Salamander gigantic (gigantic) asalin halitta ne na tranis na iyalin Tamaris kuma jinsuna biyu suna wakilta: Salamander gigantic na Japan (Andrias japonicusda kuma salamander na kasar Sin mai ban dariya (Andrias davidianus), wanda ya banbanta wurin da giwayen yake a kai da mazauninsu. Dangane da sunan, Salamander mai ban dariya na Sin yana zaune a cikin koguna na tuddai na tsakiyar gabashin Sin, da Jafananci - a cikin koguna na Japan.

A yau shi ne mafi girma mafi girma na amphibian, wanda zai iya kaiwa 160 cm tsayi, nauyi zuwa 180 kg. A bisa hukuma da aka yiwa rijista mafi girman shekaru na babban salamander shine shekaru 55.

Wannan mashahurin 'yar amurka miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata sun rayu tare da dinosaurs kuma sun sami nasarar rayuwa da kuma dacewa da sabon yanayin rayuwa. Salamander mai ban dariya yana jagorantar salon rayuwa, yana aiki a maraice da daddare, yana fifita sanyi, kogunan ruwa da ke gudu da koguna, kogunan rami da koguna na karkashin kasa.

Launin launin ruwan kasa mai duhu mai duhu mara duhu yana sanya salamander marar ganuwa akan asalin ƙarshen kogunan. Jikin da babban salamander sun kakkarye, wutsiya, wacce kusan rabin tsawon saukakinta ce, paddle-dimple, kafafun gaba suna da yatsu 4 da kafafun kafa 5 yatsunsu kowannensu, idanun basu da kwalliya suna da fadi, kuma kafafen hancin suna da kusanci.

An bambanta salamander ta hanyar mummunan gani, wanda yake ramawa ta kyakkyawar ma'anar wari, tare da taimakon abin da yake samo kwaɗi, kifi, ɓawon burodi, kwari, a hankali yana motsawa a ƙasan kogin. Salamander yana samun abinci, yana ɓoye a ƙarshen kogin, ya kama hannun kuma yana riƙe mai sa da jaws tare da ƙananan hakora tare da lunge mai kaifi. Metabolism na salamander yayi jinkirin, wanda ya ba shi damar yin abinci ba tare da dadewa ba.

A watan Agusta-Satumba, salamander fara lokacin kiwo. Mace tana sanya ƙwai ɗari da yawa 6-7 mm a girma, suna kama da doguwar rosaries, a cikin ɓoyewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa a zurfin mita 3, wanda babu kamarta ga mutanen amphibians. Caviar ya girma kwanaki 60-70 a ruwa mai nauyin 12 ° C. A wannan yanayin, a matsayin mai mulkin, namiji kullun yana ba da ƙarancin ƙwai, ƙirƙirar rafi na ruwa tare da wutsiya.

Larvae kusan 30 mm tsayi, nau'i-nau'i na gills na waje, buds na wata gabar jiki da dogaye wutsiya tare da babban falon fin. Kananan masu salati a koda yaushe suna cikin ruwa har zuwa shekara daya da rabi, har sai lokacin da huhun su ya kirkiro, kuma zasu iya tafiya kasa. Amma salamander na iya yin numfashi ta fatar. A lokaci guda, budurwa na babban maɗaukakin sarki yana farawa.

Abincin salamander mai daɗin daɗi yana da daɗin ci da cin abinci, wanda ya haifar da raguwa ga yawan dabbobi da haɗuwa da shi a cikin littafin Red a matsayin nau'in da ke barazanar rushewa. Don haka, a halin yanzu a Japan, salamander a zahiri ba ya faruwa a yanayi, amma ana bred a cikin wuraren kulawa na musamman.

A kasar Sin, a cikin gandunan Zhangjiajie, an kirkiro wani filin kiwo na salamander na kasa, inda ake kiyaye yawan zafin jiki na ranakun 16-20 ° C a cikin rami mai nisan mita 600, wanda ya dace da halittar salamander.

Bayanin

Manyan albashin na Japan na iya zama ƙafa biyar (cm 15) da fam 55 (kilo 25) tsayi. Babban samfurin daji mafi tsayi akan kilogram 26.3 kuma tsawonsa ya kai cm 136. Ita ce babbar amarya mafi girma ta biyu a duniya, kusa da makusantanta, Sinawa mafi girma. Kayan launin ruwan kasa da fatarar launin fata suna ba da kamarar ruwa daga lamuran ƙoramu da koguna. Suna da ƙananan idanu idan ba su da fatar ido da ƙarancin gani. Bakinsu suna faɗin girman kawunansu, kuma suna iya buɗe faɗin jikinsu.

Wadannan salamanders suna da manyan takardu na fata a wuyan wuyan wanda ke kara girman yanayin jikinsu gaba daya. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen musayar gas, wanda a saiti yake sarrafa carbon dioxide da musayar oxygen da ruwa. Capillaries a saman fata yana sauƙaƙe wannan musayar gas.

Ana iya bambanta su da manyan masu biyan Sinawan na China ta wurin da gurneti a kawunansu da makogwaronsu. Abubuwan fashewar sunada girma kuma sunada yawa idan aka kwatanta su da yawanci kuma suna rarraba nau'ikan tubali na kasar Sin. Murfin ma ya zama ya fi girma, kuma wutsiyar ya fi guntu.

Babu wani bayyanannen yanayin jima'i na waje.

Halayyar

Babban gilam na Jafananci, ana iyakance shi ga rafuffuka masu tsabta, ruwan sanyi, gabaɗaya yana da ruwa kuma kusan gaba ɗaya babu wani abu. Ba kamar sauran masu biyan albashi ba, wadanda ke rasa kwalayensu a farkon tsarin rayuwarsu, kawai suna karya kawunansu sama don su sami iska ba tare da fitar da ruwa da kuma ƙasa ba. Bugu da kari, saboda girman su da kuma rashin kwayayen, ana iyakance su ga ruwa mai gudu, inda iskar oxygen take da yawa. Salamanders yana shan iskar oxygen ta hanyar fata, wanda ke da manyan fayiloli da yawa don haɓaka yankin ƙasa.

Lokacin da suke cikin haɗari, waɗannan salamander na iya ɓoye ƙoshin ƙanshi mai ƙanshi, mai ɗaci tare da wari mai ƙanshi na barkono Jafananci (saboda haka sunan shi na Jafananci na yau da kullun, babban kifi barkono) Tana da rauni sosai na gani, kuma tana da ƙwayoyin azanci na musamman waɗanda ke rufe fatarsa, yana gudana daga kai har zuwa yatsa, a ƙarshen layi. Siffofin hauka Waɗannan ƙwayoyin azanci suna gano ƙananan rawar jiki a cikin yanayin, kuma suna kama sosai da sel gashi na kunnen mutum na ciki. Wannan fasalin yana da mahimmanci ga farauta saboda hangen nesa mara kyau.

Yana ciyar da yafi akan kwari, kwaɗi da kifi. Yana da aiki sosai a jiki wanda kuma wasu lokuta kanada yawa na wasu makonni ba tare da abinci ba. Ba ta da 'yan takarar gasa. Wannan nau'in halitta ne da ya daɗe, tare da rikodin ɗaurin kurkuku kasancewa mutane waɗanda suka rayu a cikin Amsterdam Zoo, a cikin Netherlands, na 52 shekara. A cikin daji, zasu iya rayuwa kusan shekaru 80.

Tsarin rayuwa

Jafan asirin Jafananci ya kasance cikin tafkunan rayuwarsu. A lokacin farewar a ƙarshen watan Agusta, manya da suka manyanta suka hau zuwa tsaunuka don yin layya da ƙwai ƙwai. Manyan maza suna tsaron yanayin da ake ciki kuma ana kiransu masu ɓacin rai. Sun yi aure tare da mata da yawa a cikin tsawon kakar. Menan ƙananan mutane waɗanda ba su da kogo suna iya ƙoƙarin shiga kogon kuma su ɓoye wasu ƙwai. Namiji yana sakin madara don qwai da mace tayi. Denmaster yana nuna kulawa na iyaye kuma yana tsare ƙwai da magoya bayan ruwa a saman su da wutsiyarsa don haɓakar kwararar oxygen. Larvae yana fitowa daga kwai hadi. Daga nan larvae yana haɓaka gabobi da ƙuƙwalwa, sannan kuma rasa asirinsu idan suka zama manya.

Asa Zoo ta Japan ita ce kungiya ta farko da ta sami nasarar samarda kwastomomin kasar Japan din da aka kwashe. An tura wasu daga cikin zuriyarsu zuwa ga Smithsonian Zoo na Amurka don kafa tsarin kiwo. Tun daga yanzu Cibiyar Hanzaki ta Japan ta samu nasarar yin sahun gaba ta babban masanin Japan ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin ASA na kirkirar kwararar wucin gadi.

Labari

Turawan Jafanawa, dan salamander, ne Turawa suka fara yin jigilar su a lokacin da wani likita mazaunin Dejima na tsibirin a Nagasaki, Philip Franz von Siebold, ya kama fuskarsa ya mayar da shi Leiden a cikin Netherlands a cikin 1820s. An tsara wannan ra'ayi a matsayin abin tunawa na musamman a 1951, kuma an sami kariya daga tarayya.

Matsayi

Shahararren masarautar Jafananci yana barazanar gurɓataccen iska, asarar mazauninsu (a tsakanin sauran canje-canje, ta hanyar rufe kogunan da suke zaune), da kuma lalata ruwa. Take hakkin kogin ya haifar da raguwar yawan shafukan yanar gizo masu dacewa da magudanan ruwa da ke toshe hanyoyin hijirar. Wannan ana ɗaukar kusancin barazanar da IUCN kuma an haɗa shi a CITES Shafi na I. Ana iya samunsa a tsibiran Kyushu, Honshu da Shikoku a Japan. A da, ana kama su daga koguna da koguna a matsayin tushen abinci, amma farauta ta daina saboda ayyukan kariya.

Hukumar kare al'adu ta kasar Japan ta ba da kariya ga babbar aminiyar Japan a matsayin abin tunawa ta musamman ta dabi'ar halitta tun daga shekarar 1952 saboda darajar al'adunsu da ilimi.

Hanyoyin al'adu

Shahararren ɗan Jafananci shine batun al'adu da zane-zane a Japan, alal misali, a ciki ukiyo-e aikin Utagawa Kuniyoshi. Mashahuri mashahurin dan asalin Jafananci da aka sani da kappa ana iya yin wahayi zuwa gare ta daga cikin babban gizan Jafananci.

Ana yin babban bikin salamander a kowace shekara a ranar 8 ga Agusta a Yubara, MANIWA City, Okayama Prefecture don girmama dabbobi da yin bikin rayukansu. Manyan malamai ana kiransu Hanzaki a cikin Yubara, saboda imani cewa koda sun tsage rabi (Han), suna ci gaba da rayuwa. Akwai manyan kwale-kwala biyu na salamander: ɗan duhu da mace ja.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2017, an buga wani littafin zane mai suna Zakihan a cikin yaren Jafananci da Ingilishi, wanda babban halayyar sa hanzaki ce da ake kira Zakihan.

Bayyanar

Babbar salamander (dabba) ba ta da kyan gani. Bayanin nata ya nuna cewa tana da jikin gaba ɗaya rufe da gamsai da babban kai wanda ya fado daga sama. Dogayen wutsiyarsa, akasin haka, an matsa shi a gefe, ƙafafunsa gajere ne da kauri. Noaukar hanci a ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙwanƙolin suna kusa da juna. Idanun suna da wani tunani ainun na beads kuma ba a sa ƙyalli.

Salamander mai girman kai yana da fata mai walƙala tare da yanki a cikin tarnaƙi, yana sanya jigon dabba ya zama mafi mawuyaci. Jiki na sama na amphibian yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu mai duhu tare da siket mai launin toka da baƙar fata marasa tsari. Irin wannan launi mai hankali yana ba shi damar zama marar ganuwa gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin tafki, saboda yana rufe dabbobi sosai a tsakanin abubuwa daban-daban na duniyar ruwa.

Wannan 'yar amurka tana da ban mamaki sosai a girmanta. Tsawon jikinta tare da wutsiyarta na iya kaiwa santimita 165, da nauyi - kilo 26. Tana da ƙarfin ƙarfi ta zahiri kuma tana da haɗari idan ta ji abokan gaba suna gabatowa.

Ina yake zama?

Kabilar Jafananci na waɗannan dabbobi suna zaune a yammacin tsibirin Hondo, kuma tana yaɗu a arewacin Gifu. Bugu da kari, yana zaune a duk tsibirin. Shikoku da Fr. Kyushu. Shahararren salamander na kasar Sin yana zaune a kudancin Guangxi da Shaanxi.

Mahalli na waɗannan iledanfilis na bakin ruwa sune kogunan tuddai da rafuffuka masu tsabta da ruwa mai sanyi, waɗanda ke a tsawan nisan mil biyar.

Rayuwa da halaye

Waɗannan dabbobin suna nuna ayyukan su gaba ɗaya cikin duhu, kuma yayin rana suna barci a wasu wuraren da ba kowa. Lokacin da yamma ta shiga, sukan tafi farauta. A matsayin abincinsu, galibi suna zaɓar nau'in kwari, ƙananan amphibians, kifi da crustaceans.

Wadannan 'yan' yan amphibians suna motsawa tare da ƙasa tare da gajeren hanunansu, amma idan ana buƙatar haɓaka mai kaifi, to suma suna haɗa wutsiya. Babban gilashin salamander yakan iya motsawa ne daga tsawan, saboda wannan na iya samarda ingantacciyar numfashi. Yakan fito daga ruwa zuwa gaɓar tekun a cikin mafi yawan lokuta kuma mafi yawan lokuta bayan zubar ruwan sama da ruwan sama ya haifar. Dabba tana ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinta a wurare daban-daban, manyan lamuran da aka kirkira tsakanin ramuka, ko a cikin kututtukan bishiyoyi da maciji da suka nitse kuma suka sami kansu a ƙarshen kogin.

Salamander na kasar Japan, har da na kasar Sin, ba su da kaifin idanu, amma wannan ba ya hana su daidaitawa da jan hankalin kansu a sararin samaniya, tunda suna da kyakkyawar ma'ana.

Shedding wadannan 'yan amfanoni suna faruwa sau da yawa a shekara. Tsohuwar fatar tsohuwar fata tana zamewa gaba daya daga duk jikin mutum. Piecesaramin yanki da flakes da aka kafa a wannan aikin dabbar zata iya cinsa. A cikin wannan lokacin, wanda ya ɗauki kwanaki da yawa, suna yin motsi akai-akai kamar rawar jiki. Ta wannan hanyar, 'yan amphibians suna goge duk sauran wuraren fatar da ake watsar da su.

Babban gilashin salamander ana ɗaukar shi amintaccen yanki ne, saboda haka akwai maganganun lokacin da ƙananan maza suka lalata manyan takwarorinsu. Amma, bisa ƙa'ida, waɗannan dabbobin ba sa bambanta cikin matsanancin tsokanar zalunci kuma kawai idan akwai haɗari za su iya sakin sirrin m, wanda ke da launi mai laushi kuma yana tunatar da ɗayan warin barkono na Jafananci.

Kiwo

Yawancin lokaci wannan ma'aura na dabba tsakanin Agusta da Satumba, bayan haka mace ta sanya ƙwai a cikin ramin da aka haƙa a ƙarƙashin tudu a zurfin mita uku. Wadannan qwai suna da girman kusan 7 mm, kuma akwai ɗaruruwan su. Suna girma cikin kusan kwanaki sittin a wani ruwan zafin da yayi daidai da digiri sha biyu Celsius.

Sai kawai lokacin da aka haife shi, larvae yana da tsawon mm 30 kawai, farawa daga wata gabar jiki da babban wutsiya. Wadannan 'yan matan amman ba sa zuwa ƙasa har sai sun kai shekara ɗaya da rabi, lokacin da huhunsu suka cika, kuma za su kai ga balaga. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, babban gilashin salamander yana ƙarƙashin ruwa koyaushe.

Abinci mai gina jiki

A cikin jikin waɗannan amintattun caudate amphibians, matakan metabolism suna da saurin jinkiri, saboda haka zasu iya yin ba tare da abinci ba tsawon kwanaki kuma suna da ikon ci gaba da yunwar abinci. Lokacin da suke da bukatar abinci, sukan je farauta su kama ganima a cikin motsi ɗaya da bakinsu a buɗe, saboda abin da ya haifar da bambancin matsin lamba. Don haka, an tura wanda aka azabtar ya amintar da shi zuwa ciki tare da rafi na ruwa.

An yi la'akari da salamanders na Gigantic a matsayin dabbobi. A zaman talala, akwai lokatan lokuta masu yawa na cin naman mutane, wato, cin irin nasu.

Mai ban sha'awa don sani

Wannan yarinyar 'yar amurka tana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi, wanda aka ɗauka ainihin ƙoshin abinci ne. Ana amfani da babban salamander a cikin magungunan mutane. Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da wannan dabba suna ba da shawarar cewa shirye-shiryen da aka yi daga gareta na iya hana cututtukan narkewar hanji, magance yawan amfani, da kuma taimakawa mai ƙarfi da cututtukan jini daban-daban. Don haka, wannan halittar, wacce take rayuwa daga dinosaurs kuma ta dace da dukkan canje-canje a rayuwa da yanayin canjin yanayin duniya, a yanzu haka tana gab da hallakarwa saboda sa hannun mutane.

A yau, wannan nau'in ampilbian na tayayyen yana karkashin kulawa sosai kuma an nuna shi akan gonaki. Amma ƙirƙirar mazaunin ƙasa don waɗannan dabbobin yana da matukar wahala. Sabili da haka, musamman a gare su, an gina tasoshin teku masu zurfi a cikin wuraren ɗorawa da aka shirya wannan. Koyaya, a cikin zaman talala, da rashin alheri, ba su da girma da yawa.

Menene babban salamander yayi kama?

Ampan girma babban amintaccen, wanda tsawon sa yakan kai mita ɗaya da rabi. Yawan nauyin salamander na iya balaguro zuwa kilo 27. Wutsiya tana da tsawo da faɗi, kafafu suna da kauri da gajeru. Yatsun yatsun kafa huɗu a kan goshin hannun kuma biyar a kan kafafu biyu. Salamander na Japan mai ban dariya yana cike da fata mai duhu wanda ya bayyana wrinkled kuma yana da ƙananan haɓaka wanda yayi kama da warts. Godiya ga waɗannan haɓaka, yanki na fata, wanda shine "hanci" na salamander, yana ƙaruwa, saboda yana numfasawa ta fata. Lungs, hakika, sun wanzu, amma basa shiga cikin tsarin numfashi, tunda suna a hankali. Eyesan ƙananan idanun salamander basu bambanta da saka ido ba, hangen nesa tana da matukar rauni. Salamander mai ban dariya ya bambanta da sauran danginsa ta yadda shi ma yana da abubuwan buɗe ciki.

Habitat na Jafananci Gigantic Salamander

Ana kiran salamander mai ban dariya na Japan saboda haka, yana rayuwa ne gaba ɗaya a cikin Japan, ko kuma, a arewacin tsibirin Kyushu da yammacin Honshu, cikin sanyi, kogunan dutse, wanda yakan ba da wuya sosai.

Salamander Jafananci shine asalin amphibian na musamman wanda ke da fatar fata sosai.

Gigantic salamander salon

Yayin rana, salamander ya gwammace ya kwana cikin nishaɗi a wasu wuraren da ba kowa, duk ayyukan sa sun faɗi akan maraice da lokacin dare. Tana motsawa kasan kasan akan kudinta, shin yana sane a hankali, sabanin kananan salaman, wadanda suka saba mana. Idan kana buƙatar hanzarta, salamander mai girman gaske yana haɗu da wutsiya zuwa sahunn sa. Kullum yana motsawa daga tsawan, wannan yana taimaka wajan inganta tsarin numfashi. Wani lokaci smallerananan ƙananan mutane zasu iya rushe su ta hanyar manyan 'yan'uwansu. A matsayin gargadi, salamander din ya tona asirin pungent wanda zai samu karbuwa sosai a bayyane.

Qwai na Gigantic Salamander

Duk da cewa salamander din na Japan bazai ci abinci ba na makonni da yawa, saboda jinkirin saurin sa, amma har yanzu yakan farauta. Salamander yana da dabba. Ba ta da yau - ba ta buƙatar ta, saboda tsarin cin ganima yana faruwa ƙarƙashin ruwa. Mai salamander yana buɗe bakinsa sosai kuma sosai, kuma a zahiri yana tsotse wanda aka cutar da ruwa. Ya fi son kifi, ƙananan amphibians, crustaceans da wasu kwari.

Abokan gaba na Jafananci Salamander

Duk da nasara an ɓoye shi, babban jarumi na Jafananci yana ɓoyewa daga abokan gaban sa. Amma daga mafi mahimmanci, daga mutum, ba koyaushe yake gudanar da ɓoyewa ba. Salamanders na Gigantic suna da ban sha'awa ga mutane ba kawai kamar nama ba. An yi amfani da wasu ɓangarorin sassan jikinsu a madadin magani.

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