Karɓi labarin da aka fi karantawa sau ɗaya a rana. Kasance tare damu akan Facebook da VKontakte.
An haifi jaririn gaba ɗaya daban da iyayen sa - maimakon raunin da ya saba a jikin baƙar fata, zaka iya gani kaɗan kaɗan dige-dige - akwai ƙari akan ƙafafu kuma kusan babu kusanci da baya. Masu daukar hoto guda biyu sun lura da wannan katangar - Rakhul Sachdev da Anthony Tira, wadanda ban da daukar hoto, suma suna aiki a matsayin jagora a cikin ajiyar kaya.
A baya can, ana kuma lura da wasu irin waɗannan ɓoyayyun wasu lokuta, amma, a cikin daji, damar da suke da ita na rayuwa kaɗan ƙanƙara - yawanci irin wannan zebras ba ya rayuwa har zuwa watanni shida. A amintacce, dalilin wannan yanayin, masana kimiyya ba su sani ba, amma suna ba da shawarar cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda dalilai da yawa. An yi imanin cewa raƙuman suna taimakawa zebras suna kawar da kansu daga saran dawakai da ƙamshin tsetse, waɗanda ke amsawa ga hasken haske, wanda ya bambanta lokacin da aka nuna shi da rayayyun launuka daban-daban. A cikin yanayin Afirka, wannan yana da mahimmancin gaske, tunda ba kawai kwari suke da kansu ba masu haɗari ne, har ma da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda kwari ke iya ɗauka.
Hakanan an yi imanin cewa canza launi na zebras yana taimaka musu su guji haɗuwa da masu farauta, tunda ya fi wahalar kimanta siffar jikin dabbar. Koyaya, wannan ɓarna ba a haife shi ba ne a cikin daji, amma a cikin ajiyar dabi'ar Masai Mara, wanda ke nufin cewa damar rayuwarsa na iya zama mafi girma.
Rashin kowane zebra ya zama sanannen yanayi, sabili da haka ba shi yiwuwa ku sadu da biyu ze biyu. Yawancin lokaci garken zebra suna da aminci ga mutane waɗanda ke da bambanci sosai da kansu, wato suna fama da cututtukan fata ko ƙwaƙwalwar fata, kuma suna karɓar su daidai. Don haka, har yanzu akwai sauran damar wannan jaririn.
Hannun ajiya na taimakawa wajen adana ba wai kawai dabbobi masu yawan gaske ba, har ma da tsire-tsire. Misali daya na irin wannan ajiyar shine tsibirin Socotra. Game da abin da samfuran ban mamaki na flora za a iya samu a wannan wuri, karanta kuma gani a cikin labarinmu "Island-Reserve".
Shin kuna son labarin? To ku tallafa mana latsa:
Mujallar mai daukar hoto na karkashin ruwa da matafiyi mai daukar hankali
Zebras a Afirka suna da yawa. Kuma dukkansu suna son a dauki hoto! Kuma daban-daban, kuma cikin ƙauna tare da ma'aurata, har ma da umarnin hoto wani lokacin.
To menene launi na zebra?
A zahiri, zebra na baki ne da fari, kuma ba gaba ba. Tunda maƙeran baƙar fata suna faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin halitta na zaɓin launi (kasancewar launi), sabili da haka, baƙar fata shine babban abin haske, fararen baƙi kuma ba su nan.
Akwai nau'ikan zebra guda uku: hamada, savannah, dutse. Kullum muna hulɗa da zebras savannah. Ana iya rarrabe shi ta hanyar raɗaɗin fadi da kuma gaban raunin inuwa.
Don cikakken hoto, zan ɗan yi magana game da wasu nau'ikan zebra da ba mu gani ba.
Dutsen Zebra. Tana da rayayyun fararen baƙi da farar fata. Kuma, kamar yadda kake gani, babu sandunan inuwa.
Zebra Desert. Abun rabe-raben dake kusa da juna. Kuma tana da maɗaurin duhu wanda ya shimfiɗa tare da kashin baya.
Ya cancanci a ambaci Zebra Quagga, wanda, abin takaici, an gama da shi gaba ɗaya a cikin 1878. Ta yi kama da wannan:
Amma bari muyi magana game da abubuwan bakin ciki kuma mu koma wa matattun gwajin makokinmu. Ba kawai mu hadu da wuraren shakatawa na kasa ba, amma wani lokacin ma dai kan hanya a cikin savannah. Kullum ana samun Zebras cikin manyan kungiyoyi. Kuma sau da yawa cikin nau'i-nau'i. Nemi yaro))
Da zarar cikin Etosha National Park (Namibia) mun sadu da zeino:
Kuma wannan mutumin yana tafiya yana sauraron kiɗa a belun kunne:
Zebra ta sha madarar uwa:
Kuma wannan mun ƙetare creek ford. Da farko ba a kula da mu ba da zebras sun warwatse:
Makwabta (a fili sama da mu):
Da kyau kuma har yanzu zebras-zebras-zebras:
Kwanaki da yawa na daukar hoto muna cike da zebras game da sun sanar da kauracewa mu! Bayan haka, ba a ɗauki hotunansu ba.
SAURARA: Duk da haka, mun haɗu da sau biyu zebras dutse. Sami hoto:
Me yasa muke buƙatar tube?
A cewar masu binciken, raunin zebra da aka samo sakamakon juyin halitta. Ya zama wani makami mai dacewa a yayin yakar masu farautar. Abu ne mai wahala ga dabbobi masu hangen nesa da fari, alal misali, zakuna, su fitar da aya daga aya da garken a kai. Kari akan haka, launi mai ratsa jiki magani ne mai kyau game da kwari da ke tsakanin tsetse da dawakai: ana nuna haske daga ragin launuka daban-daban kuma an kwantar da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban, wanda ke sanya kwari masu haɗari.
Duk shekara
Zaman macijin fitsari na mata ya kai kwanaki 370. Cuban abin da aka haifa ɗan ɗan lokaci ya kasance tare da mahaifiyarsa kuma ya keɓe daga garken. A cewar masana kimiyya, ana yin wannan ne domin karamar zebra ta tuno da warin uwar kuma daga baya ba ta rasa cikin dangi.
Ayyukan Quagga
Komawa cikin karni na 19, a hanyoyin balaguron na Afirka, mutum zai iya haduwa da zeagga zebra, wanda mutum ya lalata. An rarrabe ta da gaskiyar cewa an rarraba raƙuman ruwanta kawai a gaban jikinta. A yau, masana ilimin halittar jini suna ta kokarin tayar da wannan dambarwar dabbobi ta amfani da gabobin DNA da kebe daga jikin dabba. An riga an cimma nasarorin da aka samu ta wannan hanyar, kuma an sami dabbobin da yawa, waɗanda ake kira Quaggi Rau.
Zebra "Quaggie Rau"
Baki da fari ratsi?
Zebras, kamar jakai, suna cikin halittar doki (Equus halittar halittar) na dangi. Daga cikinsu, nau'ikan karnukan zebra biyu na kiwo a cikin savannahs na gabas da Kudancin Afirka sune dabbobin da aka raba fararen fararen, baƙaƙen fata na fata baƙar fata.
Tsarin mawaƙa da jikewarsu sun dogara da nau'in halittu da mazauninsu. Yawancin lokaci muna ƙoƙarin fahimtar ma'anar raunin zebra dangane da wannan bambanci a launi da kuma wahalar da zebras ke fuskanta a cikin daji.
Asalin hanyoyin da aikinsu har yanzu shine batun muhawarar kimiyya. Amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya fi mayar da hankali ga dalilai uku kawai: Kariyar kwari, thermoregulation, da kare kaddara.
Kwari da ke cizo da shan jini cuta ce gama gari da ke faruwa ga dabbobi a Afirka. Bugu da kari, tsatsewar dawakai da kwari suna dauke da cututtuka irinsu cututtukan bacci (cututtukan bacci), cututtukan dawakai na Afirka, da kuma yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar amai da gudawa.
Kayan alkama na bakin ciki da gajere ba ya kiyaye lafiya daga kwari. Amma ga abin da ke da ban mamaki: binciken tsetse na tashi bai samo wata alama ta jinin zebra a jikinsu ba.
Kusan shekaru ɗari, tabbataccen magana da gwaje-gwajen da ke da ƙarancin ƙarancin halaye sun nuna sau da yawa: kwari, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba sa sauka a kan ɓarna.
An samo tabbataccen tabbacin wannan a cikin 2014 a cikin binciken da Karo da abokan aikin sa suka yi. Sun tattara bayanai a kan yanayin, kasancewar zakuna da girman garken zebras kuma sun kwatanta waɗannan abubuwan da ƙirar zebras waɗanda suke rayuwa a wannan yanki.
A cewar Caro, an fi yin amfani da banding a inda ake samun karin dawakai.
Caro ya ce: "Wannan binciken ya nuna a zahiri wani abu mai mahimmanci a gare mu," in ji Caro. "Af, ba mu sami wata hujja ba ga sauran maganganun."
Nazarin Dandalin Nazari, wanda aka gudanar a farkon shekarar 2019, ya fitar da sabon haske game da hangen nesa na Caro da abokan aikin sa.
Sun lura da halin doki a gaban dawakai da dawakai. Wasu dawakai suna sanye da baƙi, fararen fata da riguna. A kan dawakai da dawakai a cikin riguna, dayan dawakai ba su da yawa.
Kwari sukan yi ƙoƙari su zauna a kan ɓatacciyar ƙasa, amma ba su iya jinkirin ba kafin saukowa - sai kawai su buge da farfaɗo.
Caro ya ce: "Kamar dai ba za su iya gane gawar ta wata hanya ce ta sauka ba," in ji Caro.
A cewarsa, shi da abokan aikin sa suna aiki da dimbin tarin bayanan bidiyo da ba a tantance su ba, inda aka kama yadda kwari suke kusantowa wani fage. Masana kimiyya suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar yadda tsintsaye suke shafar yanayin shuka kwari.
A halin yanzu, a Jami'ar Princeton, masanin halittar halitta Daniel Rubenstein da abokan aiki suna karatu a zahirin gaskiya abin da kwari suke gani.
Tsarin sanyaya
Koyaya, wasu masu binciken zebra, ciki har da British Alison Cobb da Stephen Cobb, basu gamsu da wannan bayanin ba. Sun yi imani cewa rakodin da ake buƙata ta zebra sune don maganin dumama.
Kodayake Alison Cobb ya fi son binciken Caro, amma ta yi imanin cewa kwari na cizon kwari ba su da tasiri sosai ga ci gaban raunin zebra.
"Kowane zebra yana buƙatar gujewa zafi mai zafi, kuma kwari masu kwari suna bayyana a wasu lokatai na shekara da kuma a wasu yankuna, amma kada kuyi barazanar da zazzabi sosai," in ji Cobb.
Abin da ake nufi shi ne cewa baƙin ƙarfe na zebra yana ɗaukar zafi da safe, yana ba da dabbar, da fararen fararen suna haskaka hasken rana kuma suna taimaka wa zebra ba su sha zafi yayin da suke huɗa rana.
Irin wannan tunanin mai sauƙi, duk da haka, bai shawo kan kowa ba.
Karo da abokan aikinsa sun sami saurin fahimtar abin da ke tattare da abubuwan launi da zebras da yawan zafin jiki.
Shekara guda bayan haka, nazarin ƙasa mai misalai na savannah zebras (wanda aka fi kowa a gabas da kudanci Afirka) ya jagoranci Brenda Larison na Jami'ar California, Los Angeles don ƙirƙirar: fasalin launuka mai haske da alama mafi yawan sifofin zebras waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna masu zafi ko yankuna da zafin rana.
Koyaya, yayin da gwaje-gwajen ba su fayyace yanayin gaba ɗaya ba. Wani binciken na 2018 ya kammala cewa ruwa a cikin ganga da aka yi wa ratsi ba ya da sanyi fiye da wanda aka bushe.
Amma wannan bai shawo kan Rubenstein ba. Ya yi imanin cewa a wannan gwajin an yi karancin samfurori da bayanai masu rikitarwa.
Rubenstein ya ce, shi da abokan aikin sa suna gudanar da wani bincike wanda ya shafi karin kwalaban ruwa, kuma wadannan gwaje-gwajen da aka yi sun nuna cewa kwandunan sun taimaka matukan kwantar da abubuwan da ke cikin jirgin.
Har yanzu ba a buga wadannan bayanai ba, amma ya ce abokan aikinsa sun duba yanayin zazzabi a saman dabbobi a cikin gauraye da garkuwa da juna kuma sun gano cewa a cikin ragunan zebras zazzabi ya ragu da yawa fiye da na taguwar dabbobi.
Koyaya, ganga da kwalabe ba za su iya yin daidai da jakar raunin zebra ba. Ba a sauƙaƙafar tsarin irin waɗannan karatun don yin cikakken bayanin ma'anar raunin zebra.
Kamar dawakai da mutane, zebul suna yin sanyi da zufa. Yin gumi yana cire zafi mai yawa, amma dole ne a fitar da ruwa sosai domin kada gumi ya tara kuma baya haifar da nau'in sauna don dabbar.
Sinadarin equine ya ƙunshi wani abu daga ciki (furotin, ginin furotin na gumi, wanda ke da sifofin hydrophobic sabon abu: haɗe zuwa saman hydrophobic, yana sa su danshi. - Lura mai fassara).
A watan Yuni, Alison da Stephen Cobbs sun rubuta a cikin Journal of Natural Tarihi cewa a cikin watanni masu zafi, makada duhu akan jikin zebra sun kai digiri 12-15 Celsius sama da fari.
Cobbs suna ba da shawarar cewa irin wannan bambancin zafin jiki na kullun na iya haifar da ɗan motsi na iska.
Sun kuma gano cewa ulu a kan ratsin baƙar fata suna tashi da sanyin safiya da tsakar rana. Ta wannan hanyar, tana ci gaba da yin sanyin safiya yayin sanyi kuma tana taimaka wa gumi don tashi da tsakar rana.
Ana son sanin komai
Ina da tambaya guda ɗaya tak a gareku: zebra, shin fararen fari ne ko a baki cikin fararen ratsi? Zai zama da alama tambaya ce mai sauƙi, amma ina tsammanin zai girgiza wasu.
Bari mu kada kuri’a kafin mu gano daidai amsar:
Da kyau, yanzu, ba zan azabtar da ku da tsammani ba kuma in faɗa muku yadda lamarin yake.
Mutane da yawa sunyi imani da cewa zebra farin doki ne a cikin baƙar fata, tunda zebra yana da fararen fata. Ko yaya dai, binciken da zebul suka yi a matakin fitsari sun nuna cewa asalin abin da dabba ya fada daidai ne, saboda haka ya fi dacewa ayi la’akari da zebra kamar baƙar fata a fari.
Tunda raunin baƙar fata yana faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin halitta na zaɓin launi (kasancewar launi), saboda haka, launin launi shine babban launi, kuma fararen rashi shine kasancewar sa.
Me ya sa zebra take da ban sha'awa?
Fitowar zebra koyaushe yana tayar da tambayoyi da yawa. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun gabatar da maganganu iri-iri game da dalilin da yasa wannan dabba take buƙatar irin wannan launi mara kyau, amma kowane lokaci babu hujja game da zaton. A yau, ga alama, muhawarar ta ƙare. Groupungiyar masana kimiyya ta Biritaniya sun sami ma'anar ma'ana ga raɗaɗin fari da fari. A cikin wata kasida da aka buga a mujallar kimiyya Journal of Experimental Biology, masu bincike sun rubuta cewa wannan launi ne da ba sa jan hankalin dawakai.
Don tabbatar da ka'idarsu, masana kimiyya sun gudanar da gwaji tare da samfuran dawakai guda uku, ɗayan fenti fari, ɗayan baƙar fata, da kuma na uku "a ƙarƙashin zebra". Dukkanin samfuran an haɗa su da ruwa mai ɗorewa na musamman, don a iya lissafta dawakan da suka hau kan su daga baya. Ita ce "doki" na uku, in ji labarin, wanda ya jawo hankalin ƙarancin kwari.
Masana kimiyya a baya sun ba da shawarar cewa launi na zebra kariya ce. Amma sakamakon bincike da yawa, an yanke cewa launin baƙar fata da fararen fata ba ya tsoratar da ƙaddara ko kaɗan. Ka'idar cewa saboda ragin dabbar ta zama mara karfi a tsakanin inuwa da haske, ana canza ta a cikin ciyawa masu tsayi, ita ma ba ta sami tabbaci ba, tunda babban makiyin zebra - yana farauta ne kawai.
Akwai kuma sigar da a yayin motsin mutane ta jujjuya jakadu suka hade cikin manyan rafi guda daya, kuma hakan yana hana mai farautar ya gyara kallonsa akan kowane mutum daya. Koyaya, aikace-aikacen yana nuna cewa zaki kamar yadda yaci nasara akan farauta zebra, kamar sauran dabbobi.
Haka kuma, da daddare a cikin hasken duniyar wata zebra ya fice, kuma damarsa ta samu ta kasa da ta sauran mazaunan Afirka, tunda zakuna mafarauta ne na dare.
An kuma ba da shawarar cewa baƙin ƙarfe da fari na zebra an tsara su don jawo hankalin kishiyar maza da mata. Amma wannan zato bai riƙe ruwa ba, saboda raƙuman suna da daidaikun mutanen biyu maza da mata.
Wasu masana ilimin dabbobi sun yarda cewa launin fari da fari suna ceton zebra daga zafin rana a Afirka. Amma, idan wannan ka'idar gaskiya ce, to sauran dabbobin na savannah zasu sami irin wannan matakan.
Kowane zebra yana da nasa tsarin, kama yatsan ɗan adam. Dangane da zane, cuban zebra ya san mahaifiyarsa. Karo na farko bayan haihuwar mayya, sai ta lullube shi da jikinta daga dangi, domin ya tuna launinta.
Hakanan zaku iya gano inda zebra zaune a launi mai launi. Zebras waɗanda ke zaune a filayen arewaci suna da raunin fari da fari. Zezan da ke zaune a kudancin savannah suna da raunin gashi wanda ba ya da duhu amma ba kamar baki bane. Wani lokacin ma suna kirji. Wasu fararen fata da ke zaune a filayen kudu, a kan farin ulu tsakanin ramin baƙar fata, suma suna da raunin launin shuɗi. Akwai baƙin zebra waɗanda baƙin ƙarfe suke hade da juna. Kayan waɗannan dabbobin suna da alamu.
Amma menene abin ban sha'awa kuma zaku iya tunawa game da zebra:
Matsakaicin shekarun zebras shine shekaru 25, amma a cikin bauta zasu iya rayuwa har zuwa 35-40.
Lokacin da dukkan karnukan zezan a cikin garken sun huta, da yawa daga cikin “masu ba da agaji” suna tsaro, wanda a cikin hakan zai gargaɗi duk dangi game da haɗarin da ke gabatowa.
Zebras suna da halayyar dangi sosai. Wasu mutane suna iya kafa ƙawance don rayuwa. Kuma duk da cewa za a iya samun burin dubu a cikin garke, amma dukkansu an rarrabu zuwa ƙananan dangi.
Ba a haɗu da ƙananan fals ba tare da ratsi baƙar fata, kamar yadda a cikin manya, amma tare da masu launin ja-launin ruwan kasa.
Zebras dabbobi ne masu tsabta a dabi'a, zaka iya ganin yadda suke tsabtace junan su, kafadu da baya.Bayan haihuwa, barayin sun fara tafiya suna shan madarar mahaifiyarsu a cikin rabin awa. Kuma madara da zebras ke ciyar da kawunansu bashi da fari, amma ruwan hoda.
Tsawon jikin zebras na iya kai mita biyu - biyu da rabi, kuma iyakar tsayin sa ya zama mita daya da rabi. Kowane zebra yana da rayayyen tsarin jiki wanda yake na musamman kuma ba ze da zebra daidai da hakan kuma. A zahiri, zebra na baki ne da fari, kuma ba gaba ba. Tunda raunin baƙar fata yana faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin halitta na zaɓin launi (kasancewar abin da aka sanya), saboda haka baƙar fata shine babban abin farashi, da fari fari saboda rashi.
Doguwar launuka yana taimakawa zebras kubuta daga kwari ta tsetse. Kwayoyin suna kai hari ga kowane abu mai motsa wuta, har da mota. Kuma tsetse tsinkayen zebras na tashi kawai kamar yaduwar fararen baki da fari kuma basa dauke shi a matsayin tushen wutan lantarki.
Duwatsun dutse suna son jiƙa a cikin ɗakunan wanka kuma suna yin hakan kowace rana. Zebras sun iya bambance 'yan uwansu cikin garken rago. Hakanan, ɗan ɗan ɗalibi zai gane mahaifiyarsa. Mutanen zamanin da sun yi ƙoƙarin su ba don su ba don su ba don su ba, amma ba su yi nasara ba musamman.
Zebras na iya kaiwa zuwa nisan mil 80 a sa'a guda. Zebras suna da kunya sosai, ko da a cikin wuraren shan wahalar wahalar kusanci da jirginsu, saboda dabbobin suna gudu nan da nan.
Kuma dan kadan mafi ban sha'awa game da namun daji: ya juya akwai irin wannan barewar-mai yatsa ta Dodo da bera Kangaroo. Kuma ga wata tambayar a gare ku: Shin shingeho da ke cin apples tare da namomin kaza? Ko wataƙila kuna san dalilin da yasa mai hawa canza launin launi? Ba tabbas. Ga wasu karin kuliyoyi masu ban mamaki da kuma yadda babban katantanwa a duniya yake.
Ba sa ɓoyewa, suna gudu
Dangane da wani hangen nesa - wanda raunin yana taimakawa zebras don kare kansu daga masu farauta - to Caro yana da shakku.
A cikin kundin tambari na mutane na Zebra Stripes na 2016, Caro ya lissafa shaidu da yawa waɗanda ke karyata gaskiyar cewa zebras da aka yi zargin sun yi amfani da igiyarsu don tsoratar da mafarautan ko kuma su rikita su.
Zebras suna yawanci lokacinsu a cikin sararin samaniya na savannah, inda raunin su yake busa, kuma kadan lokacin yana cikin dazuzzuka, inda raunin zai iya taka rawar kamowa.
Kari akan haka, wadannan dabbobin suna kokarin gudu daga mafarautan, kuma basa boyewa daga garesu. Kuma zakuna, a bayyane, basu da wata matsala don ciji a kan dabbobin.
Rubenstein, duk da haka, yana ci gaba da aiki a kan wannan hasashe, sanin cewa daga ukun, ya fi wahalar tantancewa.
Ya nanata cewa a cikin karatun da suka gabata an bincika ko raunin zai iya ɓatar da mutum, ba zaki ba.
"Idan aka zo ga kowane hari kan zebra, ba mu san irin nasarar da aka samu ba." Shi da abokan aikinsa yanzu suna nazarin yadda zakuna ke kai hari ga abubuwa marasa tsage.
Kamar yadda kake gani, tambayar dalilin da ya sa zebra ta cire kayan ta zama da wuya, kuma tana da haɗari - An riga an ci mutuncin Stephen Cobb, an kwantar da shi sau biyu.
Duk da ingancin binciken da aka yi na binciken kwanan nan, amsar ba ta kasance mai gamsarwa ba gaba ɗaya. Yana yiwuwa bangarorin sun samo asali don magance matsaloli da yawa lokaci daya.
An tabbatar da cewa suna kare dabbobi daga kwari. Yana yiwuwa hakan zai yiwu a ƙarshe su tabbatar da cewa su kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin yaƙi da ɗumi jikin zebra.
Matsalar ita ce cewa galibi akwai kwari masu saurin lalacewa a inda yake da danshi da laima.
“Yaya kuke raba waɗannan abubuwan biyu? Wannan shine mafi girman sashin binciken, ya jaddada Rubenstein. "Ban damu ba idan sun gaya min cewa suna aiki a lokaci guda."