin da muka fahimci waɗannan dabbobin da ke da kyau, zamu dakatar da huduba yayin da muke ganin jemagu suna tashi a sararin sama. Bayan haka, waɗannan maƙwabta ne waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sake zagayowar yanayin kuma suna da hakkin rayuwa.
Bayanin
Batirin yana matsakaici Weight 8-14 g Tsayin Jiki 49-64 mm, tsawon wutsiya 38-51 mm. A fikafikai 24-28 cm, tsawon goshinsa shine 38-43 mm. Sashin baya ne kunkuntar, nuna. Kunnuwa mai launin fata ne, mai santsi a hankali har zuwa kolin. Jawo yana da kauri da tsayi. Isarshe ya fi sauƙi sama da saman, saman yana da launin ruwan kasa mai ruwan hoda ta ƙarshen karshan gashi. Jaket ɗin fata a Tuva suna da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Ofarshen wutsiya tana zuwa 4-5 mm wanda ke fitowa daga membrane na mata.
Ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan jemagu a cikin launi mai launin zinare na gwal na gashin mutum ko kuma bakin ciki mai santsi mai zurfi elongated tare da baya a kan wani launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa babban bango na saman jikin launi (a cikin molting dabbobi, “mayafin zinare” na iya nuna rauni).
- Daga hasken rana, jaket na fata na arewacin ana bambanta su da tragus na gaba, wanda ya fi fadi a tsakiya fiye da gindi.
- Daga cikin dwarf batirin, batirin Natusius, batirin gabas da na Rum shine ya bambanta ta hanyar rashin haƙoran hakori babba.
- Daga jaket ɗin fata na Bobrinsky - a cikin girma masu girma (tsayin goge ba ƙasa da 38 mm).
- Daga gabas da marigayi konkoma karãtunsa fãtun - a cikin karami masu girma dabam (ƙafar hannu ba ta fi ƙarfin mm 43).
- Daga fata biyu na fata da fata na Ognev - babban incisor na waje wanda ya fi girma, yana kaiwa tsayin rabin abin ciki (wannan fasalin yana da inganci don rarrabewa daga gabas da marigayi leathers).
- A fagen, a zahiri ba ya bambanta da jakar da aka sanya fata.
Alamar Echo daga 50 zuwa 25 kHz, tare da matsakaicin amplitude na kimanin 30 kHz.
Jirgin yana da sauri, tare da juyawa, akai mai kaifi da juyawa. Jaket ɗin fata na arewacin suna ciyar da ranar a cikin rami tare da kunkuntar ƙofar, a cikin ɗakunan faranti, a cikin ɓarna na duwatsu. Mace suna yin mazauna guda 30, maza sun zauna dabam. Yawancin lokaci suna farauta da maraice har ma da rana, a tsaunuka daban-daban (wani lokacin sukan tashi zuwa 20-30 m), yawanci a cikin gandun daji, a gefuna da tituna ƙauyen, a saman ruwa. Ragowar ganima sau da yawa sukan tara a wuraren da ake ciyar da abinci koda yaushe. A watan Yuni-Yuli, mace yawanci suna haihuwa yara biyu. Masu mallakar Arewa suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15.
Dogon jaket na fata na arewacin (ɗaya ko a cikin ƙananan rukunoni) a cikin kogo, adit da ƙananan tushe a zazzabi na kimanin 0 ° C, wani ɓangare yana tashi zuwa kudu - zuwa Caucasus da Primorye. A shekara ta 1857, I. Blasius ya ja hankulan jiragen sama na jaket na fata, wanda, a ra'ayinsa, ya bayyana a arewacin Rasha kawai 'yan makonni a ƙarshen bazara sannan kuma ya sake tashi zuwa kudu.
Yaɗa
An rarrabu a duk tsakiyar arewacin Eurasia daga iyakokin gabashin Faransa zuwa Tekun Pacific, a Mongolia da Yammacin China. Yana faruwa a tsakiyar layi kuma a arewacin ɓangaren Turai na Rasha (har zuwa kuma ciki har da tundra daji), a cikin tsibirin Siberia, jejin Tuva, Caucasus, Sakhalin da Kamchatka.
A cikin ƙasar Buryatia, tana zaune a duwatsun Baikal (Baikal, Barguzinsky, Ulan-Burgas, Khamar-Daban), a cikin kwaruruka na Harshen Angara, Barguzin, Selenga, Temnik, Uda, Chikoy, kazalika a kan Dzhidinsky dutsen da kuma kan karamar Khamar-Daban.
Kare iri
Yawan nau'in sunada ragu kuma da raguwa sosai. Babu isasshen bayanai game da yanayinsa a yanayi. A cikin tsakiyar Urals an dauki wani rare jinsin. Iyakan abubuwan da ke haifar da nau'in: lalata da keta wuraren wuraren mafaka na rana da damuna. An jera jaket na fata na arewacin a cikin Littafin Ruwa na Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk da Ulyanovsk Yankuna.
Ana kiyaye wannan ra'ayi a ƙasa ta Harkokin Halittu na Deer Streams, a cikin Resim Biosphere Reserve da Denezhkin Stone Reserve.
Bayyanar.
Masu girma dabam Tsawon jikin mutum shine 50-60 mm, goshinsa shine 38-43 mm, wutsiyar shine 39-47 mm, kunne shine 12-15 mm, tragus shine 5-6 mm. . Batirin ya yi duhu a launi mai fikafikan fuka-fukai. Daga baya, a kan launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa, yatsun zinari na wasu gashi sun fito waje. Mayafin yayi kauri, dogo da taushi. Abubuwan da ke cikin jikin mara nauyi ne masu launin shuɗi ko launin toka mai kauri. A membranes da auricles duhu, kusan baki. Kunnen reshe yana haɗe da gindin yatsan kafa na ƙasan kafa. Epiblema kunkuntar ce, ba tare da juzu'i mai juzu'i ba.
Yaɗa.
Wani nau'in nau'in burbushin halittu, yana kara shiga arewa zuwa wasu nau'in. Yankin yana rufe arewacin arewacin Eurasia. A Siberiya, tare da kwarin manyan koguna sun kai 69-70 a layi daya. Iyakar kudu tayi daidai da iyakar gandun daji. An lura da Arewa a cikin Yakutia [4, 5]. A cikin Yankin Krasnoyarsk, ana samunsa a kusan dukkanin kogunan sanannun ƙasashen yamma na Gabashin Sayan.
Babban yankin arewacin karamar fata na fata yana cikin kogin babba. Maymecha (68 ° N). A cikin Khakassia, an samo shi a cikin kogo a gabashin yankin Kuznetsk Alatau (site na Efremka karst site) da kuma arewacin taiga wani yanki na Kuznetsk Alatau (yankin Kemerovo). An yi la'akari da shi wani nau'in al'ada ne na yau da kullun, ana rarrabe shi a cikin gandun daji masu haɗuwa da gauraye, dajin-daji da kuma tsaunuka [6-12, 16, 18]
Lafiyayyun halittu da ilmin halitta.
Jinsunan gandun daji, amma galibi a cikin wurare masu budewa: a sarari da farin ciki, akan rawanin bishi da tafkunan. Sau da yawa yakan zauna kusa da mutum a cikin birane da ƙauyukan ƙauyuka. A matsayin mafaka a lokacin bazara, yana amfani da gine-ginen mutane, fasa da fashewar dutse, kogo.
Yana zuwa farauta jim kaɗan bayan faɗuwar rana. Yana ciyarwa a gefunan daji a cikin dajin da ba kasafai ba, galibi yana kusa da gidaje kusa da titunan ƙauyuka da birane. Jirgin yana da sauri kuma yana da tsufa, tare da tabbatacciyar flapping da kuma jefawa akai-akai bayan abincin da ya gudu. Yaduwa sau ɗaya a shekara. Gon a watan Oktoba-Nuwamba. Mace za su haihu biyu biyu a watan Yuni da farkon Yuli. Ba a samun maza a cikin mazauna cocin brood [1, 16].
Ikon wannan nau'in zuwa hunturu a cikin matsugunnin sanyi an san shi, inda zazzabi zai iya sauke digiri da dama a ƙasa 0 ° C. A cikin tsaunuka yana faruwa ne kafin gandun daji na pre-mai tsayi. A cikin yankanin tsibi na Krasnoyarsk a cikin kogo. Zuwa lokacin mafaka na hunturu ana lura da Oktoba-Nuwamba, tashi - a ƙarshen Maris. Yana ciyar da watanni 5-6 akan hunturu. Can na iya yin ƙaura yanayi.
Ngarfi da iyakance abubuwan.
Duk da shimfidarsa da yawa, yalwar sa a cikin kogo ƙananan. Fiye da daya, mutane biyu, amma zasu iya tara cikin kananan rukunoni sama da 10. Ba ya samar da babban gungu. Abokan halitta a wuraren hunturu sune marten, dako, da gurnani.
A lokacin bazara, suna zama masu fama da mujiya, aladu da kuliyoyi. Babban dalilan da ke haifar da raguwar adadin jemagu sune: raguwa da bacewar matsugunai na halitta saboda sabuntawar gandun daji, canje-canje a cikin shimfidar wurare da microclimate, biranen ƙauyuka, gobarar daji, ƙwararren haɓakar ɗan adam kuma, a sakamakon haka, karuwar damuwar jemagu yayin hunturu da canje-canje a cikin kogon.
Matakan tsaro.
Duba Lissafi a cikin Litattafai Red na Arewacin Gabashin Rasha, Primorsky Territory da Yankin Kemerovo. Babu wasu matakai na musamman da aka kirkira don yankin.Haka kiyaye ka'idoji don kare kogon da jemage da ke rayuwa a wurin. Ofungiyar abubuwan aje micro a cikin kogo inda hunturu nau'in hunturu ke da mahimmanci. Ana buƙatar aikin bayani a cikin yawan jama'a.
Tushen bayanai. Littafin Red na yankin Krasnoyarsk. 1. Kuzyakin, 1950, 2. Botvink, 2002, 3. Kozhurina, 2009, 4. Naumov, 1934, 5. Tavrovsky et al., 1971, 6. Efanova, 2004, 7. Vinogradov, 1927, 8. Kokhanovsky, 1962 9. Emelyanova et al. 1962, 10. Yudin et al., 1979, 11. Efanova, 2001, 12. Sokolov et al., 1985, 13. Shvetsov, 1977, 14. Khritankov, 2001, 15. Efanova et al. ., 2002, 16. Stukanova, 1982, 17. Littafin Lissafi na yankin Krasnoyarsk Territory, 2004, 18. Vassenkov et al., 2008.