Labulen wataƙila ɗayan tsoffin ƙungiyoyi ne tsakanin tsintsayen zamani. Tsohuwar burbushin halittar da aka samo a cikin Babban Oligocene na Arewacin Amurka - wani karamin tsuntsu daga cikin halittar Colymboides. Halin halittar Gavia ya fito ne daga ioasan Miocene. A zahiri da kuma hanyar da ta danganci, loons suna kusa da penguin-like da tubular-nosed. Loaƙwalwa suna da haɗuwa sosai tare da toadstools. Wadannan umarni biyu na tsuntsaye basu da bambanci ko dai a ilimin ilimin halittar mutum ko ilmin dabbobi.

Tsawon tsuntsaye masu kamanni sun haura 1 m, nauyi daga 1 zuwa 6.4 kg. An daidaita su sosai ga yanayin ruwa mai ruwa. Tsarin jikinsu yayi laushi, daskararru yana da kauri kuma mai yawa, dogaro yana kiyaye jiki daga sanyaya cikin ruwa. Kafafu sun ja da baya, halayyar mafi kyawun masu iyo da ruwa. Dogon yatsu na gaba an haɗa su da membrane, yatsa na baya baya da haɓaka. Loons suna da molts biyu a cikin shekara guda: kaka, lokacin da aka kafa kayan hunturu, da kuma bazara, sakamakon abin da aka shimfiɗa mating.

Yankin loons akan tafkunan ruwa (musamman a cikin tundra da tundra-tundra) na Turai, Asiya ta Arewa da Arewacin Amurka. A cikin ƙasar Rasha, dukkanin nau'ikan loons guda biyar suna da sheka. Wadannan tsuntsaye hunturu a cikin yanayin latitude. The loons yi iyo da kyau da kuma nutse cikin abin mamaki. Suna yin rayuwarsu gaba ɗaya a ruwa, suna barin ƙasa a lokacin da ake farauta. Kafin ruwa, loons ya matse iska daga ƙarƙashin gashin fuka-fukan, wanda ke ƙaruwa da yawa. Tsuntsayen sun ɓace a ƙarƙashin ruwa tare da saurin ban mamaki, ba tare da ƙoƙarin bayyane ba har ma ba tare da ƙaramin amo ba. A ƙarƙashin ruwa, suna aiki da ƙafafunsu kuma wani ɓangare tare da fuka-fuki, tare da kibiya da sauri ke bi ɗaya ko ɗayan, suna bin kifin da ke hanzarin zama ganima. A loons ne mafi yawan ruwan teku. Sukan ziyarci wuraren ajiyar ruwa ne kawai a lokacin kiwo da kuma lokacin ƙaura, da ragowar lokacin da suke zama koyaushe a kan teku.

A kan tudu, waɗannan tsuntsayen ba su da taimako, suna motsawa tare da wahala, jujjuyawa sau da yawa, suna juyawa da ƙafafunsu.

A loons suna ciyar da keɓaɓɓu kan ƙananan kifi. Mollusks, crustaceans, tsutsotsi, da kwari kuma ana samun su a cikin ciki; waɗannan rukunin dabbobin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abinci mai kajin. Wani lokacin ana cinye tsire-tsire. Loons suna zama a cikin nau'i-nau'i, mai yiwuwa na dindindin. Ana yin yankuna a gefen bakin ruwa a bakin tafki. Zuriyar da aka birgima tana kaiwa daga sheka zuwa cikin ruwa, wanda wannan loons yayi natsuwa ya nutsar da cikin hadari. Clutches na biyu, ƙasa da yawa sau ɗaya ko uku na ƙwan zaitun mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi da launin toka mai launin shuɗi. Dukansu iyayen suna sanya ƙwai don kwanaki 24-29. Chingyanke nau'in kajin, ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai, suna barin gida da sauri.

A cikin karamin adadin loons, tare da sauran tsuntsayen wasan, an samu mutanen asalin Arewacin Far ta amfani da nama don abinci. Kifi na baya ga konkoma karfen da aka yi daga abin da aka sanya ciyawar akuya yanzu kusan an daina ta. Cin abinci da farko rashin lafiya da raunana mutane, loons suna taka rawar ɗayan abubuwan da zaɓin zaɓi na ƙasa, yana tasiri sosai ga yanayin garken kifin kasuwanci.

Bayyanar

Loon mai jefa fataGavia arctica) - tsuntsu na tsutsaGavia) Mafi nau'ikan jinsin tsakanin sauran nau'ikan loons.

Loan tsararren matsakaici (mafi girma fiye da jan-leeated, amma sanannu ƙarami farar-farar-baki da duhu-ana cajin). Jimlar ta kasance cm 58-75, fikafik 110-1140. nauyin maza shine 2400-3349, mace 1800 - 2354 Tabon yana da baki, yatsunsu suna launin toka, membrane launin toka ne ko ruwan hoda Iris na idanu a cikin kananan tsuntsaye masu launin ruwan kasa, a cikin manya akwai duhu ja. Launin launuka, kamar na sauran loons, sautin biyu ne: saman yana da duhu, ƙasa tayi fari.

Namiji da mace a cikin rigunan mata suna da launin toka-toka da wuyansa, goshi yana da duhu sosai, makogwaro da gaban wuya yana da baki mai launin shuɗi ko atamfa mai launin shuɗi. A cikin ƙananan ɓangaren makogwaron akwai sashin layi mai juyawa tare da tsarin farin fari. Sassan gefe na wuya suna fari tare da layin madaidaiciya madaidaiciya, yana wucewa zuwa ga gefin kirji. Sama na jiki mai launin baƙi ne, launin ruwan kasa zuwa ga bangarorin. Layi na yau da kullun fararen shimfiɗar fararen shimfiɗar rubutu waɗanda ke haifar da tsarin samfuri suna bayyane a gaban baya da kuma a cikin yankin kafada, ƙananan farar fata masu zagaye suna kusa da wutsiya. Labarin farin girarre ne mai matukar haske, tare da ratsi mai duhu mai duhu a silsilar. Partashin ɓangaren reshe yana da fari tare da yanayin duhu mara daidaitacce. Gashin tsuntsayen Fly da wutsiya launin ruwan kasa-baki ne.

A cikin kayan hunturu, mace da namiji suna da launin toka mai duhu da kyau a kai da kuma baya na wuya, kuma yanki na baya da kafada suna da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, wani lokacin tare da ƙararen fari. Gaban wuyan, bangarorin kai, kirji da ciki farare ne. Yankin filin duhu a kan kai da wuya ya dushe, akwai aibobi masu launin shuɗi a wuya. Yawancin bakin duhu mai buɗe ido a cikin yanki na rashin hankali yawanci ana buɗewa.

Abubuwan farko na karen suna da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, mai haske zuwa ventral side, ciki yana da launin toka. A kusa da ido akwai m bayyanannu zoben. Fluff mai gajeru ne kuma mai yawa. Kayan sa na biyu: kama da na farko, amma da kadan, hasken ciki. Kayan rayuwar yana kama da yanayin hunturu na tsuntsayen manya, amma gefen na ciki ya zama naƙuda, fuka-fukai tare da tsarin launin toka-jika, farar fata mai ɗanɗano a makogwaro da gaban wuya.

Kuri'a

Muryar baƙar fata daɗaɗɗen fata tana da bambanci da wahala don iya faɗi a cikin kalmomi. A cikin jirgin, mafi sau da yawa zaka iya jin tsawa, a hankali yana hanzarta "ha ... ha ... ha ... ha ... garrraaa" ko kalma ɗaya mai "haushi", akan ruwa - mai ƙarfi, amma maimaita wakar "cuckoo", suna azaman alamar girgiza asar waje. A lokutan fara haihuwar da kuma lokacin fara ciyawar, tsuntsaye sukan yi “unison duet” wanda ya kunshi jerin kukan da aka yi das hi a cikin maɓalli daban-daban. Wasu lokuta ana yin wannan duet ɗin ta hanyar rukuni na loons, wanda yake halayyar haɓakar lokacin pre-nesting. Tsuntsu mai firgita, lokacin da ruwa yake, yakan haifar da ɗan gajeren kuka "oo". Baya ga kukan da aka ambata, loons-baki mai yawan gaske suna yin wasu adadin sauti, sau da yawa ana tunawa da haushi da karnukan da ke ihu, ko kuma muryar mutum. Gabaɗaya, ƙaddamar da loons-baki mai wadatarwa yana da matuƙar arziki da fahimta sosai. A lokacin bazara kuma musamman ma a lokacin bazara, loons-baki mai yawan gaske suna da hayaniya, yayin da suke kan ƙaura da lokacin hunturu sun yi shuru sosai.

Habitat

Yankin kiwo ya shafi yankuna arctic da subarctic Eurasia kuma karamin yanki ya shiga mummunan yamma da Alaska a Arewacin Amurka. A cikin Turai, nests a cikin: Norway, Sweden, Finland da arewacin Scotland, a Arewacin Amurka - wanda aka samo a Cape na Yariman Wales. A cikin Tarayyar Rasha tana da nishaɗi a tsibirin: tsibirin kudu na Novaya Zemlya, Kolguyev, Vaigach (ba ya nan a tsibirin Novosibirsk da tsibirin Wrangel), yana zaune a ɓangaren duniya daga Kola Peninsula da Karelia zuwa gabas zuwa Anadyr Lowland, Chukotka Peninsula, Koryak Upland, Kamchatka, Okhots bakin tekun da ƙananan iyakar Amur. Babu shi a cikin matsanancin arewa na Taimyr kuma a cikin tundra tundra ta bakin teku daga ƙananan ƙarshen Yana gabas zuwa Tsarin Chukchi. Iyakokin kudu na iyakar sun kama Latvia, Estonia da Lithuania, Minsk Polesie a Belarus. Yana faruwa a Kazakhstan a cikin arewacin da gabashin yankuna na jamhuriyya (Tobol basin, laur na Naurzum, babba Irgiz da Turgai, tafkuna na arewacin Kazakhstan, Kokchetav, Pavlodar da Semipalatinsk yankuna, tafkin Kurgaldzhin, ƙananan Nura da Selety, kwari na Irtysh, Harkumar Balkhash, hamadar Bukhtar Kogin Mark-Kul, tabkin Lake Zaysan .. A cikin Rasha, ana samun shi a cikin Altai, shimfidar wuraren tsaunin Sayan, Tuva (an kafa gida a bakin tafkin Ubsu-Nur da Tere-Khol) Gidaje a kan manyan tafkuna a Mongolia. Hankalinsa na musamman a cikin shekaru 40-70, iyakar kudu da kewayon Turai ya juya zuwa arewa zuwa 200-300 kilomita, loon baƙar fata ya ɓace daga yankunan Ryazan, Moscow, da Yaroslavl a wannan lokacin, mai yiwuwa adana lamunin sakaci ne a cikin Volga na sama , a cikin kwandunan Sheksna da Mologa.

A Yammacin Turai, tana da ruwan sanyi a gabar tekun Atlantika da Tekun Arewa a bakin tekun Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Jamus, Ingila, Netherlands, Belgium da Faransa, a gefen gabas na Bahar Biscay, a arewacin Bahar Rum, a Tekun Bahar Maliya. A cikin Asiya, ranakun da baƙar fata-baƙi a bakin tekun Caspian na Iran, a kan tekun Pacific daga Kamchatka da Sakhalin zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

A cikin lokacin farauta, Loon mai launin fata yana da alaƙa da manyan layuka masu matsakaici da matsakaici. Kasancewar irin wannan tabkuna yana ba shi damar zama a shimfidar wurare daban-daban daga tundra a arewa zuwa hamadar kankara da hamada (Issyk-Kul) a kudu. A cikin tsaunuka yana da sheƙunansu a kan tabkuna har zuwa tsawon 2100 - 2300 m sama da matakin teku (Altai, tsaunin Sayan). Koyaya, yanayin mafi kyau ga loons na makogwaron suna cikin tundra mai laushi tare da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na tabkuna, kazalika da gandun daji-tundra da gandun daji. A kan ƙaura yana faruwa a cikin kwarin kogi, manyan tafkuna da kuma a teku, a lokacin hunturu - kusan keɓaɓɓe ne kawai a cikin yankunan gabar teku. Har ila yau, tsuntsayen da ba su gaji ba suna tsayawa a teku a lokacin bazara.

A cikin yanki na tundra, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya fi gaban loon jan-loated. A cikin Yamal a 1978, yawa a cikin wurare ya kasance 40 nau'i-nau'i a cikin 100 km², a cikin ƙananan ƙananan Indigirka (ƙauyen Berelyakh) har zuwa nau'i-nau'i 44 zuwa 100 km². A cikin tundra, tundra-tundra da taiga ta arewa na yammacin Taimyr, ga kowane tabkuna 10, akwai nau'i biyu daga biyar zuwa biyar. A cikin gandun daji, yankin dajin-gaba da kuma yanki mai saurin motsawa ne da wuya. A lokacin hunturu, wani lokacin daruruwan tsuntsaye sukan taru a cikin gungu, amma a matsayinka na doka, ana kiyaye tsuntsaye 2-3 a 1 kilomita daga gabar tsibirin.

Rayuwa

A kan ruwa cikin nutsuwa, yana tsayawa gabaɗaya, duk da haka, yana cikin firgita, yana nitsewa cikin zurfi, ta yadda kawai kunkuntar tsinkayen baya da kai tare da wuya. A cikin jirgin, ya yi kama da babban duck, amma godiya ga kafafu da aka shimfida baya yana da alama ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi guntu. Jirgin yana da sauri, tare da sauyawa fuka-fuki, madaidaiciya, mara saurin motsi. Baran da aka jefa da wuya ba shi da ikon juyawa a cikin manyan baka ko kaifi mai kaifi. Tsuntsaye yawanci suna tashi shi kaɗai - har ma a ma'aurata, ko da a cikin ma'aurata, loon baƙar fata bai taɓa tashi kusa da juna ba, amma koyaushe a wasu nesa kuma galibi a tsauni daban-daban. A hijirarsa ba ya samar da garken ruwa a cikin iska, kuma lokaci-lokaci kawai ana iya ganin rukunin kungiyoyin, kodayake yana ciyar da ruwa a babban taro (har zuwa tsuntsaye biyu zuwa uku). Yana tashi daga ruwa, koyaushe yana tafiyar hawainiya (saboda haka yana zaune akan manyan tabkuna) kuma, a matsayinka na, akan iska, bazai iya tashi daga ƙasa ba ko kaɗan. Kamar kowane loons, yana iyo da kyau da kyau. A lokacin da ruwa yake, wani lokacin yakanyi nutsuwa cikin ruwa, wani lokacin yakanyi nutsuwa da wani abu mai fashewa mai fashewa (“ruwa mai kuwwa”). Zai iya kasancewa a karkashin ruwa har zuwa 135 s, yawanci 40-50 s. Zurfin nutsewa na iya zama 45,46 m, amma yawanci ƙasa da ƙasa. A doron kasa, yayi motsi da wahala, yana rarrafe a ciki, yana matsawa tare da dabbobin sa kuma yana taimakawa fuka fukan sa.

Onsaƙƙarfan lamura masu launin baƙi, kamar masu jan gashi, suna aiki a kowane lokaci, musamman a cikin sassan kewayon da ke bayan Yankin Arctic. Yi ƙaura yawanci a cikin rana, sau da yawa da yamma, amma sau da yawa da dare. A cikin tundra, “kide kide” na lemo mai launin baki, lokacin da nau'i biyu ko uku ke yin farauta a kan tafkunan makwabta, a lokaci guda fara aikin unison duet. Yawancinsu ana jin sautin hayaniyar su da maraice da rabi na biyu na dare.

A lokacin farauta ana ajiye su a nau'i-nau'i, a kan ƙaura da kuma hunturu - guda ɗaya kuma a cikin nau'i-nau'i, sau da yawa suna ƙirƙirar ƙaramin ƙungiyoyi, musamman jim kaɗan bayan isowar bazara a yankin, lokacin da ramuka da tabkuna na farko suka bayyana a kan tabkuna da koguna, kuma ruwan saman da ya dace don hakar forage ya yi tsauri. iyakance. A wannan lokacin, sau da yawa mutum yakan lura da yawan garken tsuntsaye 10 da ke ciyarwa tare. Koyaya, tare da damuwa, irin waɗannan rukunin, waɗanda ke tashi zuwa cikin iska, watsuwa cikin fuskoki daban-daban. Idan fiye da ɗaya daga cikin baƙi madaukai-fure a kan tafkin, to, lokacin da akwai haɗari, tsuntsayen da suka bar nunin suma suna ta ɓarna a cikin garken da ke zaune tare da juna a tsakiyar tafki. Onsaƙƙarfan loons na baƙin ciki suna barci, kamar waɗanda jan-jan-wuta, a cikin ruwa, suna juyawa suna hutawa da kawunansu a wuyansu. Barcin ya yi gajarta, amma a lokacin rana tsuntsaye sukan huta sau da yawa, galibi a kusa da tsakar dare da tsakiyar rana (daga karfe 13 zuwa 16).

Fasalin fasalin

Tsarin canza kaya don baƙar fata loon gaba ɗaya yayi kama da sauran nau'ikan loons. Canjin kayayyaki masu saukar ungulu da kuma samar da wata tufar shimfiɗa, kamar jan-loated loon, keɓaɓɓun fuka-fukai na kayan saukar rukunin farko suna kan saman gashin fuka-fukan na biyu, waɗanda, a biyun, ana sanya su a saman ƙwanƙarar hemp na kwanon ruɓaɓɓu tare da lalacewa yayin da gashin tsuntsu ke girma. Samuwar rigar gida yana ƙare a tsakiyar watan Agusta - Satumba. Shedding a tsakani, sannan kuma rigunan aure na farko basuda wata fahimta. An tsawaita shi sosai kuma yana ƙarewa kawai a shekara ta uku ta rayuwa. Umwanƙwasa na jiki yana canzawa a hankali tsawon lokaci daga Disamba - Janairu zuwa bazara, kuma an maye gurbin wannan ɗamara ta gashin tsuntsu na hunturu na tsuntsaye, mai duhu tare da sheen a baya, amma ba tare da farin aibobi ba a kan kuli-kuli na sama na tsaka-tsaka (kaya mai tsaka-tsaka). Fika-fike fuka-fuki a cikin wannan rigar an maye gurbinsu a watan Yuli - Agusta. Zai yiwu cewa a cikin kaka kaka murhun kwanon jikin ya sake canzawa, wani ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya, zuwa rushewa, yayi kama da na kayan hunturu na manya, amma ba tare da fararen fari a kan ɓoye na fuka-fuki na sama ba. A watan Fabrairu - Mayu na shekara ta uku, farkon pre-molt molt na faruwa, wanda ke ɗan jinkiri idan aka kwatanta da tsuntsaye manya. Canji na lokaci ɗaya a cikin farkon farawar yana faruwa a watan Afrilu - Mayu.

Haɓaka pre-moult na tsuntsayen manya sun fara daga tsakiyar tsakiyar Janairu zuwa farkon watan Mayu kuma, sabanin loon-ja, shima ya cika. Farkon kwari masu tasowa na canji a watan Fabrairu - Afrilu, sun faɗi lokaci guda, tsuntsaye kuma kan rasa ikon tashi na ɗan lokaci. Fitar bayan-gida ba ta ƙare ba kuma yana gudana daga tsakiyar watan Agusta zuwa ƙarshen Disamba (gashin tsuntsaye na kwano, gashin fuka-fukan da kuma ɓangaren reshen reshe na sama an maye gurbinsu). Canjin rude yana farawa a goshi sannan ya yada zuwa kai da jiki. Wani lokacin post-gida molting ba ya faruwa kwata-kwata, kuma gashin da aka sawa na rigunan bikin aure, daga Janairu, ana maye gurbinsu da sabon suturar bikin aure.

Hijira

Yankin ƙaura na lokaci-lokaci na fararen fata-baƙi ne kawai ake yin nazari sosai don yawan mutanen arewacin Gavia arctica arctica, suna farawa daga arewacin Scandinavia zuwa thearshen Kogin Lena. Ficewar wadannan mutane ya fara ne a cikin shekaru goma na karshe na Satumbar da suka wuce ta tekun Fasha - Vyborg Bay - Estonia - Ukraine, Moldova, Romania Bulgaria - gabar Tekun Azov da Tekun Bahar. Rationaurawar bazara ta tafi da akasin haka, galibi a watan Afrilu.

Mafi yawan ƙarancin sani game da ƙaura yanayi na fararen fata-loated nesting kudu da 60-63 ° C. w. Wasu daga cikinsu hunturu a cikin tekun Caspian da Aral, kuma wataƙila a cikin Bahar Maliya. Wataƙila, suna ƙaura kai tsaye, a cikin ƙaurawar bazara a cikin Afrilu - Mayu zuwa arewa ta tsakiyar yankunan Turai da Kazakhstan, a cikin ƙaura kaka - a kudu.

A kan tashi, loons ba su samar da garken gaske ba, suna motsi shi kaɗai ko a cikin nau'i-nau'i a cikin iska a tsawan 300-500 m, kuma tara a gun a cikin ruwa kawai.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Babban abincin da ake amfani da shi a cikin ruwan tekuna shine ƙananan kifi mai matsakaici, wanda suke kama duka a kann manyan hanyoyin ruwa kuma yana tashi a bayansa zuwa koguna ko manyan layuka masu arziki a cikin kifi, ba sau da yawa akan teku. Crustaceans, galibi amphipods, galibi ana cin su, musamman a lokacin ciyar da kajin, lokacin da tsuntsayen ke ciyar da dogon lokaci akan tafkuna. Baya ga crustaceans, a cikin abincin baƙar fata-loons, tsutsotsi, mollusks da na cikin ruwa kwari (kwari, ruwa larvae), har da frogs lokaci-lokaci. Wani lokaci, musamman ma a lokacin bazara, ana cin tsire-tsire na ruwa da tsaba. A kan ƙaura suna kuma ciyar da yawancin tafkuna da koguna, kuma a kan hunturu kusan a kan teku.A lokacin ciyarwa, kamar yadda aka ambata, sau da yawa suna kafa garken kifi tare da kifi tare, suna layi a layi. Ba kamar ja-da-loons, ba su taɓa kama kifayen koguna. Ana samun abincin ta hanyar nutsewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa da kama shi tare da baki, kuma kifayen suna kashe shi ta wurin matsanancin ƙarfi na beak. Kajin na Downy ana ciyar da su ta hanyar iska mai ruwa, akasarin crustaceans, kuma daga baya tare da ƙananan kifi.

Kiwo

Onsaƙƙarfan lamura masu launin fata suna isa ga balaga fiye da farkon shekara ta uku ta rayuwa. Matan aure daya Farkon fara'a ya zo daidai da 'yantar da mahimman sassan ruwa daga kankara.

Tabkuna da aka zaɓa don farashi suna da bambanci sosai. Babban mahimmancin iyakance shine tsawon tafki wanda ya isa ya ɗauka da ɗaukar kaya (yawanci ba ƙasa da m 15-20 ba). Wani lokacin fata-da-loons madaukai a gida akan kananan tafkuna, amma koyaushe ana haɗa ta tashoshi tare da manyan, inda tsuntsu ke iyo idan akwai haɗari. Tun da loons-baki mai yawanci tashi don ciyarwa a cikin tafkuna na makwabta, kasancewar kifayen da sauran abinci a cikin tafkuna masu mahimmanci ba lallai ba ne, kodayake, a matsayin mai mulkin, sun, sabanin ruwan tabkuna masu launin ja, sun fi son zama a kan tabkuna na abinci. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ma'aurata biyu ke zaune a kan tafkin, amma har zuwa nau'i-nau'i 3-4 na iya zama gida a kan manyan tafkuna, musamman tare da gabar da ke da zurfin ciki. A kan manyan tafkuna, yankuna yankuna 50-150 ha ne, kuma nisan da ke tsakanin nunin gefen tekun ba da wuya ƙasa da 200-300. Lokacin da nesting akan tsarin ƙananan tafkuna, nisan da ke tsakanin nakannnan ba mahimmanci bane, kuma hanyoyin ruwan nunanniyar ana iya rabuwa da juna kawai. by 50-100 m. Abubuwan nau'i-nau'i na mazaunin gargajiya suna da ra'ayin mazan jiya da gida daga shekara zuwa shekara a cikin Wuraren guda, galibi (amma ba lallai ba ne) ta amfani da gida mai ɗorewa.

Baran da aka fi sani da fata yana gina nau'ikan gidaje iri-iri. Na farko, mafi yawan nau'ikan, shine halayyar duka don in ji mai zurfin oligotrophic (jikin ruwa tare da ƙarancin kayan aiki na yau da kullun, ƙananan abun ciki na abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayar halitta) tafkuna tare da bambancin rairayin bakin teku masu ƙarancin rafi, da kuma girma daban-daban na ƙananan tundra tabkuna tare da ruwa mai rairayin bakin teku mai zurfi da iyaka mai zurfin iyaka tare da bakin teku. Gida yana kusa da bakin gaci, yana buɗe gabaɗaya a ƙarshen ruwan (a matsayin mai mulkin, ba a wuce 30 cm cm ba), don tsuntsayen ya iya sauka a kan ƙasa ko kuma sauka daga gida a cikin ruwa idan akwai haɗari. Rijiyar da take da alama tana kaiwa zuwa gida, ta hanyar yadda tsuntsu ke kyankyasar ke cikin ruwa. Wani lokaci akwai irin waɗannan manholes guda biyu: ɗaya don shigar da gida, ɗayan kuma gajarta, don gangara zuwa ruwa. Don gina gida, yatsan, tussock mai zurfi, ko karamin tsibiri yawanci ana zaɓa, amma yawancin lokuta ana gina gidan a kan tudu mai cikakken laushi. Dukkan membobin ma'aurata suna ɗaukar nauyin gina gidan, amma babban aikin mallakar na namiji ne. Gida wani yanki ne mai cike da tuffa mai laushi na sphagnum, sedge ko sitacon ciyawa (shekarar da ta gabata ko sabo), wani lokacin tare da ƙari na algae, wanda tsuntsayen ke sauka daga ƙarƙashin tafki. A saman akwai ingataccen shara. A matsayinka na mai mulki, gida mafi zurfin gida yana cike da ruwa, amma wani lokacin ya bushe gabaɗaya (a kan gaba gaɓar sphagnum). Girman soket (a cikin cm): diamita 30-40, diamita na tire 20-25, zurfin tire 3-4. Matsayi na biyu, da ɗan nau'in rarer suna cikin ruwa mara zurfi tare da zurfin 10-60 cm a cikin dunƙule na sedges da arctophiles. Irin wannan shimfiɗaɗɗun ƙaƙƙarfan kamannin kamannin ruɓaɓɓen ruɓa ne wanda ya ƙunshi mai tushe, rhizomes da ganyen tsire-tsire masu ruwa da gindinta cikin ruwa, inda ko dai ya sauka a ƙasa ko kuma ana goyan bayan shi a cikin ƙasa mai huɗa ruwa-ruwa ta tushe mai tushe na tsirrai. Babban dandamali na mazugi, wanda yake samar da akwati na gida, shine 30-40 cm a diamita kuma ya yi liyi da sabo da kuma shekarar shuka mai tushe. Gashinan gida yana cike da ruwa koyaushe. Matsayi na nau'in na uku sune halayyar manyan tabkuna masu haɓaka tare da shinge na gandun daji-steppe da kuma yankuna masu tsayi kuma suna kan tsoffin tsofaffin kuɗaɗen rago da tabarma, a cikin zurfin wuri. Irin waɗannan nunin ba su bambanta da asali a cikin tsarin daga nunin nau'in farko, amma sun fi mahimmanci. Wasu lokuta na'urori suna kama da soket na ruwa na gaske, amma irin waɗannan lokuta suna da wuya.

Cikakken kama yakan ƙunshi biyu, ƙasa da ɗaya sau ɗaya har ma ƙasa da sau uku. Qwai, kamar sauran loons, suna ellipsoid-elongated, tare da harsashi mai rauni-grained. Launin mai rikitarwa ne: babban asalinsa duhu ne, tun daga kore-zaitun zuwa zaitun-launin ruwan kasa, wani abin kwaikwaya cikin yanayin fili mai duhu-baki aibobi da kuma tatsuniyar da ba a warwatse a saman kwai. Wasu lokuta ma ɓarnatarwa kusan ba ya nan. Harshen yana da ƙaramin sheki mai mai, wanda a bayyane yake ƙaruwa yayin da yake fashewa. Girman ƙwai shine 75 × 45 mm, nauyi 120 g. Haɓakawa a cikin loons-baki mai farawa tare da kwai na farko. Dukkan mambobin ma'aurata suna shiga cikin abin da ke cikin, duk da haka, mace tana kan mazaunin ta fi tsayi. Lokacin da haɗari ya kusanto, tsuntsu mai kiyayya yakan iya shiga ruwa kuma, tare da abokin tarayya na kyauta, sai yayi iyo kusa da gida. Zai dawo zuwa gida kawai lokacin da hatsarin ya wuce gaba daya. A cikin yanayi mai haɗari, a matsayin mai mulkin, tsuntsu baya tashi daga wani tafkin da yake zaune. Shiryawa yana kwana 28-30. Theaukar sabon kuren da aka harba kusan 75 g ne tare da duka tsawon misalin 170 mm. Bayan kyankyasar, kajin suna wanzuwa a cikin gida tsayi fiye da loons-mai fadi-yawanci kwana biyu zuwa uku. Nestlings sun fara yin kiwo da kansu yayin da suke da shekaru 60-70, kuma kusan a lokaci guda (a tsakiyar - ƙarshen Satumba) sun fara tashi kuma, barin tafkin nesting, sunci gaba zuwa rayuwa mai yanci.

Loon da baƙi-Baki da Man

Bishiyar da aka fi so da fata baki daya tana da yawan adadin farauta da kasuwanci na tsuntsaye, amma, ba a yin farauta da ya dace. Indan asalin yankin na Arewa ta Arewa suna amfani da nama mai baƙar fata na loon don abinci, amma galibi yakan same shi da haɗari. Kunshe cikin Shafi na 2 na Taron Berne. An kare shi a cikin Darwin, Lower Svir, Polistovsky da Rdeisky, a cikin yanayi da yawa na asarar mahimmancin yankuna a cikin yankunan Leningrad da Novgorod. Bred a cikin kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zaman kansu a Jamus. Duk da cewa baƙar fata mai launin fata tana yaɗuwa sosai, lambarta tana raguwa koyaushe.

Biyan kuɗi

A cikin loons mai launin baki, ana rarrabe wasu rabe-raben abubuwa biyu, an rarrabe su da matsayin ci gaban launin toka a kai da wuya, da kuma inuwar ƙarfe mai ƙamshi akan makogwaro da ƙarancin wuyansa:

• Gavia muhammad arctica, Sweden. Saman kai da baya na wuya sune ash ash launin toshi, kayan ƙarfe a kan makogwaro kuma gaban wuya yana da shunayya ko ruwan lemo. An rarraba nau'in tallafin a yammacin nau'in jinsin yana gabas zuwa layin Lena da Baikal.
• Gavia arctica viridigularis, arewa maso gabas na Tekun Okhotsk. Saman kai da baya na wuya sunyi duhu, baƙi na toka, ƙarar ƙarfe a makogwaro kuma gaban wuya yana da shuɗi. An rarraba kudaden tallafin a gabashin sassan nau'in yamma zuwa rafin Lena da Baikal.

Loon farin-Neck

(Gavia pacifica). Squad loons, iyali loons. Yawan mazauna - Asiya, Amurka, Turai. Tsawon cm 70. Weight 4 kg.

The loons tsoffin tsuntsaye ne. Kakanni na loons na zamani, basu da banbanci da na ƙarshe a bayyanar da halaye, sun rayu a duniya tuni miliyan 30 da suka gabata. Wannan tabbataccen abu ne sakamakon samo tsuntsayen da ya rage a Arewacin Amurka. Loons sun fi dacewa da rayuwa a cikin manyan jikin ruwa. Siffar jikin da ta ratsa da kuma membranes na ruwa a tsakanin yatsunsu suna basu damar yin iyo da kyau, da kuma daskararren ruwa - na dogon lokaci ya kasance cikin ruwan sanyi. Daga gare shi loons bar kawai a lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin. A lokaci guda, suna barin ruwan tsibirin na tekuna kuma suna tashi zuwa manyan ruwan tsabtatattun ruwan, akan gabar da suke zaune. Abincin loon ya ƙunshi dabbobi da yawa na ruwa - kifi, invertebrates, mollusks, da algae. Kishin aure na loon ya yi kama da kukan dabbar da zai iya tsoratar da wanda bai san shi ba. Maballin Lon sun zama na dindindin kuma idan akwai wani abokin mutu, tsuntsaye na iya ƙirƙirar sabon ma'aurata. A cikin kwanciya daga cikin loons - daga 1 zuwa uku qwai, asalin yanayin launin ƙwai shine launin ruwan kasa.

Haɗaɗɗen fararen fata mai laushi daban-daban sun bambanta sosai da baƙar fata-baƙi a kan farin wuri a cikin ƙananan wuyansa, ya fi dacewa a cikin wannan nau'in. Babu tabo a cikin kayan hunturu. Furanni masu launin fari da baƙi na fata suna da kama sosai a wannan lokacin. Idan aka kwatanta shi da maɗaukakin maƙogwaron baki, gemu mai ƙare yana da bakin ciki. A cikin hunturu, a kan ƙasar Rasha, ana iya ganin fararen buɗe ido a bakin tekun kudancin Kamchatka da kuma tsibirin Kuril. A yayin ƙaura suna tattara cikin garken kuma wannan ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan loons.

Loko manyan tsuntsaye ne. A da, sun kasance masu son abin da ya shafi arewa maso gabas. A halin yanzu, an haramta farauta tsuntsu, kuma fararen fararen fata da baƙi masu launin fata suna cikin Lissafi na Red Russia.

Wasu sunaye don farin loon-fari sune kanon da ke kan farar hula ko kuma loon da ke da fari. Wannan babban tsuntsu ne. A cikin fikafikan, ya kai 1.5 m, kuma yana da nauyi sama da kilo 6. Girman fararen fata suna zaune a duk iyakar Arctic na Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka. Suna ciyar da kifi akan kifi. Kodayake ba za su rasa damar da za su kama tsutsotsi na teku ba, mollusks, crustaceans. Gida a bakin gabar manyan ruwan shan ruwa. An gina ciyayi kusa da ruwa daga ciyayi na gabar teku.

Masanin ilimin dabbobi na Ingila George Gray ne ya fara bayyana wannan a shekarar 1859 bisa ga samfuran da aka tattara a Alaska. Gavia adamsii, fararen fata mai farin jini, ta sami takamaiman sunan ta da girmamawa ga likitan sojojin ruwa da mai binciken Arctic Edward Adams. Dangane da wata yarjejeniya da aka kammala a shekarar 1918 tsakanin Amurka da Burtaniya ta farko, an sanya farashi tsakanin fararen hular a cikin jerin tsuntsayen masu bukatar kariya.

Baƙin-lomo mai launin fata a kan iyakar Arctic na Asiya, Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Ya fara bayyana ne a Tsakiyar Rasha - a cikin Yaroslavl, Moscow, Ryazan yankuna, a Kazakhstan. Babban abinci shine kifi. Babu sa'o'i na musamman don farauta. Zasu iya ciyar da safe, yamma da yamma. Onsaƙƙarfan lamura masu launin fata suna kama duk kifin da za su iya hadiye shi. Koyaya, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna iya wadatuwa da ƙaramar ganima. Da son rai ku ci crumaceans, frogs. Tare da rashin abinci, loons tsunkule harbe da ganyayyaki na ruwa mai ruwa. Ana shirya mazauna a bankunan tafkunan kuma kada a sake musu kwalliya.

Onanƙarar ja-in-ja, shine ƙarami a cikin asalin halittar. Kayan nauyinta ya kai kilogiram 2.5. Wadannan tsuntsayen gida a arewacin Turai, Asiya da Arewacin Amirka. Yi birgima a kan wuraren da ba a kankara a tekuna ba. Suna iyo da nutsewa daidai. Ana iya tattara abinci a zurfin sama da m 9. Babban abincin shine ƙananan kifi. Daga rukunin wuraren farauta, waɗannan loons sau da yawa dole ne su tashi don ciyarwa, kowace rana dubun kilomita. Ana shirya ciyayi a ƙasa da kan ruwa. Yi amfani da ciyawar bara. Daga cikin shimfidar wuraren da aka shirya a bakin gabar, an dage da kayan manholes na musamman zuwa ruwa domin kajin zai iya zamewa nan da nan cikin tafkin idan akwai haɗari. Yawancin lokaci akwai ƙwai biyu a cikin shaƙewa, da wuya uku. Iyayensu suna ba su hanyar daban. Ana haihuwar kaji a kusan wata daya.