Masana kimiyya sun kwashe shekaru da dama suna muhawara game da abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban bayyanar baƙar fata da raunin farashi a jikin zebras. A halin yanzu, suna da ra'ayoyi guda uku game da manufar sabon nau'in dabbobi - ana iya buƙatar su don kariya daga kwari da masu farauta, don saukakawa dangi da kuma canjin yanayin zafi a cikin yanayin Afirka mai zafi. Theoryarshen koyarwar ta ƙarshe yana da alama mafi yawan yanayi ne, kuma propertiesan ɗabi'ar amateur na halitta biyu sun tabbatar da kwanan nan.

An gudanar da binciken ne ga ma'auratan Stephen da Alisson Cobb - sun kwashe tsawon shekaru a Afirka, kuma sun gudanar da karatun muhalli daban-daban. A yayin tattara bayanan filin akan dabbobi da yawa a Kenya, sun gudanar da binciken farko na farko don gano ayyukan canja wuri mai zafi na igiyar zebra yayin da suke cikin mazauninsu. Nazarin da suka gabata, a matsayin mai mulkin, an gudanar da su a allon alkalami na musamman.

Ana buƙatar raɗaɗi fari da fari na zebra don canja wuri mai zafi.

Yayin da suke bin diddigin zebra biyu, da dutsen da keɓaɓɓe, masu binciken sun lura da bambanci a yanayin zafin baƙar fata da fari - wannan masanin kimiyya ya rigaya ya lura. A cewar masana ilmin halitta, bambance-bambancen zazzabi na taimakawa wajen kula da yanayin jikin dabbar a wani matakin da ya dace, samar da motsi na iska. Koyaya, ma'auratan Cobb sun yi sabon binciken.

Ta hanyar auna zafin jiki jikin gawa ta zebra, sun gano cewa a gaban ɗayan murfin guda ɗaya, yana da zazzabi mafi girma - wannan alama ce bayyananniya cewa sauran matakai suna shiga cikin thermoregulation. A cewar masu binciken, tsarin zafin rana yana aiki ne kawai a kan zebras na rayuwa, saboda suna da ƙwarewa mai ban mamaki wajen ɗaga gashi a kan ratsin baƙi, barin fararen fararen har ma. Sun tabbata cewa wannan shine abin da yake taimaka musu su cire zafi mai yawa daga kansu.

Alison Cobb a Nairobi, 1991

Hakanan, hanyar cire gumi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin thermoregulation - duk danshi daga fata yana canjawa zuwa ƙarshen gashi a cikin nau'in kumburi, wanda ke fitar da hanzari fiye da saukad da danshi.

Hanyar sarrafa zafin rana a jikin wakar zebra hanya ce mai sauƙin tsari da ban sha'awa fiye da yadda muke tsammani. Don cikakken fahimtar yadda raƙuman ruwa ke taimakawa zebra don sarrafa zafin jiki, har yanzu muna da ayyuka da yawa da za mu yi don tara shaidu, ”in ji Alison Cobb.

Baki da fari ratsi?

Zebras, kamar jakai, suna cikin halittar doki (Equus halittar halittar) na dangi. Daga cikinsu, nau'ikan karnukan zebra biyu na kiwo a cikin savannahs na gabas da Kudancin Afirka sune dabbobin da aka raba fararen fararen, baƙaƙen fata na fata baƙar fata.

Tsarin mawaƙa da jikewarsu sun dogara da nau'in halittu da mazauninsu. Yawancin lokaci muna ƙoƙarin fahimtar ma'anar raunin zebra dangane da wannan bambanci a launi da kuma wahalar da zebras ke fuskanta a cikin daji.

Asalin hanyoyin da aikinsu har yanzu shine batun muhawarar kimiyya. Amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya fi mayar da hankali ga dalilai uku kawai: Kariyar kwari, thermoregulation, da kare kaddara.

Kwari da ke cizo da shan jini cuta ce gama gari da ke faruwa ga dabbobi a Afirka. Bugu da kari, tsatsewar dawakai da kwari suna dauke da cututtuka irinsu cututtukan bacci (cututtukan bacci), cututtukan dawakai na Afirka, da kuma yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar amai da gudawa.

Kayan alkama na bakin ciki da gajere ba ya kiyaye lafiya daga kwari. Amma ga abin da ke da ban mamaki: binciken tsetse na tashi bai samo wata alama ta jinin zebra a jikinsu ba.

Kusan shekaru ɗari, tabbataccen magana da gwaje-gwajen da ke da ƙarancin ƙarancin halaye sun nuna sau da yawa: kwari, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba sa sauka a kan ɓarna.

An samo tabbataccen tabbacin wannan a cikin 2014 a cikin binciken da Karo da abokan aikin sa suka yi. Sun tattara bayanai a kan yanayin, kasancewar zakuna da girman garken zebras kuma sun kwatanta waɗannan abubuwan da ƙirar zebras waɗanda suke rayuwa a wannan yanki.

A cewar Caro, an fi yin amfani da banding a inda ake samun karin dawakai.

Caro ya ce: "Wannan binciken ya nuna a zahiri wani abu mai mahimmanci a gare mu," in ji Caro. "Af, ba mu sami wata hujja ba ga sauran maganganun."

Nazarin Dandalin Nazari, wanda aka gudanar a farkon shekarar 2019, ya fitar da sabon haske game da hangen nesa na Caro da abokan aikin sa.

Sun lura da halin doki a gaban dawakai da dawakai. Wasu dawakai suna sanye da baƙi, fararen fata da riguna. A kan dawakai da dawakai a cikin riguna, dayan dawakai ba su da yawa.

Kwari sukan yi ƙoƙari su zauna a kan ɓatacciyar ƙasa, amma ba su iya jinkirin ba kafin saukowa - sai kawai su buge da farfaɗo.

Caro ya ce: "Kamar dai ba za su iya gane gawar ta wata hanya ce ta sauka ba," in ji Caro.

A cewarsa, shi da abokan aikin sa suna aiki da dimbin tarin bayanan bidiyo da ba a tantance su ba, inda aka kama yadda kwari suke kusantowa wani fage. Masana kimiyya suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar yadda tsintsaye suke shafar yanayin shuka kwari.

A halin yanzu, a Jami'ar Princeton, masanin halittar halitta Daniel Rubenstein da abokan aiki suna karatu a zahirin gaskiya abin da kwari suke gani.

Tsarin sanyaya

Koyaya, wasu masu binciken zebra, ciki har da British Alison Cobb da Stephen Cobb, basu gamsu da wannan bayanin ba. Sun yi imani cewa rakodin da ake buƙata ta zebra sune don maganin dumama.

Kodayake Alison Cobb ya fi son binciken Caro, amma ta yi imanin cewa kwari na cizon kwari ba su da tasiri sosai ga ci gaban raunin zebra.

"Kowane zebra yana buƙatar gujewa zafi mai zafi, kuma kwari masu sa maye suna fitowa a wasu lokuta na shekara da kuma a wasu yankuna, amma kada kuyi barazanar da zazzabi sosai," in ji Cobb.

Abin da ake nufi shi ne cewa baƙin ƙarfe na zebra yana ɗaukar zafi da safe, yana ba da dabbar, da fararen fararen suna haskaka hasken rana kuma suna taimaka wa zebra ba su sha zafi yayin da suke huɗa rana.

Irin wannan tunanin mai sauƙi, duk da haka, bai shawo kan kowa ba.

Karo da abokan aikinsa sun sami saurin fahimtar abin da ke tattare da abubuwan launi da zebras da yawan zafin jiki.

Bayan shekara guda, binciken yanki na mishan na savannah zebras (wanda aka fi kowa a gabashin da kuma Kudancin Afirka) ya jagoranci Brenda Lpare na Jami'ar California, Los Angeles don tsarawa: fasalin haske mai kama da alama ya zama mafi halayyar zebras da ke zaune a yankuna masu zafi ko yankuna da zafin rana.

Koyaya, yayin da gwaje-gwajen ba su fayyace yanayin gaba ɗaya ba. Wani binciken na 2018 ya kammala cewa ruwa a cikin ganga da aka yi wa ratsi ba ya da sanyi fiye da wanda aka bushe.

Amma wannan bai shawo kan Rubenstein ba. Ya yi imanin cewa a wannan gwajin an yi karancin samfurori da bayanai masu rikitarwa.

Rubenstein ya ce, shi da abokan aikin sa suna gudanar da wani bincike wanda ya shafi karin kwalaban ruwa, kuma wadannan gwaje-gwajen da aka yi sun nuna cewa kwandunan sun taimaka matukan kwantar da abubuwan da ke cikin jirgin.

Har yanzu ba a buga wadannan bayanai ba, amma ya ce abokan aikinsa sun duba yanayin zazzabi a saman dabbobi a cikin gauraye da garkuwa da juna kuma sun gano cewa a cikin raƙuman zebul da yawan zafin jiki sun yi yawa da na dabbobi.

Koyaya, ganga da kwalabe ba za su iya yin daidai da jakar raunin zebra ba. Ba a sauƙaƙafar tsarin irin waɗannan karatun don yin cikakken bayanin ma'anar raunin zebra.

Kamar dawakai da mutane, zebul suna yin sanyi da zufa. Yin gumi yana cire zafi mai yawa, amma dole ne a fitar da ruwa sosai domin kada gumi ya tara kuma baya haifar da nau'in sauna don dabbar.

Kwayoyin sunadarai sun ƙunshi daga baya (furotin, ƙunsar furotin na gumi, wanda ke da sifofin hydrophobic sabon abu: a haɗe zuwa saman hydrophobic, yana sanya su danshi. - Lura mai fassara).

A watan Yuni, Alison da Stephen Cobbs sun rubuta a cikin Journal of Halittar Tarihi cewa a cikin watanni masu ɗumi, maɗaukaki masu duhu akan jikin zebra sun sami digiri na 12 Celsius sama da na fari.

Cobbs suna ba da shawarar cewa irin wannan bambancin zafin jiki na kullun na iya haifar da ɗan motsi na iska.

Sun kuma gano cewa ulu a kan ratsin baƙar fata suna tashi da sanyin safiya da tsakar rana. Ta wannan hanyar, tana ci gaba da yin sanyin safiya yayin sanyi kuma tana taimaka wa gumi don tashi da tsakar rana.

Ba sa ɓoyewa, suna gudu

Dangane da wani hangen nesa - wanda raunin yana taimakawa zebras don kare kansu daga masu hasara - to Caro yana da shakka.

A cikin kundin tambari na mutane na Zebra Stripes na 2016, Caro ya lissafa shaidu da yawa waɗanda ke karyata gaskiyar cewa zebras da aka yi zargin sun yi amfani da igiyarsu don tsoratar da mafarauta ko don rikita su.

Zebras suna yawanci lokacinsu a cikin sararin samaniya na savannah, inda raunin su yake busa, kuma kadan lokacin yana cikin dazuzzuka, inda raunin zai iya taka rawar kamowa.

Kari akan haka, wadannan dabbobin suna kokarin gudu daga mafarautan, kuma basa boyewa daga garesu. Kuma zakuna, a fili, ba su da wata matsala ta ciji a kan dabbobin.

Rubenstein, duk da haka, yana ci gaba da aiki a kan wannan hasashe, sanin cewa daga ukun, ya fi wahalar tantancewa.

Ya nanata cewa a cikin karatun da suka gabata an bincika ko raunin zai iya ɓatar da mutum, ba zaki ba.

"Idan aka zo ga kowane hari kan zebra, ba mu san irin nasarar da aka samu ba." Shi da abokan aikinsa yanzu suna nazarin yadda zakuna ke kai hari ga abubuwa marasa tsage.

Kamar yadda kake gani, tambayar dalilin da ya sa zebra ta cire kayan ta zama da wuya, kuma tana da haɗari - An riga an ci mutuncin Stephen Cobb, an kwantar da shi sau biyu.

Duk da ingancin binciken da aka yi na binciken kwanan nan, amsar ba ta kasance mai gamsarwa ba gaba ɗaya. Yana yiwuwa bangarorin sun samo asali don magance matsaloli da yawa lokaci daya.

An tabbatar da cewa suna kare dabbobi daga kwari. Yana yiwuwa zai yuwu a ƙarshe tabbatar da cewa su kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin yaƙi da ɗar ɗar da zafin nama na zebra.

Matsalar ita ce cewa galibi akwai kwari masu saurin lalacewa a inda yake da danshi da laima.

"Yaya kuke raba waɗannan abubuwan biyu?" Wannan shine mafi wuya sashin bincike, ya jaddada Rubenstein. "Ban damu ba idan sun gaya min cewa suna aiki a lokaci guda."

Me yasa zebra baki da fari ratsi? Sauran ka'idoji

Tare da duk wannan, kar ka manta game da sauran hanyoyin zuwa baƙar fata da fararen fata a jikin zebras, saboda za su iya samun ayyuka da yawa lokaci guda. Misali, hakika suna tsoratar da kwari da dabbobi - da sauran kwari - an tabbatar da hakan ne yayin gwaji inda suka sanya doki na yau da kullun a cikin taguwa.

Hakanan za'a iya amfani da titin azaman garkuwa don kare dabbobi daga mafarauta. Wannan ya bayyana ne ta hanyar binciken da aka buga sakamakon bincikensa a cikin mujallar kimiyya PLoS DAYA a cikin 2011 da 2013. Kuna iya karanta game da dukkanin zatocin masana kimiyya a cikin kayanmu.

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