A cikin duniya akwai nau'ikan ƙudan zuma sama da dubu 20. Mafi na kowa daga cikinsu sune tsire-tsire na zuma. 'Yan uwansu mafi kusanci tururuwa ne.

Beudan zuma wakilan masarauta .. Dabbobin dabbobi kamar su Arthropod oda Hymenoptera. Kamar kowane kwari, suna da:

• kai, kirji, ciki,
• idanu
• eriya
• fewan nau'i-nau'i daga kafafu
• fuka-fuki.

Bayyanar

Ana rarrabe waɗannan wakilan dabbobin daji ta launi mai sananne - rawaya mai launin shuɗi akan ƙarshen duhu. Haske wajibi ne don faɗakar da wasu game da yawan guba. Saniya tana a saman kowane mutum, tare da taimakon wanda kudan zuma ke kare kanta daga dabbobi, tsuntsaye, da mutane. Girman shine 3-45 mm, dangane da nau'in.

Tsarin

Jikin ya ƙunshi sassa uku: kai, kirji da ciki. Kowannensu yana da aikinsa. A kan kai akwai ɗayan idanu masu rikitarwa, suna ba ku damar ganin abubuwa masu nisa, har zuwa idanu uku masu sauƙi waɗanda ke tsinkayar hoto na abubuwa kusa. Wadannan sassan hoton, idan aka hade su, suna bayar da cikakkiyar hoto. Saboda haka, wahayin kudan zuma ana kiransa mosaic.

Abubuwan antennae guda biyu, waɗanda kuma akan kai, gabobi ne na tsinkayen sunadarai, taɓawa.

Matsayi da tsarin abar kwari wanda zai iya haɓaka girmanta suna da ban sha'awa. A cikin mahaifa da drones, gabobin haihuwa suna kan ciki, kuma a cikin ma'aikata - narkewa. Akwai kuma maɓallin buɗe ido da buɗewa na musamman, spiracles wanda ke buɗe trachea. Wani abu mai guba, apitoxin, ana fitar dashi ta hanyar maƙura. Idan kudan zuma yakan tonu wa wani, ya mutu.

Wadannan wakilan duniyar arthropod sune masu riƙe rikodin jirgin sama. Kimanin reshe 450 na sakan daya. Akwai fuka-fuki huɗu na kudan zuma. Waɗannan su ne manyan gaba da baya, suna taimakawa tuƙa, yi juji. Kwaro na iya tashi kimanin mil a cikin minti guda. Neman nectar a lokaci guda, yana da damar rufe nesa har zuwa kilomita 10.

A ina kuma ta yaya ƙudan zuma suke rayuwa?

Akwai mazauna da yawa. Wadannan arthropods sune na kowa duk inda akwai tsire-tsire masu fure. Namijin daji suna zaune a cikin matsugunai na halitta: rami, ɓarna, ƙugiya, a fakaice. Mahimmin yanayi waɗanda dole ne a lura dasu a waɗancan wuraren da kudan zuma ke zaune sune rashin iska, zafi, da kusancin ruwa.

Mutane, da fara kiwon kudan zuma, sai suka gaza bishiyun bishiyoyi da kwari suke zaune. Sannan sun koyi yadda ake kirkirar gidaje na musamman da ake kira amya. Yanzu kudan zuma a wuri guda sama da dari dari amya tare da kudan zuma, ƙirƙirar gonaki gabaɗaya, apiaries.

Beesudan zuma na daji tare da taimakon kakin zuma da ke ɓoye daga gland dake kan ciki suna gina honeyan zuma biyu. Kwayoyin suna cikin siffar hexagons. Shafuka tare da saƙar zuma suna haɗe zuwa saman ɓangaren tsari a cikin nisa na 6-9 mm daga juna.

Kusan irin waɗannan yanayi ana kirkira ta hanyar kudan zuma a cikin gidajen mutane don ƙudan zuma na gida. Ana sanya Furancin cirewa a cikin amya wanda kwari suke gina gabobin hexagonal.

Bee dangi

Yawancin ƙudan zuma suna zama dangi. Yawan mutane da ke cikinsu na iya kai dubun dubata. Yawan yana dogara ne akan sauyin yanayi, yanayin yanayi. A cikin lokacin dumama, haihuwa yana aiki, tsohuwar ƙarfe ta maye gurbin ta, matasa, ƙudan zuma masu aiki, drones sun bayyana. A cikin hunturu, tsarin rayuwa a cikin hive yayi jinkiri, yawan dangi yana raguwa.

Iyalan Bee suna kunshe da mahaifa ɗaya da zuriyarta: drones ɗari da yawa, ƙudan zuma da yawa masu aiki.

Dalilin mahaifa shine haifuwa. Tana sanya ƙwai. Beesudan zuma masu aiki mata ne da suka fito daga ƙwai wadanda suka hadu kuma sune ke da alhakin kyautata rayuwar hive. Yankin da suke da alhakin shine gina gidan saƙar zuma, kulawar mahaifa, larvae, tarin, aiki da ƙwayoyin ƙoshin itacen daji, samar da gurasar kudan zuma, kariya, tsarkakewa, gurbata iska, sanya iska a farfaɗo, kula da wani zazzabi da zafi a ciki.

Drones maza ne masu haɓaka daga larvae mara amfani. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙudan zuma masu aiki, sun fi girma, tare da manyan fuka-fuki da ciki. Ga hive ba su kawo wani fa'ida. Aikin drones yana damewa tare da mahaifa.

Yaya tsawon kudan zuma suke rayuwa?

Tsawancin waɗannan arthropods ya dogara da dalilai da yawa:

• Aikin rayuwa. Tattara pollen da nectar, gina gidan saƙar zuma, kula da mahaifa da larvae, da dai sauransu.
• Yawan zuriya. Da zarar ya zama haka, gajarta rayuwar rayuwa.
• Tsarin abinci mai gina jiki.
• Kasancewar ko babu cututtuka.

Tsawon rayuwar kwaro ya dogara da lokacin shekarar da aka haife shi. Matsakaicin shekarun waɗanda aka haifa a cikin bazara shine kwana 38. Mutanen da aka haife su a lokacin rani suna rayuwa tsawon watanni 1-2, kuma kaka na tsira zuwa bazara.

Jiragen sama guda nawa suke rayuwa?

Drones an haife su a ƙarshen bazara. Tunda an kare su daga damuwar yau da kullun na masu aiki, salon rayuwar ba ya tasiri kan iyakokin shekaru. Drones sun mutu nan da nan bayan an jefa iri. Wasu daga cikinsu suna rasa rayukansu sakamakon gwagwarmayar neman damar ba da damar yin garkuwa da mahaifa.

Mata na iya yanke hukunci game da rabo ga maza. Lokacin da bukatar drones ta ɓace, sai a fitar da su daga cikin hive, don haka la'anta su zuwa ga mutuwa cikin sauri.

Yaya tsawon rayuwar mahaifa?

Mahaifa na iya ninka sauran hive. Shekarunta yakai shekaru 5-6. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa sauran membobin gidan kudan zuma suna kulawa da shi. Kuma yayin da suke yin wannan a hankali, da tsawon rayuwar mahaifa na rayuwa. Amma da ta fara ƙanƙano ƙarancin ƙwai, ƙaramin zai maye gurbinsa.

Kudan zuma

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don saurin waɗannan kwari. Kudancin kudan zuma suna yin amfani da hanya daya ko wata, gwargwadon kiwo, dangin hunturu, ƙirar hive, yanayin shaƙon zuma.

Za a iya tayar da kudan zuma ta amfani da keɓaɓɓen. Don yin wannan, a cikin bazara wajibi ne don motsa mahaifa daga ɗayan hive zuwa wani. Inda babu mahaifa, ƙudan zuma suna ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira sel fistulous sel. Makonni biyu bayan dasawa, an yanke su kuma a sanya su cikin yadudduka, inda ya zauna cikin mahaifa matasa.

Farawa farkon kudan zuma yakan zama hanya zuwa hanyar kiwo ƙudan zuma, wanda ake kira "rabin lokacin rani." Don wannan, an zaɓi dangi mafi ƙarfi, an rarrabu a cikin rabin, yana sanya saƙar zuma tare da zuriya a cikin amya daban-daban.

Kiwo ƙudan zuma na gida ya dogara da mazauni, fasalin yanayin, yawan pollen, abinci. Idan a wasu wuraren ginin kudan zuma yakan dauki kwanaki 40, a cikin wasu na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 100.

Fasali da mazauninsu

Kudan zuma dangantaka da kwari kwari, kunsha a cikin nesa dangantaka tare da wasps da tururuwa. Kimanin 520 genera suna rajista, wanda ya haɗa kusan nau'ikan 21,000, don haka akwai kwari da yawa masu kama da ƙudan zuma.

Wadannan cututtukan arthropod suna yadu sosai - an samo su ne a duk nahiyoyi, ban da yanayin sanyi na Antarctica. “Shugaban” kwaro an kambi shi da gashin baki, ya kasu kashi 13 zuwa 12 (bi da bi, a cikin maza da mata), da kuma dogon daskararre, ana amfani da abinci.

Kusan kowa da kowa jinsunan ƙudan zuma Akwai fuka fukafukai guda 2, duk da haka, akwai nau'ikan daban waɗanda fukafukansu suna da ƙanana da rauni waɗanda ba za su iya tashiwa ba. Girman girma ya bambanta daga mm 2 zuwa 4 cm, gwargwadon kasancewa ta wani nau'in halitta.

Kudan zuma wani kwari ne mai matukar amfani wanda yakan dauki sashi na kai tsaye a cikin fure da haifuwa na tsirrai, da tattara ciyawar da ciyayi. Jikin kwari ya lullube da villi, wanda pollen ya cika adon, bayan tara wani adadin, kudan zuma ta canza shi zuwa kwandon, wanda yake tsakanin kafafun kafafun biyu.

Wasu nau'ikan ƙudan zuma sun fi son pollen na shuka ɗaya, wasu suna jagora ne kawai kasancewar wannan abun, ba tare da la'akari da tushen ba. Yawancin lokaci, ana amfani da ƙudan zuma don ƙara adadin furanni, duk da haka, wakilan daji na iyali suna nesa da mutumin da kayansa. Irin waɗannan ƙudan zuma, tare da sauran kwari kwari, suna mutuwa saboda shirye-shiryen lalata mutum.

Bugu da kari, daulolin ƙudan zuma ya ɓace saboda aiki na tsire-tsire masu ciyawar tare da magungunan kashe ƙwari, raguwa a cikin tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire na zuma saboda ci gaban biranen. Extarfafawa yana samun ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, an yi imanin cewa idan ba a dauki matakan kiyaye girman iyali ba, tuni a cikin 2030 ƙudan zuma zai shuɗe.

Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, wannan ya yi alƙawarin rasa asarar zuma ga mutum, tare da rage girman adadin furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. Zai iya taimakawa ƙudan zuma na gida - dasa honeyarin tsire-tsire masu zuma ga kwari kusa da amya don kwari, ƙin kula da gonar da sinadarai.

Ta yaya ƙudan zuma ke kiwo?

Mahaifa ya kwanta qwai. Daga hadi da kwai, ƙudan zuma masu aiki, mace, ci gaba. Lokacin da hadi bai faruwa ba, ana haihuwar maza, drones. To kudan zuma zuriya juya ya zama mafi ƙarfi kuma mafi viable, drones na wasu iyalai ya kamata takin mahaifa. Haɓaka daga kwai, kowane ɗayan yana wuce matakai da yawa: larvae, pre-pupae, pupae.

Idan iyali ya yi girma da yawa, to ya ragargaza kashi biyu. Wasu daga cikin membobinsu suna wanzuwa tare da tsohuwar mahaifa, yayin da wasu ke bin sabon don bincika wani mazaunin su.

Halin hali da salon rayuwa

Esudan Ciki Jama'a tare da babban kungiyar rayuwa. Suna tattara abinci da ruwa tare, karewa da tsare hive. A kowane rukuni akwai madaidaicin matsayi wanda kowane mataki yake aiwatar da wasu ayyukan. Yawan mutane na iya bambanta, ana haɗa ƙarin ƙudan zuma a cikin ƙungiyar, har ma da ƙarin bambance-bambance suna bayyana tsakanin wakilan matakan matakan matsayi. Kowane tsari yana da mahaifa.

A cikin hoto, ƙudan zuma da kudan zuma sarauniya

Wakilan wasu kungiyoyi sune ƙudan zuma guda ɗaya. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin wannan nau'in akwai mace ɗaya kawai, kuma kowannensu yana yin ayyukan guda ɗaya - tattara pollen kuma girbi abinci, kuma ya ninka.

Mafi sau da yawa, irin waɗannan nau'in ba sa fitar da zuma, amma aikinsu ya bambanta - suna tattara pollen da nectar daga kawai "tsire-tsire" da suka fi so, shine, idan ƙudan zuma ya mutu, tsire-tsire zai ɓace.

Ƙudan zuma na mace kaɗai, alal misali, baƙar fata-kudan zuma kamar kwari (kafinta kudan zuma) sau da yawa suna sanya ƙwai cikin rami ɗaya don kare shi bi da bi, ana kiran wannan hanyar rayuwar "jama'a". Amma, kowane kudan zuma yana kula kuma yana cika kawai sel.

Wakilan wasu iyalai ba za su iya samun abincin kansu ba, saboda karancin kayan aiki na musamman, don haka ya zama dole su zaɓi abinci su kuma sanya ƙwai a cikin wasu mutane. Esudan zuma mallakar wannan nau'in ana kiran su "ƙudan zuma cuckoo."

Beesudan zuma suna da babban iyali. Yawancin lokaci, dangin sun hada da mahaifa daya, da mace dubbai masu aiki, kuma a lokacin bazara da yawa drones (maza). Kai kaɗai, ba za su tsira ba kuma ba za su iya haifar da sabon iyali ba.

Me ƙudan zuma suke ci?

Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta cewa mutum mai aiki na iya tara matsakaicin nauyin gram na 10 - 10 na attajirin a takaice. Daga cikin wannan adadin, zuma rabin ne. Gidan bayan gida na cin abinci ba kawai nectar da zuma ba, har ma da pollock. Suna samun wannan samfurin daga pollen.

Tsarin maganin kwari na kwari an tsara shi ta hanyar da nectar da aka tara ta hanyar proboscis ya shiga cikin goiter. Nan ne ake sarrafa zuma da samuwar sa. Haɗu da shi tare da pollen, ƙudan zuma shirya abinci don larvae.

Abincin waɗannan arthropods na iya bambanta dangane da lokacin shekara. A cikin watanni na hunturu, gindinta shine zuma, a lokacin rani - nectar. A cikin bincikensa, kwari suna iya tashi kusa da radius fiye da 3 kilomita. A lokaci guda, mambobi na dangi guda suna taimaka wa juna, aikawa da mahimman bayanai ta amfani da alamu na musamman, alamu.

Amfanin ƙudan zuma

A mafi yawan mutane, gidajen wankan suna da alaƙa da zuma da sauran kayayyakin kudan zuma. Ana amfani da waɗannan abubuwan a hankali a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar ɗan adam: dafa abinci, magani, keɓaɓɓen kayan kwalliya.

Koyaya, ƙimar ƙwayar ƙwayar zuma ba ta iyakance ga wannan ba. Rayuwarsu tana da kusanci da kasancewar tsirrai a doron ƙasa, musamman waɗanda kwari kawai suke iya lalata shi. Waɗannan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu ɗorewa ne. Akwai nau'ikan sama da dubu 200.

Masana sun lasafta cewa fa'idodin kudan zuma a jikin dan adam ya wuce farashin duk zuma da aka tara a duniya. Godiya ga pollination, yawan amfanin gona mai mahimmanci yana ƙaruwa: sunflower da buckwheat, bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, guna da kankana. Wannan yana nufin cewa 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari masu yawa suna isa ga teburin ɗan adam saboda godiya ga aikin ganuwa da keɓaɓɓen bayan gida.

Sake buguwa da tsawon rai

A cikin bazara, kudan zuma ayaba guda ɗaya na iya kwanciya har ƙwai 2,000 a kowace rana. Yayin tattara zuma, adadinsu yana raguwa zuwa dubu ɗaya da rabi. Wakilan shekaru daban-daban suna cika wajibai dabam dabam, don haka gani kudan zuma a cikin hoto, zamu iya yanke hukunci game da matsayin ta da yawan kwanakin da ta rayu, ya danganta da aikin da take yi.

A cikin hoto kudan zuma kudan zuma

Insectsan ƙananan kwari da suka rayu ƙasa da kwanaki 10 suna ciyar da mahaifa da duk larvae, tunda madara ce mafi kyau ga matasa. Aƙalla a ranar 7 na rayuwa, ƙudan zuma a cikin ɓangaren mahaifa sun bayyana fitar da kakin zuma na farko sannan ta fara yin ginin.

A lokacin bazara, zaku iya ganin yawancin saƙar zuma waɗanda suka fito kawai - ƙudan zuma wanda ya sami nasarar tsira daga hunturu, to ya kai "shekarun magina". Bayan makonni 2, giyan kakin zuma ya daina aiki kuma kudan zuma ya cika sauran wajibai - don tsabtace sel, cirewa da kwashe shara. Koyaya, bayan fewan thean kwanaki, “masu tsabtace” suna nan tsunduma cikin aiki domin fitar da gida. Suna sa ido sosai don kada makiya su kusanci hive.

A cikin hoto kudan zuma da zuma

Mataki na gaba na kudan zuma shine tarin zuma (20-25 days). Don yin bayani ga sistersan’uwa mata inda akwai launuka masu dacewa, kwaro ya ba da ishara ga hanyoyin sadarwa na gani.

Esudan zuma sama da kwanaki 30 yana tattara ruwa ga ɗaukacin iyali. Ana ɗaukar wannan aikin da haɗari mafi girma, tunda mutane da yawa suna mutuwa kusa da jikkunan ruwa da sauran wuraren danshi; a cikin yanayin zafi, dumbin tsuntsaye, dabbobi da sauran kwari masu haɗari suna taruwa a wurin.

Saboda haka, ƙungiyar kudan zuma rayuwa an yi niyya a m m ayyuka. Mutane masu kuɗi suna yin kasuwanci a ciki, sauran - waje. Tsammani na rayuwa ya dogara da nau'in halittu. Shekarun ƙudan zuma na ƙanƙan zuma har zuwa watanni 10, kuma makiyaya mai buɗe ido suna rayuwa tsawon wata 1 kacal.

A cikin hoto kudan zuma ne a wani wurin shayarwa

Bayanin da fasali

Kudan zuma nasa ne na superfamily na harba kwari Apoidea. Yana da kusa da wasps da tururuwa. A duk duniya, akwai kusan nau'ikan 21,000 da 520 na ƙudan zuma.

Kudan zuma

Kwayoyin cuta suna ciyar da pollen da nectar. A lokaci guda, pollen yana aiki a matsayin tushen abubuwa masu amfani a gare su (musamman furotin), da nectar - makamashi. Wasu nau'in suna da ƙungiyar zamantakewa mafi girma.

Esudan zuma na iya samun bayyanar ta daban dangane da wani nau'in halittu. Amma a matsakaita sun bambanta da girman game da santimita 3 da launin tagulla, wanda launuka masu launin rawaya-orange da baƙar fata zasu canza. An rufe jikin duka gaba ɗaya da gashin gashi, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin kariya da kuma yin aikin gabobin taɓawa.

Wani fasali na kudan zuma shine gaban proboscis don tsotse ruwan Nectar da kuma dandano mai dandano. Kuma antennae suna da alhakin fahimtar wari, san zafi / sanyi / zafi. Wasu sassa na jiki da kafafu suna aiki azaman gabobin ji.

Habitat - a ina ne ƙudan zuma ke zama?

Udan zuma suna dauke fairly na kowa kwari. Ba sa zaune a yankunansu ne kawai inda babu tsire-tsire. Irin waɗannan wuraren sun haɗa da hamada mai zafi da tundra mai sanyi. A wasu yankuna na zahiri, ana iya samun ƙudan zuma ko'ina.

Range na ƙudan zuma

Rayuwa & Habitat

Abubuwan da aka fi so a cikin ƙudan zuma na daji sune shimfidar dutse, tuddai da ƙasa, rami na tsoffin bishiyoyi.Esudan zuma suna zaɓar wuraren da suke kusa da gawarwakin ruwa, kuma suna da amintaccen kariya daga yanayin yanayi mai wahala, iska.

Kudan gida

A cikin yanayi mai saukin kai, nakan zauna a kan bishiyoyi. Bayan sun zaɓi wurin da ya dace don mahalli, sun fara gina ƙwayoyin sel daga ƙwayoyin hexagonal. Kowane tantanin halitta yana da ganuwar bango. An saka saƙar zuma a tsaye kuma suna da siffar elongated. Rameswararru na musamman suna dacewa da ƙudan zuma na gida, kuma kwari na daji suna gina nasu gidan saƙar zuma.

Kafin farkon yanayin sanyi, babban aikin ƙudan zuma shi ne adana abinci da wadatar gidaje. Suna yin wannan tare da propolis, wanda ke ɓoye duk fasa. Sannan kwari suna matsawa zuwa kasan dajin, inda suke tare, tare da canza wuraren lokaci-lokaci.

Gwanin zuma

Gabaɗaya, ƙudan zuma daji ya bambanta da na gida kawai a wasu fasalolin halayensu da halayensu. Misali, sun fi karfin azaba saboda suna da karin abokan halitta kuma ana tilasta musu kare hannun jari. Kuma sun fi yawan jurewa, da saurin kamuwa da cututtukan sanyi da cututtuka.

Jama'a

Mafi ci gaba dangane da zaman tare sune kwari na zamantakewa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da melliferous, ƙeƙasasshen ƙudan zuma da bumblebees. Ana kiran masarautar kwari ƙungiya ƙungiya. A cikin gungun zamantakewa, ƙudan zuma suna da takamaiman nauyi, amma a lokaci guda suna wakiltar zuriyar uwa daya.

Za a ware ɗayan kudan zuma sararin jama'a daban - membobinta suna da gabobin jiki daban-daban da wasu nauyi. Sun dace da juna. Swararrun masarauta suna wakiltar sarauniya guda ɗaya, ƙudan zuma masu aiki, da jiragen sama.

Mahaifa koyaushe akwai ɗaya a cikin rukuni; yana fitowa sosai a cikin girman idan aka kwatanta da sauran. Babban aikinta shine haihuwa. An yi la'akari da mahaifa shine babba mutum a cikin mazauna, saboda haka sauran ƙudan zuma suna kiyaye shi kuma suna samar da abinci.

Sarauniya kudan zuma

Ƙudan zuma na aiki - mace, wanda ya zama tushen rukuni a lambobi. Ana iya ganin su galibi a yanayi. Daya gida lambobi game da 80,000 mutane. Wakilan ƙungiyar masu aiki suna neman tsire-tsire masu dacewa, suna fitar da ƙwan zuma, suna yin zuma.

Ƙudan zuma na aiki

Wasu mambobi na taro - namiji drones. Babban aikinsu shi ne ci gaba da zuriya. Drones basa fitar da pollen kuma basa yin zuma. Sun fi girma fiye da ƙudan zuma masu aiki kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin abinci. Lokacin da drone ya daina zama mai amfani ga mazaunan, ana fitar dashi kawai. Gabaɗaya, ba su da ikon yin sanyi da sanyi.

Drone

Hankali

Kudan zuma suna da idanu iri biyu: guda uku a saman kai da kuma hadaddun gida biyu a gefuna.

Idanun Bee

Cikakkun idanu ana kiransu faceted. Suna da siffar convex da yawa. Idan ka kara wannan ido sau da yawa, zaka iya lura da tarin hexagons a farfajiya. Kudan zuma masu aiki suna da kusan 6,000.

Macro harbi na fatar ido

Kowane irin wannan kwalayen peephole ne wanda aka samu daga sel na gani. Saboda takamaiman tsarin idanun, kudan zuma yana ganin hoton a bayyane - yana kama da hoto wanda ya kasu kashi daban. Yana da sauƙi a gare ta ta kalli hotunan motsi fiye da waɗanda ke a tsaye.

Kamar yadda ƙudan zuma ke gani

Idanu masu sauqi suna da tsari iri daya, amma sun kankantar sosai wajen hango hoton. Ba a yi nazarin aikinsu da aminci ba, amma, wataƙila, tare da taimakon idanu masu sauƙi, kwari sun bambanta tsakanin haske da duhu.

Yaya tsawon kudan zuma yake rayuwa?

Esudan zuma na iya samun rayuwa daban-daban dangane da aikin a cikin mazauna, kazalika da lokacin haihuwa.

Kudan zuma sarauniya suna zaune mafi tsawo - kimanin shekaru 5-6. Tun da yake an samar da cikin mahaifa ta hanyar ƙudan zuma masu aiki kuma an kiyaye shi daga haɗari, dole ne ya ba da sabon zuriya.

A wuri na biyu suna aiki ƙudan zuma. Mutanen da aka haife su a lokacin dumama galibi suna rayuwa kaɗan - ba su wuce wata ɗaya. Dukkanin abu ne da za a ɗora wa aikin wahala mai wahala a cikin babban lokaci.

Wasu lokuta ana haihuwar ƙudan zuma a cikin kaka. A wannan yanayin, tsawon rayuwar su ya kai kimanin watanni shida. Kowane irin wannan ƙwayar dole ne overwinter kuma cika aikinsa kai tsaye a cikin bazara.

Jiragen sama marasa galihu. Bayan an haife su, sun cika aikinsu kuma ba da daɗewa ba. Idan drones suka kasance a cikin keken kafin farkon yanayin sanyi, masu aikin ke fitar da su kuma sun mutu, an bar su ba tare da gida ko abinci ba.

Esudan zuma suna fitar da drones daga cikin hive

Ta yaya ƙudan zuma ke sanya zuma?

Don samar da zuma, ƙudan zuma suna buƙatar ƙoshin lectar - ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai daɗin ɗanɗano ta hanyar tsire-tsire fure. Kwaro yana tattara Nectar tare da proboscis, bayan haka ya shiga cikin sashin na musamman - goiter na zuma.

Kudan zuma

A cikin ƙudan zuma na kudan zuma akwai enzymes waɗanda ke shiga goiter tare da nectar kuma suna rushe carbohydrates ɗin da ke cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Kowane enzyme yana yin aikinsa:

1. Invertase - yana haɓaka fashewar sucrose zuwa glucose da fructose.
2. Glucose oxidase - yana rushe glucose a cikin gluconic acid (dandano na zuma ya dogara da shi) da hydrogen peroxide. Abin lura ne cewa peroxide da farko yana tsarkake zuma daga kwayoyin, sannan kuma ya fashe.
3. Dastase - yana rushe sitaci cikin carbohydrates mafi sauki.

Komawa zuwa ga saƙar zuma, kudan zuma fara cika su da ƙoshin nectar da aka tattara. A nan cikin matsayi ya bayyana matsayin ƙungiyar ƙudan zuma na ma'aikata - irin mai karɓar. Suna tsunduma cikin samar da zuma gaba, kuma kuran ƙudan zuma ya sake tashi don sabon ƙwanƙan zuma.

Kwayoyin suna yin wannan aikin sau 200. Sun ware dan karamin lectar ga proboscis domin danshi ya bushe daga ciki, daga nan kuma aka tura su zuwa goiter. Don haka, sinadarin ya narke har sai ya zama zuma.

Kudan zuma na sanya zuma

Cika sel, kudan zuma na ci gaba da yaduwar zuma daga wuri zuwa wuri, sannan kuma ta shayar da saƙar zuma tare da giftawa. Duk waɗannan ayyukan suna da niyyar cire duk danshi. An rufe sel da ruwan zuma gama da kakin zuma.

Abokan ƙudan zuma

Esudan zuma suna da abokan gaba da yawa. A cikinsu akwai kwari da tsuntsayen. Daga cikin kwari, waɗannan sune masu farauta: karnuka, gizo-gizo, masu cin kudan zuma (asalin halittar wasp). A kai a kai kai hari kan kudan zuma na tsuntsayen, waɗanda suke wakilan iyalan masu ba da kyaututtuka, masu yawo, firi, da dai sauransu Su ma abinci ne na masu shayarwa.

Sudis - Maƙiyin Halittar Beudan zuma

Ta yaya ƙudan zuma ya bambanta da wasps?

Duk da irin kamannin da ke akwai, akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin ƙudan zuma da wasps. Ana iya samunsu a cikin bayyanar, salon rayuwa da halayya.

Idan aka kwatanta shi da jikin kudan zuma, ciyawar tana da silo da zazzagewa kuma mafi tsayi. Yana da mafi karancin gashinta (akan ciki basu da cikakke). Yankin kirji ya dafe. Launi - launin rawaya-baƙi mai haske, amma ya fi haske kuma ya fi sa lura da ƙudan zuma.

Ga kudan zuma, aiki tuƙuru don kyautata mulkin, hive shine ma'anar rayuwa. Suna tattara ƙwayoyin nectar, suna fitar da tsire-tsire, suna samar da zuma, suna yin saƙar zuma daga kakin zuma da aka girka.

Ba a tsara tsarin kwayoyin wanzuwa ba don samar da wasu abubuwa masu mahimmanci. Ana yin ginin buɗaɗɗun ta hanyar abubuwa daga kayayyaki daban-daban, alal misali, tsohuwar itace. Abincin wasps ya fi bambanta yawa, ya haɗa da nectar, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, da sauran ƙananan kwari.

Kwatanta ciyawa da kudan zuma

Kudan zuma yakan kaiwa makiyi hari ne kawai idan yaji wata barazana ko kai hari kan martani. Kwaro a cikin ɗayan lardi ɗaya koyaushe suna kula da mahaifa.

The wasps suna da mafi m, halin annabta. Suna iya yin harba a kowane lokaci. Thearfin wasp ɗin yana da tsari daban-daban, saboda haka yana da damar kai farmaki mara iyaka lokacin ba tare da cutar da kanta ba. Har ila yau, kwaro na ciji ta amfani da kayan jaw.

Daga cikin wasps akwai kuma jama'a da kuma sauran nau'in halitta. Koyaya, a cikin al'umma mai aspen, mahaifa yana ba da kansa ba tare da wata ma'amala ba, haka kuma yana taka rawa sosai wajen gina gida.

Bugu da kari, ƙudan zuma ya mamaye sarari a cikin rarrabuwa kuma suna da ma'anar kimiyya. Wasps ana iya kiran kowane wakilai na harba kwari masu ƙura da ba sa cikin tururuwa ko ƙudan zuma.

Tsarin kudan zuma

Apoidea superfamily yana wakilta da iyalai da yawa: ainihin ƙudan zuma, andrenides, haliktids, da sauransu. Gaba ɗaya, sun samar da 520 genera da dubban nau'ikan jinsin.

Duk ƙudan zuma za a iya kasu kashi biyu: daji da gida. Ba shi da wuya a rarrabe kudan zuma: ya ƙanƙane a girma, ya bambanta sosai da launi mara nauyi, gashin ya yi kauri da ya fi tsayi, kuma akwai harsashi mai kariya a kan ɓangaren kirji.

Tsarin kudan zuma

Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan kudan zuma da aka sani.Amma duka, akwai sama da dubun dubun dubansu a duniya. Duk ƙudan zuma sun kasu kashi biyu: gida da daji.

Ba asirin da mutane suka yi ba a zamanin da suke haifar da wadannan kwari don samun zuma. Amma ba wai kawai ba, har ma da sauran abubuwa masu mahimmanci: propolis, kakin zuma da guba na magani. Amma wanzu cikin yanayi da ƙudan zuma na daji.

Suna da ɗan ƙarami a cikin girman. Yakamata a kira launirsu mai tsayi, inuwarta ba ta da haske sosai, a mutanance, kuma tsarin launuka galibi sune monochromatic. An sanye kirji mai rauni.

Sashin gashi a jikinsu yayi girma sosai fiye da na 'yan uwan ​​mazauna garin, suna wasa da wando na kwari, yana adana su yayin mummunan yanayi da yanayin sanyi.

Girman ƙudan zuma ya fi kaɗan na gida

Daga cikin yawancin nau'in mulkin kudan zuma, yana da daraja a nuna mafi ban sha'awa. Kuma farkon waɗanda za a ambata sune ƙudan zuma na gaske. Wannan shi ne sunan gidan duka, wanda akwai nau'ikan kusan dubu biyar. Tsakanin su:

1. Kudan zuma - yawancin nau'ikan irin wannan ƙudan zuma sun daɗe suna amfani da mutane don haka sanannu ne a gare su. Da farko, magabatan mu masu nisa cikin ramin bishiyoyi kawai sun sami mafaka ga irin wadannan kwari kuma suna shan zuma daga gare su. Amma sannu a hankali sun fara yin kiwo, suna dauke da abubuwa a cikin duwatsun, ko dai an gina su daga haushi ko kuma daga yumɓu.

Da yawa daga baya, sun fara gina gidaje don waɗannan zuriyayen waɗanda ake kira amya. Kuma aka kirkirar firam-mai sauki. Abu ne mai sauqi ka fitar da zuma daga irin waxannan tsarukan tare da rawanin zuma a ciki.

2. Bumblebees - wannan shine asalin halittar ƙudan zuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa masu kama da takwarorinsu na melliferous. Gabaɗaya, kusan kusan ɗari uku nau'in waɗannan kwari an san su. Suna zaune a duk nahiyoyin Arewacin Hemisphere. A cikin danginsu, sun sami suna daga mafi tsananin tsayayya. Af, wannan yana ƙara ƙara musu damar rayuwa.

Bumblebees suna da damar tashi don tattara iskar nectar da sanyin safiya, lokacin da haskoki na bazara mai laushi ko rana bazara ba ta da iska. Don haka, suna gaban abokan hamayyarsu kuma suna tattara duk mafi dadi daga furanni da sauran tsire-tsire.

Kayan kayan kwalliyar kowane nau'in bumblebee sun bambanta. A wasu daga cikinsu, rawaya rawaya suna canzawa tare da baƙi, yayin a cikin wasu suna ruwan lemo ko ja. Akwai nau'ikan duhu gaba daya.

Bumblebees kuma suna cikin dangin kudan zuma.

Daga cikin wakilan wannan masarautar kwari akwai ainihin ƙattai waɗanda ake ganinsu karin ƙudan zumacewa duk mun saba. Misali mai kyau na wannan sune samfuran abubuwan megahill. Kuma girman su yana da ban sha'awa kwarai da gaske, saboda fikafikann su na iya kaiwa cm 6. Af, waɗannan ƙudan zuma ba sa iya samar da zuma kwata-kwata. Suna zaune a cikin yankuna kuma sun shahara saboda takamaiman tasirin su.

A cikin hoto wani kafinta na kudan zuma

Abinci mai gina jiki

Ya rigaya ya bayyana cewa mafi mahimmancin samfuran da waɗannan kwari suke ci shine zuma. Amma ingancin wannan abu ya dogara da dalilai da yawa. Misali, daga yadda wadannan kananan halittu suka tsira daga bala'in hunturu. Bugu da kari, dandano na zuma na matukar tasiri ga nau'in tsire-tsire daga abin da aka fitar da nectar.

Zai fi kyau cewa waɗannan wakilan na flora ba su ƙunshi adadin glucose, sucrose da carbohydrates ba, saboda waɗannan abubuwan sun ba da gudummawa ga hanzarin kuka na wannan samfurin. Kuma a wannan tsari, ƙudan zuma ba zai iya cinye shi sarai ba.

Kuma ko da tara tarin adadin wannan abun, suna da karfin fadawa cikin yunwar. Plantsa'idodin tsire-tsire waɗanda ba a so, alal misali, sun hada da mustard, Heather, auduga da wasu mutane.

A cikin yanayin inda abincin sa bai wadatar ba, kudan zuma wahala sosai. Kuma duk mambobi ne na gida zama mai saukin kamuwa ga cututtuka da kuma jin mara kyau. Kyakkyawan tsire-tsire na zuma sun hada da: apple, ceri, pear, willow, linden da sauran su.

Me zai yi idan kudan zuma ya ciji?

Wurin wannan halittar yana daga ƙarshen ciki. Yana da daraja, saboda wannan kwaro baya iya rayuwa bayan harin abokan gaba. Kudan zuma Tana makalewa a jikin abokan gaba, kuma halittun da basa iyawa sun rasa, wanda yake haifar da mutuwar jarumi mai kare a gida.

Amma wanda aka azabtar da kansa, wanda ya karbi sashin guba, shima ya sami ƙarin matsaloli daga asarar kudan zuma. Bayan haka, harbin yana iya makale a cikin fata sannan kuma yaci gaba da tona abubuwa masu lahani.

Guba da wannan kwaro yana da fa'ida sosai a cikin abin da aka tsara. Na farko, wanda aka azabtar da aikin sa yaji zafi. Daga nan sai wurin da yake fitowa ya zama ja, to, wani bakar fata mara kyau, wacce ke raguwa bayan wasu lokuta (galibi biyu ko uku).

Bugu da kari, abubuwa na kasashen waje wadanda suka shiga cikin jini na iya haifar da matsalar rashin lafiyan cuta. Amma a lokaci guda kudan zuma na iya zama da amfani. Bayan duk wannan, guba na waɗannan kwari a cikin ƙananan allurai an ba su kyawun kayan warkarwa. Yana kashe kwayoyin cuta kuma, ban da masu cutarwa, ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu amfani da yawa.

Idan wannan kwari ta kai wa mutum hari, to da farko ya cire maɗaurin, sannan ya yi wa yankin da abin ya shafa tare da ƙwayar potassium ko wani magani na ƙwayar cuta. Cold compresses ma taimaka sosai ga waraka. Bugu da ƙari, shan ruwa mai yawa yana da amfani, saboda yana kunna karɓar sinadaran mai guba.

Ta yaya kuma a ina suke rayuwa

Abubuwan da suka dace da wadannan mutane suna da yawa. Misali, kowane yanki mai tsire-tsire masu fure. Kudan zuma na iya zama a cikin rami, ko goge jiki ko a cikin ɗaki - a gabaɗaya, a kowane wuri wanda shine tsari na halitta. Yana da mahimmanci cewa a wuraren zamansu babu iska, zafi, babu hanyoyin samun ruwa.

Idan muka yi magana game da kudan zuma, sun samar da har zuwa ɗar kudan zuma ɗari da yawa tare da dangin kudan zuma, suna samar da gonaki gaba ɗaya ko ma apiaries. Namomin daji na daji, wanda symbiosis na kudan zuma da mutum ba ya wanzu, yi amfani da kakin zuma. Suna ɓoye shi daga gland akan ciki, sake gina sashin zuma. Kwayoyin suna da sifofi na sifofin - hexagons. An lullube takarda tare da saƙar zuma a saman ɓangaren tsari, galibi a nesa nesa daga juna, wato 6-9 mm.

Kudan zuma na ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar yanayi irin wannan, suna sake gina mazaunin wucin gadi na kwari. A cikin amya sun sa firam ɗin cirewa. A kansu ne aka gina sel hexagonal.

Tsammani rayuwa na ƙudan zuma

Idan ma'aikatan ba su fuskantar mawuyacin hali ba, za su iya rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali a duk lokacin kaka da damuna. Koyaya, ƙarƙashin rinjayar cututtukan yanayi da wasu dalilai, ana iya rage wannan lokacin. Muna magana ne game da yanayi kamar ciyar da adadin manyan larvae, buƙatar tattara nectar kowace rana. A wannan yanayin, an rage tsammanin rayuwa zuwa kwanaki 25.

Har yaushe mahaifar da drones suke rayuwa?

Drones an haife su a ƙarshen bazara. Ganin cewa ba sa shiga cikin damuwar yau da kullun da aiki, ba su da iyaka. Drones sun mutu nan da nan bayan an jefa iri. Wasu daga cikinsu suna mutuwa lokacin da suke yin faɗa a tsakanin su don su fitar da mahaifa. Tana iya wadatar da sauran mazaunan hive. A game da ita, iyakar shekarun ita ce shekaru biyar zuwa shida. Wannan lokacin yana faruwa saboda gaskiyar cewa wasu ƙudan zuma a cikin iyali suna kulawa da shi. Koyaya, tare da tsufa, lokacin da ya zauna cikin mahaifa ƙarancin ƙwai, ƙarancin ya maye gurbinsa.

Udan zuma da mutum

Zai yi wuya a taƙaita matsayin ƙudan zuma a cikin tsirrai na tsirrai. Godiya ga aikinsu, mutum ya tattara albarkatu daga albarkatu da yawa, wato, furannin rana, buckwheat, fyaɗe. Idan ba da tsire-tsire na lokacin da ya dace ba, babu wani girbi na wasu albarkatu, musamman 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. Ganin mahimmancin ƙudan zuma, manoma na zamani sun ƙare tare da masu kula da kudan zuma cewa ƙarshen wurin yana wucewa kusa da filayen.

Muhimman kayan ƙudan zuma ke taka rawa ta daban ga rayuwar ɗan adam, gami da:

• pollen (pollen) - ya wuce zuma a cikin yawan amfanin kaddarorin - ya ƙunshi bitamin B, haka kuma macro- da microelements,
• Gwanin kudan zuma - 30% ya ƙunshi sunadarai, sauran abubuwan da ake samarwa sune bitamin, abubuwan da aka gano, amino acid,
• chitin - halayyar bitamin daga rukunin B, potassium, jan karfe, zinc, selenium, sauran abubuwan abinci masu gina jiki,
• zuma - babu makawa ga jiki, ya hada da abubuwan gina jiki, da dama ma'adanai da abubuwanda aka gano, misali, iron, alli, phosphorus, cobalt,
• Zabrus - wanda aka yi amfani dashi azaman wakili mai hana kumburi, ana amfani dashi wajen maganin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan mahaifa, cututtukan narkewar abinci da na jijiyoyin jini,
• kumburin kudan zuma (apitoxin) - yana inganta jiki, yana ƙara ƙarfin hali, aikin, yana kuma daidaita tsarin samar da jini kuma yana taimakawa wajen shawo kan ciwo,
• propolis - saboda bitamin da microelements samfurin yana inganta hangen nesa, yana tsaftace tashoshi na jini, yana ba da sakamako mai sabuntawa,
• jelly na sarauta - yana ba da izinin metabolism da tsarin narkewa, yana ƙara ƙarfin halin jiki, yana rage jinkirin tsufa.

Amfanin ƙudan zuma ya zama saboda wani samfurin - kakin zuma. Ba makawa ga fatar, saboda ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin mayukan shafawa da sauran samfuran kulawa da fata. Hakanan, kakin zuma yana kara inganta jiyya na ƙwayar cuta, yana inganta yanayin gumis kuma yana da sakamako mai hana ƙwayoyin cuta.

Faxin Bee

Wadannan kwari suna da bambanci a cikin kansu. Suna da amfani sosai ga yanayi gabaɗaya kuma ga mutum. Ina so in lura da wasu bayanai game da ƙudan zuma:

• sun zama gama gari a duk nahiyoyi in banda Antarctica, inda haifuwarsu da rayuwar da suke rayuwa ba zai yuwu ba,
• kowace rana kwari daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna ɗaukar fure kimanin tiriliyan tiriliyan,
• samun kilogiram na zuma guda ɗaya, kudan zuma dole ne ta ziyarci furanni miliyan takwas,
• cikin sauri suna hanyan zuwa gida - ko da suna nesa da hive da danginsu,
• a kan matsakaita, kudan zuma mai nauyin kilogram shida da takwas.

Waɗannan mutane suna tattara adadin pollen mafi girma a cikin Siberian taiga. Ofaya daga cikin sifofin halayen ƙudan zuma shine cewa zasu iya gane ƙanshin fure tare da ƙoshin nectar a nesa na kilomita ɗaya. Wannan, kamar manyan ayyukan ƙudan zuma, yana sa kwari da aka gabatar da amfani ga kiwo. Suna amfana da mutum, saboda sha'awar kudan zuma ba ya raguwa.

Saniya ƙudan zuma, yana da haɗari

Ba tare da la'akari da jinsunan ba, ƙudan zuma suna jin tsoron motsi kwatsam, amo, amo, ƙanshi mara dadi a gare su. Aanshin ƙanshin turare, ƙanshin giya, tafarnuwa da barasa suna shayar da ƙudan zuma, ana tilasta su harba tare da motsi da gudu.

Mutane da yawa ba su san gaskiyar dalilin kudan zuma ba nan da nan bayan cizo. An yi bayanin wannan da gaskiyar cewa tare da cizon maciji ya zama mai zurfi a cikin fata mutum ko dabba. Kokarin hanzarta tashi, ƙwanƙolin ya fito tare da yawancin hanjin kwaro, wanda ke sa kudan zuma ya mutu.

Nan da nan bayan saƙar kudan zuma, ya zama dole a cire ƙyallen nan da nan daga cizo, in ba haka ba ƙwanƙanyar kudan zuma mai ƙarfi zai fara shiga jiki da jini, yana haifar da kumburi mai girma da rashin lafiyan rashin lafiyar. Sannan ya kamata a wanke rauni a ci gaba da magani.

Dukkanin ƙudan zuma ga yara

Esudan zuma mallakar babban tsari ne na hymenoptera, akwai sama da dubu 20,000 daga nau'ikansu. Suna da alaƙa da wasps, waɗanda suke kama da su ta hanyoyi da yawa. Akwai daukacin ilimin kimiyya - apiology, nazarin nau'ikan ƙudan zuma, halayyar su, tsarin tsarin hive.

Ana iya samun waɗannan kwari a duk nahiyoyin duniyarmu, in banda Antarctica, saboda basa son sanyi.

Tsarin ci gaba

Bayan ƙyanƙyashe, kudan zuma bai riga ya shirya tattara zuma ba. Da farko, matasa suna ciyarwa akan sanin juna da tsarin abin da ke ciki na hive. Suna tsayar da amya ko ciyar da larvae.

Bayan haka, za a iya aika kudan zuma a jirgin sa na farko, inda za ta koyi tattara nectar da kuma neman hanyar dawowa gidan.

Abin da gidan ya gina

Gina gida ba tsari bane mai sauki. Esudan zuma da farko suna buƙatar yin kakin zuma domin a gina gidan saƙar zuma a gaba. A nan gaba, za a yi amfani da su don sanya ƙwai, da kuma wurin ajiyar zuma da gurasar kudan zuma.

An kirkiro saƙar zuma daga sel waɗanda siffar su tayi kama da hexagon. Dukkanin sel suna da haɗin gwiwa. A cewar masana kimiyyar, ana iya kwatanta ginin sel tare da hadaddun lissafin lissafi, tunda dukkanin sel duk girmansa ne da sihiri.

Yadda za a kare gidan

Entranceofar hive koyaushe yana ƙarƙashin ikon kula da ƙudan zuma biyu. A koyaushe suna tsaro, saboda babban aikinsu shi ne hana abokan gaba shiga hive.

Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da maƙami, amma idan bai yi aiki ba, kuma abokan gaba duk da haka sun shiga cikin gidan, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka 3 don aikin ƙudan zuma na aiki:

• Tsaya a kusa da abokan gaba, yana da sauƙi a cire shi daga cikin hive.
• Idan wannan ba zai yiwu ba, kwari suka kewaye abokan gaba da kokarin dumamar iska da fikafikan su, suna haifar da gajeru.
• Hanya ta ƙarshe ita ce hanzarta sanya abokan gaba da propolis, bayan wasu 'yan seconds za a kawar da ita.

Me yasa zaki sha zuma

Da farko, ƙudan zuma da kansu suna ciyar da zuma. Don tsira a cikin bazara da hunturu, ƙudan zuma suna aiki tuƙuru a cikin bazara da bazara. Suna fitar da nectar, takin furanni. Bayan aiwatarwarsa, suna shiga cikin sel. Bayan an cika, an kulle sel. Don haka ya zama zuma.

A cikin yanayin sanyi, ƙudan zuma suna buƙatar abinci, saboda a wannan lokacin suna da wani aiki - riƙe da yawan zafin jiki da ake so a cikin hive don adana larvae.

Kudin Himalayan

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Sun bambanta da Hymenoptera a cikin launi mai launin shuɗi-baki mai haske. Wadannan wakilai galibi ana samun su a yankuna masu tsaunuka. Wadannan kwari suna sanannu ne saboda gaskiyar cewa suna da kwantar da hankula da kuma tsayayya da ticks. Masu gurungun waɗannan ƙudan zuma suna karɓar zuma daga cikin mutanen Nepal. Abin lura ne cewa zumarsu tana da kayan hallucinogenic. Wannan gaskiyar saboda gaskiyar cewa yawancin adadi na rhododendras suna cikin yankin da suke zaune. Wadannan tsire-tsire yayin lokacin furanni suna samar da andromedotoxin, wanda yake mai guba ne mai ƙarfi. Lokacin da ya shiga jikin mutum, yana bayar da gudummawa ga bayyanar abubuwan nishaɗi.

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Leaf mai yanka

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Bayyanar wannan kudan zuma yana da irin kama da sauran wasps. Suna da jiki mai tsayi a cikin kewayon mil 8 zuwa 16. An rarrabe su ta kasancewar muƙamuƙi mai ƙarfi, godiya ga wanda suke iya yanke ganye. Manyan afa feedan Lea feedan feeda feeda suna ciyar da nectar. Zaka iya haduwa dasu a kan lamuran yanayi inda yanayi ke yanayi. A tsawon rayuwa, tsirrai 25 ne kawai zasu iya fitar da kudan zuma, saboda suna da yanayin rayuwa a takaice.

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Bashkir kudan zuma

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Wannan nau'in kudan zuma yana samuwa a cikin kasashen Turai. Launin jikinsu yana da launin toka ba tare da halayyar rawaya mai launin shuɗi ba. Wadannan kwari sun saba da yanayin yanayi daban-daban, tunda sun sami damar tashi daga cikin hive har ma da sanyi.

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Kudin kudan zuma na rawaya

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Wadannan wakilai ana ɗaukarsu ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi da aka fi sani kuma ana samunsu a tsaunuka. Suna da ikon samar da zuma mai inganci, amma sun jure da sanyi sosai kuma suna da kariya sosai. Kusan kashi 7 na waɗannan ƙudan zuma suna da ilhami.

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Grey coucasian kudan zuma

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Wani bangare na wannan kudan zuma shine launin toka mai launi. Duk jikin mutum, babu rawaya mai launin shuɗi waɗanda ke halayyar yawancin ƙudan zuma. An rarraba wannan wakilin zuwa adadin adadin kuɗi dangane da mazaunin: Abkhaz, kwari, Kakheti, Imereti da Mingrelian. Kwayoyin wannan nau'in basu yarda da motsi a wuraren da yanayin yayi sanyi.

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Kudan Italiyanci

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Waɗannan mutane sun fara yadawa a kan yankin ƙasa ta Apennine. Sun bambanta da launin toka, zinari ko launi-layi uku. Mafi yawan lokuta ƙudan zuma na giya suna bred. Mutane daban-daban na wannan nau'in sunada girma kuma suna da girman gangar jikin kusan milimita 6.5. Kudancin Italiyanci da kansu suna da kwanciyar hankali, amma mawuyacin hali a lokutan haɗari. Yana da wuya a gare su su zauna a Rasha, tunda sun jure hunturu da babban wahala.

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Ƙudan zuma na Asiya

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A Asiya, wasu nau'ikan ƙudan zuma na zuma sun bazu. Suna da bambance-bambancen halaye daban-daban. A yanzu, suna da adadin 9000. Babban wakilin babban kudan zuma ne Apis dorsata laboiosa. Baya ga girma, ciki na waɗannan mutanen suna da launin duhu tare da fararen fararen fata. Tsakanin manyan nau'ikan idanu shine ƙarin biyu. Wadannan kudan zuma suna zaune a dutsen, inda suke gina amya. Bakinsu yana da matukar raɗaɗi.

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Kudancin Ukraine kudan zuma

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Esudan zuma na Ukrainian steppe irin ne karbuwa ga matsanancin zafi hawa da sauka, saboda abin da za su iya jure hunturu da kyau. Wadannan ƙudan zuma sun fi son tsirrai da ƙwayar sukari mai yawa. Kusan 10% na dukkanin ƙudan zuma na wannan nau'in suna haɗuwa da yawa. Hakanan ana rarrabe su ta hanya mai kyau da tsabtataccen tsabta, wanda aka bayyana a gaskiyar cewa amya na waɗannan ƙudan zuma ba ya cakuɗe da datti da kakin zuma.

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Don kudan zuma

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Wannan nau'in ma yana da m. Launinsu yana wakiltar launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Yayin haihuwar haihuwa, mahaifa yakan sanya kimanin qwai 3,000 a rana. Koyaya, yan uwa sunada matukar haɗama. Suna ciyar da akasari akan bishiyar zaitun mai zaki, oregano da acacia.

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Ƙudan zuma na Thai

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An bayyana bayyanar wadannan ƙudan zuma ta cikin duhu mai ciki da kuma rashi raunin sifofi a saman. Hakanan, fuka-fukan wadannan ƙudan zuma suna da duhu sosai. Kwayoyin da kansu ana bambanta su ta hanyar halayen kwantar da hankali da babban aiki. Honeyanshinsu ya shahara saboda sanyinta mai laushi.

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Kudan Abkhazian

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Kuna iya haɗuwa da wannan kudan zuma a cikin duwatsun Caucasus. An gwammace su zauna a kan tsaunin dutse, shi yasa ake kiransu ƙudan zuma. An yi amfani da su sosai don kiwo, saboda ƙoshin zuma da na musamman. Ana horar da su a Amurka da Yammacin Turai. An bambanta wannan nau'in da gangar jikin tsayi mai rashin jituwa.

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Melipon esudan zuma

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Tasirin wannan nau'in shine rashin tsinkewa. A maimakon haka, suna yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta mai ƙanshi a hankali. Idan ana batun hari, melipon kudan zuma na iya amfani da abin sa. Waɗannan mutane sanannen sanannen ne saboda ba su da takamaiman rabo na aiki. Amyarsu sun yi kama da kumbunan gida. Melipon zuma ana amfani dashi sosai a Yankin Yucatan, kamar yadda ƙudan zuma a wannan yankin ke samar da zuma mafi dadi. Yawancin mutane kaɗan ne suka rayu har wa yau.

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Janar bayanin

Bayyanar ƙudan zuma yana wakiltar wani ɓangare na jiki mai kashi uku: kai, kirji da ciki. Dukkanin jikin ƙudan zuma an rufe shi da ƙananan gashin gashi, wanda ɓangaren ɓangaren yake aiki a matsayin aiki don taɓawa kuma yana da alaƙa da tsarin juyayi. Mafi mahimmancin kwayoyin kudan zuma shine antennae, wanda ke basu damar kewayawa cikin duhun amyarsu. Saboda kasancewar muƙamuƙin motsi, ƙudan zuma sun sami damar gina manyan sel daga kakin zuma, haka kuma suna tattara ƙwayoyin tsirrai daga tsire-tsire kuma suna barin sel da aka rufe.

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Beesudan zuma tsofaffi sun kai girma daga 12 zuwa 15 millimeters. Abubuwan ciki suna wakiltar bangarori 6, wanda akan fikafikan bakin ciki da na bakin ciki tare da haɗin jijiyoyin kai. A kan waɗannan ƙananan kwari akwai manyan guda biyu, kuma a kan kambi akwai wasu ƙarin ƙarami guda uku waɗanda ake amfani da su don fahimtar hasken da ke ba da izini, saboda suna iya kewayawa cikin rana.

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A cikin ɓangaren baya na ciki akwai wani ƙwayar cuta mai narkewa, wanda ke da gland mai guba guda biyu da kuma matsanancin rauni wanda tsawonsa ya kai milimita biyu. Siffar maɓallin yana sa sauƙi a nutse cikin fatar dabba ko mutum. Lokacin da ya buga, kudan zuma yakan sanya gubarsa, sannan ya mutu.

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Cutar kusan 500 ko dubu ƙudan zuma na iya zama m. Mutane manya suna iya isa da sauri sosai, kuma suna iya motsawa zuwa kilomita 4 daga hive.

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Esudan zuma rayuwa

Yawan rayuwar ƙudan zuma ya dogara kaciya da ƙasar da rarrabawarta da wuri a cikin kudan zuma. Kudan zuma masu aiki basa rayuwa tsawon lokaci. Idan an haife ta tsakanin bazara da bazara, to tsawon rayuwar ta bazai wuce wata daya ba. Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa waɗannan ƙudan zuma suna aiki koyaushe. Kudan zuma da ke aiki a cikin kaka suna rayuwa kusan watanni shida. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, suna tsira daga hunturu kuma suna rayuwa zuwa bazara don fara aiki mai aiki a cikin tattara zuma da ƙoshin ƙwaya.

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Drones na da karancin shekarun rayuwa. A matsakaici, kimanin mako biyu ne. Wadannan kwari suna shirye don hadi kusan nan da nan, kuma bayan ya mutu. Drones da suka tsira an aika su mutu, suna fitar da su daga hive.

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Mahaifa yakan jagoranci rayuwa cikin rayuwa. Matsakaicin lokacin aikinta shine kimanin shekaru 5. Koyaya, don wannan dole ne ya zama mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin matsayi da haifar da zuriya koyaushe.

Kudan zuma

Ana aiwatar da tsarin haifuwa a ƙudan zuma ta hanyar kwanciya ƙwai. Beesudan zuma masu cikakken ƙarfi sun fito daga lalacewar ƙwai. Idan babu hadi na kai tsaye, to ana haihuwar drones. Domin zuriya ta zama mai yiwuwa, drones daga wasu dangin dole ne takin cikin mahaifa.

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Kudin Mahaifa

Qwai kudan zuma sun wuce matakai uku: tsutsa, pre-pupa da pupa. Idan adadin ƙudan zuma a cikin iyali ya zama manya-manyan, to, faruwa yakan faru. Partaya daga cikin ɓangarorin ƙudan zuma ya zauna cikin matsayi tare da mahaifa, ɓangare na biyu yana neman sabon wuri tare da sabon mahaifa.

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Tsarin igiyar ciki na Bee

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Yankin Rarraba Kudan zuma

Kuna iya haɗuwa da ƙudan zuma kusan ko'ina, ban da wuraren da babu tsire-tsire masu fure. Esudan zuma fi so don mamayar da dutsen, katako na tsohuwar bishiyoyi da mayukan kwari. Babban mahimmancin shine kariya ta iska da kuma kasancewar ruwa a kusa da hive. Yawancin lokaci, ƙudan zuma na iya zama a cikin ɗakunan gidaje ko tsakanin bango.

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A yanzu, yawan ƙudan zuma a duniya yana raguwa da sauri. Babban dalilin wannan hauhawar yawan mutane har yanzu ba a san shi ba, amma galibi yakan kasance saboda ayyukan dan adam ne ya lalata mazaunin kwari na kwari, yawan amfani da sinadarai don takin zamani da sauyin yanayi.

Yaushe ake jin tsoron esudan zuma

Ma'aikata ba za su fara kai hari ba idan babu wani dalili a kan hakan. Zasu iya nuna zalunci a wadannan lamura:

• ƙanshi na barasa, cologne mai kaifi har ma da gumi na iya haifar da mamaye ƙudan zuma,
• warin dabbobi da kwari suka tsinkaya a matsayin abokan gaba. Waɗannan karnuka ne, dawakai, awaki. Af, idan kudan zuma fito da guba, sauran zasu iya fara harin ta hanyar jin ƙanshi,
• mummunan yanayin yanayi wanda zai iya haifar ga ƙudan zuma cikin damuwa a cikin hive. Ba a tattara kudan zuma a wannan lokacin, saboda kwari kai tsaye suka kawo hari.

Tarihin Kiwon Kudan zuma

Sannan wani mutum ya fara tunanin yadda za'a sami magani ba tare da cutar ƙudan zuma ba. An yanke shawarar ɗaukar ɗayan ɓangaren zuma daga hive. Don haka ƙudan zuma da mutane suka fara zama tare cikin aminci.

Sannu a hankali, sabon matsala ya bayyana: tafiya da neman gidan kudan zuma a cikin gandun daji ba aiki bane mai sauƙi. Daga nan sai suka yanke shawarar sare bishiyoyi tare da ramuka da shirya su wuri guda. An fara kiran wannan nau'in aikin hajji.

A lokacin ne kawai aka fara aikin kiwon kudan zuma na apiary, inda aka fara gina gidaje na musamman don kwari.

Nomadic kiwon kudan zuma a cikin tsohuwar Misira

A tsohuwar Masar, ana son zuma koyaushe.Littafin papyrus, wanda yafi shekaru dubu 5, wanda ya ce game da kiwon kudan zuma, ya rayu. Kudan zuma koda alama ce ta Misra ta Lowerasan Masar.

Mazauna sun sanya hives a kan kekuna kuma suka barsu ruwan Nilu. Farkon tafiya ya kasance a wurin da lokacin tattara tarin zuma ya riga ya fara. Yayin tserewar hutun, kudan zuma sun yi nasarar tashi a gefen tekun kuma su dawo. Wannan ya taimaka wa tarin zuma. A lokacin da a wani bangare na kogin Nilu yake tattara tarin zuma, a daya bangaren kuma yana farawa.

Kudan zuma a Rasha

Ci gaban kiwon kudan zuma a Rasha ya fara ne a karni X-XI. Kafin bayyanar apiaries na farko (karni na XVII), manoma sun kasance suna tallafawa jirgin sama. Koyaya, a cikin yankinmu akwai wani mai ƙaunar zuma - beyar. Dole ne in saita tarkuna. Don haka, idan gida yana cikin ramin bishiya, sai aka doke shi ko kuma rataye a jikinshi, wanda hakan ya hana dabbar ta hau dutsen. Da ya sa su kashe shi, sai ya yi ta birgima da su, a cikin wannan buɗaɗɗun buɗa ya bugi hancinsa.

An ba da labarin kudan zuma a cikin wannan zane mai ban dariya na yara:

Me zai faru da zuma

Nau'in zuma ya dogara da irin launuka da aka tattara daga, yadda ake sarrafa ta, da kuma a ina ne wurin da apiary yake. Kudan zuma na faruwa:

Ofaya daga cikin mafi kyawun nau'in shine itacen zuma. Baƙon ƙanshi da wuya a fahimtarsa, kuma ga alama babu launi. Dutse zaki, mai kama da alewa, shima an ware shi. Ana kuma kiranta "Abkhazian." Wasu mutane suna son zuma mai duhu - buckwheat. An bayyana ƙanshinta da dandano. Wani duhu inuwa ma halayyar zuma ce ta burdock, blueberry da ash ash.