Masana kimiyyar Rasha sun yi gargadin game da saurin yaduwa a cikin ruwa na tekun da ke da guba na algae Prorocentrum mafi ƙarancin. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna haifar da abin da ake kira "ja ruwa" da "ruwan sama na jini."

Suna saurin buɗe mazauninsu cikin hanzari saboda ikonsu na musamman na cin abubuwan kwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin cuta marasa galihu ba tare da iyakancewa ba, in ji Estuarine, mujallar Coastal da Shelf Science.

A cewar Sergei Scarlato na Cibiyar Nazarin Kwalejin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha a St. Petersburg, jan algae yana narkewa a cikin ruwa daidai da kyau, kuma idan bai isa ba, suna sauƙin canzawa zuwa kwayoyin halitta har ma da nau'ikan takin zamani.

Mazaunan addinai na Spain da Caribbean, waɗanda suka ɗanɗana da ainihin mamayewa na jan algae, sun yi la’akari da guguwa mai hade da ruwan sama, da aka zana da shunayya, alamomin ƙarshen duniya. Koyaya, masana kimiyya sun sake tabbatarwa: babu wani abu kamar Duniya da baya yin barazanar. Abun lura da ashararan ana lalacewa ta hanyar fadadawa da fure na Prorocentrum mafi ƙarancin.

Gaskiya ne ga duniyar dabbobi - kifi, tsuntsaye, har ma da microbes - “jan ruwa” da “ruwan sama na jini” suna da haɗari, saboda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suke zaune cikin algae ɓoyayyen ƙwayar jijiya - brevetoxin da wasu abubuwa masu haɗari. Masana kimiyya sun yi bayanin cewa ta wannan hanyar, guba na plankton mai gasa yana yin gasa tare da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, lokaci guda ya maida su abinci don kansu.

Yawan nau'in mai guba mai dinoflagellates Prorocentrum mafi ƙanƙanta (wanda ita kanta ba ta yin amfani da gubobi, amma kayan shararwa na iya zama mai guba) sun mamaye Tekun Baltic kuma sun maye gurbin jinsunan da suka rayu a can tun daga masu rinjaye. Ya dai-daita sosai da sabbin halaye kuma bayan wani lokaci ya fara samar da tarin jama'a a bangarorin bakin teku, waɗanda ke lalata masana'antar kamun kifi kuma hakan ya lalata halayen nishaɗi. Ba wai kawai mutane ba da daɗi ba ne don yin wanka a cikin ruwa, har ma suna da haɗari: gubobi da ke tara ruwa a sakamakon dinoflagellates na fure suna shafar jikin mutum.

Masana kimiyya na Rasha sun gano cewa mafi ƙarancin Prorocentrum, wanda ya bayyana kwanan nan a Tekun Baltic, ya sami nasarar fitar da sutirin da aka saba da shi. Manyan yankuna na ja algae sun riga sun samar da wuraren shakatawa a gefen kasashen Baltic da Rasha, suna zama barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam da rayuwar mazaunan ruwa.

Red algae sauƙin daidaitawa ga kowane canje-canje kuma sun sami damar wanzu tare da raguwa mai ƙarfi a cikin salinity ruwa, canza metabolism. Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa tare da raguwar abubuwanda ke tattare da abubuwan narkewar nitrogen na ruwa a cikin ruwa, maharan za su canza zuwa wasu hanyoyin samar da nitrogen - abubuwan da ke tattare da duk wata halitta mai rai, abubuwan da suka lalata, ko takin ma'adinai.

Kogin ruwan gishirin Masazirgol na Azerbaijan - ɗayan tabkuna takwas na duniya ruwan hoda.

Masana kimiyya na Rasha za su yi simintin yanayin da ƙaramin Prorocentrum zai ninka musamman hanzari don hango ko hasashen da kuma rarrabawa rarraba algae.

Kwanan nan, masana kimiyyar na Jamusawa sun ba da shawarar cewa yiwuwar jan algae ta ko'ina yana iya shafar yanayin duniyar.

Bayanin da hanyoyin haifuwa

Red algae (Rhodophyta) sune tsire-tsire masu ruwa da aka samo cikin jikin ruwa mai ruwa. Gano burbushin halitta suna nuna cewa tsire-tsire na wannan rukunin sun wanzu a duniyar sama da shekaru biliyan 1 da suka gabata. A zamanin yau, akwai nau'ikan launin ja iri 500 zuwa 1000, daga cikinsu kusan nau'ikan ruwa na ruwa 200.

Babban nau'in jan algae:

• ban yare (bangiophyceae),
• floridea (floridea),,
• Anfelcia (ahnfeltia),
• muzamanna (phyllophora),
• fareti
• gelidium (gelidium).

Red algae, wanda wakilansu suka banbanta da sauran nau'in halittu a cikin chloroplast abun ciki ba wai kawai chlorophyll na launi ba, samun launinsu saboda kasancewar launin futiri na fata, phycobilins mai launin shuɗi da kuma carotenoids na rawaya. Lokacin da suke haɗuwa da waɗannan launuka da ƙwayar chlorophyll, suna launi da tsire-tsire a cikin tabarau daban-daban na ja.

Idan kuna son bidiyon, raba shi tare da abokanka:

Algae na iya ɗaukar manyan haskoki na hasken ultraviolet, saboda su iya girma a zurfin 100 zuwa 500. A cikin ruwa, algae ya bayyana baƙar fata saboda tsananin ƙarfin hasken rana, kuma akan ƙasa sun koma ja.

Thalliums na tsire-tsire suna wakilta ta siffofin multicellular kuma suna da tsararren tsari:

• busada
• ganye-kara
• bakin zaren
• lamellar.

Red algae na iya girma a zurfin 100 zuwa 500m

Red algae ne mai ba na musamman ga wakilan wannan sashen. Saboda iyawar su na adon sitiri (polymer glucose), ana kuma kiranta da shunin mulmulakin abu. Bugu da kari, sel wadannan tsirran suna dauke da barasar polyhydric da carbon karami mai nauyin kwayoyin halitta.

A cikin wasu nau'in (alal misali, coralline), magnesium da carbon alli suna nan, wanda ke ba da damar samar da kwarangwal na musamman. Itatuwan Crimson sune tushen tushen murjani. Algae Kwayoyin suna daga sel cellolosic na ciki da kuma amorphous Layer daga abin da agar yake ya zama ruwan dare.

Idan kuna son bidiyon, raba shi tare da abokanka:

Hanyar Sakewa:

1. mai haila. Sake bugun ta amfani da sporeslate spores. Wannan fasalin nau'ikan nau'ikan ja ne,
2. ciyayi. Wakilan aji Bagnevic da Floridian suna yaduwa akasari
3. jima'i. Yaduwa ta oogamy. Za'a iya bayanin wannan tsari a takaice kamar haka: lokacin da kwayoyin halittar mace na ogonium ke jan maniyyi tare da protrusion na musamman (trichogyna), sakamakon haɓakar haɓaka, an kirkiro gonimoblast - tsarin filamentous daga wanda spores yake girma.

Red algae propagate asexally, vegetatively da jima'i

Yin amfani da Scarlet

Ana amfani da bishiran Crimson a masana'antu da na dafuwa. Sun ƙunshi yawancin adadin bitamin da ma'adanai, kuma tushensu mai sauƙi ne mai narkewa. Red algae mai kitse yana taimakawa wajen sabunta fata ta shiga cikin ayyukan gina membranes. Agar agar, wanda aka yi amfani dashi azaman madadin halitta don gelatin, an ware shi daga gare su.

Hanyoyin jan algae da ake amfani da su domin aikin agar:

• ceramium
• ilimin gracilaria
• Anfelcia
• gelidium.

Red algae yana ɗauke da bitamin da ma'adinai da yawa da ake amfani da su wajen dafa abinci

Ana amfani da kayan ɓawon jan launin toka a matsayin kayan abinci a cikin Amurka, Korea, Japan da China. Ana ɗaukarsa tasa mai abinci mai ƙoshin abinci kuma an girma a kan babban ma'auni akan gonaki na musamman. Porphyra yana da wadataccen a cikin provitamin A, alli, phosphorus, magnesium, fluorine da bitamin B. Wadannan abubuwa suna dawo da ma'aunin ma'adinai kuma suna taimakawa karfafa ganuwar jijiyoyin jiki.

A cikin kwaskwarima, ana amfani da fitsari wajen ƙirƙirar kayan aikin don magance tsufa fata. Magungunan antioxidants ne kuma suna hana ayyukan oxidative a jiki. Bugu da kari, carotenoids da polysaccharides suna cikin wadannan tsire-tsire suna shafa fata kuma suna da tasirin daukakawa.

Idan kuna son bidiyon, raba shi tare da abokanka:

Ana amfani da nau'ikan mulufi marasa ƙyalli a cikin aikin gona domin takin ƙasa da ciyar da dabbobi. A gabar ruwan teku, suna zama tushen abinci da mafaka ga mazaunan teku masu zurfi.

Red algae suna da kaddarorin da yawasaboda abin da ake amfani da su a magani da filayen da suka danganci su. Suna da hannu a cikin maido da ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, wani ɓangare ne na magunguna na fata.

Itatuwan Crimson suna da kyawawan halaye:

• immunomodulatory
• maganin rigakafi
• maganin rigakafi
• antibacterial
• maganin rigakafi
• anti-mai kumburi
• antifungal.

Ja algae kuma suna da amfani a magani saboda ƙirar anti-kumburi.

Amfani da agar ba a iyakance ga shiri na jelly, jam da marmalade ba. An yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta don haɓaka mazaunan ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi da kuma binciken da suka biyo baya. Agar-agar ba makawa a cikin wannan masana'anta, tunda ba tare da hakan ba zai yiwu a sami magunguna don magance ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari.

Ana yin capsules masu taushi don magunguna ta amfani da agar-agar.ana buƙatar tunawa. Mafi mahimmancin nau'ikan chondrus (Irish moss) sune polysaccharides da ake kira carrageenas. Suna iya hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta.

Kayan kwalliyar kwalliya don magunguna an yi su ne daga algae aga-agar

Kiwo a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na gida

Kwanan nan, kula da tasirin ruwa bai iyakance ga kula da kifi ba. Tsarin Aqua yana samun shahara a kowace shekara. Red algae a matsayin ainihin kayan adon kifaye na kayan kwalliya suna ba shi kyakkyawan yanayi da yanayi a cikin ƙasashe masu zafi. Koyaya, tsire-tsire masu launin shuɗi bazai iya dacewa da kullun zuwa cikin yanayin lalataccen tsarin akwatin gidan gida. Suna buƙatar ƙirƙirar yanayi na musamman da kulawa da hankali.

Idan ba ku bi ka'idodi don kula da tsirrai ba, za su iya girma cikin batun 'yan kwanaki tare da cike sararin samaniya. Wannan shine babban siginar rashin daidaituwa a cikin akwatin kifaye. Lambunan Crimson, kasancewar tsire-tsire masu parasitic, zasu iya haɓaka ba kawai akan mai tushe na sauran algae ba, har ma akan duwatsu da sauran abubuwan ado.

Idan kuna son bidiyon, raba shi tare da abokanka:

Wurare da yanayin rayuwa

Red algae, ko Scarlet (Rhodophyta) - galibi suna zaune a tekuna (galibi a zurfin zurfi sama da na kore kuma, saboda kasancewar phycoerythrin, wanda a bayyane yake amfani da fatar kore da shuɗi suna shiga zurfin ruwa sama da wasu zuwa ruwa don photosynthesis), ƙasa da ruwa mai kyau da ƙasa . Daga cikin nau'ikan jahar 4000, nau'ikan 200 ne kawai ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai ruwa da ƙasa. Lambunan 'yar tsirrai' kwayoyin ne masu zurfi-teku. Zasu iya rayuwa a zurfin har zuwa 100-200 m (kuma ana samun wasu wakilai a zurfin har zuwa 300 har ma 500 m), amma kuma suna iya haɓaka a cikin manyan tuddai na teku, gami da cikin garken dabbobi.

Tsarin ja algae

Ya fi guntu da sauƙin igiyar haske, mafi girma da kuzarinta, don haka kawai raƙuman ruwa mai sauƙi tare da gajeren zango kuma, gwargwadon haka, tare da babban makamashi ya shiga zurfin zurfafa. Haske mai launin jan algae yana faɗaɗa jikunan haske a kansu a cikin yankunan ruwan-shuɗi da ruwan-shuɗi da bakan.

Abubuwan da aka tsara na chloroplasts a cikin jan algae sune cyanobacteria. Babban abin da ke sanya hoto a jiki shine chlorophyll da (launin kore). Karin karin hotuna masu daukar hoto: chlorophyll d (a cikin wasu nau'in), carotenoids (rawaya) da kuma phycobilins (shuɗi - phycocyanin da ja - phycoerythrin). Phycobilins ne, wanda yake da yanayin furotin, yake ɗaukar ragowar shuɗi da hasken violet, suna shiga cikin zurfin zurfafa.

Dangane da canji a cikin rabo na launin ruwan hoto, launin jan algae yana canzawa tare da ƙaruwa mai zurfi: a cikin ruwa mara nauyi suna launin shuɗi-kore (wani lokacin suna da shuɗi mai launin shuɗi), to, sun juya ruwan hoda kuma, a ƙarshe, a cikin zurfin sama da 50 m suna samun launin ja mai tsananin gaske.

Waɗannan algae suna kama da ja kawai idan an jan su zuwa farfajiya. A cikin zurfin zurfin kwari, sun bayyana baƙi, saboda haka suna amfanuwa da duk abin da ya faru a haskensu.

Reserve abu ja algae - polymer glucose mai suna ake kira sitaci sitaci. A tsari, yana kusa da sitaci na dabba - glycogen.

Thallus (thallus), waɗancan. jikin jan algae yawanci multicellular (filamentous ko lamellar), da wuya ba a sani ba. Wasu algae ja, misali corallins suna da kasusuwa wanda ke tattare da baƙin ƙarfe baƙin ƙarfe (CaCO 3) ko magnesium (MgCO 3). Sun shiga cikin samar da murjani.

Tsarin jima'i yana da rikitarwa. Nau'in nau'in yin jima'i na omary. Alternarin maye gurbinsu (n) da difloma (2n) tsararraki, a yawancin tsire-tsire masu launin Scarlet, waɗannan tsararraki ba su da matsala. 'Yan caca ba su da matsala.

Haihuwar jima'i - ta amfani da spores ba tare da flagella ba.

Rashin alamun faransa a duk matakan haifuwa alama ce ta halayyar jan algae. An yi imani da cewa tsarkakakku, ba kamar abokinsu ba, wanda ya samo asali daga tsoffin eukaryotes, waɗanda har yanzu ba su da ma'anar rubutu. A kan wannan tushen, tsarkakakken ra'ayi yakan fito a cikin masarauta ta musamman Ka'ida.

Red algae: mazaunan tekuna, tekuna da ... aquariums

'Yan kadan wakilan wannan nau'in tsirrai da ke rayuwa cikin ruwa sanannu ne, tunda mazaunin su shi ne ruwan gishirin da zurfin teku. Mafi yawan lokuta waɗannan tsire-tsire ne waɗanda ake iya ganin girman su, amma akwai kuma ƙananan ƙananan waɗanda ake iya gani kawai ga mai binciken makamai. Daga cikin irin wannan flora ana samun:

• wanda ba a amfani da shi ba
• filamentous
• munazanawa.

Ban sha'awa! Florideas ne da ake amfani da dafa abinci don samar da abubuwan gelatinous kuma za'a iya amfani dashi a magani.

1. Phyllophora wani nau'in nau'in algae ne wanda ke girma zuwa 50 cm kuma yana da lamellar thallus. Gidajen ruwan sanyi da tekuna na zazzabi. Amfani da shi don sarrafawa da kuma samun carrageenin.
2. Gelidium - nau'in algae launin ruwan kasa, gami da nau'ikan 40. Abubuwa masu rarrabewa: daskararren yanayin thallus na tsararren tsari, tsayinsa ya kai cm 25. Gasar mazaunin ruwan gishiri mai ɗumi.

Red algae a cikin akwatin kifaye: mara kyau ne ko mai kyau?

Idan yanayin kasa ya tashi yana tafiya daidai, algae zai tsara ci gaban su da nasu. Amma ya zama dole don tayar da mafi kyawun daidaituwa, "mamayewa algae" cikin. Wannan shine farkon alama ga masu ruwa da tsaki cewa akwai rashin aiki a cikin tsarin. Abubuwan da ke faruwa sun danganta da ɗayan adadin takin gargajiya, hasken haske mai yawa, ko rashin daidaituwa a cikin adadin carbon dioxide. Matsalar ita ce ci gaban fure yana ba da gudummawa ga hana ƙarancin ƙananan abubuwan gina jiki - kawai ba a basu izinin ci gaba ba.

Don kayar da shiri, ya zama dole a iyakance jinsi a ci gaba. Zaka iya yin wannan a ɗayan hanyoyi masu zuwa:

1. Cire aeration kuma a gyara “mai bada ruwa” a matatar mai. Don haka tsirrai za su daina karbar abinci mai gina jiki.
2. Fiye da akwatin kifaye tare da dabbobi herbivorous.
3. Sau da yawa mafi yawan lokuta suna aiwatar da magudanar ruwa, canzawa zuwa 20% na ruwa (na jimlar adadin akwatin akwatin).
4. Iyakance awanni na hasken rana - wannan zai taimaka wajen kawar da ciyayi.

Zabi hanyoyin gwagwarmaya, yana da kyau a juya ga sinadaran da aka sayar a ɓangarorin na musamman.

Ma'aikatar Red Algae ("Scarlet") ta ƙunshi kusan nau'ikan dubu huɗu da fiye da ɗari shida ke haifar. Mafi tsufa wakilai da aka samo a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin zamanin Cambrian kusan shekaru miliyan 550 ne.

Sakamakon kasancewar fasali da yawa, ana daukar jan algae a matsayin masarauta ta daban. A cikin chromatophores na purses, ban da chlorophylls da carotenoids, akwai wasu abubuwa masu narkewa na ruwa - phycobilins. Kamar yadda kayan aikin polysaccharide suke yin sitaci sitiri. An ajiye hatsi a wajen chloroplasts a cikin cytoplasm.

Gamwaƙan jini da ɓarna da mulufi ba su da flagella. Matakin ci gaban su ya hada da matakai uku. Daga zygote (bayan farawa) an kafa kwayoyin difloma - sporophyte. Yana samar da spores difid, wanda aka kafa ƙarni na biyu. A cikin sel sabon sporophyte, meiosis yana faruwa yayin wani lokaci kuma ƙirar haila ta girma. Tsarin na uku yana kasancewa ne daga garesu - abubuwan da ake samar da gams-ɗin ƙwallon ƙwallon gammophyte masu samar da gametes.

Kwayoyin sel na ja algae suna dauke da hemicelluloses da pectins. Suna da ikon kumbura da ƙarfi, haɗawa cikin duka gamsai. Yawancin lokaci zaren da ke cikin thallus (harbi) ya kan kasance tare da abubuwan mucous kuma ya zama m ga tabawa. Phycocolloids suna cikin raunin intercellular da algae masu yawa. Wadannan polysaccharides dauke da sulfur ana amfani dasu sosai a cikin ayyukan mutane. Mafi mashahuri sune agaroids, carrageenin da agar. Yawancin jan algae ana bambanta su da kasancewar bangon sel. Wannan bangaren yana ba da taushi.

A cikin adadi mai yawa na jan algae, ana aiwatar da samuwar thalli ta amfani da zaren abubuwa da dama. Suna haɗuwa da substrate ta amfani da rhizoids. Girman thalli ya tashi daga centan santimita zuwa duka mita.

Red algae galibi suna zaune a tekuna. A can bishiyoyi masu ruwan wuta suna haɗe da harsashi, duwatsu da sauran abubuwa a ƙasan. Wani lokaci za'a iya samun algae a babban girman zurfin.

Callitamnion corymbose - na hali ja algae. Wannan wakilin purplish siffofin sosai m bushes har zuwa goma santimita high, m ruwan hoda. Wadannan bushes kunshi muhimmanci branched zaren.

Nemalion - wani wakilin ja algae - yana haɓaka kan duwatsu. Wuraren ruwan hoda masu ruwan hoda ya kai milimita biyar a kauri da kuma santimita ashirin da biyar a tsayinsa.

A cikin algae na halittar Delesseria, haske mai haske thalli mai kama da ganye.

A cikin tekuna masu ɗumi, kyawawan bishiyoyin Corallin halittar suna gama gari. Thalli ɗinsu ya ƙunshi kayan haɗin ciki tare da lemun tsami kuma haɗin tare da haɗin gwiwa (tare da ɗan ƙaramin lemun tsami). Wannan yana ba da sassauci ga shuka, wanda ke taimakawa tsayayya da tasirin raƙuman ruwa da haɓakawa a cikin yankunan daɗaɗɗun iska.

Crimson itatuwa suna amfani da shi sosai ga mutum a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziƙi. Kamar yadda ka sani, wadannan algae sune samfurin da yafi dacewa saboda kasancewar furotin, abubuwan da aka gano, bitamin.

A Hawaii, a cikin kasashen gabashin Asiya, ana shirya jita-jita iri-iri daga mulufi. Yi amfani da waɗannan algae a cikin candied ko bushe fom. Daga kwari masu launin fari, gero da kuma haihuwa sun shahara. Ana samun waɗannan algae a cikin tekuna da yawa. A Japan, tsire-tsire masu masana'antu suna ci gaba sosai. Duwatsu, an kafa rassa cikin ruwa mara zurfi a tsibirin bakin teku, ko kuma raga na musamman da aka saka daga igiya mai kauri kuma an ɗaure su da katako. Bayan wani lokaci na ƙayyadadden lokaci, waɗannan abubuwan duka suna cike da kayan maye.

Tsarin kwayar halitta

Duk waɗannan algae eukaryotic ne. Bangon tantanin halitta yana wakiltar babban ƙwayar sel na cellulose ko xylan fibrils da amorphous kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi agar, agaroids, carrageenan, waɗanda ke da kayan ginin. A cikin wasu nau'in, bangon tantanin halitta yana cikin ciki tare da ƙwayar kalsiyam ko ƙwayar magnesium, wanda ke ba shi ƙara ƙarfi. Don haka, algae na coralline yayi kama da murjani, tunda bawo suna da matukar ƙarfi.

A cikin chloroplasts, sel sun ƙunshi, ban da chlorophyll da carotenoids, adadin launin shuɗi da jan launi waɗanda ke ƙayyade launi na algae. A matsayin abin da ke ajiyar kwayar halitta, sitaci situdi (kusa da tsari zuwa glycogen da amylopectin) ya tara a cikin sel na ja algae, wanda ke jan ja daga aidin da ke cikin ruwan teku. Polyatomic alcohols da floridoside, ƙananan ƙwayoyin nauyi mai nauyi na kwayoyin, ana kuma adana su a cikin cytoplasm.

Farfado da ja algae

Sake haihuwa yana faruwa ta hanyar jima'i, ciyawar ko kuma lokacin jima'i. Ana yin haihuwar jima'i ta hanyar marassa motsi marasa motsi. Yayin yin jima'i, sel mazajen (maniyyi) suna haɗuwa da mace (carpogons). Filamentous outgrowths ɗauke da karpospores bayyana - ƙarni na diffi.

Itatuwan Crimson suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayi da rayuwar rayuwar marine. Wadannan tsirrai suna zama abinci ne ga dabbobi masu ruwa, suna shiga cikin tsabtacewa ta halitta ta jikin ruwa, wani lokacin kuma yakan tantance yanayin dashen fure a wasu wuraren.

Darajar tattalin arziki

Mafi mahimmancin amfani mai mahimmanci shine maganin ƙirin jini, helidium, phyllophora, furcelia, wanda ke samar da abubuwa masu samar da gel - agar-agar, agaroid, carrageen. Ana cin romo ja, kamar faranfari, a abinci.

Bananci (Bangiophyceae), wani yanki ne na jan algae. Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 24, haɗu da nau'in 90 na unicellular da multicellular, filamentous ko lamellar algae, wanda ƙwayoyin mononuclear, sabanin sauran algae ja, yawanci suna da cromatophore iri-iri tare da pyrenoid kuma ba su da alaƙa da pores.

Florideans (Florideophyceae), wani yanki ne na jan algae. Thalli multicellular ne, daga microscopic zuwa 0.5 m tsayi, daga layi daya na sel ko wani tsarin hadaddun nama, filiform, lamellar ko bushy, wani lokacin ana watsa su a cikin mai tushe da gabobin da suka shafi ganye, a cikin florida thalli da yawa suna da wahala daga ajiyar salts din karafa a cikinsu (lithium, da sauransu. .).

Fakarin (Phyllophora), asalin halittar jan algae ne. Thallus shine lamellar, mai sauƙin sauƙi ko wanda aka sansu zuwa sama da santimita 50. parfafawa ta hanyar carpospores sakamakon aikin jima'i, tetraspores da scraps na thalli, a wasu nau'in sporophytes suna girma akan gametophytes a cikin ƙananan ƙananan fashewar. Kimanin nau'ikan 15, a cikin ruwa mai sanyi da yanayin zafi, a cikin kasashen tsohuwar USSR - 5 jinsuna. Amfani da shi don samar da sinadarin gelatinous abu.

Gelidium (Gelidium), asalin halittar ruwan algae ne, ya hada da kusan nau'ikan 40 da ke rayuwa a tekuna masu dumin gaske. Thallus mai taurin kai ne, gasa, mafi yawan lokutan, mai kewaya, 1-2 cm ne mai tsayi .. Sporophyte da gametophyte suna da kama a cikin tsari. Sporophyte yana ba tetraspores. Gametophyte a sakamakon aiwatar da tsarin jima'i yana haifar da abubuwan carpospores. Ana amfani da Gelidium don yin agar agar, musamman a Japan. A cikin kasashen tsohuwar USSR ana samun ta a cikin Jafananci da Bahar Maliya a cikin adadi kaɗan.

ci a Japan, China, Korea, a tsibiran Oceania da kuma Amurka. Porphyry ja algae (Fig. 1a) ana ɗaukar shi azaman Abin ci; a Japan da Amurka, an girma akan tsire-tsire na musamman.

Hoto 1. Red algae: a) farar fata, b) anfeltsia, c), d) nau'ikan chondruses

Daga ruwan teku mai launin ja samu agar agar. Agar-agar cakuda carbohydrates ne mai nauyin nauyi. Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da ruwa a cikin rabo na 1:20 - 1:50, an kirkiro jelly (jelly) mai ƙarfi, wanda ke riƙe da daidaitorsa koda a yanayin zafi mai tsayi (40-50 °). Wannan kayan aikin agar agar ana amfani dashi sosai. a cikin ilimin halittar ilimin halittar jiki a cikin shirye-shiryen kafafen watsa labarai masu gina jiki wajibi ne don haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi daban-daban. Idan ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya ko ƙwayoyin fungal sun faɗo a kan farantin agar daga ruwa ko iska, to bayan ɗan lokaci ƙwayoyin cuta ko masarautan fungal waɗanda ke bayyane kuma sun dace da bincike don inganta daga gare su. Wannan yana ba ku damar nazarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta: bincika abubuwan da suka mallaka da kuma zaɓi zaɓi. Ba tare da watsa labaran abinci masu illa ba, rarrabuwar kai da kuma nazarin kwayoyin cuta a cikin ilimin kwayar halittar asibiti, kimantawar tsabtace ruwa, iska da kayayyakin abinci, da kuma samun nau'ikan kananan kwayoyin da ke haifar da rigakafin, magungunan enzymes, bitamin da sauran abubuwan da suke aiki da kayan halitta ba zai yiwu ba.

Ana amfani da Agar-agar a cikin masana'antar abinci. domin shirye-shiryen marmalade, marshmallows, ice cream, jam da ba su da ƙoshin abinci, gurasar da ba a sarrafa launin ruwan ba, naman gwangwani da kifi, da kuma tsarkake giya.

A cikin masana'antar harhada magunguna dangane da shi, ana yin capsules da Allunan tare da maganin rigakafi, bitamin da sauran magunguna lokacin da aka sha su a hankali.

A cikin ƙasarmu, babban albarkatun ƙasa don samar da agar-agar shine jan algae anfelcia (Fig 1b).

Daga jan algae samu polysaccharides na musamman - Hana-kwayar cutar kanjamau (an samu rashin lafiyar rigakafi). Kayan albarkatun don samar da carrageenas shine jan algae chondrus ("Irish moss") - shinkafa. 1c, Red algae, kamar sauran algae, za'a iya amfani dashi kiwon dabbobi Kuma Yaya taki.

Samun launin launin launin fata. A halin yanzu, fiye da nau'ikan 600 da kusan 5,000 nau'ikan waɗannan tsirrai an san su. Wakilan wannan rukunin sune faffara, gracillaria, anfelium. Burbushin launin algae an san su tun Cretaceous. A kan aiwatar da juyin halitta, ana daukar su mafi tsirrai na tsirrai - masu hasara kan tsarin da aka tsara.

Kusan kowane nau'in jan algae mazaunan gishirin jikin ruwa ne (tekuna, teku), kusan nau'ikan 200 sune nau'ikan ruwa na ruwa. Lambun daji na Crimson suna zaune a cikin tsibirin bakin teku da kuma zurfin zurfin (har zuwa 200 m), inda galibi sune mafi yawan nau'ikan tsarin halittar marine. A cikin tekun Rasha akwai nau'ikan sama da 400.

Yawancin lokaci ja algae sune manyan manyan tsire-tsire, ƙarancin na kowa sune nau'in microscopic. A cikin wannan rukuni akwai siffofin filamentous da na pseudoparenchymal, nau'ikan nau'ikan unicellular (bapgian). Halin hali shine babu ainihin nau'ikan parenymal.

Tall . Thallus na wakilcin kungiyar kwatankwacin tsari yana da hadaddun tsarin halittar jikin mutum. Launi daban-daban - daga ja mai haske, rasberi zuwa tabarau masu launin rawaya da ruwan hoda, wanda ya faru ne sakamakon haɗuwa da launuka daban-daban a cikin ƙwayoyin chloroplasts.

Tsarin kwayar halitta . Duk waɗannan algae eukaryotic ne. Bangon tantanin halitta yana wakiltar babban ƙwayar sel na cellulose ko xylan fibrils da amorphous kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi agar, agaroids, carrageenan, waɗanda ke da kayan ginin. A cikin wasu nau'in, bangon tantanin halitta yana cikin ciki tare da ƙwayar kalsiyam ko ƙwayar magnesium, wanda ke ba shi ƙara ƙarfi. Don haka, algae na coralline yayi kama da murjani, tunda bawo suna da matukar ƙarfi.

A cikin chloroplasts, sel sun ƙunshi, ban da chlorophyll da carotenoids, adadin launin shuɗi da jan launi waɗanda ke ƙayyade launi na algae. A matsayin abin da ke ajiyar kwayar halitta, sitaci situdi (kusa da tsari zuwa glycogen da amylopectin) ya tara a cikin sel na ja algae, wanda ke jan ja daga aidin da ke cikin ruwan teku. Polyatomic alcohols da floridoside, ƙananan ƙwayoyin nauyi mai nauyi na kwayoyin, ana kuma adana su a cikin cytoplasm.

Farfado da ja algae . Sake haihuwa yana faruwa ta hanyar jima'i, ciyawar ko kuma lokacin jima'i. Ana yin haihuwar jima'i ta hanyar marassa motsi marasa motsi. Yayin yin jima'i, sel mazajen (maniyyi) suna haɗuwa da mace (carpogons). Filamentous outgrowths ɗauke da karpospores bayyana - ƙarni na diffi.

Itatuwan Crimson suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayi da rayuwar rayuwar marine. Wadannan tsirrai suna zama abinci ne ga dabbobi masu ruwa, suna shiga cikin tsabtacewa ta halitta ta jikin ruwa, wani lokacin kuma yakan tantance yanayin dashen fure a wasu wuraren.

Daraja . Babban mahimmancin aiki shine algae daga wannan sashin, irin su anfeltia, phylloflora, helidium, furcelium, daga abin da aka samo jelly-agar, agar-agar, carrageenne, agaroid. Ana cin wasu nau'ikan 'yar gudan launi (porfry, gracillaria).

A cikin zurfin zurfafa, har zuwa mita 250, suna girma ja algae in ba haka ba an kira Scarlet . A hade tare da murjani da kifi mai haske, masu laifi masu launi iri-iri suna kirkirar kyakkyawar kyakkyawa ta duniyar ruwa. Waɗannan su ne mafi yawanci manyan algae, amma, alal misali, jan ƙaramin algae ma yana cikin ajin asalin.

Me yasa ja algae zai iya girma a wannan zurfin zurfin? An yi wannan tambayar a jarrabawa a ilimin halitta. Haɗin launi mai launin ja yana ba da izinin girma a zurfin ƙasa karsamary . Godiya gareshi, yayin daukar hoto, jan algae yana ɗaukar kore, shuɗi, shuɗi-shuɗi mai launi. Waɗannan haskoki ne, ba kamar reds ba, waɗanda zasu iya shiga zurfin cikin layin ruwa.

Red algae yana haɓaka ta haihuwar haihuwa, da kuma haihuwar jima'i (oogamy), da ganyayyaki wasu sassan thallus wasu lokuta ana samun su.

Red algae ya hada da phyllophora, porphyry, gracillaria, kaji, chondrus, duka a ciki akwai kusan nau'ikan dubu biyar.

M - farantin farantin karfe mai bakin ciki har zuwa rabin mitir a diamita. A gare ta, kawai haihuwar jima'i halaye ne. Kwayoyin kwayar cuta ta maza ba su da flagella (maniyyi). Wannan abu ne mai iya fahimta, tunda a cikin zurfin zurfin ƙarƙashin layin ruwa yana da wuyar hawa tare da taimakon tutar ƙasa.

Sanya cikin sarƙoƙin abinci, tasiri akan yanayi

1. Babban adadin algae yana haifar da phytoplankton, kuma har ma a cikin tekun Arctic akwai mutane miliyan 20-30 ga ruwa 1 cubic ruwa. Wannan shine farkon samfuran da ke haifar da tushen sarkar abinci.

2. Phytoplankton ya zama abinci don zooplankton (samfuran sakandare), wanda babban abincin ruwa yake ci, kamar kifi Whales. Abin ban sha'awa ne cewa Thor Heyerdahl a lokacin balaguron jirgin saman Kon-Tiki ya ɗanɗana shirin “miya” kuma ya same shi mai daɗin daɗi da ƙoshin abinci.

3. Algae na ƙasa yana samar da mafaka ga kifaye da dabbobin ruwa daban-daban kuma sune abincinsu. Laminaria, alal misali, ya ci urchin na teku tare da nishaɗi.

4. Algae saturate teku da kuma yanayi tare da oxygen.

5. Koyaya, yayin yaduwar haɓaka (alal misali, chlamydomonas) yayin ruwan da ake kira “fure” na ruwa, sinadarin oxygen da ke ciki ya fado kuma ruwan ya cika da gubobi. Daga rashin isashshen sunadarin oxygen, mazauna kogin sun mutu.

Daraja ga mutum

1. Algae a yankuna da yawa an ci dubban shekaru. Musamman yaduwar launin ruwan kasa da launin algae, kamar su kelp, undaria, porphyry, hijiki (kuma gabaɗaya sargassa).

2. Red algae - tushen sinadarin aidin, musamman wasu nau'ikan da suke da arziki a ciki.

3. Hakanan, jan algae sune tushen agar-agar - wani abu mai ƙamshi wanda ake amfani dashi a masana'antar kamfani, a cikin haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta, da dai sauransu.

4. Yin amfani da algae, ruwan sharar gida yana tsarkakakke daga fluorine, nitrogen, da dai sauransu, da kuma iska daga carbon dioxide (chlamydomonas, chlorella, euglena sun yi nasara a cikin wannan).

5. Algae sune kayan abinci: spirulina, kelp, fucus, ulva, chlorella da sauransu.

Dukkanin takardu

Siffofin mazaunin jan algae, kwalliyar su da kuma aikin sha hasken rana. Bayyanin ƙwayoyin sel na jan algae. Cikakkar ci gaban zygote ya kasance bayan hadi, da kuma kasancewar karpospores.

gabatar da kara 03/29/2012

Rarraba ƙananan tsire-tsire. Tsarin da siffofin kwayoyin cuta, rawar su da rarrabuwa a yanayi. Bayanin sassan sassan launin shuɗi-kore, diatom, launin ruwan kasa da ruwan alkama. Siffofin tsarinsu da haifuwarsu, mazauninsu, mahimmancin tattalin arziƙi.

takarda na lokaci, an kara 02/11/2014

Tsarin Thallus na launin ja. Kayan lambu na yaduwa - ta gasa thallus. Yin jima'i tsari. Isomorphic ko heteromorphic diflomasiyya-haplobiont ci gaban sake zagayowar. Mafi mahimmancin kayan maye gurbin polysaccharide shine sitaci sitiri.

Rashin magana, an kara 01/08/2009

Janar halaye na kore algae rukuni ne na ƙananan tsire-tsire. Habitat na ruwan kore algae. Haifuwarsu, tsarinsu da hanyoyin abinci, abubuwan sunadarai. Bayanin mafi yawan nau'ikan ruwan tekun na Japan.

Rashin magana, an kara 02.16.2012

Algae sune ƙananan ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire waɗanda aka rarrabe su azaman nau'in abubuwa biyu. Rayuwa mai zaman kanta na algae saboda chlorophyll, shirye-shiryensu na abubuwan da suka dace na kwayoyin halitta daga abubuwan da basu dace ba. Habitat da nau'in kiwo.

Abstract, an kara Disamba 16, 2009

Halittar ilimin halitta algae, tsarin halittar mutum.Sake bugun algae mara amfani. Jagorori na cigaban ilimin wayewar zamani. Asali da juyin halitta na algae, ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Algae na mazaunin ruwa na ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara, kankara.

gabatarwa, kara 11/25/2011

Rarraba algae cikin rukuni na tsari na mafi girman matsayi, daidaituwarsa da yanayin launi da fasali fasali. Cell membrane na algae. Yin jima'i da haihuwa na jima'i. Kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance tsakanin launin rawaya-kore da launin kore.

Rashin wahala, an kara 09/06/2011

Algae a matsayin wakilan kwayoyin halittar hoto na duniyarmu, asalinsu da matakan ci gaba. Hanyoyi da yanayi don abinci mai narkewa. Irƙirarin nau'ikan su a cikin algae ta hanyar ciyawar, lalata da jima'i.

Rashin wahala, an kara 03/18/2014

Tsarin muhalli na rafi. Raba nau'ikan algae, rarraba su dangane da zurfin, rarrabuwa da rawar a cikin biogeocenoses. Amfani da algae ta mutane. Kayan lambu, asexual, haifuwar maza. Rukunin ƙasa na algae.

gabatarwa, an kara 02.19.2013

Kasa ta algae a matsayin mahalarta cikin tsarin samar da kasa. Binciko da kuma halayyar halayen almara a cikin ƙasa na sashen Cyanophyta. Tsarin da yaduwar launin algae mai launin shuɗi. Kwatanta yanayin inganci da mai yawa daga Cyanophyta.

Algae tsire-tsire ne na ƙaramin tsari, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da raɗaɗin zuwa rami, kuma suna rayuwa cikin yanci a cikin ruwa. Launin launuka, kamar nau'in shuka, ya bambanta. Dalilin da yalwar tsire-tsire shine cewa sun ƙunshi ba kawai chlorophyll ba, har ma da wasu launuka masu launi. Hakanan bayyanar algae na iya zama kusan komai: rufa-rufa a cikin nau'in gamsai, ƙoshin lessy, tsirrai masu fizrous ko ma matakai masu wahala waɗanda ke kama da buroshi.

Amsa

Red algae sune tsire-tsire masu ruwa iri iri. Kawai wasu nau'in mulufi ne da ke cikin ruwan tsarkakakkun ruwa. Fewan ƙananan ja algae basu da fa'ida.

Girman takaddama yawanci yakai daga 'yan santimita zuwa mita a tsayi. Amma a cikinsu akwai siffofin microscopic. Baya ga chlorophyll, ƙwayoyin algae masu launin ja sun ƙunshi launin ja da launin shuɗi. Ya danganta da haɗuwarsu, launi na tsarkakakken haske yana canzawa daga ja mai haske zuwa launin shuɗi-da shuɗi.

A waje, algae ja yana da bambanci sosai.

A cikin teku, ana samun jan algae ko'ina a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Yawancin lokaci ana haɗe su zuwa kan dutse, dutse, tsarin wucin gadi, wani lokacin kuma zuwa wasu algae. Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa jan launi ta sami damar kama ko da kaɗan adadin haske, Scarlet na iya yin girma a zurfin zurfin gaske. Ana iya samo su har ma da zurfin 100-200 m. Phyllophora, porphyry, da sauransu suna yaɗu cikin tekun ƙasarmu.