Kamar dai ƙarancin ƙudan zuma, ƙwan zuma yakan tara zuma domin ya ciyar da 'ya'yansu. Tunda suna zaune rani ɗaya kawai, basa yin hannun jari a lokacin hunturu. Sai kawai cikin mahaifa wanda ke farkawa tare da farkon bazara zai iya tsira hunturu. Ina masu bumblebe suke zaune, menene suke ci kuma menene waɗannan kwari suke?
Bumblebee - bayanin, tsari, halaye. Menene mai kama da sihiri?
Bumblebee yana da girma sosai kuma kwari masu haske, kuma da ban sha'awa, ƙwanƙwarar mace ta fi girma fiye da namiji (wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, ba ƙanƙane ba a duniyar kwari). Yawanci, tsayin jikin mace mai tsayi daga 13 zuwa 28 mm, kuma namiji daga 7 zuwa 24 mm. Amma wasu nau'ikan bumblebees, kamar supepe bumblebee, zasu iya isa ga manyan girma, har zuwa 35 mm a tsayi. Weightwararren murhun wuta, idan ya kasance cikin mahaifa, na iya kaiwa zuwa 0.85 g, amma mutane masu aiki za su kasance da sauƙi - daga 0.04 zuwa 0.6 g.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa - duk da madaidaicin ƙananan nauyi, bumblebees kwari ne masu ƙarfi kuma suna iya ɗaukar nauyi daidai da nauyinsu.
Jikin bumblebee mai kauri ne mai nauyi, kamar yadda ya dace ga kwari. Bumblebee fuka-fukai ƙananan ne, masu amfanida kuma sun ƙunshi abubuwa biyu masu motsawa tare da motsawa. Saurin ɓoyayyen reshe mai ƙwanƙwasa shine 400 doke ta biyu. Kuma saurin jirgin mai saukar ungulu na iya zuwa mita 3-4 a sakan na biyu.
Shugaban ƙwanƙwasa a cikin mace yana da ɗan elongated, yayin da yake cikin namiji yana da girman triangular a cikin siffar, tare da layin da aka lura da lalacewa a kan kambi na kai da gabansa.
Hakanan, bumblebees suna da karfi-ja-mandibles da suke amfani dasu don daskarar da firam ɗin tsiro, haka kuma don ƙirƙirar saƙar zuma. Hakanan suna aiki a matsayin mai hana ruwa gudu don kariya.
Idanun masu gurnani suna kan layi madaidaiciya, ba a rufe su da villi. Siffofin maza suna da tsawo fiye da na mace.
Wani muhimmin sashin jikin bumblebees wani proboscis ne na musamman wanda yake taimaka musu su tattara nectar. Tsawon proboscis ya dogara da nau'in bumblebee kuma ya bambanta daga 7 zuwa 19 mm.
Hakanan a cikin hancin bumblebees akwai dan toshiya, amma a cikin mace kawai, namiji ba shi da maɗauri, kuma a wurin saƙa akwai alamun launin ruwan hoda masu duhu. Wanƙwarar ɗan komputa yana da laushi, ba tare da ƙwararraki ba kuma ba a gan shi cikin yanayin kwantar da hankula. Don haka, da cizo, macen da take amfani da ita, ta ja da baya kuma tana iya jingina su akai-akai kamar wassuka da ƙaho, kuma sabanin ƙudan zuma da ke mutu bayan ciji.
Hakanan, umanyun ɓaure suna da ƙafa shida, yayin da mace a saman farfajiya na baya yana da kwando na musamman don tattara pollen.
Kusoshin bumblebee galibi suna taguwa, baki da rawaya tare da fari, lemu mai haske har da launuka ja. Wani lokacin akwai baki mai duhu. Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa canza launi na bumblebee ba wai kawai an ƙirƙira shi ba ne, amma ana danganta shi da daidaituwa da zafi na jikin kwari.
Ina masu bumblebees suke rayuwa a cikin halitta
Bumblebees suna zaune kusan ko'ina, a duk nahiyoyi, ban da sanyi Antarctica. Su ne na kowa musamman a cikin yanayin latitude, amma akwai wasu nau'ikan bumblebees waɗanda suke rayuwa har bayan Arctic Circle, a cikin tundra. Baƙi na yau da kullun bumblebee ne a cikin tsaunukan tuddai, amma kusanci da mai daidaitawa, a cikin tsaunuka, babu birrai da yawa, alal misali, a cikin gandun daji na Amazon akwai wasu nau'ikan bumblebees biyu kawai. Hakanan a farkon karni na ashirin, an kawo wasu nau'ikan gandun daji daga Turai zuwa Australia da New Zealand, inda suke har yanzu.
Gabaɗaya, bumblebees sune mafi yawan wakilan sanyi masu tsayayya daga dangin kudan zuma. Duk da cewa ba sa son tsaunukan da ke da zafi sosai, duk wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙyalƙyalin daɗaɗɗen zafin jikinsu, gaskiyar magana ita ce yanayin zafin jiki na ƙarar baƙin ƙarfe zai iya kaiwa digiri 40, Celsius, ya wuce zafin yanayin na sama da digiri 20-30. Irin wannan karuwa a cikin zafin jiki ana danganta shi da saurin lalacewar tsokoki na kirji, ƙyallen guda ɗaya shine tushen kasuwancin sa.
Bumblebee Nests Sama da ƙasa
Wasu nau'ikan bumblebees sun gwammace su shirya makanninsu a saman duniya: a cikin manya-manyan bishiyoyi, katako na lambun.
Siffar filayen karkashin kasa da ƙasa na iya zama daban kuma ya dogara da kogon da 'yan bumburutu ke amfani da shi. Gidaje suna da banbaci tare da ciyawa mai bushe, gansakuka, an ƙarfafa shi da kakin zuma da ke ɓoye ta hanyar amfani da gland mai ciki na musamman. Daga wannan kakin zuma, bumblebees gina kakin zuma dome da ke hana shigar azzakari cikin farji daga danshi, shi ma masks ƙofar zuwa gida don kare da intruders.
Rayuwar bumblebees a cikin yanayi
Bumblebees, kamar sauran kwari na dangin kudan zuma, halittun zamantakewa ne kuma suna zama a cikin iyalai waɗanda suka ƙunshi:
- manyan sarakuna.
- ƙaramin aiki bumblebees na mata.
- bumblebees na maza.
Mahaifa yana da alhakin haifuwar 'ya' ya, ko da yake a cikin rashi, mata masu aiki na iya sa ƙwai. Iyalin ɗan boko haram ba su da girma kamar na kudan zuma, amma har yanzu yana da lambobi 100-200, kuma wasu lokuta duka mutane 500. Zaman rayuwar dangi mai lalacewa yawanci yakan kasance ne daga lokacin bazara zuwa kaka, wanda bayan haka iyali sun tsinke, wani ɓangare na mace yakan tafi hunturu don fara sabon tsarin rayuwa a lokacin bazara.
A cikin iyalin bumblebee, kowa yana da nasa takamaiman nauyin: aikin bumblebees yana samun abinci, ciyar da larvae, ba da kariya kuma yana kare gida. A lokaci guda, akwai kuma rarrabuwar ƙwadago tsakanin masu aiki masu rauni, kamar yadda wakilai mafi girma ke tashi don abinci, yayin da ƙananan su ke ciyar da larvae.
Aikin namiji abu ne mai sauki kuma mai fahimta - hadi da mace. Mahaifa, ita ce mace ta kafa iyali, tana sanya kwai, tana ciyar da larva, kuma gaba daya ke kulawa da zuriya.
Ta yaya masu bumblebees suke kiwo?
Bumblebee kiwo yana da matakai hudu:
- Ya hadu da kwan.
- Tsutsa
- Dolly.
- Imago (ita tsohuwa ce).
Tare da farkon bazara, ya zauna cikin mahaifa overwintered da hadu a cikin kwari kwari daga ta tsari da kuma a cikin makonni da yawa ne na ke shirya don nesting. Bayan samo wuri wanda ya dace da gida, ya zauna cikin mahaifa fara gini. A cikin sabon gidan da aka gina, ya zauna cikin mahaifa ya sanya ƙwai 8-16 tare da siffar elongated.
Bayan kwanaki 3-6, larvae na bumblebee sun bayyana, suna girma cikin sauri, suna cin abincin da macen ta kawo.
Bayan kwanaki 10-19, ƙwanƙwasa mai fara'a da farawa zai fara saƙa da kwakwa da ɗalibai. Bayan wasu ranakun 10-18, matasa masu karaya suna fara fitowa daga koko, suna jan su. Af, daga baya fanko cocoons za'a iya amfani dashi don adana zuma ko pollen. Bayan bayyanar zuriya ta farko, bayan kwanaki 20-30 daga lokacin da aka sanya kwan qwai, ya zauna cikin mahaifa kusan bai tashi daga cikin gida ba. Ayyukan kayan abinci suna ɗauke da ta ta itsa firstanta na farko - masu aiki waɗanda ke yin duk wasu mahimman ayyukan.
Amma game da mazajen da aka haifa, kwanaki 3-5 bayan samuwar balagaggu, sukan bar keɓaɓɓen iyayensu don neman wasu naru da wasu sarakuna waɗanda za su aura a daidai lokacin dabbar ta hanyar magabata.
Yaya tsawon lokacin da mai yin murhu yake rayuwa?
Rayuwar ɗan bumbun baki gajere kuma ya dogara da wurin mai murƙushewa a cikin jama'a mai lalacewa, inda masu aikin bumblebee ke rayuwa a matsakaicin sati biyu. Bumblebees, maza suna rayuwa har kusan wata guda, kuma suna mutu ba da jimawa ba bayan ma'aurata, macen da ta kafa mace ta fi tsawon rayuwa, matan da aka Haifa a farkon bazara, kuma waɗanda aka haife su a kaka kuma suka tsira lokacin hunturu na iya rayuwa har tsawon shekara guda - har faɗuwar gaba.
Meadow bumblebee
Shi ne Bombus pratorum a Latin, yana zaune kusan ko'ina cikin Turai, kazalika a Asiya (a Kazakhstan, sashen Asiya na theungiyar Rasha, a cikin taiga, Urals, da Siberiya). Yana da ƙananan girma: mace ta kai mm mm15 a tsayi, mutane masu aiki 9-14 mm. Shugaban yana da duhu, kuma a bayan sa shine abin wuya mai rawaya mai haske. Abin sha'awa shine cewa ƙarancin wannan nau'in shine ya fara tashi a bazara daga lokacin hunturu. Gida a saman ƙasa ko a cikin bushes.
Garin bumblebee
Wannan ɗan bokon yana zaune ko'ina cikin Eurasia, daga Ireland a Yamma zuwa Sakhalin a Gabas. Wakili ne mai ƙarancin gaske, tsawon jikin mace shine 10-22 mm, ma'aikata - 9-15 mm. Yana fasalin nono ja, kuma a ciki yana da rukunin baƙar fata da farin goshi.
Bumblebee steppe
Babban wakilai ne na dangin bumblebee, tsawon jikin mace ya kai mm 32-35. Yana da kusan wancan square cheeks. A launi na mai gogayya ne mai launin toka launin toka-rawaya tare da baki band tsakanin fuka-fuki. Wannan ɗan bokon yana zaune a Gabashin Turai, ciki har da Ukraine, Asia orarami, Arewacin Iran, da Transcaucasia. Yana son fifikon ƙafafun kafaɗa, shimfiɗa, da tuddai. An shirya firam a cikin burrows na rodents a cikin ƙasa. An jera shi cikin Red Book of Ukraine.
Karkashin kasa mai gindi
Wannan murguda baki yana da tsokar proboscis, harma da jikin mutum mai dorewa da kuma son zafi. An rarraba shi a Eurasia, daga Burtaniya zuwa Urals. Kwaya launin rawaya na wannan kayan bumblebe ya fi na wasu masu kararrawa. Yana da masu matsakaici: mata sun kai 19-22 mm, mutane masu aiki 11-18 mm. Abin sha'awa shine, ginin karkashin kasa ya kasance daya daga nau'ikan dabbobi masu tarin yawa guda hudu da aka shigo da su daga Ingila zuwa New Zealand tare da zartar da gurbataccen ruwan Clover. Gidaje, kamar yadda sunan shi ya nuna, an shirya karkashin kasa.
Moss Bumblebee
Yana zaune da kewayon yawa: Eurasia, kusan ko'ina sai dai yankuna na polar. Girman ya kai 18-22 mm, mutane masu aiki 10-15 mm. Tana da launi mai haske-rawaya mai launin shuɗi da komawar orange. Yana gina nau'in jacks.
Duniya Bumblebee
An bambanta wannan bumblebee ta baya tare da ƙungiya mai launin ja da baki mai saman kirji. Mace sun kai 19-23 mm a tsayi, mutane masu aiki 11-17 mm. Suna zaune a Turai, gaban Asiya da arewa maso yammacin Afirka. Abin ban sha'awa, a ƙarshen karni na ashirin, an kirkiro wata dabara don kiwo masana'antu na wannan nau'in bumblebee. Gaskiyar ita ce murhun ƙura a cikin ƙasa yana kawo fa'idodi masu yawa, yana taimakawa pollination na wasu albarkatu daban-daban (ciki har da tumatir, eggplant, cucumbers, barkono da strawberries).
Armeniyan bumblebee
Rarewararren wakilin mulkin bumblebee, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da cikin Ukraine, da aka jera a cikin littafin Red. Yana zaune a Gabashin Turai da Minan Asiya. Tsawon jikin wannan gurnani shine 21-32 mm. Yana da fuka-fukai masu launin ruwan kasa da kumatun hawaye.
Bumblebee
Karamin wakilin masarautar bumblebee, tare da karin launi mara kyau fiye da sauran masu kararrawa. Yana son zafi, yana zaune a cikin wurare masu kwari na daji-steppes. Yana gina gida a saman duniya daga ciyawa da gansakuka, duk da haka, wasu lokuta amfani da ramuka na kusoshin da rana take sanyaya kamar sheƙunansu.
Gidan shakatawa na lambun
Kazalika da ƙasa mai saukar ungulu a lokacin, Britishan Burtaniya ya gabatar da shi ga New Zealand, inda yake zaune har wa yau. Kuma banda wannan, zaku iya haɗuwa da kayan lambuna a kan iyaka daga Ingila zuwa Siberiya. Mahaifa shine 18-24 mm a tsayi, mutane masu aiki 11-16 mm. Kirjin wannan bumblebee yana da rawaya tare da baki mai ratsa tsakanin fikafikan. Shine kuma maigidan sanannen proboscis da nars a karkashin kasa a tsoffin burrows da aka bari ta hanyar zinare.
Bumblebee cizo da sakamakonsa
Gabaɗaya, ɗan murza-kwari kwari ne mai ƙaunar zaman lafiya, shi kansa bai taɓa kaiwa hari ba, kuma yana iya cin hanci yayin kare kansa kawai. Koyaya, cizon bumblebee mai rauni ne kuma mara lahani, wannan ba karamin cigaba bane a gare ku. Thearfe a cikin jikin ba ya zama, bumblebee yana sake mayar da shi ga kansa, amma guba da aka saki daga maƙarƙashiyar a yayin ciji yana iya haifar da jin daɗin ji: ƙoshin ciki, jin zafi, jan launi, kumburi, a cikin mafi munin yanayi, suna iya ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa. Amma wannan yana cikin lokuta mafi wuya, saboda ga yawancin mutane masu lafiya, guba mai haɗari ba ta da haɗari.
Abin da za a yi a gida idan mai bumblebee bit
Tabbas, abu mafi kyawun abu shine kawai don hana cizo mai lalacewa, don wannan duk abin da zakuyi shine kada kuyi kokarin karɓar kayan lalata a hannunku, amma ku lura da shi a cikin yanayi don ku zama ba da gangan ku zauna a kan bumblebee tare da “tabo mai laushi” ba. Amma idan hakanan cizo mai lalacewa ya faru, to taimakon farko ya zama kamar haka:
- Ya kamata a lalata wurin da bitamin tare da maganin maganin ƙwayar cuta, barasa ko ruwa da sabulu.
- Sanya damfara mai sanyi akan wurin cizo.
- Karka taba shan giya bayan ciji.
- Itching, idan akwai, za'a iya cire shi tare da maganin antihistamine: suprastin, claritin, zirtek, da sauransu.
Magabatan Bumblebees
Manyan abokan gaban bumblebees sune tururuwa, sata zuma daga wata mace, sata ƙwai da tsutsa ƙwalla. Don kare kansu daga tururuwa, bumblebees suna gina mazaunin kuli a ƙasa, nesa da ƙuraje.
Wani maƙiyin ɓaure da kwari shine kwari da kwari, kuma suna satar zuma da cin abinci. Wasu tsuntsaye, kamar masu cin kudan zuma na zinare, suna cin ƙwanƙwasawa, suna toshe su.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da bumblebees
- Bumblebee noma ne muhimmi reshe na aikin gona, Bumblebee kiwo ana aiki da himma don ƙara yawan amfanin gona.
- A baya dai an yi imani da cewa bisa ga ka'idojin yanayin halittar jiki, mai kiba mai sauki ba zai iya tashi da jiragersa ba, da alama sun sabawa dokokin kimiyyar lissafi, abin mamaki ga masana kimiyya. Koyaya, wani mutum, Zheng Jane Wang, masanin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Cornell a Amurka, ya iya bayanin tsarin jirgin mai saukar ungulu zuwa ka'idojin kara kuzari.
- Da safe, hali mai ban sha'awa ya bayyana a mazaunin bumblebee, abin da ake kira ƙahon busa ƙaho, yana fashewa sosai. A baya an yi imani da cewa ta wannan hanyar ya tayar da danginsa zuwa aiki. Amma daga baya ya juya ga cewa a cikin wannan hanya mai sauƙi (tare da taimakon aikin tsokoki na pectoral) wannan bumblebee ya tashi sama da sanyin safiya, cikin sa'o'in sanyi.
Bayanin Bumblebee
Kwaro ya kasance wakilan wakilin arthropods, reshe na giram biyu, gidan ƙudan zuma. Suna cikin hanyoyi da yawa kusa da ƙudan zuma. A cikin duka, akwai kusan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 300 a duniya.
Fiye da nau'ikan 80 ana rarraba su a duk duniya, ban da Australiya. Kwayoyin sun sami sunan ne saboda yanayin sifofin da aka yi yayin jirgin.
Jikin wannan kwaro ya fi na kudan zuma girma. Girman jiki kai har zuwa 2.5 cm, kuma akwai samfurori kuma mafi girma dangane da nau'in. Jikin kwari ya rufe da kauri. Yawancin jinsunan suna da kullun duhu tare da ratsi waɗanda suka zo cikin launuka biyu:
Hakanan ana samun nau'ikan nau'ikan launuka masu rarer - tsarkakakken baki. Lokacin farin ciki jikin cizon yana da kwari na baki a ƙarshen da yake santsi kuma ba shi da takaddara. Jikin bumblebee yana sanye da fuka-fuki guda biyu masu bayyana. Idanun kwari sun kusan zuwa layi madaidaiciya. Hind tibia sanye take da zuriya.
Maza suna da ƙananan eriya, kuma sun fi girma fiye da mutane masu aiki. Maza suna da baiwa kwantar da hankula mites, wanda alama ce mai mahimmanci ga bambance-bambancen jinsi. Wadannan kwari suna da jajayen abubuwa wadanda zasu iya lalata abincin shuka. An yi su ne domin ginin saƙar zuma. Don kare, kwari cizo.
Fiye da mahaifa na namiji, harbawaɗanda aka baiwa da mata masu aiki. Sarakunan suna da kayan tattarawa daga kwando da buroshi. Hakanan akwai ƙananan mahaifa, waɗanda ake la'akari da su a tsakanin mahaifa da ma'aikata.
Habitat
Ina masu bumblebees suke zaune? Wannan tambayar ba ta da wuyar amsawa, tunda suna zaune ko'ina. Kwayoyin suna da ikon kula da zazzabi.
A gare su sanyi tsayayya. Wannan ya basu damar rayuwa har a cikin yankuna na Arewa, gami da Arewa mai nisa.
Kwayoyin sun sami damar shiga cikin waɗannan wurare:
Koyaya, wannan fasalin baya basu damar kasancewa cikin tsaunukan. Saboda wannan dalili, jinsin biyu ne kawai ke rayuwa a cikin yankuna na Brazil. Kwayoyin suna jin daɗi a wurare daban-daban - gandun daji, filaye, tsaunika. Asalin wuraren haifuwa shine Asiya. A nan suke zaune a yankuna da yawa. Sun zo Australia daga baya kuma suka zauna a cikin jihar guda kawai.
Rayuwa
Suna gina buɗaɗɗunnnsu a kan zuriyar dabbobi, a cikin ƙasa, ramin itace, dajin tsuntsu, har ma da burmunan dabbobi da ƙananan dabbobi. Kowane dangi ya ƙunshi mutane 200-300. Ya hada da mahaifa, kwanciya qwai, kwari masu aiki, abinci da nest.
Kuma a cikin dangi ma akwai maza waɗanda takin mahaifa. Akwai ƙaho koyaushe a cikin dangi wanda ya farka da tashi daga cikin gida. Mai busa ƙaho yana fitowa ta musamman don haka yana farkar da iyalin duka. Idan dangi ba shi da mahaifa, ma’aikatan mata za su iya cika aikinta.
Abilityarfin rayuwa a kowane yanayi na yanayin zafi yana da alaƙa da ta musamman na kwari na kwari. Zasu iya rayuwa cikin salama a ƙasashe masu sanyi, amma, basa son yanayin dumin yanayi. Bumblebees suna iyawa kula da zafin jiki har zuwa 40 ° Cwanda ya wuce yawan zafin jiki na yanayi.
Don haka, yana faruwa saboda sauri ƙanƙan tsoka a cikin kirji, kuma ba tare da fikafikan motsi ba. Irin waɗannan rikice-rikice suna haifar da ƙara fashewar ƙwayar cuta. Bumblebees suna jin zafi lokacin da suka fara humming ko buzzing. Lokacin da kwari suka daina motsi, jikinta yayi sanyi a hankali.
Abinci da kiwo na bumblebees
Wadannan kwari suna ciyar da kowane irin kwari. Tsarin abinci yana faruwa a ko'ina cikin rana. Tabbatar saita lokaci don kawo abinci ga sarakunan. Bumblebees ba sa son launuka masu haske, saboda haka suna zama ba kawai akan furanni ba, har ma akan bishiyoyi don shan ruwan 'ya'yan itace.
A kan aiwatar da tattara ƙwayoyin nectar, suna rarraba tsaba. Iteaunar da aka yi wa masu bumblebees Clover. Clovers suna watsa godiya ga bumblebees, saboda ana ɗaukar tsabarsu a lokacin da suke tattara ƙwayoyin nectar.
Sake haifuwa a wannan nau'in kwari yakan faru ta hanyar sanya ƙwai. Wannan mawuyacin al'amari a cikin iyali shine Sarauniyar mahaifa. Suna rayuwa a cikin hunturu kuma lokacin fara zafi, mata masu haɗaka suna tashi daga ɓoye. Matar fara ciyar da rayayye, neman wuri dace don nesting.
Pollination ba ta fadi. Masu aikin bumblebees suna gina gidan saƙar zuma a cikin gida, kuma mace na iya haskaka su da kakin zuma da ƙwaya. Bayan haka, masu sautin wuta suna tashi game da kwanciya ƙwai. Dole ne mahaifa yabi tsarin aiwatar da kyankyalen larvae Duk dangi suna isar da abinci zuwa gida. Lokacin da larvae ya zama, mace ta daina kula da larvae.
Matasa mata sukan zo don maye gurbin tsoffin mata, kuma tsoffin mata kusan dukkansu suna mutuwa a cikin wata guda. Akwai mata da yawa da suka rage, haka ma, hadi. Zasu iya kwantar da hankali hunturu don sake gina gida a bazara, sa ƙwai kuma a fara sabon dangi. Bumblebees suna da matakai 4 ne na haɓaka - kwai, tsutsa, pupa, imago. Mataki na karshe shine canji zuwa dattijo.
Kamar yadda larvae girma, tantanin halitta ganuwar hankali fadada da fadada cikin girma. Ma'aikata masu aiki tare da mace suna aiki don gyaran sel kuma su sake tsari cikin gida. Ana amfani da ƙarancin sel don adana abinci, saboda ba a amfani da su sau biyu don shayarwa.