Beluga yana daya daga cikin manyan kifayen da ake cin naman mutane. A baya, ya kasance na kowa ne na al'ada, amma saboda yanayin muhalli da ke ci gaba da lalacewa, da kuma karuwar faruwar lamarin, an gano beluga a matsayin ƙabilar da ke cikin haɗari kuma an jera su a cikin littafin Red.
Babban fa'idar kifi kamar beluga ita ce farashinta. Kodayake an bambanta kifin ta wurin cin nama mai tsayayye, amma hakan yana da ƙima sosai (ba fiye da $ 15 a kowace kilogram ba) fiye da yawancin wakilan Sturgeon, ba ƙasa da su ba a lokaci guda tare da halayen ɗanɗano.
Tun da beluga caviar yana daya daga cikin mafi tsada a duniya, yawan jama'ar beluga a cikin yanayin ƙanana yana da ɗan ƙaramin yawa wanda yake tallafawa kawai ta hanyar kamun kifi a gonar kifi da kuma ramuka na masu zaman kansu.
Bayanin
Beluga wani kifi ne na musamman da ke rayuwa tsawon lokaci, kuma matsakaicin shekarunsa na iya kaiwa ɗaruruwan shekaru. Tana iya jujjuyawa fiye da sau ɗaya a rayuwarta, kuma bayan taɓarɓarewar ta zame ta cikin teku. Yawan mace mace ya dogara da girman su kuma wasu lokuta yakai kimanin 500,000 ƙwai.
A yanayi, beluga wani nau'in halitta ne mai 'yanci, kodayake, yana iya shaƙatawa tare da sturgeon, sterlet, spike da sturge sturgeon. Sturgeon hybrids suna mafi kyau girma cikin gonakin kandami na musamman.
Akwai almara da yawa da suka shafi wannan kifayen ban mamaki. Misali, masunta na d said a sun ce dutsen Beluga yana kare mutum sosai daga hadari yayin balaguron teku kuma yana jan kama. Wannan dutsen, a cewar masunta, ana iya samun sa a cikin kodan beluga, kuma yana kama da kwai kaza. A zamanin da, maigidan zai iya musayar dutse ga kowane kaya masu tsada. Har yanzu sun yi imani da wannan almara, kodayake babu cikakken bayani game da gaskiyar dutsen.
Asali
Abubuwan da ke cikin Sturgeon sun hada da: beluga, stellate Sturgeon, Sturgeon, sterlet. A cikin burbushin halittu, an san Sturgeons ne kawai daga Eocene (shekaru miliyan 85.8-7.6 da suka gabata). A cikin sharuddan zoogeographic, wakilan maɓallin sheki mai kama da ruwa, wanda aka samo a ɗaya hannun a Asiya ta Tsakiya da kuma ɗayan a Arewacin Amurka, suna da ban sha'awa sosai, wanda ke ba da damar ganin ragowar tsoffin fauna na baya a cikin wannan nau'in halittar Sturgeon shine mafi kyawun nau'ikan halittar kifi na d. A. Sun wanzu sama da shekaru miliyan 200, kuma sun rayu lokacin da dinosaur suka mamaye duniyarmu. Tare da bayyanar su na yau da kullun, a cikin farantin farantin ƙasusuwansu, suna tunatar da mu zamanin da, lokacin da ake buƙatar makamai na musamman ko ƙawancen karfi don rayuwa. Sun tsira har zuwa zamaninmu, kusan ba su canzawa. Alas, a yau duk jinsunan dake nan na cikin hadari ko ma suna cikin hadari.
Ana la'akari da Beluga mafi girma a cikin dukkanin kifin ruwa. Jikin tsoho ya kai tsawon mil 4.2, kuma nauyinsa yakai tan 1.5, gawar mace kuma tayi girma fiye da maza. An lullube kafan tsokar dutsen sililin da yadudduka guda biyar na kasusuwa - tatsuniyoyi, da kuma tapers ga wutsiya. Farantin kasusuwa da ke rufe kai, gefunan, da ciki ba shi da haɓaka. Eldsarin ƙarin garkuwa mai dorewa, a cikin adadin guda 13, suna kan bango kuma suna yin aikin kariya.
Kamar kowane kifi mai haske, ƙarancin beluga an rarrabe shi ta gaban tsayi da kaifi, rayayyun ƙashi: ƙarancin ya ƙunshi aƙalla haskoki 60, far daga 20 zuwa 40. Shugaban da yake ci gaba yana ƙarewa da hanci, hanci mai hanci, wanda ke bayyane saboda ƙarancin ƙasusuwa. Bakin Beluga yana da fadi sosai, amma baya wuce sashin kai; lebe na sama mai laushi ya rataye shi.Eriya tana a cikin ɓangaren ƙananan muƙamuƙin, ya fadi kuma ya fi tsayi fiye da yawancin majagin kuma suna yin aikin mai kyau. An bambanta baya na beluga ta launin kore ko ash-launin toka, ciki fari ko launin toka mai haske, hanci tare da halayyar halayyar.
Abubuwa na dabam
Baya ga girmanta, wannan kifin za a iya bambanta shi da sauran tsinin dutsen ta hanyar sashin jiki mai kauri da kuma gajeren hancinsa. Abu kadan translucent sakamakon gaskiyar cewa babu garkuwar kasusuwa a kanta. Bakinta yana ɗaukar duk faɗin kansa, leɓon farin laɓe akan sa. Eriya akan ƙananan ƙananan kai sun bambanta da irin wannan sashin sauran kifayen a cikin rukuni na Sturgeon a cikin faɗin su da tsawon su: a cikin wasu kifayen suna ƙarami. Farantin kasusuwa a kai, bangarorin, da kuma peritoneum an inganta su. A gefen baya, yawan siket ɗin ya kai 13, a ɓangarorin - 40-45, kuma a kan peritoneum bai wuce 12 ba.
Habitat
Belugas kifi ne mai ƙaura, kuma galibin rayukansu suna cikin ruwan Black, Azov da Caspian Seas, kuma suna ƙaura zuwa koguna ne kawai a lokacin kiwo, kuma bayan an gama lalatattu su koma tekun. Manya da manyan mutane sun yi rayuwa mai zurfi, ƙananan yara sun fi son ruwa mara zurfi, kusa da bakin kogin.
A lokacin rani, bayan tsallake-tsallake, kifin ya huta a zurfin matsakaici, sannan kuma ciyarwa kafin rashin isasshen abinci. Kafin farkon yanayin sanyi, jikin beluga ya kasance yana sanye da "mayafi" na lokacin farin ciki, kifin kuma ya fada cikin yanayin da aka dakatar har zuwa lokacin bazara.
Rayuwa
Duk tsauraran ƙaura suna yin nisa don tsallakewa da kuma neman abinci. Wasu suna ƙaura tsakanin gishiri da ruwa mai kyau, yayin da wasu - duk rayuwarsu suna rayuwa ne a cikin ruwa mai tsarkak .wa. Suna haihuwar cikin ruwa mai zurfi, kuma suna da tsayin rayuwa, tunda suna buƙatar shekaru, wani lokacin kuma shekarun da suka gabata, don isa zuwa balaga, lokacin da zasu sami damar haihuwar a karon farko. Duk da yake nasarar kowace shekara nasara spawning ne kusan wanda ake iya faɗi, kuma ya dogara da kewayon, dacewar yanzu da zazzabi, takamaiman wuraren wuraren shakatawa, mita da ƙaura ana iya faɗi. Zai yiwu giciye na dabi'a tsakanin kowane nau'in Sturgeon. Baya ga tafarkin bazara a cikin kogi don yawon shakatawa, kifayen Sturgeon wani lokacin ma sukan shiga kogin har ma a cikin fall - don hunturu. Waɗannan kifayen ana kiyaye su sosai a ƙarshen ƙasa.
Ta hanyar ciyarwa, beluga wata kaddara ce wacce ke ciyar da akasari akan kifi, har ma da mollus, tsutsotsi, da kwari. Yana fara kaddara ko da soya a cikin kogin. A cikin teku, ana ciyar da shi akan kifaye (herring, tyulka, gobies, da sauransu), amma ba ya watsi da kifayen kifin. A cikin ciki na Caspian beluga har ma an sami hatimi (san) na hatimi.
Manyan kifaye suna buƙatar abinci mai yawa, kuma girman ɗaiɗaikun mutane kai tsaye ya dogara da abincin: idan kifin ya ci, mafi girma ya kai. Babban abincin beluga shine nau'ikan kifaye iri iri, kuma beluga ya fara tsinkayen tun yana ɗan ƙarami, kasancewarsa soya.
Manyan mutane sun sami nasarar farauta biyu a bakin ruwa da kuma ruwayen. Abinda aka fi so a Beluga shine gobies, herring, sprats, sprats, anchovies, roach, hamsa, da kuma wakilan babban gidan cyprinids. Crustaceans da mollusks, har ma da ƙananan dabbobi, alal misali, samarin Caspian hat ko ruwa mai ruwa, suna yin wani ɓangare na abincin.
Kiwo
Beluga - mai dadewa a cikin duniyar dabbobi, mutum samfurori suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 100, saboda haka sun kai ga shekarun haihuwa. Maza suna shirye don kiwo tun yana da shekaru 13-18, mata sun girma a shekaru 16-27. Ciyarwa yana faruwa a lokuta daban-daban na shekara kuma, gwargwadon wannan, an bambanta beluga a cikin bazara da kaka.
Bugawar bazara ta shiga kogin daga ƙarshen Janairu kusan har zuwa lokacin bazara. Autumn beluga yana fara motsawa a ƙarshen bazara kuma ya ƙare a watan Disamba, saboda haka an tilasta shi zuwa hunturu a kasan kogin a cikin ramuka mai zurfi, kuma yana fara kiwo kawai bazara mai zuwa.Kowane mutum da ya manyanta baya fara haihuwa kowace shekara, amma tare da wani lokaci-lokaci, yawanci shekaru 2-4. Filayen tuddai na Beluga suna ratsa zurfin rami mai zurfi, a cikin tsaunin sauri.
Yawan haihuwar mace ya danganta da girmanta, amma a kowane hali, adadin ƙwayayen ƙwaya shine 1/5 na jikinta. Matsakaicin caviar yana daga 500 dubu zuwa miliyan. Qwai mai duhu, 3 mm a diamita, yi kama da Peas. Sakamakon karuwar sandy, caviar yana man tsaye sosai ga masifan sanyi. A zafin jiki na + 12-13 digiri, lokacin shiryawa shine kawai kwanaki 8.
Soyayen da aka haife su nan da nan suna ci gaba da samar da abinci mai gina jiki, ta hanyar rage cin abincin da ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu sauƙi. Ba tare da tsayawa ba, matasa suna zuwa tekuna, inda suke zama har zuwa lokacin balaga.
Lambar tsaro
Saboda dalilai daban-daban, wannan nau'in kifin ya rage yawan jama'arta kuma yana iya ɓacewa. Saboda haka, an jera beluga a cikin Littafin Littattafai na dukkan ƙasashe a Wuraren ajiya wanda har yanzu ana sameshi. An haramta kifayen ta hanyar kamun kifin ta hanyar Ka'idojin Tsarin Masunta. Yana cikin littafin Red na Unionasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi. Beluga kamun kifi na yiwuwa ne kawai a karkashin lasisi. Yana nuna adadin kifayen da za'a iya kamawa, girman su.
Ba a kamun kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da tarar ba. Ya bambanta a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban. A Rasha, ga kowane mutum, yana da 12.5 dubu rubles. Kari akan haka, ana biyan duk wani tara na tara kuɗi, alal misali, har zuwa 5 dubu rubles. don kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da dai ƙari, akwai alhakin aikata laifi don kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin Beluga. Ya danganta da lalacewar da ya haifar, wannan na iya zama sabis na al'umma ko ɗaurin shekaru 5.
Kamar sauran kifaye, belugas ana buge da wucin gadi. Gaskiya ne kasa da sauran abubuwan wahala. Ana bayanin irin wannan "rashin kula" ga kifi ta hanyar girman shi - ana iya samun caviar farko daga gare su bayan shekaru 17 ... 18. Kuma kodayake farashin caviar ya wuce dala 10,000 / kg, 'yan kasuwa kalilan ne ke daukar nauyin wannan kifin.
Ana yin kiwo a cikin na'urorin samar da ruwa. Suna wakiltar wuraren waha da yawa na zagaye ko siffar rectangular. Suna iya zama (daga kayan wuta), tsit, alal misali, kankare, tiled. Girman su na al'ada: zurfin - 1.5 m, diamita - 2.5 ... 3 m.
Beluga nama
Ba kamar sauran kifaye ba, nama beluga abu ne mai wuyan tsari, amma duk da haka yana da kyawawan halaye masu dandano, wanda ake yaba shi a duk faɗin duniya. An sanya kyawawan samfuran balyk daga gare ta. Bugu da kari, ana yin jita-jita da yawa masu zafi da zafi daga gare ta, har da kayan ciye-ciye iri-iri. Daga beluga ne ake samun mafi kyawun ƙwai, kamawa a kan ma'aunin masana'antu waɗanda nauyinsu ya fara a kilo 5, kodayake, tunda beluga ita ce mafi girma kifin ruwa, nauyinta a mafi yawancin lokuta ya zarce waɗannan alamun. Duk da gaskiyar cewa kifin beluga dogon hanta ne, mafi yawan shekarun mutane da aka kama akan sikelin masana'antu bai wuce shekaru 30-40 ba.
Gidan hunturu
Beluga jan kifi ne wanda yafi son lokacin hunturu a yati (ramin kogi), inda yake tafiya don tashi da tsabtace lokacin bazara. Matsakaicin girma ya fi son zuwa bakin rafin don hunturu ko shirya shi a cikin zurfin zurfin teku. A wata zurfin matsakaici, beluga ya gwammace ya huta, tunda ya rigaya ya jujjuya ya koma teku kafin a fara ruwan sanyi na farko. Yawancin manya da girma ana iya samun su ne kawai a babban zurfafa, duk da haka, saboda halayen ilimin halayyar su, yawancin su ba sa iya haihuwa.
Kifi
Sakamakon tabarbarewar yawan jama'a da kuma barazanar ƙonewa, kamun beluga ya iyakance a duniya. A wasu ƙasashe, ba a bayar da amsar karkatar da wannan kifin ba kwata-kwata. An jera shi cikin Red Book a matsayin nau'in da ke kan gaba na ƙarewa.A Rasha, kama beluga mai yiwuwa lasisi ne, galibi saboda dalilai na bincike da kuma sake jujjuya kayan kayan halitta don halittar mutum.
Beluga kamun kifi
Babban wurin da zaku iya samun beluga - wurare masu buɗe teku, nesa ba kusa da mil daga bakin tekun ba. Zai yi wahala mai masunta ya same ta. Muna buƙatar jagora wanda ya san komai game da kifi kuma, saboda wasu dalilai na musamman, na iya taimaka wajan samun wuri mai ban sha'awa. Kusan babu beluga da za a iya kamawa a cikin koguna. Can sai peck da ke kan jakuna, da kayan ruwa. Koyayaya, irin wannan kamun kifi kamun tsarkaka ne.
Wannan kifayen magabaci ne na ainihi kuma mafi kyawun ɗabon shi ne ƙarar ƙira. Bugu da ƙari, duk da girman girman beluga, ta fi son ƙananan kifi. Beluga sun fi sha'awar hamsa, herring, roach, anchovies, da bijimai. Beluga bata da idanu marasa kyau, saboda wani abu mai haske zata iya yaudare shi. Matasa, banda soya, na iya zub da ciki.
Don jawo hankalin beluga zuwa inda wurin sana'arka yake, amfani da koto. Suna amfani da guda na kifi, minced kifi, crushed harsashi. Suna tafiya kamun kifi daga jirgin zuwa Beluga. Dole ne ta sami kwanciyar hankali na musamman. Kasancewar ƙugiya, mai zamewa, ya zama tilas. An kama Beluga da yawa daga ƙasa, saboda haka kuna buƙatar ba da fifiko ga kayan ƙasa. Layin ya kamata lokacin farin ciki. Ksoke suna sa abin dogara kuma mai ɗaukar nauyi. Na coils, mai ninka ya fi dacewa. The sandunan ya kasance mai dorewa, tare da zoben ringsauka masu inganci, wurin zama, kuma kada kuji tsoron ruwan teku.
Idan za ta yiwu, zai fi kyau a yi amfani da asp, roach. Beluga pecks a hankali da lazily. Zaku iya sa kifi bayan jan karfi. An ɗauke Beluga zuwa gefe an ɗauke shi da ƙugiya an jan shi cikin jirgin. Nan da nan fiskarsa ciki. Karshen ya zama dole ga kifin ya daina doke shi da wutsiyarsa.
Range a da da na yanzu
Wucewa kifi zaune a cikin Caspian, Azov da Black Teas, daga inda ya shiga koguna domin spawning. A baya Beluga ya yi yawa, amma yanzu yana gab da hallakaswa a cikin daji.
A cikin Tekun Caspian ya bazu. Don farawa, a halin yanzu yana shiga Volga, a cikin adadi kaɗan - a cikin Urals da Kura, kazalika da Terek. A da, kifayen da ke tsalle suna hawa dutsen Volga sosai - zuwa Tver kuma zuwa saman iyakar Kama. A cikin Urals, spawned yafi a cikin ƙananan da tsakiyar ya kai. An kuma samo shi a bakin Tekun Iran na Kudancin Caspian kuma an yi shi cikin kogin. Gorgan. A lokacin daga 1961 zuwa 1989. Beluga ta hau dutsen tare da Volga zuwa Volgograd hydroelectric, inda aka gina kifin kifin musamman domin kifin ƙaura a tashar Wutar Lantarki na Volga, amma, yayi aiki ba tare da gamsuwa ba. Sakamakon haka, a cikin lokutan Soviet, a cikin 1989, aka soke hakar kifi. A Kura ya hau kan Kurinskiy na tashar tashoshin wutar lantarki a Azerbaijan.
Azov beluga don kiwo an haɗa shi cikin Don kuma kaɗan ne a cikin Kuban. A baya can, ya tashi sama da Don, yanzu ya kai tashar Tsimlyansk kawai.
Yawancin mutanen Black Sea beluga a da, kuma yanzu suna zaune a arewa maso yammacin ɓangaren teku, daga inda yake zuwa mafi yawanci a cikin Danube, Dnieper da Dniester, mutane guda ɗaya suka shiga (kuma mai yiwuwa su shiga) Kudancin Bug. Hakanan an lura da Beluga a cikin Bahar Maliya tare da bakin tekun Crimea, inda a kusa da Yalta an rubuta shi a zurfin har zuwa 180 m (wato, inda an riga an lura da kasancewar hydrogen sulfide), da kuma gaɓar tekun Caucasus, daga inda ta wani lokacin ta tafi spain a Rioni, da kuma gefen tekun Turkiyya inda Beluga don spawning wani bangare ne na koguna na Kyzylirmak da Yeshilirmak. A Dnieper, manyan mutane (har zuwa kilogiram 300) wasu lokuta ana kama su kusa da rapids (ɓangaren Dnieper tsakanin biranen zamani na Dnieper da Zaporozhye), kuma an lura da matsanancin hanyoyin a Kiev kuma mafi girma: a kan Desna, beluga ya isa ƙauyen Vishenki, kuma tare da Sozh, zuwa Gomel, inda a cikin 1870s an kama mutum mai nauyin 295 (18 fam).
Yawancin Yawancin Tekun Black beluga suna zuwa spain ne a cikin Danube, inda a baya jinsunan suka zama gama gari kuma sun tashi zuwa Serbia, kuma a can baya sun isa Passau a gabashin Bavaria. An rubuta Beluga spawning akan Dniester kusa da garin Soroki a arewacin Moldova kuma sama da Mogilev-Podolsky. A Kudancin Bug ya tashi zuwa Voznesensk (arewacin yankin yankin Nikolaev). A halin yanzu, yawan Tekun Bahar na jinsin na gab da ƙarewa. A kowane hali, Beluga ba zai iya tashi sama da tashar tashoshin ruwa na Kakhovskaya ta hanyar Dnieper ba, sama da tashar samar da ruwa ta Dubossarskaya ta hanyar Dniester, kuma sama da tashar samar da ruwa ta Dzherdap ta hanyar Danube.
Har zuwa shekarun 70s. XX karni Hakanan an samo Beluga a cikin Tekun Adriatic, daga inda ta shiga don tsallewa cikin kogin. Koyaya, a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ba a taɓa haɗuwa da shi anan ba, saboda haka yanzu ana ganin Adriatic yawan beluga yana karewa.
Tun daga 2009, beluga kusan ba a fara samun kiwo a cikin daji ba a Rasha, saboda asarar masu kera da kuma raguwar filayen wasa. Hanya daya tilo da za a kula da yawan mutanen da ke cikin beluga a cikin daji ita ce a fara haihuwar ta a wucin gadi yayin ayyukan kifayen kuma a samar da matasa.
Girma
Beluga - daya daga cikin manyan kifin ruwa mai tsabta, ya kai tan miliyan daya da rabi na tsayi da tsayi 4.2 m. A matsayin ban banci (a cewar rahotannin da ba a tantance ba) an nuna mutane kusan ton 2 da m 9 a tsayin daka (idan wannan bayanin ya yi daidai, to ana iya daukar beluga a matsayin babbar ruwa kifi na duniya).
"Binciken akan Jihar Kifi a Rasha" (sashi na 4, 1861) ya ba da rahoto game da beluga da aka kama a cikin 1827 a cikin ƙananan Volga, wanda nauyinsa ya kai tan 1.5 (fam 90). A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1922, an kama wata mace mai nauyin kilo 1224 (fam 75) a cikin Tekun Caspian kusa da bakin Volga, tare da kilogram 667, jiki 288 a kowace kai da kilo 146.5 a caviar. Har yanzu, an kama wata mace mai girman daidai a Tekun Caspian a yankin Biryuchaya Spit a cikin 1924, ƙwanninta sun kai kilo 246, adadin ƙwai ya kusan miliyan 7.7. littlean gabas, a gaban bakin Urals a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1926 Mace mai shekaru 75 da haihuwa ta yi nauyi fiye da tan 1 da tsayin 4.24 m, a ciki akwai kilogram 190 (fam 12) na caviar. A cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jamhuriyar Tatarstan (Kazan), an gabatar da wani yanki mai cike da beluga 4.17 m, wanda aka samo akan tsakiyar Volga kusa da ƙauyen Tetyusha a farkon karni na 20, an gabatar da shi. Yawan nauyinsa yayin kamun shine kilogiram 1000, shekarun kifin yana da shekaru 60-70. An kuma yi wasu manya-manya samfurori a kudancin Tekun Caspian - alal misali, a shekarar 1836, an kama beluga mai nauyin kilo 960 (fam 60) a kusa da Krasnovodsk Spit (Turkmenistan na zamani).
Daga baya, ba a sake yin rikodin kifaye fiye da ton ba, amma a cikin 1970 an bayyana wani yanayi game da kama garin Beluga mai nauyin 800 a cikin Volga delta, wanda aka dawo da kilogiram na caviar 112, kuma a cikin 1989, Beluga mai nauyin kilogram 966 kuma tsawonsa 4 ya kama a wurin. , 20 m (a halin yanzu an sanya dabbar dabbar da aka ajiye ta a Gidan Tarihi na Astrakhan).
An kuma kama manyan mutane na beluga a cikin tsakiyar har ma a cikin sashin layin Volga: a cikin 1876, a cikin kogin. An kama Vyatka kusa da birnin Vyatka (Kirov na zamani) beluga mai nauyin kilo 573, kuma a cikin 1926 a cikin yankin na zamani na Tolyatti, an kama beluga mai nauyin kilo 570 tare da nauyin kilo 70 na caviar. Hakanan akwai tabbacin kama manyan mutane a cikin Volga na sama kusa da Kostroma (500 kilogiram, tsakiyar ƙarni na 19) da kuma a cikin Kogin Oka kusa da Spassk, Lardin Ryazan (380 kg, 1880s).
Beluga ya kai girma manya-manya a wasu tekuna. Misali, a cikin Temryuk Bay na Tekun Azov a 1939, an kama bel bel mace mai nauyin kilo 750, babu caviar a ciki. A cikin 1920s An ba da rahoton Azov belugas 640-kilogram.
A cikin 2013 –2015 An kama manyan samfurori na beluga masu nauyin kilogram 125-300 a Kogin Ural a Kazakhstan.
A da, matsakaicin kamun kifi na Beluga ya kai kilogiram 70-80 akan Volga, kilogiram 60-80 akan Tekun Azov, kuma kilo 50-60 a yankin Danube na Tekun Bahar. L. S. Berg a cikin sanannen littafin nasa mai suna "Freshwater fish of the USSR da kasashe makwabta" yana nuna cewa yawan beluga "a yankin Volga-Caspian ya kai kilogiram 65-150." Matsakaicin adadin maza da aka kama a cikin Don Delta shine 75-90 kg (1934, bayanai na mutane 1977), da mata - 166 kg (matsakaita na 1928-1934).
Girma da haifuwa
Beluga kifi ne mai tsayi da ya kai shekara 100. Ba kamar saran kifin na Pacific wanda ke mutuwa bayan ya ɓarke ba, beluga, kamar sauran tsarurruka, na iya kawo canji sau da yawa a rayuwarsu. Bayan ya yi tsalle, sai ya juya zuwa teku.
Caviar ƙasa, m. Soya suna bayyana a cikin Volga delta a watan Yuni - tsawonsu shine 1.5-2.4 cm.Suna sauri suna zamewa cikin soyayyen a cikin Tekun Caspian, duk da haka, samfuran guda ɗaya na iya kwanciya a cikin kogin har zuwa shekaru 5-6.
Mazaunan Caspian na Beluga sun isa samartaka tun suna 13-18-18, kuma mace tana da shekaru 16 zuwa 27 (galibi a shekaru 22 zuwa 27). Yawan haihuwar beluga, gwargwadon girman mace, ya kama daga dubu 500 zuwa miliyan (a lokuta na musamman, har zuwa miliyan 5). Akwai shaidu cewa manyan (2.5-2.59 m) Volaƙan mace na Volga sun ɗanɗana kimanin ƙwai dubu 937, da na Kurino masu girman guda - matsakaicin adadin ƙwai dubu 686. A da (a cewar bayanan 1952), matsakaicin ikon Volga beluga yakai 715 dubu qwai.
Daga cikin ciyarwar beluga a cikin Tekun Caspian ta Arewa, kashi 67% sun mamaye kowane mutum wanda tsawonsu ya kai 70 zuwa 145 cm, wanda nauyinsa yakai kilogiram 19, kuma yana da shekaru 13. A cikin kama kifin, an sami kifaye masu shekaru 11 zuwa 37. Kurin beluga yayi girma a hankali idan aka kwatanta da Volga. Abinda yafi so shine Azov beluga: maza sun yi balaga tun yana shekara 12-14, mace tana da shekaru 16-18.
Hijira
Beluga ya tashi zuwa tsiwurwirin kogi (daga Tekun Caspian zuwa Volga, Urals, ƙaramin adadin zuwa Kura da Terek, daga Bahar Maliya zuwa Dnieper, Danube, daga Azov zuwa Don da Kuban). Gudun motsawa zuwa Volga yana farawa a cikin Maris a cikin zafin jiki na ruwa na 6 - 7 ° C, kuma ya ƙare a watan Oktoba. Beluga yana zuwa Don daga Maris zuwa Disamba, kuma zuwa Danube - daga Maris. Kifayen na bazara sun lalace a shekarar shiga kogin. Mutane daban-daban na bazara-kaka hanya hunturu a cikin kogin a cikin rami. Yawancin mutane ne kawai hunturu a cikin koguna. A cikin teku, wuraren hunturu suna cikin zurfin 6-12 m. Bayan tsinkewa, belugas ya gangara da Volga daga rarrabowar kankara zuwa samuwar kankara (jera a cikin hunturu), a cikin Urals daga Maris zuwa Yuni kuma daga Agusta zuwa Nuwamba.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Ta hanyar ciyarwa, beluga wata kaddara ce wacce ke ciyar da kifi a kan kifi. Yana fara kaddara ko da soya a cikin kogin. A cikin teku, ana ciyar da shi akan kifaye (herring, tyulka, gobies, da sauransu), amma ba ya watsi da kifayen kifin. A cikin ciki na Caspian beluga har ma an sami hatimi (san) na hatimi.
Gudun beluga a cikin Volga delta kuma a cikin kogin kanta, a matsayin mai mulkin, baya ciyarwa. Masu fafutukar neman abinci na Beluga a cikin teku suna da ɗan biyun kuma ana yin jigilar dutsen a cikin kogi, a cikin kogin akwai pike perch, asp, pike.
Haɗin ɗan adam
A da, kifin kasuwanci mai mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 2000, an haramta shigo da kamun kifi a cikin Rasha; tun daga shekarar 2016, wani yanayi na kasa da kasa ke yin amfani da dokar hana kamun kifin beluga (da sauran nau'ikan tarko) a duk kasashen na Caspian. Kasuwancin kasuwancin Volga Beluga a farkon shekarun 70s ya kasance daidai da tan miliyan 1,1,5.5 a shekara, wanda yakai kashi 10-11% na yawan ayyukan da ake fitarwa a shekara-shekara a cikin tukunyar Volga-Caspian. A cikin 90s na karni na XX, an sami raguwa koyaushe (t): 1993 - 311, 1995 - 154, 1997 - 127, 1998 - 78, 1999 - 40, 2000 - 44. A cikin 1995-1996, kamun gida a cikin beluga a cikin Baƙar fata da Azov Teas ya yi tan 1 kawai.
Yawan Azov beluga ya ragu sosai saboda cikakkiyar asarar filayen yanayi, sakamakon aikin samar da ruwa, ƙarancin yawan spaan wasa, da ƙarancin aikin haɓaka ta wucin gadi saboda ƙarancin masu samarwa, da yawaita a cikin koguna da kuma teku, da za'ayi har zuwa tsakiyar 80s shekaru A cikin 70s. Caspian beluga takaddun caviar an kwashe shi kuma an sake shi cikin Tekun Azov. Tun daga 1956, an sake buga shi a cikin masana'antun Sturgeon na Don da Kuban. A halin yanzu, kusan dukkanin jama'a na asalin masana'antu ne. Tun a 1986, an hana kamun kifi a cikin Beluga a Azov, masu izini ne kawai aka ba da izinin kamawa don kiwo masana'antu. Ana buƙatar haƙin ƙwayoyin halittar halittu, haɓaka hanyoyin don gano daidaikun mutanen Azov da Caspian don hana haifuwa da sakin ƙarshen sashi a cikin Tekun Azov, don inganta haɓakar ƙirar halittar ɗan adam tare da wajibin renon yara a cikin tafkunan da kawo fitowar ta shekara zuwa miliyan 1 ko fiye. An bred a cikin gonakin kifin ruwa (kiwo na Sturgeon), don samun caviar baƙar fata.
Unionungiyar Internationalasa da Duniya don Kula da Yanayi ta sanya jinsin matsayin matsayin kiyayewa na "Abubuwan da ke cikin Hadari." Don ba da izinin kamun kisa na haram ba a Rasha, ana ba da izinin aikata laifi (har zuwa shekaru 3 a kurkuku) da cin tarawar gudanarwa.
Beluga caviar
Beluga mata suna jefa caviar.Qwai Beluga manya ne, a diamita sun kai milimita 2.5, nauyin marayu shine 1 / 5-1 / 4 na nauyin jikin. Ana la'akari da Beluga caviar mafi mahimmancin tsakanin sauran Sturgeon caviar. Yana da launi mai launin toka mai duhu tare da tintin azur, ƙanshi mai ƙarfi da ƙanshi mai laushi. Kafin juyin juya halin, mafi kyawun dafaffen beluga caviar shine ake kira "Warsaw redistribution", tunda yawancin kayan sawa sun tafi daga Astrakhan zuwa Warsaw a Daular Rasha, kuma daga can kasashen waje. A ƙarshen 2005, kilogiram 1 na beluga caviar ya kusan kimanin € 620 akan kasuwar baƙar fata a Rasha (tare da dakatar da hukuma game da siyar da wannan caviar) kuma har zuwa € 7,000 a ƙasashen waje, a cikin 2019 kwalba mai nauyin gram 250 na polo beluga caviar ya kasance a kan kasuwar baƙi 42 - 45 dubu rubles. A cewar WWF, kashi 80 cikin dari na bautar caviar da aka sayar a Rasha a cikin 2015 sun fito ne daga farauta, kawai baƙar fata Sturgeon caviar da aka girma a cikin gonakin kifin kifayen an yarda su sayar.
Beluga Roar
A cikin Rashanci, akwai kalmar magana "roaring beluga", wanda, duk da haka, ba shi da alaƙa da wannan kifin kuma yana da alaƙa da manyan sautukan da babban huɗ ya zana ta beluga whale. A cikin karni na 19, karin haruffan sunan wannan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun zama ruwan dare: “beluga whale” da “beluga”. A cikin Rashanci na zamani, kalmar "beluga" tana da ma'ana babba - kifi beluga, amma kuma ana amfani dashi don dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Beluga mazaunin da ya daɗe yana zama a tsakanin kifin ruwa mai tsafta
Beluga ya daɗe yana zama a cikin kifi kuma yana iya rayuwa shekaru 100. Zai iya ɓarke sau da yawa, sabanin takwarorinsu na kifin na Pacific wanda ke yin sau ɗaya kawai a cikin rayuwarsu duka, kuma ya mutu bayan ya bar su.
An shirya cikakkiyar kiwo, waɗannan Kattai sun zama kusan kamar mutane. Da kyau, yin hukunci ta hanyar maza kansu sun girma lokacin da suke da shekaru 15-18, kuma mace ba ta wuce sama da shekaru 16-27. Matsakaicin adadin gasashe ƙwai yana ɗaukar kusan 715 dubu ƙwai. Yawan haihuwar beluga ya dogara da girman mace, da kan mazauna. A cikin Volga Beluga, wannan adadin ya tashi daga dubu 500 zuwa miliyan, kuma Kurinsky a cikin girman guda suna ba da kwaya dubu 640. Dukkanta ya dogara da mazaunin mazauni da kuma yanayin rayuwa.
Caviar mafi tsada shine Beluga
Game da caviar kanta. Qwai Beluga sunada girma sosai 1.4-2.5 mm. Yawan Caviar kusan rabin nauyin mace. Yana da dandano mai daɗin ɗanɗano mai laushi.
Launin launin toka mai duhu, inuwa mai haske, kamshi mai ƙarfi, duk wannan ya sanya caviar ta yi dadi sosai cewa a kasuwar baƙar fata a Rasha mai siye ya shirya biyan kusan Yuro 620 a kowace kilo ga irin waɗannan kayayyaki ba tare da ciniki ba. A waje, Beluga caviar na iya taimakawa kusan Eureka 7,000. Irin wannan farashin ya fito ne daga dandano wannan caviar kuma daga gaskiyar cewa a hukumance a Rasha ba za ku iya saya ko sayar da beluga caviar ko'ina ba. Dukkan ma'amaloli suna faruwa a ƙarƙashin tutar baƙar fata.
A yau a Rasha an dakatar da kama beluga, kamar yadda yake a ƙarshen karewa. Hakanan an jera beluga a cikin Littafin Ruwa. Wannan wata sana'a ce mai haɗari ga kama beluga. Tunda lokacin yayi yawa.
Ku ɗanɗani halayen beluga nama
Beluga nama, sabanin sauran nau'in Sturgeon, ba mai kitse kuma yana da ɗan ƙaramin mai mai mai yawa. Amma duk da cewa a cikin tsarist sau Beluga ya fi yadda muke a yanzu, sarakuna ne na sarakuna da boyars na iya ɗanɗano nama mai daɗin ci. Kamar yadda kake gani, suma sun fahimci nama a lokacin, kuma suna daukar naman Beluga wani abu ne mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki.
Abin da asiri da imani Beluga ya kewaye
Amma ba wai kawai nama da caviar suna da darajar beluga ba a cikin waɗannan lokuta masu nisa. Misali, kusan kowane masunta ya yi imani da abubuwan banmamaki na dutsen Beluga. Ta wurin taimakon wannan dutsen mai banmamaki, zaku iya warkar da mutane, warkar da duka ƙauyuka. An kuma yi imani cewa wani nau'in gumlet yana kawo farin ciki da kyakkyawan kama ga waɗanda suka mallaki wannan dutse.
Ya kasance labule kuma mai kyau a sifa, kuma yakai girman ƙwai na kaza. Ana iya samunsa a cikin kodan babban beluga. Hakanan ana iya siyar da shi da tsada sosai ko a musanya shi da wani abu mai tsada.Amma waɗannan jita-jita ba su taɓa samun tabbaci ba. Amma bisa ga irin waɗannan duwatsun, wurin ne da alama mafi yawan ƙwararrun masanan ne. Akwai waɗanda har yanzu sun yi imani da abubuwan banmamaki na wannan ƙaramar dutse, kuma cewa wannan dutse ya wanzu a zahiri.
Amma asirin Beluga bai ƙare a can ba
Yawancin masunta sun yi kama da ra'ayi cewa beluga kifi ne mai guba sosai. Wannan imani kuma bai sami tabbaci ba. Amma masunta sun tabbata cewa irin wannan kifin zai iya samun zomo kamar kare ko cat. An kuma yi imanin cewa hanta beluga mai guba ce. Amma ko da menene magabatanmu suka yi imani a can, duk da haka mutane da yawa sun karkata ga ra'ayin cewa duk waɗannan jita-jita sun bazu don sani.
Don haka bayin ba su cin nama don abinci kuma ba su kama Beluga da kyau ba. Yana yiwuwa saboda wannan ji a da, beluga na iya yin girma har zuwa tan 2 x a nauyi da kuma mita 9 a tsayi.
Beluga yana daya daga cikin manyan kifayen da ake cin naman mutane. A baya, ya kasance na kowa ne na al'ada, amma saboda yanayin muhalli da ke ci gaba da lalacewa, da kuma karuwar faruwar lamarin, an gano beluga a matsayin ƙabilar da ke cikin haɗari kuma an jera su a cikin littafin Red.
Babban fa'idar kifi kamar beluga ita ce farashinta. Kodayake an bambanta kifin ta wurin cin nama mai tsayayye, amma hakan yana da ƙima sosai (ba fiye da $ 15 a kowace kilogram ba) fiye da yawancin wakilan Sturgeon, ba ƙasa da su ba a lokaci guda tare da halayen ɗanɗano.
Tun da beluga caviar yana daya daga cikin mafi tsada a duniya, yawan jama'ar beluga a cikin yanayin ƙanana yana da ɗan ƙaramin yawa wanda yake tallafawa kawai ta hanyar kamun kifi a gonar kifi da kuma ramuka na masu zaman kansu.
Iyalin Sturgeon: bayanin
Kifi ya kasance cikin dangin Sturgeon, na farko wakilai waɗanda sun bayyana ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata. Sun bambanta da sauran nau'in kifaye ta yanayin sifofinsu, babban fasali wanda shine layuka biyar na lafuffan kasusuwa waɗanda ke kusa da jikin beluga.
Kamar kowane tsararren silima, beluga yana da madaidaicin elongated, yayin da a cikin ƙananan ɓangarensa akwai wasu eriyoyi 4 waɗanda suka isa bakin beluga. Bugu da kari, a cikin tsarin Sturgeons akwai sifofi na kerekere mafi inganci a tsarin, kodayake, babban mahimmancin fasalin Sturgeons shine cewa kashin kashinsu shine babban matattakala kere kere, saboda wanda kifin ya sami cikakkiyar cigaba koda la’akari da cewa bashi da wani abin hawa a cikin tsarin sa.
Yawancin nau'ikan Sturgeon sun hada da nau'ikan nau'ikan Sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, kuluga, beluga da sterlet. Waɗannan manyan kifayen manyan kifi ne, daga cikinsu mafi girma shine beluga. Kifi zai iya kaiwa tsawon mita 4. Hakanan, nauyin wasu mutane a lokuta marasa galihu ya wuce tan. Duk da cewa ana samun beluga a adadi mai yawa musamman a cikin Caspian da Black Sea, inda yake tartsatsi kusan ko'ina, a lokacin isar da ruwa, a zahiri beluga ya cika manyan kogunan ruwa.
Beluga: bayanin kifi
Beluga tana daya daga cikin manyan kifin ruwan gari. Ya danganta da mazaunin, nauyinta ya kai daga kilo 50 zuwa 1 t. Matsakaicin nauyin kifin beluga wanda aka kama akan sikelin masana'antu daga 50-80 kg. Wannan kifin da yake jujjuyawa ainihin haɓakar hanta ne, saboda shekarun wasu mutane sun kai karni ɗaya.
A zahiri, beluga magabci ne wanda ya fara farauta a matakin soya. Mutane dayawa wadanda suke yin rayuwarsu a cikin ruwa kai tsaye suna ciyar da kifi ne. Bugu da kari, a cikin yanayi, beluga na iya samar da nau'ikan cakuda (matasan), a cikin wadanne abubuwan giciye ne suka fi yawa:
- Tare da ganyen kwalba - yana samar da kifi da ake kira bester, wanda shine mafi yawancin matasan da ke cikin beluga. An girma a matsayin babban tushen matattarar kamun kifi a kan ma'aunin masana'antu.Wannan na faruwa ne sabili da kyawawan halaye na naman da aka samo yayin sarrafawa, da darajar abinci mai gina jiki kai tsaye, sakamakon abin da ingancin samfuran da aka yi daga wannan kifin ya ba mu damar kula da buƙata mai ɗorewa.
- Saka Sturgeon.
- Kaɗa kifi.
- Sturgeon.
Wadannan 'yan dabbobin na beluga suna yaduwa a cikin Tekun Azov da kuma cikin wasu wuraren tafki.
Habitat
Babban wuraren zama na beluga: Tekun Baƙi da Caspian tare da duk kogunan da ke gudana a cikinsu. A zahiri, beluga kifi ne wanda yake rayuwa mafi yawan lokaci a cikin ruwa, kuma yana shiga koguna ne kawai lokacin da ya kai lokacin da ya dace da fara haihuwar.
Bayan haka, ta koma cikin tekun, amma sun riga sun kasance tare da soya. Abu sananne ne cewa ta gwammace ta tafi nesa ba kusa ba, duk da cewa, godiya ga girmanta, da kyar ta ji tsoron wani hari daga wasu magabatan ruwa. Bugu da kari, beluga kusan gaba daya ta daina haifuwarta ta asali, kuma yawanta tana tallafawa galibi ta gonar kifi da kuma wuraren rahusa masu zaman kansu.
Jefa caviar
Beluga jefa caviar daban-daban masu girma yana faruwa a lokuta daban-daban, duk da haka, a cikin mafi ƙarancin mutane, wannan lokacin ya faɗi a tsakiyar bazara kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon kaka. Epwararayi masu zurfi tare da saurin sauri, wanda dutse mai zurfi ko gurnani shine mafi rinjaye, ke zama wuri don jefa caviar. Wasu daga cikin mutanen dake yin tsalle suna zuwa wurare masu zurfi da sanyi a bakin kogin, wasu kuma sun koma teku.
Beluga caviar yayi girma sosai kuma yayi kama da Peas a cikin girman sa. Abin lura ne cewa mutum ɗaya zai iya sake haifar da ƙimar ƙwai wanda ya kai 1/5 na jikinsa. Yawan qwai ya kai miliyan daya. Matasa kifi ba da daɗewa ba za su tafi teku, inda suke zama har sai sun kai ga balaga.
Abubuwan Halittu
Za a iya raba Beluga zuwa manyan nau'ikan biyu:
Wannan kifin yana haifar da hanyar rayuwa kawai.
A teku, kiyaye mafi yawa kadai. Balaga ta jima'i tana faruwa ne a cikin maza yayin shekaru 12-15, kuma a cikin mata yana da shekaru 16-18, ya zama dole a tuna cewa, tunda beluga kifi ne mai rai, mutane waɗanda shekarunsu suka wuce 50-60 shekara gabaɗaya ikon haifa zuriya.
Beluga, wanda aka buge a cikin bauta, haifuwa ta hanyar ƙirar mutum. Kari akan haka, godiya ga wannan hanyar, yawancin jumlar beluga da suka girma a cikin kamun kifi sun sami damar yin gasa.
Suna cewa wannan shine sarki-beluga. Kuma a kan yanar gizo wani sabon MEM ya riga ya ɓoye a cikin kamannin cat na bakin ciki da fox mai taurin kai - kifi mai baƙin ciki. Bari mu nemi ƙarin bayani game da ita ...
Wannan Gidan Tarihi na Astrakhan na Lore Local.
Gidan Tarihi na Astrakhan yana da beluga mai rikodin biyu - mita 4-4 (dan kadan karami da wanda Nicholas II ya gabatar wa Kazan Museum) kuma mafi girma - 6-mita. mafi girma beluga, shida-shida. Sun kama ta a daidai wannan lokacin da mai nisan mita hudu, a cikin 1989, Mawakan sun kama beluga mafi girma a duniya, kwai masu kwai, sannan suka kira gidan kayan gargajiya sannan suka ce a ina za a dauko "kifi" girman babbar motar.
Kasancewa fiye da shekaru miliyan 200, tursasawa - a yau suna gab da ƙarewa. A cikin Danube, a cikin yankin Romania da Bulgaria, ɗayan dabarun daji na rayuwa a Turai sun rayu. Danube sturgeon yana daya daga cikin mahimman alamu masu nuna ingantaccen tsarin halitta. Yawancinsu suna rayuwa ne a cikin Bahar Maliya kuma suna ƙaura zuwa Danube don yin balaguro. Sun kai mita 6 a tsayi kuma suke rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 100.
Kifi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba da kuma kisan gilla, galibi saboda caviar, yana daya daga cikin manyan hadarin dake haifar da tursasawa. Rage matsuguni da kuma katse hanyoyin ƙaurawar wata babbar barazana ce ga wannan nau'in halittu.Kasancewar kafa Asusun Duniya na Yanayin Duniya (WWF) tare da halartar Al'ummomin Turai, Asusun Tallafi na Duniya (WWF) yana aiki kan waɗannan batutuwan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan tare da goyon bayan wasu ƙungiyoyi na duniya.
Nau'in da asali
Abubuwan da ke cikin Sturgeon sun hada da: beluga, stellate Sturgeon, Sturgeon, sterlet. A cikin burbushin halittu, an san Sturgeons ne kawai daga Eocene (shekaru miliyan 85.8-70.6 da suka gabata). A cikin sharuddan zoogeographic, wakilan maɓallin sheki mai kama da ruwa, wanda aka samo a ɗaya hannun a Asiya ta Tsakiya da kuma ɗayan a Arewacin Amurka, suna da ban sha'awa sosai, wanda ke ba da damar ganin ragowar tsoffin fauna na baya a cikin wannan nau'in halittar Sturgeon shine mafi kyawun nau'ikan halittar kifi na d. A. Sun wanzu sama da shekaru miliyan 200, kuma sun rayu lokacin da dinosaur suka mamaye duniyarmu. Tare da bayyanar su na yau da kullun, a cikin farantin farantin ƙasusuwansu, suna tunatar da mu zamanin da, lokacin da ake buƙatar makamai na musamman ko ƙawancen karfi don rayuwa. Sun tsira har zuwa zamaninmu, kusan ba su canzawa.
Alas, a yau duk jinsunan dake nan na cikin hadari ko ma suna cikin hadari.
Sturgeon - mafi girma kifin ruwa
Littafin Bayanan Beluga
Ba wai Beluga ne mafi girma daga cikin tsarurruwan maharbi ba, har ma da mafi girma kifayen da ake kama da ruwa a ruwa. Akwai maganganun lokacin da samfurori masu yawa zuwa mita 9 tsayi kuma nauyinsu ya kai 2000 kilogiram. A yau, mutane masu nauyin sama da kilogiram 200 ba sa samun su; canjin yanayin ya zama da haɗari sosai
A cikin "Bincike kan yanayin kamun kifi a Rasha," a cikin 1861, an ba da labarin game da beluga da aka kama a 1827 a cikin ƙananan Volga, wanda nauyinsa yakai tan 1.5.
A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1922, an kama wata mace mai nauyin kilo 1224 a cikin Tekun Caspian, kusa da bakin Volga, tare da kilo 667 ya fado jikinta, kilo 288 a kai, kuma kilo 146.5 a caviar (duba hoto). Har yanzu, an kama wata mace mai girman daidai a Tekun Caspian a yankin Biryuchaya Spit a cikin 1924, akwai kilo 246 na caviar a ciki, kuma adadin ƙwai ya kusan miliyan 7.7.
Wata 'yar gabas, a gaban bakin Urals a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1926, an kama wata mace mai shekaru 75 da nauyinta ya kai fiye da tan 1 da tsayin mita 4.24, a ciki akwai kilogram 190 na caviar. A cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Jamhuriyar Tatarstan a Kazan, an gabatar da wani matattarar beluga mai tsawon mita 4.17, wanda aka samu a ƙaramin Volga a farkon karni na 20, an gabatar da shi. Yawan nauyinta yayin kamun shine kilogram 1000, shekarun kifin shine shekaru 60-70.
A watan Oktoba na 1891, lokacin da iska ta sace ruwa daga yankin Taganrog na Tekun Azov, wani yanki mai ban sha'awa yana tafiya kusa da tudu, ya gano beluga a ɗayan dansandan, wanda ya jawo nauyin 20 (327), wanda nauyinsa 3 (kilogiram 49) ya kasance caviar.
Duk tsauraran ƙaura suna yin nisa don tsallakewa da kuma neman abinci. Wasu suna ƙaura tsakanin gishiri da ruwa mai kyau, yayin da wasu - duk rayuwarsu suna rayuwa ne a cikin ruwa mai tsarkak .wa. Suna haihuwar cikin ruwa mai zurfi, kuma suna da tsayin rayuwa, tunda suna buƙatar shekaru, wani lokacin kuma shekarun da suka gabata, don isa zuwa balaga, lokacin da zasu sami damar haihuwar a karon farko. Duk da yake nasarar kowace shekara nasara spawning ne wanda ba a iya faɗi faɗi, kuma ya dogara da kewayon, yanayin da ya dace da yanayin zafin jiki, takamaiman wuraren wuraren shakatawa, mita da ƙaura ana iya faɗi. Zai yiwu giciye na dabi'a tsakanin kowane nau'in Sturgeon. Baya ga tafarkin bazara a cikin kogi don tsallewa, Sturgeon wani lokacin ma yakan shiga kogin kuma a cikin kaka - don hunturu. Waɗannan kifayen ana kiyaye su sosai a ƙarshen ƙasa.
Ta hanyar ciyarwa, beluga wata kaddara ce wacce ke ciyar da akasari akan kifi, har ma da mollus, tsutsotsi, da kwari. Yana fara kaddara ko da soya a cikin kogin. A cikin teku, ana ciyar da shi akan kifaye (herring, tyulka, gobies, da sauransu), amma ba ya watsi da kifayen kifin. A cikin ciki na Caspian beluga har ma an sami hatimi (san) na hatimi.
Beluga ta kula da zuriyarta
Beluga - kifaye mai rai da haihuwa ya kai shekara 100.Ba kamar saran kifin na Pacific wanda ke mutuwa bayan ya ɓarke ba, beluga, kamar sauran tsarurruka, na iya kawo canji sau da yawa a rayuwarsu. Bayan ya yi tsalle, sai ya juya zuwa teku. Mazaunin Caspian na beluga sun isa lokacin balaga ne a shekaru 13-18, kuma mace a 16-27 (galibi a shekaru 22 zuwa 27). Yawan haihuwar beluga, gwargwadon girman mace, ya kama daga dubu 500 zuwa miliyan (a lokuta na musamman, har zuwa miliyan 5).
A yanayi, beluga wani nau'in halitta ne mai 'yanci, amma yana iya shaƙatawa tare da sterlet, stellate sturgeon, spike da Sturgeon. Tare da taimakon wucin gadin ciyawar, an samu dangin girke-girke - beluga-sterlet (bester) - an samo su. Sturgeon hybrids suna cikin nasara cikin girma a cikin tafkunan (kifayen) gonaki.
Beluga yana da alaƙa da almara da yawa. Misali, a zamanin da, masunta sun yi magana game da dutse mai banmamaki, wanda zai iya warkar da mutum daga kowace cuta, ya kare kan hargitsi, ya ceci jirgin ruwa daga guguwa kuma ya jawo jan kama mai kyau.
Masunta sun gaskanta cewa ana iya samun wannan dutsen a cikin kodan babban beluga, kuma girmanta ya yi kama da kwai kaza - mai ɗorewa da m. Mai shi da irin wannan dutsen zai iya musayar shi da samfurin mai tsada, amma har yanzu ba a bayyana ba - da gaske akwai irin waɗannan duwatsun, ko kuma masu sana'a suka fantsama su. Har wa yau, wasu majiyoyi sun ci gaba da yin imani da wannan.
Wani labari kuma wanda a wani lokaci ya kewaye beluga tare da ƙinƙar ƙwanƙwarar cuta - guba ta beluga. Wasu sun dauki hanta na karamin kifi ko naman beluga mai dafi ne, wanda zai iya hauka kamar cat ko kare, hakan yasa naman sa ya zama mai guba. Har yanzu dai ba a gano wani tabbacin hakan ba.
Beluga kusan ya ƙare yanzu. Ba wani babban samfurin musamman game da wannan nau'in ba.
Gidajen rayuwa na baya da na yanzu
Yankin su ya takaita ne a arewacin hemisphere, inda suke zama a koguna da tekuna a Turai, Asiya da Arewacin Amurka.
Duk da cewa a duk faɗin duniya akwai sama da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 20 na yin tururuwa, waɗanda suke da buƙatu daban-daban a yanayin halittu da na muhalli, duk suna da halaye iri ɗaya.
Wucewa kifi, yana zaune a cikin Caspian, Azov da Black Teas, yana shiga koguna don tsalle-tsalle. A baya can, beluga ya kasance mai yawa da yawa, amma bayan lokaci hannun jari ya zama talauci sosai.
Danube da Bahar Maliya a lokaci daya sune yanki mafi aiki don rarraba nau'ikan beluga - har zuwa nau'ikan 6 daban-daban. A halin yanzu, ɗayan nau'in an ɓace gaba ɗaya, ragowar biyar ɗin suna barazanar rushewa.
A cikin Tekun Caspian, beluga yana da wadataccen yanki. Don tsalle-tsalle, yakan shiga cikin Volga, a cikin ƙananan adadi kaɗan - a cikin Urals da Kura, kazalika da Terek. Amur Sturgeon yana zaune ne a Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kusan dukkanin wuraren rake a Rasha sun dace da mazaunin Sturgeon. A zamanin d even a, ko da tsarurruka sun kama cikin Neva.
Fishingarancin kamun kifi da kasuwannin caviar baƙar fata
Karancin kamun kifi - a lokaci guda na doka, kuma a yanzu ya saba doka - yana daya daga cikin barazanar kai tsaye ga rayuwar Danube Sturgeon. Saboda tsawon rayuwarsu da kuma lokacin balaga, mawuyacin hali sun fi saurin shaye-shaye, wanda kabilarsa ke ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don murmurewa.
A shekara ta 2006, Romania ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da kamun kifi. Haramcin na shekaru goma zai kare ne a karshen shekarar 2015. Bayan roƙon EU, Bulgaria ta kuma ba da sanarwar dakatar da kamun kifi. Duk da dokar hana fita, da alama har ilayau na ci gaba da yaduwa a duk yankin Danube, kodayake yana da matukar wuya a sami takamaiman bayanai na kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Sanannen abu ne cewa kasuwar caviar baƙar fata tana haɓaka. Dalili guda na shayewa shine babban farashin caviar. Hakanan za'a iya sayo caviar ba bisa ka'ida ba a Bulgaria da Romania kuma za'a iya sayo su a wasu ƙasashen EU. Godiya ga bincike na farko na kasuwar baƙi da aka yi a Bulgaria da Romania a cikin 2011-2012, masana daga Asusun Tallafi na Duniya don Yanayin sun sami damar rarrabuwar kayayyaki da aka sata a Turai.
Danube Beluga, daidai yake da dinosaur
Iron Gate Dam ya katse hanyoyin ƙaura
Hijira don tsallakewa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sassa na tsarin rayuwar rayuwa na kowane irin ƙarfi a cikin Danube. A da, beluga ta hau kogin zuwa Serbia, kuma a can baya, har ma ta isa Passau a gabashin Bavaria, amma yanzu hanyarta ta toshe hanyar da ta wuce ta tsakiyar Danube.
Wurin da ke ƙasa da Gateofar Iron, a cikin kunkuntar Jardap Gorge, tsakanin Romania da Serbia, tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric da Wurin Wurin Iron Gatean ƙarfe mafi girma a duk Danube. An gina tashar samar da wutan lantarki ne a tsawon kilomita 942 da 863 na kogin da ke tsaunin Danube Delta. Sakamakon haka, ta hanyar iyakance hanyar ƙaura daga kifayen sturgeon zuwa kilomita 863, da yanke gaba ɗaya mafi mahimmancin wuraren shakatawa a tsakiyar Danube. Sakamakon haka, an kulle shingen a bakin kogin a gaban madatsar, kuma a yanzu ba su da ikon ci gaba da aikinsu na shekaru, na shekaru dubu da suka gabata, hanyar da ta saba zuwa wurin shakatawa. An kulle ta a cikin irin wannan yanayi na dabi'a, dan adam yana fuskantar mummunan tasirin hadewar kuma ya rasa bambance-bambancen kwayoyin.
Yankin Beluga a kan Danube ya yi asara
Sturgeons suna da hankali sosai ga canje-canje a cikin kewayon. Wadannan canje-canjen nan da nan suna shafar spawning, wintering, ikon bincika abinci mai kyau, kuma a ƙarshe haifar da bacewar ƙwayar halittar. Yawancin nau'ikan Sturgeon sun tsallake rijiya mai tsabta akan ƙananan Danube, inda suke ajiye jigidansu kafin su koma Tekun Bahar Maliya. Ya kamata a aiwatar da ingantacciyar nasara a cikin zurfin a zazzabi na akalla digiri 9-15.
Yawan Sturgeon ya cutar da asarar asali kuma ya dace da wannan nau'in yanki na kifin da aka rarraba a Danube. Ingarfafa bankunan da rarrabuwar kogin zuwa manyan kwale-kwale, ayyukan injiniya masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ba da kariya ga ambaliyar, rage ambaliyar ruwa da ciyayi waɗanda suka kasance ɓangaren tsarin kogin da kashi 80%. Kewaya shima yana daya daga cikin munanan barazanar da ake wa Sturgeon, musamman a sakamakon ayyukan da suka hada da zurfafa aiki da hakar aikin kogi. Extraaukar yashi da tsakuwa, canjin ƙasa da ɓangarorin jirgin ruwa ke haifar da suma suna da tasiri mai kyau ga yawan mutane a cikin Danube.
Barazanar lalata kifayen Danube sturgeon yana da girma sosai idan ba ku ɗauki matakan gaggawa da masu tsauraran matakai ba, to bayan decadesan shekarun da suka gabata ana iya ganin wannan kifin azurfan azaba na kayan tarihi kawai. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Hukumar Ba da Lamuni ta Duniya ta Danube, tare da Asusun Tallafi na forasashen Duniya da Tarayyar Turai, a zaman wani ɓangare na Tsarin Turai na forungiyar Danube, suna gudanar da ayyuka da ɗimbin nazarin ƙasa da nufin samar da matakan ceton Danube beluga.
Masanan masunta na Beluga sun cancanci kiran sarki - kifi don girmansa . Tekun Baƙi da Caspian sune mazaunin Beluga na dindindin, ana samun su a cikin Adriatic da Rum. Kifin nan mai daɗewa ne, yana iya rayuwa shekaru 100 kuma ya sa ƙwai sau da yawa a rayuwarsa. Beluga yana cin abinci a kan mollusks, crustaceans, da kifi.
Wannan maƙiyi ne. An sami kifin kifi, hatimin jariri a ciki . Bayan ya isa balaga, beluga yana zuwa cikin kogunan ruwa. An yi imanin lokacin lalacewa a cikin Beluga daga Mayu zuwa Yuni kuma zai ɗauki tsawon wata guda. An saka Caviar a cikin koguna mai zurfi tare da saurin sauri da kuma m ƙasa. Bayan ba a sami wurin da ya dace ba, beluga ba zai jefa ƙwai ba, wanda a ƙarshe zai narke a cikin kifin. Don ɗaukar matsayinsu don saurin bazara, mata na Beluga suna kasancewa cikin hunturu a cikin koguna, ɓarna da kuma hadaddun gamsai. Femaleaya mace tana iya ɗaukar kilogram 320 na caviar.
Eggsaunnun saƙa-shuɗi sune launin toka mai duhu. Wasu kifayen suna cinye Beluga caviar, wanda yanzu yake kwashe shi. Daga cikin ƙwai 100,000, mutum 1 ke tsira . Saurayi, tun da ya yi wata ɗaya a wurin yin yawo, ya zube zuwa cikin teku.Beluga caviar yana da darajar abinci mai mahimmanci. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa aka kama kifaye da yawa, wanda ya haifar da raguwar adadin sa.
Yanzu sayar da beluga caviar doka ta haramta . Bayan tsallakewa, beluga mai fama da yunwa suna aiki don neman abinci. Matan tsofaffi suna haɗiye har ma da abubuwa marasa ƙarfi: busasshen itace, duwatsu. Sun bambanta da yara matasa da ke da babban kai da jiki mai rauni. Kakanninmu ba sa cin irin wannan kifin.
Don kama beluga, masunta sun tafi teku, suna tafiyar kilomita 3 daga bakin tekun . Amfani da ginin sanda, kuna buƙatar nemo wurin da akwai dutsen harsashi mai yawa a ƙasan, wanda ke nuna wurin ciyar da beluga. The bututun ƙarfe ne roach, asf, herring. Shiga kifin da aka kama a cikin jirgin, dole ne mutum yayi hankali, domin akwai wasu lokutan da wani katon kifi ya juya jirgin kuma masanin ya sami kansa a ruwa. An jera Beluga a cikin littafin Red kuma abun kamun kifi ne. Dole ne a sake fitar da ganimar da ta kama.
A farkon karni na 20, beluga babban kifi ne na kasuwanci. An kama mutanen wannan kamun a cikin Danube da Dnieper, Volga. Bayan asarar filayen wasa, adadin beluga ya ragu sosai.
Ba a samun manya, 98% yara ne . A matasan na beluga da sterlet - bester an artificially girma.
Akwai sanannun labarai cewa an kama belugas yana nauyin tan 1.5, tan 2, amma ba a tabbatar da waɗannan gaskiyar ba. A cikin 1922, Tekun Caspian shine mafi girman beluga a duniya, yana da nauyin kilogram 1224 . Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kazan ya nuna cikekken beluga 4.17 m tsawo, wanda aka kama a farkon 20th a ƙananan Volga. Lokacin da aka kama shi, kifin ya auna kilogiram 1000. Gidan Tarihi na Astrakhan yana adana beluga mai cike da kaya, an kama shi a cikin Volga delta kuma yana nauyin kilogram 966.
Duk wannan yana ba mu damar kiran Beluga mafi girma kifin ruwa. Akwai bayanai da yawa game da kama beluga mai nauyin 500, 800 kg . Dukkansu sun faɗi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon karni na 20. A yanzu, matsakaicin nauyin wannan kifin yana daga kilo 60 zuwa 250.
Tsarin tsire-tsire na wutar lantarki, wuraren aikin jiyya, madatsun ruwa - duk wannan ya rikitar da asali, haɓaka da rayuwa na kifi.
Mun gabatar muku da bidiyo na wani babban beluga da aka kama a Atyrau.
Beluga kifi ne na dangin Sturgeons, oda ne mai tsauri. Yana da ƙarancin kasuwanci mai mahimmanci, an kama shi da yawa a cikin dogon lokaci, wanda yawansu ya ragu sosai, kuma yanzu nau'in haɗari ne.
Wannan nau'in shine kifi mafi tsabta na ruwa daga Sturgeon. An yi rikodin daidaikun mutane wanda ya kai tsawon 4.2 m. Mafi girman nauyin shine tan 1.5. Masunta sun ce lokacin da aka kama beluga mafi girma, ya kai mita 9 a tsayi kuma yana da nauyi fiye da tan 2, amma waɗannan bayanan ba a tabbatar da komai ba. Matsakaicin girman kifin yana karami: mafi yawanci yakanzo ne kan beluga wanda nauyinsa bai wuce kilogram 300 ba.
Bayyanar wannan mazaunin cikin ruwa yayi daidai da bayyanar sauran wakilan masu tsayayya: jiki yana da tsawo, da faɗi, da zagaye. Jikin beluga ya ba da labari zuwa wutsiyar. Sikeli suna da inuwa mai launin toka-ashy. Cikakken ciki yana da haske, fararen fata, launin toshiya mai yuwuwu mai yiwuwa ne.
Beluga da beluga bai kamata su rikice ba: na ƙarshen shine asalin nau'in kifayen da yashe. A baya can, kalmomin biyu sun nuna ma'anar dabba ce, yanzu “beluga” na nufin kifi, kuma “beluga” na nufin kifi Whale.
Halayya da salon rayuwa
Wannan nau'in bashi da abokan gaba. Qwai, duk da haka, na iya cin wasu nau'in tsinkaye. Wasu magabatan ruwa a cikin ruwa suma suna lalata larvae kuma toya. Matasa masu girma na wannan nau'in Sturgeon za a iya cinye shi da ƙwan da ya girma na wannan babban kifin.
Akwai adadi mai yawa na mazaunan ruwa, waɗanda wakilan manyan nau'ikan ruwa ke ci - kuma beluga yana ciyar da waɗanda ke ƙanana. Waɗannan ƙananan nau'ikan kifi ne, ƙananan dangi, mollusks, crustaceans, har ma da waterfowl. An yi rikodin maganganu lokacin da aka gano ragowar hatimin matasa a ciki na mutanen da aka kama. A soya ku ci kwari larvae, zooplankton.
Amfanin Beluga nama
Wannan kifi yana da nama mai ƙarfi fiye da sauran wakilan dangin Sturgeon. Kadan da kitsen abuncinta. A saboda wannan dalili, za'a iya amfani da samfurin a cikin abincin abinci. Sinadarin dake dauke da shi yana cikin jikin mutum. Ya ƙunshi bitamin A, D, PP, E, C, baƙin ƙarfe, alli, phosphorus, magnesium, molybdenum, potassium, fluorine, sodium. Abun da keɓaɓɓen ɓangaren litattafan almara shima ya ƙunshi acid mai-omega-3, amino acid, gami da mahimman abubuwa. Hakanan ana ci Milk: ana iya cin su sabo ko a manna.
Beluga mai taushi bakar fata shima yana da amfani. Wannan samfurin mai tsada yana dauke da kayan abinci mai yawa. Ana ɗaukarsa azaman abin ci ne.
Kada a ci naman Beluga saboda cututtukan kumburi, halayen ƙwayar cuta, cututtukan koda, cututtukan sukari, cututtukan fata, cututtukan fata. A cikin waɗannan halayen, yana iya cutar da jiki.
Belurin wucin gadi
Sakamakon raguwar yawan jama'a, matsayin jinsin ya canza zuwa "cikin hadari". Beluga ya dade da aka jera cikin Red Book domin kare kai daga masu fada aji. Saboda wannan, an ƙuntata kamun kifi sosai, a wasu ƙasashe an hana kama waɗannan mazaunan ruwa. Don maido da yalwar nau'in, ana kuma amfani da wasu hanyoyin: mutane suna haifar beluga a cikin yanayin halitta.
Tare da taimakon ƙirar wucin gadi, wani gararen da zai iya samar da zuriya an yi barnar a Don da Volga. Don samun sa, an haye beluga tare da maganin tafe. Wadanda suka samu sakamakon su an sake sanya su ne a cikin Tekun Azov. Kari akan haka, wuraren ajiye ruwa da yawa sun mamaye su.
Kiwon wucin gadi ma yana shiga cikin wasu gonakin kifayen dabbobi.
Bayanan Gaske
- Yawan kasuwancin beluga yana farawa ne a kilo 5, kodayake, mafi girman kifin beluga ya kai tsawon mita 7 kuma ya wuce nauyin tan da rabi.
- Kifayen, za su yi ƙaura, suna ƙoƙari su nemi wurin da ya dace wa kansu, idan ba a same shi ba, maiyyan ba ya ƙyalli.
- Yana farawa, beluga ya kakkarye kasa ya kwantar da qwai wanda yawancin snags da reeds masu yawa
- Washes har zuwa qwai miliyan, wanda yan 'yan koshi ke yaba wa daga ko'ina cikin duniya.
Bayyanar
Beluga yana da girma babba: girmansa na iya zama daidai da tan miliyan ɗaya da rabi, kuma tsawon sa zai iya wuce mita huɗu. Wasu daga cikin shaidun gani da ido har ma sun ga belugas ya kai tsawon mita tara. Idan duk wannan shaidar da ba a tabbatar da gaskiya ba ce, to za a iya ɗaukar beluga a matsayin mafi girma kifin ruwa a duniya. Tana da jiki mai kauri da girma.
Murfin beluga da sifar sa suna kama da alade: huhunta, yayi kama da alade, gajeru ne, mara nauyi, kuma babban bakin, mara hauka, wanda ya mamaye kusan duk kasan kai, wanda ke kewaye da lebe mai kauri, yana da sifar sikeli. Beluga soya kawai suna da hakora, kuma bayan ɗan kankanin lokaci sun ɓace. Antennae da suke rataye daga lebe na sama har zuwa bakin suna daɗaɗɗa a ƙasa. Idanun wannan kifayen suna da ƙanƙan da keɓaɓɓe, don haka ya kasance yana jujjuya shi da taimakon ƙwarewar ƙanshi.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Daga Latin sunan Beluga (Huso huso) an fassara shi azaman “alade”. Kuma, idan ka lura sosai, zaku iya lura da cewa wadannan halittu guda biyu suna da kama a cikin wani abu duka biyu a zahiri kuma ta ikonsu.
Maza da mata na beluga ba su da bambanci a fuska kuma a garesu dukkansu an rufe jikinsu da sikeli daidai. Sikeli ya yi kama da rhombs kuma ba su mamaye ko'ina ba. Wannan nau'in sikelin ana kiranta ganoid. Beluga yana da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, ciki yana da wuta.
Habitat, mazauni
Beluga suna zaune a cikin Bahar Maliya, a cikin Azov da kuma Caspian. Kodayake mara ƙaranci, amma yana faruwa a cikin Adriatic. Ya yi nasara a cikin Volga, Don, Danube, Dnieper da Dniester. A sauƙaƙe, amma zaka iya haɗuwa da ita a cikin Urals, Kura ko Terek. Hakanan akwai ƙaramin dama don ganin beluga a cikin Bug na sama da kuma bakin tekun Crimea.
Akwai lokacin da Beluga ya bi ta hanyar Volga zuwa Tver, tare da Dnieper ya tashi zuwa Kiev, a gefen Kogin Ural zuwa Orenburg, kuma tare da Kura zuwa Tbilisi da kansa.Amma ya dan wani lokaci kawo yanzu ba a dauki wannan kifin ba har zuwa sama. Wannan ya faru ne da farko saboda gaskiyar cewa beluga bazai iya tashi sama ba saboda toshewar tsirran tsirrai. A baya, ta bayyana a cikin wasu koguna kamar Oka, Sheksna, Kama da Sura.
Abincin Beluga
Kwanan nan an haife shi, wanda ba shi da nauyin gram bakwai, ciyar a kan plankton kogin, har da larvae na mayflies, caddis kwari, caviar da soya na wasu kifayen, gami da rashin nuna kyama da nau'ikan nau'ikan Sturgeon. The girma beluga ci matasa Sturlate Sturgeon da Sturgeon. Matasa Belugs galibi ana san su ta hanyar maye. Yayinda yarinyar Beluga ta girma, abincin nata shima ya canza.
Bayan yatsan yatsu sun yi ƙaura daga koguna zuwa teku, suna ciyar da crustaceans, mollusks da kifayen kifi, kamar gobies ko sprats, da soya na herring da cyprinids, har sai sun cika shekara biyu. Bayan ya kai shekara biyu, beluga ya zama magabaci. Yanzu kusan kashi 98% na yawan abincin su shine kifi. Abubuwan da ake son abinci na Beluga sun bambanta dangane da lokacin abinci da wuraren ciyarwa. A cikin teku, wannan kifin yana cin abinci duk shekara, kodayake idan farkon lokacin sanyi, yana ci kaɗan. Hagu na hunturu a cikin koguna, ita ma tana ci gaba da cin abinci.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Abincin yawancin tsararru na dabba ya bambanta da ƙananan dabbobin da ke zaune a ƙasa, kuma mafi girma daga cikinsu - beluga da kaluga - suna ciyar da kifi. Bugu da ƙari ga kifayen kifayen, sauran toshiyar baki har ma da wasu hatimin hatimi na iya zama waɗanda ke fama da su.
A cikin ɗayan ɗayan belugas da aka kama, an sami babban saƙo mai zurfi, da dama da roba. Kuma ɗayan mace na wannan nau'in sun kama kifin manyan kifi biyu, fiye da dozin roach da na uku. Hakanan, babban pikeperch ya zama ganima tun da farko: an samo ƙasusuwan sa a ciki duk daga beluga iri ɗaya.
Abokan halitta
Babbar belugas kusan babu abokan gaba ta zahiri. Amma qwai, har da larvae da soya da suke zaune a cikin koguna, kifi mai hana ruwa ya ci shi.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! A zahiri, daya daga cikin manyan abokan gaba na beluga shine wannan kifin da kansa. Gaskiyar ita ce, beluga ya girma zuwa 5-8 cm tare da jin daɗin ci caviar na dangi a cikin filaye.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
A farkon karni na 21, yawan jama'ar beluga ya ragu sosai, kuma an dauki wannan nau'in da kanta cikin hadari kuma an jera shi cikin Russia da Littafin Layi na Duniya.
A cikin yanayin halitta, saboda ƙaramin adadin nau'ikansa, beluga zai iya haɗa kansa tare da wasu hanyoyin da ke da dangantaka da shi. Kuma a cikin 1952, ta hanyar kokarin masana kimiyya, an buge da wani abu mai wucin gadi na beluga da sterlet, wanda ake kira broter. An buge shi, a matsayin mai mulkin, a cikin tafkunan jabu, tunda a dabi'a, inda aka samo wasu kifayen Sturgeon, ba a saki ƙwaryar don kiyaye tsararrun al'adun sauran nau'in.
Beluga wani kifi ne na musamman da ke rayuwa tsawon lokaci, kuma matsakaicin shekarunsa na iya kaiwa ɗaruruwan shekaru. Tana iya jujjuyawa fiye da sau ɗaya a rayuwarta, kuma bayan taɓarɓarewar ta zame ta cikin teku. Yawan mace mace ya dogara da girman su kuma wasu lokuta yakai kimanin 500,000 ƙwai.
A cikin yanayin, beluga, hoto wanda za'a iya kallo a ƙasa, ɗan adam ne mai 'yanci, duk da haka, zai iya yin laushi tare da sturgeon, sterlet, ƙwanƙwasa da zazzafan ƙarfi. Sturgeon hybrids suna mafi kyau girma cikin gonakin kandami na musamman.
An haɗa shi da wannan kifin mai ban mamaki almara da yawa . Misali, masunta na d said a sun ce dutsen Beluga yana kare mutum sosai daga hadari yayin balaguron teku kuma yana jan kama. Wannan dutsen, a cewar masunta, ana iya samun sa a cikin kodan beluga, kuma yana kama da kwai kaza. A zamanin da, maigidan zai iya musayar dutse ga kowane kaya masu tsada. Har yanzu sun yi imani da wannan almara, kodayake babu cikakken bayani game da gaskiyar dutsen.
Beluga ya bambanta da sauran tsarurruka babban bakin a siffar jinjirin wata, kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyar hotuna da yawa.Ita kuma tana da gashin-baki wanda aka fesa a bangarorin. A cikin matsakaicin rashi akwai babban fayil da aka samar daga membranes da aka hada tare.
A bayansa akwai kwari, farkon su wanda yake a kai kuma yana da ƙarami kaɗan, idan aka kwatanta da sauran. A dogo mai tsayi, an lura da ƙaramar ƙa'ida, waɗanda suke da banbanci da siffar, kamar ganye.
Jiki yana da matukar farin ciki kamar daskararre, hanci yana gajarta, dangane da abin da aka kwatanta shi da alade. Jikin yana fentin cikin inuwa mai launin toka, kuma jikinta yayi sauki. Matsakaicin nauyi na iya zama kimanin kilogram 1,500 tare da tsintsin tsayi tsawon mita shida.
Hutu da kifi na ƙaura
Babu takamaiman mazaunin mazaunin beluga, tunda Ana ɗaukarta wucewa ce . Abun cinyewa yana faruwa ne a cikin tafkunan ruwa wanda kifi ya shiga daga teku. Babban mutum yakan sami abinci kawai a cikin teku (Black, Caspian and Azov). Kwanan nan, yawan kifayen sun yi yawa kuma har yanzu ba'a daina kamun kifin ba. Don tara caviar mai tsada, yawancin lokuta ana kama mata.
A cikin Tekun Caspian, ana iya samun beluga kusan ko'ina, kuma don tsallake shi tana iyo zuwa Volga, Ural, Terek da Kura. Hakanan ya faru cewa daga 1961 zuwa 1989, kifayen kifaye har zuwa Volgograd, dangane da abin da aka gina haɓakar kifi, tsoffin hotuna waɗanda za'a iya kallon su akan Intanet.
An hango Beluga a cikin Bahar Maliya kusa da gabar tekun Crimea A wuraren akwai sinadarin hydrogen sulfate. An ga manyan mutane daidai yadda aka gani kusa da Zaporozhye da Dnepropetrovsk - nauyinsu yakai kilo 300.
Me Beluga ke ci?
A matsayinka na mai mulki, babban kifi yana buƙatar abinci mai yawa, kuma babu isasshen abinci a gare shi a cikin kogin. Abin da ya sa, don neman abinci, sai ta tafi teku. Wannan kifin galibi ana cikin sahun ruwa a kowane zurfi. Babban abu shi ne cewa yakamata a sami isassun kwayoyin da suka dace da abinci. A cikin Bahar Maliya, mutane suna rayuwa a zurfin har zuwa mita 180, kuma a cikin Tekun Caspian - ya kai mita 140. Individualsaramin ƙananan mutane suna amfani da inshorar ruwa daga ƙasan teku kamar abinci. Da zaran belugat ta kai girman santimita goma, sai su fara farautar brethrenan uwan. Kuna iya ganin yadda tsarin abincinsu ke gudana a hoto da bidiyo akan Intanet.
Manyan mutane waɗanda suke cin ƙananan kifi, kamar:
- Tsibirin teku,
- Anchovy,
- Karya,
- Mutane daya-daya daga irin kifi iyali.
Hanyar kiwo
Maza Beluga sun cika yin jima'i cikakke yayin da suke shekara 14, da kuma mace tun yana shekara 18. Kifayen, bayan sun kai ga balaga, suna iyo daga ruwan teku zuwa gaɓoshin ruwa na ruwa don dalilan kiwo. Ya danganta da lokacin da beluga ya shiga kogin, bambanta tsakanin kaka da bazara:
- Lokacin bazara ya ƙetare kogin daga ƙarshen Janairu kuma yana can har Mayu. Ta fara spawn a watan Yuni,
- Autar ya shigo tafki a watan Agusta, ya zauna can har watan Disamba. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, yana sa hibernates a cikin rami mai zurfi, kuma yana fara farawa a cikin bazara.
Ciyar da ƙwayoyin beluga yakan faru kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran nau'in kasusuwa - waje. A lokacin kare, masunta suna lura da kifayen da suke tsalle daga tafki, kuma mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar wannan a cikin hoto. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa ta yi wannan ne don sauƙaƙe sakin caviar. Yawan ƙwai ya bambanta a cikin yanki na 200,000 - 8,000,000 guda. Tunda ƙwai suna da ƙarfi, suna manne da duwatsun. A wani zazzabi sama na digiri na 12.6-13.8, lokacin shiryawa ya kai kwanaki takwas, tare da soyayyen ƙyallen kusan nan da nan ya sauka a cikin teku.
Beluga shine mafi girman kifi
An kama wannan kifin na musamman na dogon lokaci, saboda haka ba don komai bada ake kira sarki kifi . Babban kifayen da aka kama shine tsawan mita 4.17, kuma nauyinsa yakai tan 1. An gabatar dashi a gidan kayan tarihin Tatarstan. Waɗanda ba su da damar da za su more wannan “mu'ujiza” suna rayuwa suna iya ganin kifin a cikin hoto.
Tabbas, wannan beluga ba shine mafi girma ba, tunda an san lokuta na kama mutum tara-tara wanda nauyinsa yakai tan 2.A yau ba shi yiwuwa a kama irin wannan babban kifi, saboda yadda yanayin kamun kifin sa ba ya barin beluga da sauri ya sami irin wannan taro.
Beluga na musamman kifi
Beluga - kifi mafi girma a ruwa, yanzu yana fuskantar barazanar lalacewa. Wani mutum ya cireshi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba bisa ka'ida ta hanya mai mahimmanci, yana canza hanyoyin da suka saba na lalata, lalata da ƙazantar mazauna. Kamar sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke barazanar, beluga haƙiƙa ta musamman ce. Me yasa haka yake, kuma wane beluga ne mafi girma a duniya - karanta game da shi a cikin labarin.
Masu rikodin
Wasu samfuran da aka kama suna da matukar ban mamaki a girman su. Yawancinsu suna da bayanan da ke tabbatar da girma da nauyi. Wanene zakara tsakanin beluga:
- Akwai shaidar Belugs masu nauyin tan 2 kuma sun kai 9 m, amma ba a rubuce su ba,
- A cikin 1827, a cikin ƙananan ƙananan Volga, an kama beluga wanda nauyinsa ya kai 90 / tan 1.5 / tsawo tsawon 9, bisa ga "Bincike kan yanayin kamun kifi a Rasha" daga 1861,
A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1922, an kama wata mace yar beluga mai nauyin kilo 1224 a cikin Tekun Caspian, an samu kilogiram 146.5 na caviar a ciki, nauyinta ya kai kilo 288, kuma jikinta - kilo 667.
An kama Beluga a cikin Tekun Caspian a cikin wannan shekarar a cikin shekarar 1924, kuma an samu kilogiram 246 na caviar a ciki.
A farkon karni na 20, an harhada wani beluga 4.17 m kuma wani tanne a cikin ƙananan Volga. An kiyasta shekarunta 60-70 years. Dabbobin da aka sutura yanzu an adana su a Gidan Tarihi na Tatarstan a Kazan,
Wani beluga mai cushe, mai nauyin kilogram 966 kuma girma zuwa 4 m 20 cm, an gabatar da shi a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Astrakhan. Hakanan an kama wannan kifin a cikin Volga Delta a cikin 1989, haka ma, majiyoyi. Bayan sun fitar da ƙwai, sun ba da rahoton irin wannan ganima. Motocin sun bukaci jigilar gawa. An kiyasta shekarunta 70-75 years.
A ƙarshen XIX - farkon ƙarni na XX akwai hujjoji masu yawa game da kama kifin da ya wuce kilogiram 500-800. A halin yanzu, saboda dalilai masu illa da yawa, Beluga da wuya ya kai kilogiram 250. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine duk mafi girman beluga mata ne. Mazajen Beluga sun fi karancin mace yawa.
Kwanan nan, an haramta kamun kifin kasuwanci na wannan kifin, kuma an jera shi a cikin littafin Red na nau'in hadari. Duk da wannan, masu ba da fatawa sun lalata duk wata doka, saboda farashin beluga caviar akan kasuwar fata a Rasha ya kai $ 600 a kilogram, kuma ƙasashen waje - $ 7000!
Kamewa ya fi hatsari kama kifi a masana'antu, tunda ba la'akari da yanayin lokaci ko kiyaye yawan jama'a, kuma tabbas a nan gaba ma ba za a iya kawar da irin wannan nau'in na musamman ba kuma zuriya za su san game da shi kawai daga shaida a cikin adana kayan tarihin.
Suna cewa wannan shine sarki-beluga. Kuma a kan yanar gizo wani sabon MEM ya riga ya ɓoye a cikin kamannin cat na bakin ciki da fox mai taurin kai - kifi mai baƙin ciki. Bari mu nemi ƙarin bayani game da ita ...
Wannan Gidan Tarihi na Astrakhan na Lore Local.
Gidan Tarihi na Astrakhan yana da beluga mai rikodin biyu - mita 4-4 (dan kadan karami da wanda Nicholas II ya gabatar wa Kazan Museum) kuma mafi girma - 6-mita. mafi girma beluga, shida-shida. Sun kama ta a daidai wannan lokacin da mai nisan mita hudu, a cikin 1989, Mawakan sun kama beluga mafi girma a duniya, kwai masu kwai, sannan suka kira gidan kayan gargajiya sannan suka ce a ina za a dauko "kifi" girman babbar motar.
Kasancewa fiye da shekaru miliyan 200, tursasawa - a yau suna gab da ƙarewa. A cikin Danube, a cikin yankin Romania da Bulgaria, ɗayan dabarun daji na rayuwa a Turai sun rayu. Danube sturgeon yana daya daga cikin mahimman alamu masu nuna ingantaccen tsarin halitta. Yawancinsu suna rayuwa ne a cikin Bahar Maliya kuma suna ƙaura zuwa Danube don yin balaguro. Sun kai mita 6 a tsayi kuma suke rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 100.
Kifi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba da kuma kisan gilla, galibi saboda caviar, yana daya daga cikin manyan hadarin dake haifar da tursasawa. Rage matsuguni da kuma katse hanyoyin ƙaurawar wata babbar barazana ce ga wannan nau'in halittu. Kasancewar kafa Asusun Duniya na Yanayin Duniya (WWF) tare da halartar Al'ummomin Turai, Asusun Tallafi na Duniya (WWF) yana aiki kan waɗannan batutuwan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan tare da goyon bayan wasu ƙungiyoyi na duniya.
Nau'in da asali
Abubuwan da ke cikin Sturgeon sun hada da: beluga, stellate Sturgeon, Sturgeon, sterlet. A cikin burbushin halittu, an san Sturgeons ne kawai daga Eocene (shekaru miliyan 85.8-70.6 da suka gabata).A cikin sharuddan zoogeographic, wakilan maɓallin sheki mai kama da ruwa, wanda aka samo a ɗaya hannun a Asiya ta Tsakiya da kuma ɗayan a Arewacin Amurka, suna da ban sha'awa sosai, wanda ke ba da damar ganin ragowar tsoffin fauna na baya a cikin wannan nau'in halittar Sturgeon shine mafi kyawun nau'ikan halittar kifi na d. A. Sun wanzu sama da shekaru miliyan 200, kuma sun rayu lokacin da dinosaur suka mamaye duniyarmu. Tare da bayyanar su na yau da kullun, a cikin farantin farantin ƙasusuwansu, suna tunatar da mu zamanin da, lokacin da ake buƙatar makamai na musamman ko ƙawancen karfi don rayuwa. Sun tsira har zuwa zamaninmu, kusan ba su canzawa.
Alas, a yau duk jinsunan dake nan na cikin hadari ko ma suna cikin hadari.
Sturgeon - mafi girma kifin ruwa
Littafin Bayanan Beluga
Ba wai Beluga ne mafi girma daga cikin tsarurruwan maharbi ba, har ma da mafi girma kifayen da ake kama da ruwa a ruwa. Akwai maganganun lokacin da samfurori masu yawa zuwa mita 9 tsayi kuma nauyinsu ya kai 2000 kilogiram. A yau, mutane masu nauyin sama da kilogiram 200 ba sa samun su; canjin yanayin ya zama da haɗari sosai
A cikin "Bincike kan yanayin kamun kifi a Rasha," a cikin 1861, an ba da labarin game da beluga da aka kama a 1827 a cikin ƙananan Volga, wanda nauyinsa yakai tan 1.5.
A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1922, an kama wata mace mai nauyin kilo 1224 a cikin Tekun Caspian, kusa da bakin Volga, tare da kilo 667 ya fado jikinta, kilo 288 a kai, kuma kilo 146.5 a caviar (duba hoto). Har yanzu, an kama wata mace mai girman daidai a Tekun Caspian a yankin Biryuchaya Spit a cikin 1924, akwai kilo 246 na caviar a ciki, kuma adadin ƙwai ya kusan miliyan 7.7.
Wata 'yar gabas, a gaban bakin Urals a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1926, an kama wata mace mai shekaru 75 da nauyinta ya kai fiye da tan 1 da tsayin mita 4.24, a ciki akwai kilogram 190 na caviar. A cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Jamhuriyar Tatarstan a Kazan, an gabatar da wani matattarar beluga mai tsawon mita 4.17, wanda aka samu a ƙaramin Volga a farkon karni na 20, an gabatar da shi. Yawan nauyinta yayin kamun shine kilogram 1000, shekarun kifin shine shekaru 60-70.
A watan Oktoba na 1891, lokacin da iska ta sace ruwa daga yankin Taganrog na Tekun Azov, wani yanki mai ban sha'awa yana tafiya kusa da tudu, ya gano beluga a ɗayan dansandan, wanda ya jawo nauyin 20 (327), wanda nauyinsa 3 (kilogiram 49) ya kasance caviar.
Duk tsauraran ƙaura suna yin nisa don tsallakewa da kuma neman abinci. Wasu suna ƙaura tsakanin gishiri da ruwa mai kyau, yayin da wasu - duk rayuwarsu suna rayuwa ne a cikin ruwa mai tsarkak .wa. Suna haihuwar cikin ruwa mai zurfi, kuma suna da tsayin rayuwa, tunda suna buƙatar shekaru, wani lokacin kuma shekarun da suka gabata, don isa zuwa balaga, lokacin da zasu sami damar haihuwar a karon farko. Duk da yake nasarar kowace shekara nasara spawning ne wanda ba a iya faɗi faɗi, kuma ya dogara da kewayon, yanayin da ya dace da yanayin zafin jiki, takamaiman wuraren wuraren shakatawa, mita da ƙaura ana iya faɗi. Zai yiwu giciye na dabi'a tsakanin kowane nau'in Sturgeon. Baya ga tafarkin bazara a cikin kogi don tsallewa, Sturgeon wani lokacin ma yakan shiga kogin kuma a cikin kaka - don hunturu. Waɗannan kifayen ana kiyaye su sosai a ƙarshen ƙasa.
Ta hanyar ciyarwa, beluga wata kaddara ce wacce ke ciyar da akasari akan kifi, har ma da mollus, tsutsotsi, da kwari. Yana fara kaddara ko da soya a cikin kogin. A cikin teku, ana ciyar da shi akan kifaye (herring, tyulka, gobies, da sauransu), amma ba ya watsi da kifayen kifin. A cikin ciki na Caspian beluga har ma an sami hatimi (san) na hatimi.
Beluga ta kula da zuriyarta
Beluga - kifaye mai rai da haihuwa ya kai shekara 100. Ba kamar saran kifin na Pacific wanda ke mutuwa bayan ya ɓarke ba, beluga, kamar sauran tsarurruka, na iya kawo canji sau da yawa a rayuwarsu. Bayan ya yi tsalle, sai ya juya zuwa teku. Mazaunin Caspian na beluga sun isa lokacin balaga ne a shekaru 13-18, kuma mace a 16-27 (galibi a shekaru 22 zuwa 27). Haihuwa na beluga, gwargwadon girman mace, yawansu ya kai 500,000.har zuwa miliyan ɗaya (a lokuta na musamman, har zuwa miliyan 5) ƙwai.
A yanayi, beluga wani nau'in halitta ne mai 'yanci, amma yana iya shaƙatawa tare da sterlet, stellate sturgeon, spike da Sturgeon. Tare da taimakon wucin gadin ciyawar, an samu dangin girke-girke - beluga-sterlet (bester) - an samo su. Sturgeon hybrids suna cikin nasara cikin girma a cikin tafkunan (kifayen) gonaki.
Beluga yana da alaƙa da almara da yawa. Misali, a zamanin da, masunta sun yi magana game da dutse mai banmamaki, wanda zai iya warkar da mutum daga kowace cuta, ya kare kan hargitsi, ya ceci jirgin ruwa daga guguwa kuma ya jawo jan kama mai kyau.
Masunta sun gaskanta cewa ana iya samun wannan dutsen a cikin kodan babban beluga, kuma girmanta ya yi kama da kwai kaza - mai ɗorewa da m. Mai shi da irin wannan dutsen zai iya musayar shi da samfurin mai tsada, amma har yanzu ba a bayyana ba - da gaske akwai irin waɗannan duwatsun, ko kuma masu sana'a suka fantsama su. Har wa yau, wasu majiyoyi sun ci gaba da yin imani da wannan.
Wani labari kuma wanda a wani lokaci ya kewaye beluga tare da ƙinƙar ƙwanƙwarar cuta - guba ta beluga. Wasu sun dauki hanta na karamin kifi ko naman beluga mai dafi ne, wanda zai iya hauka kamar cat ko kare, hakan yasa naman sa ya zama mai guba. Har yanzu dai ba a gano wani tabbacin hakan ba.
Beluga kusan ya ƙare yanzu. Ba wani babban samfurin musamman game da wannan nau'in ba.
Gidajen rayuwa na baya da na yanzu
Yankin su ya takaita ne a arewacin hemisphere, inda suke zama a koguna da tekuna a Turai, Asiya da Arewacin Amurka.
Duk da cewa a duk faɗin duniya akwai sama da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 20 na yin tururuwa, waɗanda suke da buƙatu daban-daban a yanayin halittu da na muhalli, duk suna da halaye iri ɗaya.
Wucewa kifi, yana zaune a cikin Caspian, Azov da Black Teas, yana shiga koguna don tsalle-tsalle. A baya can, beluga ya kasance mai yawa da yawa, amma bayan lokaci hannun jari ya zama talauci sosai.
Danube da Bahar Maliya a lokaci daya sune yanki mafi aiki don rarraba nau'ikan beluga - har zuwa nau'ikan 6 daban-daban. A halin yanzu, ɗayan nau'in an ɓace gaba ɗaya, ragowar biyar ɗin suna barazanar rushewa.
A cikin Tekun Caspian, beluga yana da wadataccen yanki. Don tsalle-tsalle, yakan shiga cikin Volga, a cikin ƙananan adadi kaɗan - a cikin Urals da Kura, kazalika da Terek. Amur Sturgeon yana zaune ne a Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kusan dukkanin wuraren rake a Rasha sun dace da mazaunin Sturgeon. A zamanin d even a, ko da tsarurruka sun kama cikin Neva.
Fishingarancin kamun kifi da kasuwannin caviar baƙar fata
Karancin kamun kifi - a lokaci guda na doka, kuma a yanzu ya saba doka - yana daya daga cikin barazanar kai tsaye ga rayuwar Danube Sturgeon. Saboda tsawon rayuwarsu da kuma lokacin balaga, mawuyacin hali sun fi saurin shaye-shaye, wanda kabilarsa ke ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don murmurewa.
A shekara ta 2006, Romania ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da kamun kifi. Haramcin na shekaru goma zai kare ne a karshen shekarar 2015. Bayan roƙon EU, Bulgaria ta kuma ba da sanarwar dakatar da kamun kifi. Duk da dokar hana fita, da alama har ilayau na ci gaba da yaduwa a duk yankin Danube, kodayake yana da matukar wuya a sami takamaiman bayanai na kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Sanannen abu ne cewa kasuwar caviar baƙar fata tana haɓaka. Dalili guda na shayewa shine babban farashin caviar. Hakanan za'a iya sayo caviar ba bisa ka'ida ba a Bulgaria da Romania kuma za'a iya sayo su a wasu ƙasashen EU. Godiya ga bincike na farko na kasuwar baƙi da aka yi a Bulgaria da Romania a cikin 2011-2012, masana daga Asusun Tallafi na Duniya don Yanayin sun sami damar rarrabuwar kayayyaki da aka sata a Turai.
Danube Beluga, daidai yake da dinosaur
Iron Gate Dam ya katse hanyoyin ƙaura
Hijira don tsallakewa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sassa na tsarin rayuwar rayuwa na kowane irin ƙarfi a cikin Danube. A da, beluga ta hau kogin zuwa Serbia, kuma a can baya, har ma ta isa Passau a gabashin Bavaria, amma yanzu hanyarta ta toshe hanyar da ta wuce ta tsakiyar Danube.
Wurin da ke ƙasa da Gateofar Iron, a cikin kunkuntar Jardap Gorge, tsakanin Romania da Serbia, tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric da Wurin Wurin Iron Gatean ƙarfe mafi girma a duk Danube. An gina tashar samar da wutan lantarki ne a tsawon kilomita 942 da 863 na kogin da ke tsaunin Danube Delta. Sakamakon haka, ta hanyar iyakance hanyar ƙaura daga kifayen sturgeon zuwa kilomita 863, da yanke gaba ɗaya mafi mahimmancin wuraren shakatawa a tsakiyar Danube. Sakamakon haka, an kulle shingen a bakin kogin a gaban madatsar, kuma a yanzu ba su da ikon ci gaba da aikinsu na shekaru, na shekaru dubu da suka gabata, hanyar da ta saba zuwa wurin shakatawa. An kulle ta a cikin irin wannan yanayi na dabi'a, dan adam yana fuskantar mummunan tasirin hadewar kuma ya rasa bambance-bambancen kwayoyin.
Yankin Beluga a kan Danube ya yi asara
Sturgeons suna da hankali sosai ga canje-canje a cikin kewayon. Wadannan canje-canjen nan da nan suna shafar spawning, wintering, ikon bincika abinci mai kyau, kuma a ƙarshe haifar da bacewar ƙwayar halittar. Yawancin nau'ikan Sturgeon sun tsallake rijiya mai tsabta akan ƙananan Danube, inda suke ajiye jigidansu kafin su koma Tekun Bahar Maliya. Ya kamata a aiwatar da ingantacciyar nasara a cikin zurfin a zazzabi na akalla digiri 9-15.
Yawan Sturgeon ya cutar da asarar asali kuma ya dace da wannan nau'in yanki na kifin da aka rarraba a Danube. Ingarfafa bankunan da rarrabuwar kogin zuwa manyan kwale-kwale, ayyukan injiniya masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ba da kariya ga ambaliyar, rage ambaliyar ruwa da ciyayi waɗanda suka kasance ɓangaren tsarin kogin da kashi 80%. Kewaya shima yana daya daga cikin munanan barazanar da ake wa Sturgeon, musamman a sakamakon ayyukan da suka hada da zurfafa aiki da hakar aikin kogi. Extraaukar yashi da tsakuwa, canjin ƙasa da ɓangarorin jirgin ruwa ke haifar da suma suna da tasiri mai kyau ga yawan mutane a cikin Danube.
Barazanar lalata kifayen Danube sturgeon yana da girma sosai idan ba ku ɗauki matakan gaggawa da masu tsauraran matakai ba, to bayan decadesan shekarun da suka gabata ana iya ganin wannan kifin azurfan azaba na kayan tarihi kawai. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Hukumar Ba da Lamuni ta Duniya ta Danube, tare da Asusun Tallafi na forasashen Duniya da Tarayyar Turai, a zaman wani ɓangare na Tsarin Turai na forungiyar Danube, suna gudanar da ayyuka da ɗimbin nazarin ƙasa da nufin samar da matakan ceton Danube beluga.
Beluga shine mafi girma kifi na dangin Sturgeon, suna zaune a cikin tekun Caspian, Black da Azov kuma suna kira ga tsiyaye a cikin kogunan da ke kusa. A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, tana iya rayuwa sama da shekara 100 kuma a lokaci guda, ba kamar 'yan uwanta na Pacific ba, ba ta mutu bayan ta ɓata. Dangane da haka, yana ci gaba a duk wannan lokacin, kuma ina tsammanin kowa zaiyi sha'awar sanin girman da beluga ya fi girma a duniya.
Babbar beluga lalle mace ce, tunda maza kusan sun ninka biyu. Kifin ya kai ga balaga tun yana ɗan shekara 16, amma kuma galibi bayan shekara 20 Baƙin fata Caviar yana ɗaukar kusan 20% na jikin duka kuma ya ƙunshi 500,000 ƙwai (a cikin mafi girma - miliyan 5-7). Kuma ɓarna ba ya faruwa lokaci guda, amma a cikin tsawon watanni 3 na bazara. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa beluga ke maraba koyaushe ga mafarautan caviar - don abin da ta biya.
Yanzu an jera wannan kifin a cikin littafin Red saboda darajar ta - baƙar fata, babban abincin. Ba za ku same ta a cikin tallace-tallace na hukuma ba, amma a kasuwar baƙar fata a Rasha, kilogram na caviar ya tashi daga $ 600, da waje - daga $ 7,000.
Ko da a ƙarƙashin yanayi mafi dacewa, 90% na ƙwai ba sa girma cikin manya. Bugu da kari, mutane a karni na karshe sun “kula” da cewa a wasu kogunan beluga gaba daya sun lalace (alal misali, kafin gina madatsun ruwa akan Dnieper, ya haura zuwa Zaporozhye kuma an kama wasu samfurori ko da kusa da Kiev) kuma yanzu halin da ake ciki yafi rikitarwa ko'ina.Amma beluga koyaushe ya kasance mai nuna alamun lafiyar lafiyar yanayin.
Majiyoyi da tashoshin wutar lantarki ba sa barin kifaye su girma, kuma mafi girman da aka kama a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata shine kifi mai nauyin 800 a cikin 1970 da 960 kg a 1989. Tsarin tsoratarwar, mafi ƙarancin tsawon shekaru 4.2 da kimanin shekaru 70, yanzu an sa shi cikin Gidan Tarihi na Astrakhan. Ma fastoci sun kama kifayen, koran ci, kuma kiran da ba a bayyana ba game da ganima, wanda ke buƙatar motar jigilar kaya. Zuwa yau, beluga mafi girma a cikin duniya da bidiyo game da wannan zaka iya samu a YouTube, inda suke nuna samfurin da aka auna kilo 500.
Littafin "Bincike kan Kifi a Rasha" ya ba da rahoton cewa mafi girman beluga da aka kama a cikin Volga ya kai mita 9 tsawo kuma 90 kilo (1440 kg) mai nauyi. Irin wannan mutumin yana da'awar cewa shine mafi girma kifi na ruwa a duniya, abin takaici ne cewa ba'a kiyaye hoton mafi girman beluga don tabbatar da rikodin ba, kamar yadda ya faru a 1827.
A cikin 1922 da 1924, an kama kifayen makamancin wannan kusa da bakin Volga kuma a cikin Tekun Caspian - fam 75 kowannensu (kilogram 1224), inda kimanin kilogiram 700 ya auna jiki, kilogram 300, sauran kuma - caviar. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kazan yana adana kifi mai nisan mita 4 wanda aka kama a ƙaramin Volga. Shekarunta 60-70 ne.
Ya kamata a tuna cewa mafi girman beluga a cikin duniya shine wanda aka kama kuma aka rubuta shi bisa hukuma. Amma masunta sun sadu da samfurori waɗanda basu da isasshen kaya ko ƙarfi, kuma sun mutu cikin aminci, yana haifar da almara masu yawa game da dodannin kogin. Wanne, ta hanyar, suna da kowane dalili, saboda a cikin ciki na waɗanda ke da tsinkayen Caspian fiye da sau ɗaya da suka sami saƙar hatimi (tsawon - daga mita) ..