A cikin wannan kwatancin, mai zane Andrei Atuchin ya nuna wani nau'i biyu na ichthyornis - tsoffin tsuntsayen da ke zaune a bakin tekun, waɗanda suka mamaye yankin yankin Volga na zamani a cikin karni na Cenomania na zamanin Cretaceous (shekaru miliyan 100 zuwa 95 da suka shude). Wannan sake ginawa ya samo asali ne daga wani sabon binciken da ba'a tsammani kwanan nan wanda gungun masana masana kimiyya daga Moscow, St. Petersburg da Saratov suka yi. Wani yanki na tibia da aka samu a cikin Saratov yankin ya zama farkon gano ichthyornis a Rasha, kuma haka ma, shine kawai wanda aka samo don duka Tsohon Duniya.

Tsilar siket na ichthyornis daga Volga Cretaceous daga bangarori daban-daban: A - kallon gefen B - cranial C - medial D - farin ciki, E - kusanci F - distal. Hoto daga wata kasida ta N. V. Zelenkov et al., 2017. Wani tsuntsu mai suna Ichthyornis-mai kama da daga farkon Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) na Turai Russia

Wannan kashin da yake kama da kashi daya da rabi santimita tsinkaye kyakkyawan sifa ce game da abin da masu binciken halittar halittar tsuntsaye suke aiki akai-akai. Abin sa'a, a yanayin saukan tsuntsaye, rabe-raben abubuwa na iya zama da fa'ida sosai: daidaitawar tashi daga jirgin yana sanya hane-hane da yawa akan tsarin tsuntsayen kuma, musamman, ya rage yawan bambance bambancen. Abin da ya sa kenan, daga gutsuttura kasusuwa na baya, sau da yawa ana iya tantance tare da daidai ga jinsin wanda wannan ko wannan gungun ya kasance. An gano wannan tibia yayi kama da na ichthyornis.

Tsarin sake gina tsohuwar kashin ichthyornis daga lokacin Darwin. Zane daga littafin W. J. Miller, 1922. Geology. Kimiyyar kwakwalen duniya

Ichthyornis ainihin burbushin halittu ne, wanda aka gano a ƙarni na 19 a Arewacin Amurka. Muhimmancin tarihin ichthyornis yana da girma - Darwin kansa yayi matukar kaduwa sakamakon gano tsuntsayen da suke wahala kuma ya rubutawa abokan aikin sa cewa wannan shine ya gamsar dashi mafi duka ka'idar juyin halitta. Tsarin tsuntsayen Arewacin Amurka ne sosai (kuma ba archeopteryx ba) da Darwin yayi la’akari da tsaka-tsakin yanayi tsakanin dabbobi masu rarrafe da tsuntsayen zamani. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an samo ichthyornis cikin lambobi masu mahimmanci a Amurka, Kanada da Mexico, amma ba a cikin Tsohon Duniya ba. A da, ana tsammanin cewa wasu ƙasusuwa daga Asiya ta Tsakiya da Mongolia na iya kasancewa na ichthyornis, amma ba a tabbatar da wannan binciken ba.

Wani sabon salo na musamman daga Saratov ya fito ne daga tasoshin karni na Cenomian na zamanin Cretaceous - mafi tsufa binciken ichthyornis a Arewacin Amurka kwanan wata daga lokaci guda. Wannan yana nuna cewa ba da daɗewa ba bayan bayyanar su, ichthyornis sun fi yawa a cikin Hemisphere na Arewa. Abin lura ne cewa an sami ƙarin dangi na ichthyornis a cikin Tsohon Duniya (a China), wanda ke nuna cewa watakila waɗannan tsuntsayen sun samo asali ne a wani gefen tekun tsohuwar tekun Eurasia.

Ichthyornis sune dangi na kusa da tsuntsayen zamani. Gabaɗaya, suna da fasalin jikin ɗaya kamar tsuntsaye masu rai, kuma gaba ɗaya bayyanar, suna yin hukunci da ƙididdigar, suna kama da siraran. Mun sani cewa sun girma cikin sauri, kamar yawancin tsuntsayen zamani, kuma sun kai girman girman jikin mace a cikin yan makonni. Na'urar reshe tana nuni da cewa sun tashi da kyau, kuma tsarin daman yana iya samar da mazaunan cikinsu. Kamar yadda yake a cikin ruwan teku na zamani, ichthyornises yana da ingantaccen haɓakan gland wanda yake cire gishiri mai yawa daga jiki. Tare, wannan yana nufin cewa ichthyornis zai iya shawo kan manyan shinge na ruwa, kuma wannan yana bayyana yadda suka faru a Cretaceous.

Daya daga cikin 'yan bambance-bambance masu girman gaske tsakanin ichthyornis da tsuntsayen zamani shine hakora - alama ce mai dadadawa wacce ta buge Darwin. Kasancewar hakora a cikin manyan tsuntsayen ya fi yiwuwa saboda tsarin ajizai da kwanyarsu. Tsuntsayen zamani suna dammar da abin ci tare da duka biyu kamar ƙyallen - wannan shine ƙananan muƙamulan da ke matse kayan abinci daga ƙasa, da kuma manyan lamuran da ke kan sa daga sama. Wannan shine ake kira kinetism na kwanyar - yanayin halayyar kasusuwa da juna, wanda ke bawa tsuntsaye damar kiyaye abinci a cikin gemunsu. A cikin hanyar ichthyornis na farko, ga alama, ba a ci gaba da inganta rayuwa ba, kuma don ingantaccen farashi suna buƙatar hakora waɗanda kawai samu daga kakanninsu.

Sake sake gina duniya a zamanin Cenomania. Hoto daga labarin K. J. Lacovara et al., 2003. Thousandasar Tsibiri na Tsibiri na Goma na Florida: analog ɗin zamani don ƙarancin mangrove na tekun Cretaceous tekun teku

Centuryarnar Cenomania na zamanin Cretaceous, wanda Saratov ya samo asali, yana wakiltar mataki mai mahimmanci a cikin cigaban halittar duniya. Ya kasance zamanin sanannu ne na aikin tectonic da haɓaka matakin teku. A ƙarshen ƙasar Cenomania, matakin teku ya kai mita 300 sama da zamani, kuma manyan wurare na nahiyoyi sun kasance cike da tsaunukan teku. A wannan karni, babban tsarin sake fasalin tsarin halittun ruwa ya faru ne saboda canjin yanayi, wanda ya haifar da canji ga yawan amfanin tekun. Wannan sake fasalin ya kasance tare da wasu jerin abubuwan da za'a iya ganowa tare da wasu dabbobin dabbobi da kuma bayyanar sabbin kungiyoyi.

Don haka, a cikin kasar Cenomian, an rage yawan bambancin ichthyosaur mafarautan kifi, amma masallacin sun bayyana - sauran halittun masu ruwa iri iri wadanda suka mamaye tekun a karshe na zamanin Mesozoic. Ana zaton cewa a cikin kasar ta Cenomenan, jama'ar kifi sun canza sosai kuma manyan nau'ikan kifayen batanci sun bullo - manyan wakilai na sahun kifin na zamani. A cikin Cenomenan ne kifayen masu cin abincin icthyornis suka bayyana - kuma mafi kusancin dangi na tsuntsayen zamani. Abin takaici, babu yawancin ma'adanai na Cenomia a duniya, kuma ba mu san kusan komai game da nau'ikan tsuntsaye na wannan zamanin mafi mahimmanci. Abin da ya sa duk wani binciken tsuntsayen Cenomia, har ma da mafi rarrabu, yana da mahimmancin kimiyya. Abin sha'awa, an ba da bayanin ɗayan tsuntsayen mutumin ƙasar Cenomia a baya - Cerebavis cenomanicawanda aka samo a Rasha, yana kusa da wurin da sabon ichthyornis ya fito. An bayyana Cerebavis a matsayin "kwakwalwar burbushin halittu" - da gaske wata riba ce ta musamman wacce ta samu daga cikin saman tsuntsu Mesozoic. Marubutan bayanin, suna gaskata cewa suna ma'amala da kwakwalwa, sun sake fasalta fasalulluka da yawa waɗanda ba halayyar tsuntsaye kaɗai ba, amma galibi duk ƙafa huɗu ne. Wannan ya basu damar zuwa kammala game da mummunan yanayin halittar wannan kwakwalwar, wanda bashi da wani bambanci da tsuntsayen zamani.

Wani babban sikelin dan asalin kasar ta Cenomeniya daga yankin Volga shine ake kira kwakwalwar burbushin tsuntsu. Hoto daga wata kasida ta E. N. Kurochkin et al., 2005. A kwakwalwar wani tsuntsu mai tsayi daga Cretaceous na Yammacin Rasha na Turai

Bayan haka, binciken da aka yi a hankali akan samfurin ya nuna cewa cerebavis ba ya da yawa a cikin kwakwalwar burbushin halittar kwanyar kwanyar da sassan kwakwalwar kwakwalwa. Wannan farfadowa ya ba mu damar sake yin nazarin abubuwan da aka lura. Ya bayyana sarai cewa a gabanmu kwanyar ta take ta fuskar zamani, wacce take da cikakkar fuka-fukai, ba kamar ta tsuntsaye masu rai ba. Kuma a tsarin sassan kwakwalwar da yake fitowa daga karkashin kasusuwa, babu wani abin mamaki. Zai yiwu, wannan kwanyar ta kasance iri ɗaya ne na ichthyornis, guntun ƙashin ƙafar ƙafa wanda a yanzu aka samu shi a makwabta.

Bayyanar Ichthyornis

Ichthyornis, sabanin danginsa na kusa da gawar da tayi, ta zama kamar tsuntsu. Ya riga ya rasa babban adadin vertebrae na yankin caudal, kuma fuka-fukan sun rasa falmansu. Hakanan, tsarin kasusuwa na yankin thoracic, yana nuna a fili cewa ichthyornis ya riga ya sami wani abu kamar keel, ƙasusuwan da kansu sun riga sun sami kofofin rami waɗanda ke cike da iska, hakan yasa suka fi sauƙi da sauƙi don motsawa cikin iska. Don wannan neoplasm - keel - cewa tsokoki na pectoral da ke sarrafa fuka-fuki yayin jirgin suna haɗe.
Game da girman, tsohuwar ichthyornis ya kasance girman kurciya, kuma wannan bai wuce cm 35 ba, amma tsayinsa zai iya kaiwa 60 cm a tsayi.

Ichthyornis, ko tsuntsu kifi

Kasancewa mafi girma ga yanayin ruwan teku na zamani, har yanzu yana riƙe da halayen guda ɗaya waɗanda suka fi halayen magabatan dabbobi masu rarrafe - kasancewar yawancin hakora masu kaifi, wanda ke nufin cewa, duk da sauye-sauyen, ichthyornis har yanzu ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa. Amma kowane haƙoransa ba a cikin babban tsagi kamar na dangi ba, amma tuni yana da nasa alveoli daban.

Yanayin rayuwar Ichthyornis

Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa saboda tsananin kama da tern na zamani, ichthyornis ya jagoranci rayuwa irin wannan.

Godiya ga bayyanar keel da kyawawan fuka-fukai, ichthyornis ya tashi sosai. A lokaci guda, tushen abincin waɗannan magabatan ya kasance kifi ne na musamman. Kuma tunda a wancan lokacin, yawancin yawancin Arewacin Amurka na zamani an rufe su da nau'ikan tafkuna iri iri, ana iya ɗauka cewa ichthyornis bai rasa abinci ba.
Saboda gaskiyar haƙoran haƙoran icthyornis sun lanƙwasa baya, ya sami damar ɗaukar kifin mai sauƙin ko da a lokacin gudu.

Wadannan tsoffin tsuntsayen zasu iya tashi sama kuma suna iyo ƙarƙashin ruwa

Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan tsoffin tsuntsayen sun yi birgima a cikin manyan garken, daidai da abin da tekun teku na Arctic da Antarctic suke yi a yau. Bugu da kari, karamin banbanci girman girman da aka samu ya ragu a cikin jinsin guda daya yana nuni da cewa tsuntsayen kifayen sunada yawaitar jima'i, wato mata sun fi maza girma, haka kuma mata.

Kuma paws mai ƙarfi ya basu damar yin iyo sosai

A karshen Cretaceous, da tsuntsu ichthyornis tsuntsu ya mutu gama a kan duniyarmu. Koyaya, a lokacin da yake kasancewa, biyu sun sami damar samar da tsarin ichthyorniformes, wanda ya hada nau'ikan 9 daga wadannan tsoffin tsuntsaye.

Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.

Duba menene ichthyornis yake a cikin wasu ƙamus.

IHTIORNIS - tsuntsu mai karewa. Girma da tattabara. Ichthyornis ya rayu a zamanin Cretaceous a Arewa. Amurka. Da kyau tashi ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ichthyornis - noun, yawan kalmomin: 1 • tsuntsu (723) onamus ɗin Bayani na ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Kundin tsarin fassara

ichthyornis - (ichthyos. Gr. Ornis tsuntsu) tsuntsu na Cretaceous lokacin (duba Mesozoic), wanda aka sanyawa suna saboda halayen biconcave vertebrae tare da irin kifi, an samo shi a Sev. Amurka. Sabuwar kamus na kalmomin kasashen waje. by EdwART,, 2009. Ichthyornis A., M., Odush. (... Dictionary of kasashen waje kalmomin na Rasha harshen

IHTIORNIS - tsuntsu mai karewa. Girma da tattabara. Ya rayu a zamanin Cretaceous a Arewa. Amurka. Ya tashi lafiya ... Ilimin zahiri. Kundin sani Encyclopedic

ichthyornis - Ihti Ornis, da ...

ichthyornis - (2 m), jam'i ichthio / Rnis, R. ichthio / rnis ... Fitar da ƙamus ɗin yare na yaren Rasha

ichthyornis - (gr. Ichtyos, omis tsuntsu) zool. tsuntsu yana mamakin sauran rana a Kansas, GARDEN ... kamus na Makedonia

Takamatsu -? Ichthyorniform ... Wikipedia

Haushi - halittar kasusuwa da ke cikin raunin bakin mutum a cikin mutane da yawancin dabbobi masu tsinkaye (a cikin wasu kifaye kuma a cikin maƙogwaro), suna yin ayyukan kama, riƙe abinci, da taunawa ta injiniyoyi ... Babban Soviet Encyclopedia

BIRDI - (Aves) aji ne na dabbobi wanda ya haɗu da dabbobi waɗanda suka bambanta da sauran dabbobi a gaban murfin gashin tsuntsu. An rarraba tsuntsayen ko'ina cikin duniya, iri daban-daban, da yawa kuma mai sauƙin sauƙi don kallo. Wadannan ... ... Encyclopedia mai tarin yawa

Ma'anar kalmar ichthyornis. Menene ichthyornis?

IHTIORNIS tsuntsu ne mai ƙarewa. Girma da tattabara. Ichthyornis ya rayu a zamanin Cretaceous a Arewa. Amurka. Ya tashi lafiya.

Babban Kundin Tsarin Encyclopedic

Ichthyornithes (Ichthyornithes), wani dadadden sarki na tsuntsayen-tsuntsaye masu jan kunne. Hadin kai tsari - Ichthyornithiformes (Ichthyornithiformes). Matsayi a cikin tsarin ba shi da tabbas. An san su daga Babban Cretaceous (Kansas, Texas da Wyoming, Amurka, Russia - Uzbekistan).

Ichthyornits (Ichthyornithes), rukuni ne na wasu tsuntsaye masu rauni. Sun kasance s common ne na kowa a cikin Cretaceous. 2 genera, wanda aka sani daga Arewacin Amurka. Tsayin jikin mutum ya kai mita 1. Ya bambanta da tsuntsayen da suka rayu a Cenozoic, I. na da biconcave vertebrae ...

Ichthyorniformes (lat. Ichthyornithiformes daga wasu Girkanci ἰχθύς (ichthys) - “kifi” + ὄρνις (ornis) - “tsuntsu”) - ɓoye tsuntsaye masu lalata-tsuntsaye, ɗaya kaɗai a cikin tsari na ichthyornis (Ichthyornithes).