Cochineal Ararat - ɗayan don aphids, cicadas da kwari-ganye. Duk waɗannan kwari waɗannan wakilai ne na umarnin reshe, wanda ke ba da ciyawar tsirrai.
Dangane da wannan, cochineals suna da na'urar huda bakin-tsotsa mai amfani da ita don soki ganye da mai tushe na tsirrai da shan ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai gina jiki daga gare su.
Magnetic cochineal canza launi
Ararat cochineal memba ne na ƙungiyar babbar tsutsa. Halittar ana kiran shi daddaren barasar, wanda launi na ceri yake nuna shi. A zamanin da, tufafin masu mulki, wanda ake kira porphyry, mai launin shuɗi-launi, ana fitar da wannan fenti daga mollusks.
Armenian Cochineal (Porphyrophora hamelii).
Irin wannan tufafi ya cancanci kuɗi mai yawa, tunda ya ɗauki kifayen bakin teku masu yawa, waɗanda yawancinsu ke amfani da haɗarin rayukansu. Cochineal tana da irin wannan launi mai launi ta hanyar halitta, nau'ikan zane-zanen carmine a jikinta.
Bayyanar cochineals
Mata suna da jikin jigilar halitta, ba su da fiɗa. Suna ciyar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace kuma suna ciyar da mafi yawan lokaci a cikin tushen reeds da tsire-tsire na bakin teku, waɗanda ke girma akan lalatattun gishiri.
Cochineals suna da riguna masu launin ceri.
Mace sun kai mil 2-12 a tsayi, kuma maza sun fi ƙanƙan da na mace: tsayin jikinsu baya wuce milimita 2-4.
Amma a gefe guda, maza suna da ƙawata - jirgin ruwan farin zaren siliki.
A jikin mace akwai wadatattun abubuwa masu dauke da abubuwa dabam-dabam, wanda daga ciki ake samar da wani abu na musamman, wanda ke samar da murfin kariya daga furen cherry-ja.
Rayuwar Cochineal
A watan Satumba Oktoba-Oktoba, an zabi maza da mata a doron kasa kuma tsarin canjin yanayi ya gudana. Bayan balaga, bayan 'yan awanni, maza sun mutu, mata kuma suna gangarowa cikin ƙasa. A cikin kasar, suna haifar da kwayar kwai daga asirin gland wanda aka sanya qwai a ciki. Wasu mata sukan kawo ƙwai 800.
Saboda sha'awar masana'antu a cikin waɗannan kwari, adadin cochineals yana raguwa da sauri.
A watan Afrilu-Mayu, larvae ya bayyana. Nan da nan suna manne da ƙwayoyin tsirrai kuma suna fara ciyar da ruwan 'ya'yansu. Bayan jujjuyawa, tsutsa ya zama mafi zagaye kuma an rufe shi da kwasfa mai kariya. Bayan wani lokaci, wasu larvae samu zuwa farfajiya, sa'an nan burrow sake kuma haifar da wani farin kakin zuma abin da ke kusa da kansu. Daga waɗannan vaanyan larvae ana samun su daga baya. Kuma an kafa mace ba tare da ƙarin mahaɗi ba.
Cochineal ba mummunan dabba bane, amma abokin mutum ne!
A yau na karɓi lambar farko da na fi so - "Kimiyya da rayuwa" (http://www.nkj.ru)
A shafi na 26 wata kasida ce mai ban sha'awa “Me muke yi da shi? Daga abin da muke ci.” Ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa game da abinci mai gina jiki na amfaninsu da lahani, kuma, musamman, game da cochineal.
A cikin ciyarwar blog na yau, mutane da yawa sun ga labarin - "Wanene ya ɓoye Coca-Cola?" (www.livejournal.ru/themes/id/12503) - af, labari mai matukar wahala.
Kuma tambaya mai ma'ana ta taso - wane irin dabba ita kuma me yasa ake cin abinci,
Don haka, zan gaya muku game da wannan cochineal na Mexico da ke da matsala (shi ne cochineal mealybug, shi ne cochineal aphid, aka Dactylopius coccus) daga dangin kermes (Kermococcidae), wani yanki na mahaifa.
PS - An ɗauke shi daga Wikipedia.
Yana zaune akan cacti na nau'in Opuntia kuma yana jagorantar yanayin rayuwa mara motsi:
Hoton da aka dauka: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk
Da gaba.
Barazanar - an ɗauka a www.sel.barc.usda.gov
Haɗin yanar gizon da aka ambata yana cewa (tare da tunani da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa) Coca-Cola yana ƙara fenti foda daga cikin matan waɗannan tsutsotsin a matsayin magarya.
(Barazana - Ko wataƙila barasa? In ba haka ba mutane da yawa suna cewa yana ƙanshin su, -)).
AMMA. Yi sauri don sake tabbata ga masu karatu masu hankali.
Babu kwari a cikin abin sha. Kaɗan carmine (aka E120) ne kawai aka cire daga gare su, wanda aka ƙara zuwa samfura da yawa don bayar da launi.
PS - An ɗauki hoton daga shafin http://www.itg.be
Kamar yadda kake gani daga asalin magana zuwa hoto - ana amfani da wannan bangaren a magani.
Halin da wannan maganin ke kashewa a rayuwar dan adam yana da matukar muhimmanci Cape Cape ta ma sadaukar da tamburran tambura:
(PS: godiya ta musamman ga masu hannu da shuni daga http://biostamps.narod.ru)
Har zuwa karni na 9, dye da aka samo daga cochineal (wacce ake kira 'jinin jini', da carmazine da carmine) anyi amfani dasu sosai wajen bushe launi, da samun launi mai duhu. Af, fure cochineal carmine an kaddara su daidai ta hanyar curin ruwan curin da wannan halittar take rayuwa.
A Tsakiya da Arewacin Amurka (baya a karni na 14), sannan kuma a Spain, cochineal ya kasance samfuran masana'antu, ƙarar da kullun ke haɓaka har zuwa farkon ƙirƙirar Alizarin na wucin gadi a cikin karni na IXX.
Kasancewa da rahusa, alizarin nan da nan ya maye gurbin cochineal daga kasuwannin duniya, wanda har ma ya haifar da rikici a Spain, inda samar da cochineal ya yi yawa sosai.
Komai ya fara komawa daidai tunda dan Adam ya damu da yanayin lafiyar rayuwarsa da damuwa game da lafiya.
Nazarin da aka gudanar a farkon karni na 90 na karni na XX ya nuna cewa amfani da cochineal yana da aminci a lokuta da yawa idan aka kwatanta da kayan yau da kullun. Kuma duk saboda cochineal baya dauke da gubobi da carcinogens kuma, wanda yake da kyau, samfuri ne na asalin halitta (PS - zuma baya bada shanu, ko dai).
AMMA kamar kowane samfurin - cirewa ko tari na foda - na iya zama ƙarancin ciki kuma yana haifar da tashin hankalin rashin lafiyan (irin waɗannan lokuta ma sanannu ne), a zahiri ba su da bambanci da kwayoyi, 'ya'yan itacen Citrus, madara, da sauransu. da sauransu
Morearin bayani game da fenti (duba ƙasa da godiya don cikakken cikakken bincike game da batun ga mazan daga http://www.e-124.ru).
Carmine
Coyekin Cochineal ya wanzu cikin manyan sifofi guda biyu: cirewar Cochineal - dye da aka yi daga kayan ƙuraje na kwari da kwari, da ƙamshi mai laushi - wanda aka yi tsabtace da aka sanya daga cochineal. A cikin samar da carmin, ana sanya garin foda a cikin maganin maganin ammoniya ko sodium carbonate, to, ana iya magance matsalar don cire barbashi mai ƙanshi, an ƙara alum a cikin gishirin ingantaccen gishirin carminic acid don haifar da jan gishiri na aluminium. Tsarkake launi yana tabbatar da rashin baƙin ƙarfe. Don sarrafa samuwar layu, ƙaramin dichloride, citric acid, borax, ko gelatin za'a iya ƙarawa. Don samun launin ruwan hoda, an kara lemun tsami zuwa alum.
Tun daga 2005, Peru ta samar da tan 200 na kayan cochineal a shekara, kuma tan 20 a shekara a Tsibirin Canary. Kwanan nan, Chile da Mexico sun fara fitar da cochineal. Ana ɗaukar Faransa a matsayin ɗayan manyan masu shigo da kayan cochineals. Kwayoyin har ila yau suna shigo da Japan da Italiya. Mafi yawancin kayayyakin da ake shigo da su ana sarrafa su kuma an sake shigo dasu zuwa wasu kasashe masu ci gaban tattalin arziki. Tun 2005, farashin cochineal ya kasance tsakanin dala 50 zuwa 80 a kowace kilo ɗaya, yayin da ake sayar da kayan abinci na launuka masu haɗi a kan dala 10 zuwa 20 akan kilo ɗaya. [. ]
Yau ana amfani dashi don goge masana'anta da kayan shafawa, azaman canza launi na abinci, kamar yadda ake masana'antu, mai da kuma zanen ruwa. Lokacin amfani dashi azaman kayan abinci, ya kamata a nuna fenti akan kayan samfurin. Wani lokaci ana yiwa carmine alama tare da taken E120. Wasu mutane na iya haifar da rashin lafiyan ƙwayar carmine. Halin rashin lafiyan yana da rauni (ƙwaƙwalwar atrial) da mai tsanani (faɗakarwar anaphylactic). A cikin wasu mutane, carmin yana haifar da asma. Cochineal shine ɗayan dyes ɗin da Supportungiyar Children'sungiyar Tallafin Yara ta ba da shawarar ban da abincin. Ga vegans, yawancin musulmai da yahudawa, daskararre carmine na dabi'a ba ya karba, kuma an haramta abinci da ke ɗauke da carmine (haraam ga musulmai da ba kosher ga Yahudawa) saboda an sanya wannan rigar daga kwari.
Cochineal yana ɗayan thean dyes masu narkewa cikin ruwa kuma yana tsayayya da lalata a kan lokaci. Cochineal yana ɗayan daskararru masu tsaurin yanayi masu tsauri, tsayayya da isashshewar abubuwa da lalacewa, kuma sun fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da launuka na abinci masu haɓaka. Ana amfani da nau'in ruwa mai narkewa a cikin giya mai ƙira tare da carmis carmine, ana amfani da hanyar insoluble a cikin kewayon samfurori masu yawa. An ƙara Carmine tare da ammonium da sauran daskararrun carmine a cikin nama, sausages, kayan sarrafa kaji (a Amurka, idan an ƙara fenti a cikin kayan nama, dole ne a nuna shi a kan kunshin), naman minced, marinades, giya, giyar burodi da kuma kayayyakin daban-daban cream, biscuits, desserts, sugar glazes, kek, juyawa, adanawa, jellies, ruwan sha, nau'ikan cheddar cuku da sauran kayayyakin kiwo, biredi da Sweets. A cikin shekara guda, mutum yana karɓar abinci daga digo ɗaya na digo na carmine acid.
Carmine shine ɗayan mentsan launuka da ke amintaccen amfani don amfani da kayan kwalliya na ado. Ana amfani da mahimmancin carmin insoluble a cikin masana'antar kayan kwalliya don keɓaɓɓen gashi da samfuran kulawa na fata, lipsticks, foda na fuska, blush da inuwa ido. Dye ja mai haske mai haske da kalar carmine, waɗanda ake amfani da su ta hanyar ilimin halittu, ana kuma sanya su daga haɓakar carmine. A cikin masana'antar masana'antu, ana amfani da cochineal don allunan launi da maganin shafawa.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Cochineal ya kasance na kwari mai sulusin kwari Masana kimiyya ba za su iya fitar da ainihin lokacin asalin wadannan kwari ba. Ko da a cikin Baibul, rigar shuɗi, wacce aka fitar da ita daga tsutsa burg, an ambata.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abin mamaki, ana samo fenti na musamman daga matan waɗannan kwari. A saboda wannan, kwari da basu da lokaci don sa ƙwai suna tattara da hannu. Bayan haka, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayin zafi ko kuma tare da taimakon acetic acid, an bushe kuma an bushe shi. An tabbatar da cewa kwaro daya, wanda girmansa bai wuce milimita biyu ba, na iya samar da fenti wanda ya isa ya lalata kayan, fewan santimita a ciki.
Hatta a cikin tsohuwar Rasha, mutane suna da matukar sha'awar hakar kwari da kiwo da kwari don samun fenti. A cikin 1768, Catherine 2 ya ba da wata doka da ke nuna buƙatar bincika tsutsa a cikin yankin Tarayyar Rasha. Bayan wani lokaci, a cikin 1804, Yarima Rumyantsev ya juya ga Yarima Kurakin tare da neman aiwatar da duk bayanan da ake samu game da tsutsa wacce ba ta yi karancin karatu a ƙasar Little Russia ba. Kurakin, bi da bi, ya tattara cikakkun bayanai: bayanin bayyanar, yanayin rayuwa, mazauni, farashi a lokacin karatu. Ya kuma yi cikakken bayani game da dokoki da kuma hanyoyin tattarawa, kazalika da fasaha don samar da launi mai launi.
Bidiyo: Cochineal
Bayan haka, kwaro ya yadu cikin yanayin wucin gadi don samun launi mai launi. An yi amfani dashi a cikin masana'antu da yawa. A cikin karni na 20, an kirkiro da abubuwan daskararru na roba, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga raguwa sosai ga amfani da dyes na halitta wanda aka samo daga cochineal. Koyaya, har yanzu ana amfani dashi a fannin harhada magunguna, masana'antun abinci, turare, da sauransu.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Abin da cochineal yayi kama
Mata da maza sun bambanta da juna sosai da kamanninsu. Ana bambanta mata ta hanyar wani abu mai sauƙin kai, jiki na convex. Ba su da fikafikai kuma suna kama da ƙananan kwari. Girman jikin mutum yakai mil 1-10, girman jikin maza yayi yawa, kuma shine milimita 2-6. Girman jikin mutum kima ne kawai. An fentin jiki a cikin launi mai kyau, mai launi.
A jikin jikin mace, akwai wasu gland da keɓaɓɓe da ke ɓoye wani sirri na musamman waɗanda ke ba da kariya ga matafiya. Yana da launi launin toka-fari. Jikin tsutsotsi yana rufe da bakin ciki, tsawon villi. A jikin tsutsotsi akwai abubuwan da ake kira tsagi waɗanda ke rarraba jikin zuwa sassan tsaye da zoben juzu'i. Kwayoyin cuta suna da sashin kai, wanda ke rabuwa da jiki ta hanyar tsagi mai zurfi. A cikin yankin kai tsaye ana shirya su ne, idanu kaɗan. A cikin maza, idanu sun fi rikitarwa, facet, sun fi girma.
Maza, waɗanda suka yi cikakken zagayen ci gaban su, suna kama da sauro. Suna da fikafikai har ma sun iya tashi. Hakanan ana bambanta su da mace ta wani nau'in kayan ado - dogayen layin dogo na farin ko launi madara. Tsawonsu ya ninka tsawon lokaci. Kwayoyin suna da nau'i-nau'i na wata gabar da suke motsawa, kuma suna iya barin matsugunansu, suna ta birgima zuwa saman.
Ina ne cochineal yake zaune?
Hoto: Inchct Cochineal
Yankin rarraba wannan nau'in kwari yana da girma sosai. Akwai nau'in kwari iri iri, kowannensu ya mamaye wani yanki. An dauki Kudancin Amurka a matsayin ƙasar da ta zama tarihi.
Yankuna mazaunan cochineal
- Armeniya, galibi gefen gabar kogin Araka,
- wasu yankuna na Azerbaijan,
- Crimea,
- wasu yankuna na Belarus,
- kusan dukkan Ukraine,
- Yankin Tambov,
- zaɓaɓɓen yankuna na yammacin Turai,
- Kasashen Asiya
- Samarkand.
Kwaro suna zaune a adadi mai yawa a cikin hamada na solonchak, har ma da wuraren da ciyawar ke tsiro. A ƙarni na 16, an kawo nau'ikan ƙasaitaccen kwari, wanda kwari da yawa suna gurbata yanayi, an kawo su ƙasashen Turai kuma koya koya shi a wurin. Bayan wannan, an sami nasarar warin tsutsa cikin yanayin wucin gadi.
A wasu ƙasashe da yankuna, an kirkiro gonaki na musamman akan wanda cochineal ke bijiro da shi sosai. Irin waɗannan gonakin sun wanzu a Guatemala, a tsibirin Canary, a Spain, a kan iyakar tsibirin Afirka. An tattara yawancin kwari a Mexico da Peru, inda har zuwa yau, ana fitar da dye na halitta daga tsutsotsi. A Turai, sun kuma yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan gonaki, amma waɗannan ƙoƙarin ba su yi nasara ba saboda yawan yanayin yanayi da ƙwarewa da ilimi.
Yanzu kun san inda cochineal yake. Bari mu ga me wannan kwari ke ci.
Menene cochineal ke ci?
Hoto: Red Cochineal
Cochineal gurza ne. Kwaro yana zaune daga tsirrai. Tare da taimakon proboscis na musamman, an haɗa shi zuwa ɓangaren farji na tsirrai da abinci akan ruwan 'ya'yan itace a cikin rayuwa. Ya zama gama gari ga maza don motsawa daga wannan shuka zuwa wani. Mata suna ciyar da rayuwarsu gaba ɗaya a kan shuka ɗaya kaɗai. Suna zahiri cizo a ciki da ƙarfi. Abin da ya sa ma'aikatan da ke tattara kwari dole ne a kankare su ganye tare da m goge.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kwayoyin suna samo kwalliyar ceri saboda gaskiyar cewa suna ciyar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace ja cactus ja.
Idan wadataccen abinci ya wadatar, to, kwari suna rayayye iri kai tsaye a saman ganyayyaki. Saboda wannan, a cikin gonaki da yawa inda kwari suke girma a cikin yanayin wucin gadi, ba a tattara su tare da goge-goge ko wasu na'urori ba, amma kawai tsaga ganye da ajiye su cikin rataye na musamman. Don haka, yayin da tsirrai suke mai dorewa, kwari suna rayuwa kuma suna haifuwa a kansu. Da zaran ganyen ya fara bushewa, an girbar da cochineal kuma ana sarrafa shi domin samar da launi mai launi ja.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Mata na Cochineal
Kwaro ya kasance ga halittun farko, ya kan haifar da rayuwar duniya. A saman da aka zaba ne kawai a lokacin kiwo. Mace suna yin rayuwa irin ta dabbobi.Sun kwashe tsawon rayuwar su akan shuka daya, kuma basu barin shi. A zahiri suna manne da shi.
A yau, masana kimiyya sun tattara bayanai da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu game da rayuwar rayuwar kwari. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sha'awar ta a matsayin tushen fenti ta sake ƙaruwa.
An sani cewa an zaɓi mace akan ƙasa ƙasa kawai lokacin da ya zo lokacin yin kiwo. Mafi yawan lokuta wannan yakan faru ne a cikin watan Satumba. Yana cikin wannan lokacin da kwari suke abota, bayan su mutu. Mata suna rayuwa tsawon wata guda fiye da maza. Wannan shi ne saboda buƙatar barin zuriya.
Kwayoyin basa aiki, musamman ma mata. Maza suna motsawa kadan, kuma cikin sauri saboda tsarin gabobin jiki da kasancewar fikafikan guda ɗaya. Ta hanyar yanayi, kwari suna da hankali sosai, musamman ma mata yayin lokacin kiwo.
Abin lura ne cewa larvae mace ta farko ta samo sifofi mai fasalin lu'u-lu'u, sannan elliptical, ko kuma kawai zagaye. A wannan lokacin, sun rasa antennae da wata gabar jiki, suna samar da mafitsara. Samuwar cysts shima halayyar mata ne da maza.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
A wannan lokacin, lokacin da mace da namiji suna shirye don kiwo, sai su yi birgima zuwa saman duniya. Nan da nan bayan hadi da mace, sai namiji ya mutu. Mace na rayuwa tsawon kwanaki 28-30. A cikin mata wadanda suka haura zuwa saman, kusan ɗaukacin ciki na ciki shine tsarin haihuwa.
Wakilai masu zuwa suna wakilta:
- guda biyu
- gama da unpaired oviducts,
- farji
- daikini.
Bayan an gama hadewar, an binne matar duk a cikin kasar ta zurfin santimita 1.5-2. A cikin kasar mace, tare da taimakon glandonta, suna yin saƙa na musamman daga abin da aka kirkira jaka, ko kwakwa don ƙwai. Kowace mace na haihuwar zuriya ɗaya. A lokaci guda, ta sami damar sa ƙwai 800-1000. Bayan an kiyaye kwanon amintattu a cikin akwati, mace ta kwanta kuma ta mutu, ta rufe su da jikinta. Bayan haka, zai kare zuriyar gaba.
A cikin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin jikin mace, a cikin rago mai kariya, suna yin kimanin watanni 7-8. A ƙarshen Maris, farkon Afrilu, tsawo, elongated larvae ƙyanƙyashe daga larvae. Ana nuna su da kasancewar antennae, wata gabar jiki, da kuma dogon goge baki a cikin hanyar proboscis. Yin amfani da waɗannan baƙin ƙarfe, mace tana haɗa kansu da tsire-tsire waɗanda za su iya shayar da su. Sannan mace a hankali za su iya yawaita a cikin girma, rasa antennae da wata gabar jiki, da ƙirƙirar mafitsara. Hakanan ya zama ruwan dare ga maza ƙirƙirar mafitsara. Ko yaya kuwa, girman girman jikin maza yana da kusan rabin abin ƙyallen mace. A ƙarshen ƙarshen bazara, cysts masu ilmantarwa sun sha wahalar cutar ta metamorphosis, a yayin da ake ɗaukar nau'ikan farji da nau'ikan eriya a cikin mata.
Abokan gaba na cochineals
Hoto: Abin da cochineal yayi kama
Lokacin da suke rayuwa a cikin yanayi na halitta, kwari ba su da abokan gaba na zahiri. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ba asalin hanyar abinci bane ga tsuntsaye, wasu kwari ko dabbobi. Iyakar abokan adawar cochineals ana ɗauka mutum ne. A baya can, kwari da yawa sun lalace domin samun abin da ake kira fenti mai launi - carmine. Ana samun wannan nau'in rina a ƙarƙashin sunan carmine, ko ƙarin kayan abinci E 120. Iyakokin da aikace-aikacen carmine suna da faɗi sosai.
Ina ne ake amfani da launi mai launi:
- Masana'antar abinci. An haɗu da shi a cikin abin sha da na giya, a cikin samar da kayayyakin nama, kayan kamshi, jelly, marmalade, ice cream, biredi, hatsi na karin kumallo,
- Kawo kayan kwalliya da turare. Ana ƙara Pigment zuwa lipstick, lebe gloss, ja, inuwa ido, da sauransu,
- Abubuwan tsabta na mutum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da sabulu, ruwan wanka, goge-goge, da sauransu,
- Masana'antar masana'anta. Ctionirƙirari da bushewar masana'anta, zaren, fiber,
- Samun kayan zaki. Yin glazes, jam, adana, wasu irin Sweets.
Akwai yuwuwar samun kashin carmine a cikin wadancan samfuran inda ake da dandano ko kamshi na strawberries, raspberries, strawberries ko cherries.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Inchct Cochineal
Har zuwa yau, yawan jama'ar cochineal ba sa cikin haɗari. Koyaya, akwai wasu lokatai waɗanda kusan ba a taɓa samun su ba a cikin yanayin rayuwarta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tarin tarin kwaro da ɗimbin yawa, da kuma murƙushe ganyen ganyen ƙura tare da kwari.
A ƙarni na 19, kusan an gama lalata ƙwari. Bayan haka, sun fara haɓaka filayen cochineal don haɓakar wucin gadi da kiwo. An kuma kirkiro ajiyar namun daji. Masana kimiyya sun sami damar haɓaka wata dabara ta musamman wacce za ta ba ku damar zuwa sau 5-6 fiye da kwari fiye da yadda zai yiwu a vivo.
A lokacin da mutane suka koyi yadda ake samar da daskararru na yau da kullun, an kawar da buƙataccen carmine ta atomatik. Tsarin kwari masu kiwo sun ci gaba da wanzuwa kawai don haɓaka adadin kwari da hana ƙonewa gabaɗaya. Koyaya, a tsawon lokaci, sun fara shakkun alfanun amfani da daskararren roba, sannan kuma suka ayyana yanayin yanayin jikinsu da cutarwa ga lafiya.
Cochineal - Waɗannan waɗancan kwari ne masu ban mamaki waɗanda 'yan adam suka daɗe suna amfani da su don samun jan dattin ja. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da shi a fannin likitanci da masana'antar abinci.
"Tsarin ofishin"
Idan ana tambayarka wane nau'in kwari da kuka sani, to tabbas amsar zata zama: kudan zuma da siliki. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai sauran kwari da ba a sani ba waɗanda mutane ke tarawa suna kiwo har tsawon shekaru don samun fenti mai haske mai ja - carmine. Fenti, wanda ya samo amfaninsa ba wai kawai tsakanin masu zane da ma’aikatan shuni ba, har ma a cikin masana'antar abinci da ƙanshin turaren wuta, da kuma tsakanin masana kimiyyar halittun da ke amfani da tatsuniyar tarihin don yin wannan launi.
Wadanne ne kwari masu yin kazar? Wannan jerin nau'ikan nau'ikan gungun sabon abu ne - coccid, ko tsutsotsi da kwari masu kwari (Coccodea), samar da wani yanki daban daban a dunkule a cikin tsari na kagaggun kifayen proboscis.
Coccids suna yaɗu cikin yanayi, amma ba abu mai sauƙi ba ne mu lura da su, kuma don gane kwari a cikinsu ... Ya isa ya faɗi cewa matan yawancin coccids sune kawai dabbobin ƙasa waɗanda ke jagorantar yanayin rayuwa gaba ɗaya, haɗewar rayuwa. Ta hanyar bayyanarsu, suna kusan yin kama da kumburi da ƙananan sikeli a kan hawan tsirrai ko kuma kawai piecesarfin datti da ke manne wa gangar jikin ko gangar jikin. Idonsu, kumburinsu da kafafunsu duk sun lalace gaba daya, kuma jikin ya zama jaka cike da kwai. A cikin nau'ikan halittu da yawa, ana kare mata tsotse daga sama ta hancin kakin zuma, wanda ke samansu a sama mai lebur, zagaye, ko makamancinsu ga siket ɗin comma (a zahiri sunan waɗannan kwari ya zama - kwari).
Irin waɗannan coccids an daidaita su ne a mataki na larvae na farkon, wanda ake kira "strollers". Suna da wayar hannu da hexapods, suna da haɓaka idanu masu sauƙi da eriya, kuma akwai kuma dogon wutsiya. Jikin tsutsa ya lalace, proboscis an nade shi a cikin zobe, an tanƙwara a ƙarƙashin ciki kuma an ɓoye shi a cikin aljihu na musamman. Vagabonds masu ƙanƙanuwa ne a cikin girman sa kuma iska mai sauƙi ta tsage ta kuma kwashe ta, sau da yawa ta haka suna motsawa zuwa wurare masu nisa. Tabbas, yawancin larvae suna mutuwa, amma wasu suna isa ga ciyawar ciyawar da suke buƙata, inda suke samun wurin da ya dace kuma suna manne wa matattarar abinci.
Wadancan larvae, wadanda aka qaddara su zama maza a gaba, bayan wani lokaci sai suka daina ciyarwa da kirkiro dabbobin da ke kusa da kansu, a karkashin kariyar da suke yiwa sake sarrafa jikin ta. A lokacin sa, larvae sun rasa kayan sa na baki da kafafu. Kafafu kuwa, daga nan sai su yi tsiro. Bugu da kari, maza suna yin fikafikai da zaren zaren. Amma bakin bai taɓa bayyana ba - an fitar da maza daga kwandon shara, kawai don tashi ne kaɗan, a sami abokai, sannan kuma a mutu. Koyaya, wasu coccids basu da maza kwata-kwata - sun yi tarayya da hanyar.
Haɓaka mace yana da sauƙi. Wasu, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, sun rasa kusan dukkanin gabobin waɗanda basu da alaƙa da abinci da haihuwa, kuma suna kan shuka abinci har abada. Amma akwai coccids, mace wanda suke gajarta, amma har yanzu masu zaman kansu ne kuma haƙiƙanin balaguron dabbar ta dace. Sabili da haka, suna riƙe idanunsu, antennae da paws, suna ƙare a cikin ƙaramin kambori. Irin waɗannan (waɗanda aka ɗauka sosai) coccids ana kiransu tsutsotsi. Hakanan sun haɗa da waɗanda ake kira sunan gama kai "cochineal."
Duk da “stealth”, coccids ƙungiya ce mai mahimmanci na kwari. Yawancinsu sune kwari masu hatsarin gaske na shuka. Kuma ba wai kawai aikin gona ba, har ma da katako, da cikin gida. Yana da matukar wahala a iya yaƙar su, amintaccen garkuwa da shi ya kiyaye shi. Daga sauran nau'in suna da matukar mahimmanci, wasu lokuta samfuran da ba za'a iya jurewa ba, misali shellac. Amma zamuyi magana game da wadannan kwari a lokaci mai zuwa. Yau labarinmu ya sadaukar domin cochineal.
Mutanen Carmine sun koyi dawowa da tsufa. Litattafan tarihi na tarihi sun ambaci fenti mai launi da aka samo daga tsutsa mai launin ja, wadda zuriyar Nuhu tayi amfani da ita. Don samun fenti, an yi amfani da nau'ikan cochineal da yawa - itacen oak, ko kermes da ke zaune a cikin Bahar Rum, cochineal na Poland, wanda ya hada da yankin Ukraine na zamani. Amma mafi girman ingancin an dauki fenti da aka samo daga Ararat cochineal. An sani cewa a cikin karni na III. AD Sarkin Farisa ya ba sarkin Rome Aurelian wani rigar ado da aka yi wa fenti da launin shuɗi. Masana'anta ta zama ƙasa ta masarauta. Roma tana cike da jita-jita game da launi mai ban sha'awa na launuka, launuka waɗanda aka samo daga wani “tsutsa” wanda aka bred a cikin ƙasar Armenia da nisa da ake kira "karmir vortan". Shaidar farko da aka rubuta game da cochineal Ararat tun daga karni na 5. Masanin tarihin ɗan ƙasar Arisawa, Lazar Parbsky ya rubuta cewa: “Tushen tsiron tsire-tsire ba shi yake haifar da ɗaukar filin Ararat ba. Suna haifar da tsutsotsi don adon ja, wanda ke amfana da masoya na samun kudin shiga da alatu. " Hakanan an ambaci Ararat cochineal a cikin tarihin tarihin larabawa, inda ake cewa "kirmiz" ana amfani da fenti a Armenia don yin fenti da kayan samfirin ulu kuma ana fitar dashi zuwa ƙasashe daban daban. An yi amfani da fenti da kuma kwafin zane a cikin tsoffin littattafai. Har yanzu a Matenadar - wurin ajiye tsoffin rubuce-rubucen littattafan Armen ana adana manyan kaloli, zane da haruffa waɗanda a ciki aka yi su da zane na asali, gami da jan carmine.
Amma daga baya, rabo ya juya baya daga cochineal Ararat. Daga karni na XVI. kamun kifinta ya fara raguwa. Cochineal na Mexico ya bayyana a kasuwannin duniya - ɗan kwari daga asalin Sabuwar Duniya, daga Mexico. A karon farko a Turai, zane mai launin shuɗi da aka samo daga wannan kwaro, tare da sauran abubuwa masu ban sha'awa daga ƙasar da aka ci, Juan Cortes ya ba da gudummawar ga sarkinsa. Na dogon lokaci, Spain ta mallaki wannan taskar, amma daga baya an fasa cochineal na Mexico a Java, tsibirin Canary, Algeria, a Cape of Good Hope da kuma wasu wuraren.
Cochineal na Kasar Mexico (Dactylopius coccus) mallakar wata halitta ce ta dabam kuma har zuwa wani dangi dabam da na Ararat (Porphyrophora hamelii) Yana da ƙarami a girma, amma yana da maƙasudai tare da fa'idodi masu yawa. Da fari dai, fenti daga shi ya zama mai haske. Abu na biyu, yanayin rayuwar wannan kwari ya fi guntu, kuma a Mexico basa karbar guda daya, amma tsararraki biyar a shekara, sabili da haka, jimlar '' girbin '' ba misali bace mai yawa. A ƙarshe, a cikin busassun jikin cochineal na Mexico, kusan babu mai, wanda ke sa wahalar cire fenti daga cochineal na Ararat. An tattara kwari na 'yan Mexico a kan cacti pear, mai yaɗuwa, busasshe kuma an sa su a cikin sifar "hatsi". Samun fenti daga waɗannan "hatsi" ba wani matsala bane. A Rasha, "hatsi" na cochineal ana kiranta "zuriya ofishin".
Ararat alkama da yankin rarraba ta
Sun kusan manta game da Ararat da sauran nau'ikan tsohuwar duniya. A cikin wasu gidajen ibadan na Armeniya har yanzu suna amfani da "karmir vortan" don buga kwafin littattafai.
A farkon karni na XIX, a cikin gidan sufi na Echmiadzin, Archimandrite Isaak Ter-Grigoryan, wanda shi ma mai zane ne Saak Tsakhkarar, ya yi taurin-kai don kafa gwaje-gwaje tare da cochineal kuma ya dawo da tsohon girke-girke don samun zane mai jurewa.
A cikin 30s na karni na XIX, masanin ilmin kimiya na Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya ta Kimiya na Russia Iosif Khristianovich Gamel ya sami sha'awar Ararat cochineal (1788-181862). Masanin ya rubuta wani aiki akan “dyes mai rai”, kuma sunan mahaifinsa har abada bai mutu ba a cikin takamaiman sunan Latin na tsutsawar Armeniya.
A yayin karnin XIX da XX. Haske aniline mai arha ya bayyana, kuma, ga alama, cochineal baya da mahimmanci. Amma kadan lokaci ya wuce, kuma mutane sun fahimci cewa dyes sunadarai suna da mummunan rauni. Cochineal yana da fa'idodi masu yawa, kuma manyan sune juriya (juriya ga haske, "ɓacin hankali") da rashin lahani ga mutane. Kuma a masana'antar ƙanshin abinci da masana'antun abinci sun sake fara amfani da cochineal na halitta.
Cochineal na Poland
A kokarin rage shigo da kayayyakin da ake shigo da su kasar, gwamnatin RSFSR ta sanya wa Jami’ar Jihar Moscow. M.V. Lomonosov tare da bukatar yiwuwar maye gurbin cochineal na Mexico tare da kowane tushen carmine. An karɓi amsar wannan bukatar daga masanin kimiyyar ɗiba Boris Sergeyevich Kuzin, wanda ya kware sosai game da cochineal Ararat. An kuma umurce shi da ya tafi Yerevan don bincika kwari da suke zaune a kwarin Armeniya. An samo Cochineal, kuma karatunsa da kamun kifi ya fara, amma ci gaban su ya hana yaki, sannan rikice rikicen bayan yakin. Kuma kawai a cikin 1971 sabon shafi ya fara a cikin tarihin Ararat cochineal. Har yanzu, sun fara nazarin yanayin rayuwa da haɓaka ƙaramar keken dako, don nemo hanyoyi masu amfani don amfani da wannan kwari.
Mene ne ilimin halittar Ararat cochineal, menene tsarin rayuwarsa? A ƙarshen Afrilu - farkon watan Mayu, ƙaramin bakin duhu mai duhu yake fitowa daga ƙwai waɗanda suka yi nasara nasara a cikin ƙasa, waɗanda ke yawo a cikin gishirin gishiri har sai sun haɗu da tsire-tsire masu girma da suke buƙata (Phragmites australis) ko bakin teku (Aeluropus litattleis) A kan wannan "fargaba" ta ƙare. Tsutsa mai zurfi zuwa zurfin 1-5 cm, tsaya a kan gishiyoyin tsire-tsire kuma fara ciyar da ruwan 'ya'yansu, "ciyar da mai". Shedding sau da yawa, tsutsa ke tsiro, ya zama zagaye, ya zama abin rufe fuska, yana rasa wata ƙyallen kuma ya zama mafitsara. A rabi na biyu na watan Agusta, mace da haihuwar maza sun bayyana daga cysts. Gabaɗaya, su biyun sunyi kama da ƙananan ƙanƙara na itace, launinsu kawai shine launin shuɗi na farko sannan kuma ja. Maza masu zuwa kusan rabinsu kamar yadda budurcinsu (tsawon jikinsu ya kai mm miliyan biyu) kuma ana hana musu baki, yayin da mace ke riƙe dukansu da kuma tsarin narkewarsu. Sun sake manne wa rhizomes kuma suna ci gaba da ciyarwa. Kuma dabino na maza, wanda wata manufa ta fahimta ba za ta iya fita ba, fita zuwa saman maɗaurin gishirin kuma kuyi ta birgima ta wani ɗan lokaci. Amma a ƙarshe, sun sake fashewa a cikin ƙasa, inda suke yin farin kakin zuma a kusa da kansu. A watan Satumbar, winga wingan kyanda masu ƙauna suna fitowa daga gare su, gaba ɗaya sabanin ƙwararar budurwansu. Kwana uku bayan fara haihuwar, maza suna cikin ƙasa, a wannan lokacin sun girma, fuka-fukan su shimfidawa kuma zaren yatsar kakin zuma mai girma. A rana ta huɗu sun iso farfajiya.A lokaci guda, mata masu jima'i da suka manyanta sun bayyana a farfajiya - a rayuwar cochineal, lokacin damuna ya fara. A cikin duk yawan jama'a, ya kai kimanin wata ɗaya da rabi, amma ga kowane ɗan kwari guda ɗaya ne kawai zai iya jin daɗin rayuwar aure. Amma a wannan ranar da namiji zai iya yin aure har sau 70. Bayan haka ya mutu, yarinyar da ke haduwa ta fita daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma ta ci gaba zuwa samuwar kwai kwalaben daga abin da ke cikin zafin nama. Idan mace ta zama ba shi da mahaifa, to sai ta sake dawowa farfajiya don ta sami wanda zai aure ta.
Matar ta fara yin qwai ne a ranar 7-8th bayan hadi sannan kuma ta ci gaba da yin hakan na kusan wata daya, tana fitar da kwayoyin halittar har 800 a wannan lokacin. Sannan kwaro ya mutu, kuma gwaje-gwajen suka ci gaba, domin a lokacin bazara gaba daya maimaitawar zai sake kasancewa.
Cochineal Ararat ita ce kwaro mai tarin yawa. A halin yanzu, sanannen nata yana da ƙanƙanta - kusan kadada 4,000 kawai a ƙasar Armenia da ƙari kaɗan a Azerbaijan. Dangane da Littafin Bayanan Rubuce-rubuce na USSR, an kiyasta adadin ajiyar kuɗin kusan tan 100, kuma yanzu, wataƙila, har ƙasa da haka. Ba tare da reeds da cochineal na bakin teku ba za su iya rayuwa, kuma mutane suna ƙara yin faɗa a kan mazauninsu na asali. Don haka, akwai hanyoyi guda biyu kawai don ceton Ararat cochine - kiwo na wucin gadi da kuma kirkirar ajiyar abubuwa. Koma baya a shekarun 1980 an yi niyyar ƙirƙirar biyu irin wannan juzu'in, tare da yankin na 100-200 ha: ɗayan haɗarin gishiri a kudu a yankin Oktemberyan, ɗayan a cikin ƙawancen Arazdayan. An kirkiro wuraren bautar namun daji, amma ba da daɗewa ba al'amuran siyasa suka fara a ƙasar, kuma. Don haka idan daya daga cikin masu karatunmu yasan wani abu game da makomar Ararat na yanzu, to bari ya rubuta mana.